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Diaz-Martin Z, Browne L, Cabrera D, Olivo J, Karubian J. Impacts of Flowering Density on Pollen Dispersal and Gametic Diversity Are Scale Dependent. Am Nat 2023; 201:52-64. [PMID: 36524929 DOI: 10.1086/721918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPollen dispersal is a key evolutionary and ecological process, but the degree to which variation in the density of concurrently flowering conspecific plants (i.e., coflowering density) shapes pollination patterns remains understudied. We monitored coflowering density and corresponding pollination patterns of the insect-pollinated palm Oenocarpus bataua in northwestern Ecuador and found that the influence of coflowering density on these patterns was scale dependent: high neighborhood densities were associated with reductions in pollen dispersal distance and gametic diversity of progeny arrays, whereas we observed the opposite pattern at the landscape scale. In addition, neighborhood coflowering density also impacted forward pollen dispersal kernel parameters, suggesting that low neighborhood densities encourage pollen movement and may promote gene flow and genetic diversity. Our work reveals how coflowering density at different spatial scales influences pollen movement, which in turn informs our broader understanding of the mechanisms underlying patterns of genetic diversity and gene flow within populations of plants.
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Wu H, Zhao S, Wang X, Duan A, Zhang J. Mating pattern and pollen dispersal in an advanced generation seed orchard of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1042290. [PMID: 36388519 PMCID: PMC9646989 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1042290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Seed orchards represent the link between forest breeding and conifer production forests, and their mating patterns determine the genetic quality of seed orchard crops to a large extent. We genotyped the parental clones and their open pollination offspring in the third-generation seed orchard of Chinese fir using microsatellite markers and observed the synchronization of florescence in the seed orchard to understand the genetic diversity and mating structure of the seed orchard population. Genetic coancestry among parental clones was detected in the third generation seed orchard of Chinese fir, and the genetic diversity of the open-pollinated offspring was slightly higher than that of the parental clones. The external pollen contamination rate ranged from 10.1% to 33.7%, 80% of the offspring were produced by 44% of the parental clones in the orchard, and no evidence of selfing was found. We found that 68.1% of the effective pollination occurred within 50 m, and 19.9% of the effective pollination occurred in the nearest neighbors. We also found that successful mating requires about 30% of florescence overlap between males and females, and there was a significant positive correlation between male reproductive energy and male parental contribution. Our results provide a valuable reference for the management and design of advanced generation seed orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding & Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Shirong Zhao
- State-owned Forestry Farm of Weimin, Shaowu, China
| | - Xihan Wang
- State-owned Forestry Farm of Weimin, Shaowu, China
| | - Aiguo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding & Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding & Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Janecka MJ, Janecka JE, Haines AM, Michaels A, Criscione CD. Post-delisting genetic monitoring reveals population subdivision along river and reservoir localities of the endemic Concho water snake (Nerodia harteri paucimaculata). CONSERV GENET 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-021-01391-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Quercus species (oaks) have been an integral part of the landscape in the northern hemisphere for millions of years. Their ability to adapt and spread across different environments and their contributions to many ecosystem services is well documented. Human activity has placed many oak species in peril by eliminating or adversely modifying habitats through exploitative land usage and by practices that have exacerbated climate change. The goal of this review is to compile a list of oak species of conservation concern, evaluate the genetic data that is available for these species, and to highlight the gaps that exist. We compiled a list of 124 Oaks of Concern based on the Red List of Oaks 2020 and the Conservation Gap Analysis for Native U.S. Oaks and their evaluations of each species. Of these, 57% have been the subject of some genetic analysis, but for most threatened species (72%), the only genetic analysis was done as part of a phylogenetic study. While nearly half (49%) of published genetic studies involved population genetic analysis, only 16 species of concern (13%) have been the subject of these studies. This is a critical gap considering that analysis of intraspecific genetic variability and genetic structure are essential for designing conservation management strategies. We review the published population genetic studies to highlight their application to conservation. Finally, we discuss future directions in Quercus conservation genetics and genomics.
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Eusemann P, Liesebach H. Small-scale genetic structure and mating patterns in an extensive sessile oak forest ( Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7796-7809. [PMID: 34188852 PMCID: PMC8216985 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oaks (Quercus) are major components of temperate forest ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere where they form intermediate or climax communities. Sessile oak (Quercus petraea) forests represent the climax vegetation in eastern Germany and western Poland. Here, sessile oak forms pure stands or occurs intermixed with Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris). A large body of research is available on gene flow, reproduction dynamics, and genetic structure in fragmented landscapes and mixed populations. At the same time, our knowledge regarding large, contiguous, and monospecific populations is considerably less well developed. Our study is an attempt to further develop our understanding of the reproduction ecology of sessile oak as an ecologically and economically important forest tree by analyzing mating patterns and genetic structure within adult trees and seedlings originating from one or two reproduction events in an extensive, naturally regenerating sessile oak forest. We detected positive spatial genetic structure up to 30 meters between adult trees and up to 40 meters between seedlings. Seed dispersal distances averaged 8.4 meters. Pollen dispersal distances averaged 22.6 meters. In both cases, the largest proportion of the dispersal occurred over short distances. Dispersal over longer distances was more common for pollen but also appeared regularly for seeds. The reproductive success of individual trees was highly skewed. Only 41 percent of all adult trees produced any offspring while the majority did not participate in reproduction. Among those trees that contributed to the analyzed seedling sample, 80 percent contributed 1-3 gametes. Only 20 percent of all parent trees contributed four or more gametes. However, these relatively few most fertile trees contributed 51 percent of all gametes within the seedling sample. Vitality and growth differed significantly between reproducing and nonreproducing adult trees with reproducing trees being more vital and vigorous than nonreproducing individuals. Our study demonstrates that extensive, apparently homogenous oak forests are far from uniform on the genetic level. On the contrary, they form highly complex mosaics of remarkably small local neighborhoods. This counterbalances the levelling effect of long-distance dispersal and may increase the species' adaptive potential. Incorporating these dynamics in the management, conservation, and restoration of oak forests can support the conservation of forest genetic diversity and assist those forests in coping with environmental change.
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Bogdziewicz M, Hacket-Pain A, Ascoli D, Szymkowiak J. Environmental variation drives continental-scale synchrony of European beech reproduction. Ecology 2021; 102:e03384. [PMID: 33950521 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Spatial synchrony is the tendency of spatially separated populations to display similar temporal fluctuations. Synchrony affects regional ecosystem functioning, but it remains difficult to disentangle its underlying mechanisms. We leveraged regression on distance matrices and geography of synchrony to understand the processes driving synchrony of European beech masting over the European continent. Masting in beech shows distance-decay, but significant synchrony is maintained at spatial scales of up to 1,500 km. The spatial synchrony of the weather cues that drive interannual variation in reproduction also explains the regional spatial synchrony of masting. Proximity played no apparent role in influencing beech masting synchrony after controlling for synchrony in environmental variation. Synchrony of beech reproduction shows a clear biogeographical pattern, decreasing from the northwest to southeast Europe. Synchrony networks for weather cues resemble networks for beech masting, indicating that the geographical structure of weather synchrony underlies the biogeography of masting synchrony. Our results support the hypothesis that environmental factors, the Moran effect, are key drivers of spatial synchrony in beech seed production at regional scales. The geographical patterns of regional synchronization of masting have implications for regional forest production, gene flow, carbon cycling, disease dynamics, biodiversity, and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrew Hacket-Pain
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Ascoli
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Jakub Szymkowiak
- Population Ecology Research Unit, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Bogdziewicz M, Pesendorfer M, Crone EE, Pérez-Izquierdo C, Bonal R. Flowering synchrony drives reproductive success in a wind-pollinated tree. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1820-1826. [PMID: 32981190 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Synchronised and quasi-periodic production of seeds by plant populations, known as masting, is implicated in many ecological processes, but how it arises remains poorly understood. Flowering and pollination dynamics are hypothesised to provide the mechanistic link for the observed relationship between weather and population-level seed production. We report the first experimental test of the phenological synchrony hypotheses as a driver of pollen limitation in mast seeding oaks (Quercus ilex). Higher flowering synchrony yielded greater pollination efficiency, which resulted in 2-fold greater seed set in highly synchronised oaks compared to asynchronous individuals. Pollen addition removed the negative effect of asynchronous flowering on seed set. Because phenological synchrony operates through environmental variation, this result suggests that oak masting is synchronised by exogenous rather than endogenous factors. It also points to a mechanism by which changes in flowering phenology can affect plant reproduction of mast-seeding plants, with subsequent implications for community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mario Pesendorfer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Raul Bonal
- INDEHESA, Forest Research Group, University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
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García-Zubia LC, Hernández-Velasco J, Hernández-Díaz JC, Simental-Rodríguez SL, López-Sánchez CA, Quiñones-Pérez CZ, Carrillo-Parra A, Wehenkel C. Spatial genetic structure in Pinus cembroides Zucc. at population and landscape levels in central and northern Mexico. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8002. [PMID: 31844562 PMCID: PMC6910111 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial genetic structure (SGS) analysis is a powerful approach to quantifying gene flow between trees, thus clarifying the functional connectivity of trees at population and landscape scales. The findings of SGS analysis may be useful for conservation and management of natural populations and plantations. Pinus cembroides is a widely distributed tree species, covering an area of about 2.5 million hectares in Mexico. The aim of this study was to examine five natural seed stands of P. cembroides in the Sierra Madre Occidental to determine the SGS at population (within the seed stand) and landscape (among seed stands) levels in order to establish guidelines for the conservation and management of the species. We hypothesized that P. cembroides, in which the seeds are dispersed by birds and mammals, creates weaker SGS than species with wind-dispersed seeds. METHODS DNA fingerprinting was performed using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique. In order to estimate the SGS at population and landscape levels, we measured the geographical (spatial) distance as the Euclidean distance. We also estimated the genetic distances between individuals using the pairwise kinship coefficient. RESULTS The results showed non-significant autocorrelation in four out of five seed stands studied (i.e., a mainly random distribution in the space of the genetic variants of P. cembroides at population level). DISCUSSION SGS was detected at the landscape scale, supporting the theory of isolation by distance as a consequence of restricted pollen and seed dispersal. However, the SGS may also have been generated by our sampling strategy. We recommended establishing a close network of seed stands of P. cembroides to prevent greater loss of local genetic variants and alteration of SGS. We recommend seed stands of P. cembroides of a minimum width of 225 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C. García-Zubia
- Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, México
| | - Javier Hernández-Velasco
- Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, México
| | - José C. Hernández-Díaz
- Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, México
| | | | - Carlos A. López-Sánchez
- Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems, Mieres Polytechnic School, University of Oviedo, Campus Universitario de Mieres, C/Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós S/N, Mieres, Spain
| | | | - Artemio Carrillo-Parra
- Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, México
| | - Christian Wehenkel
- Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, México
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Chybicki IJ, Iszkuło G, Suszka J. Bayesian quantification of ecological determinants of outcrossing in natural plant populations: Computer simulations and the case study of biparental inbreeding in English yew. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4077-4096. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor J. Chybicki
- Department of Genetics Kazimierz Wielki University Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Grzegorz Iszkuło
- Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences Kórnik Poland
- Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Zielona Góra Zielona Góra Poland
| | - Jan Suszka
- Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences Kórnik Poland
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10
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Impact of habitat loss and fragmentation on reproduction, dispersal and species persistence for an endangered Chilean tree. CONSERV GENET 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-019-01187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Nazareno AG, Dick CW, Lohmann LG. Tangled banks: A landscape genomic evaluation of Wallace's Riverine barrier hypothesis for three Amazon plant species. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:980-997. [PMID: 30450714 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Wallace's Riverine Barrier hypothesis is one of the earliest biogeographic explanations for Amazon speciation, but it has rarely been tested in plants. In this study, we used three woody Amazonian plant species to evaluate Wallace's Hypothesis using tools of landscape genomics. We generated unlinked single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from the nuclear genomes of 234 individuals (78 for each plant species) across 13 sampling sites along the Rio Branco, Brazil, for Amphirrhox longifolia (8,075 SNPs), Psychotria lupulina (9,501 SNPs) and Passiflora spinosa (14,536 SNPs). Although significantly different migration rates were estimated between species, the population structure data do not support the hypothesis that the Rio Branco-an allopatric barrier for primates and birds-is a significant genetic barrier for Amphirrhox longifolia, Passiflora spinosa or Psychotria lupulina. Overall, we demonstrated that medium-sized rivers in the Amazon Basin, such as the Rio Branco, are permeable barriers to gene flow for animal-dispersed and animal-pollinated plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Nazareno
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christopher W Dick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Lúcia G Lohmann
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Davis FW, Tyler CM, Mahall BE. Demography of evergreen and deciduous oaks in a mixed oak savanna: insights from a long‐term experiment. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Davis
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Claudia M. Tyler
- Earth Research Institute University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Bruce E. Mahall
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
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13
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Parmenter RR, Zlotin RI, Moore DI, Myers OB. Environmental and endogenous drivers of tree mast production and synchrony in piñon–juniper–oak woodlands of New Mexico. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Parmenter
- Valles Caldera National Preserve National Park Service Jemez Springs New Mexico 87025 USA
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Roman I. Zlotin
- Department of Geography Indiana University Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Douglas I. Moore
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Orrin B. Myers
- Department of Family and Community Medicine University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
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14
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Bogdziewicz M, Fernández-Martínez M, Bonal R, Belmonte J, Espelta JM. The Moran effect and environmental vetoes: phenological synchrony and drought drive seed production in a Mediterranean oak. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1784. [PMID: 29093224 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Masting is the highly variable production of synchronized seed crops, and is a common reproductive strategy in plants. Weather has long been recognized as centrally involved in driving seed production in masting plants. However, the theory behind mechanisms connecting weather and seeding variation has only recently been developed, and still lacks empirical evaluation. We used 12-year long seed production data for 255 holm oaks (Quercus ilex), as well as airborne pollen and meteorological data, and tested whether masting is driven by environmental constraints: phenological synchrony and associated pollination efficiency, and drought-related acorn abscission. We found that warm springs resulted in short pollen seasons, and length of the pollen seasons was negatively related to acorn production, supporting the phenological synchrony hypothesis. Furthermore, the relationship between phenological synchrony and acorn production was modulated by spring drought, and effects of environmental vetoes on seed production were dependent on last year's environmental constraint, implying passive resource storage. Both vetoes affected among-tree synchrony in seed production. Finally, precipitation preceding acorn maturation was positively related to seed production, mitigating apparent resource depletion following high crop production in the previous year. These results provide new insights into mechanisms beyond widely reported weather and seed production correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland .,CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marcos Fernández-Martínez
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raul Bonal
- Forest Research Group, INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain.,DITEG Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jordina Belmonte
- ICTA-UAB, Departament de biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.,Unitat de Botànica, Departament de biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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15
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The Interplay between Forest Management Practices, Genetic Monitoring, and Other Long-Term Monitoring Systems. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9030133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Moracho E, Jordano P, Hampe A. Drivers of tree fecundity in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) refugial populations at the species' southwestern range margin. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:195-202. [PMID: 28480629 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The current low latitudinal range margins of many extra-tropical plant species consist of small and scattered populations that persist locally in microrefugia. It remains poorly understood how their refugial distribution affects mating patterns and reproductive success. Here we examine flower and acorn production and their determinants in refugial populations of the widespread European forest tree pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). We monitored male flower, female flower and acorn production in 159 adult trees from 12 oak stands over 2 years. We related these and derived parameters to a series of ecological and genetic predictor variables extrinsic (stand size, density and isolation as well as elevation, topography and forest cover) or intrinsic (size, phenology and several genotypic measures) to the target tree. Tree fertility was unrelated to extrinsic factors but determined by tree size, although we detected size-independent variation in reproductive investment. Female flower number accurately predicted acorn crop size. Fruit set differed between years, evidencing the existence of pollen limitation at the landscape but not at the local scale. Fruit set also tended to increase with the number of mates of the target tree. We detected no other evidence for genetic constraints on mating. Reproduction was triggered by a combination of small-scale and landscape-scale drivers. Although short-distance mating prevailed, limited pollen flow did not appear to significantly constrain reproductive success. The high intrinsic ability of populations to maintain their reproductive capacity may help explain their successful long-term persistence in an adverse broader environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Moracho
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - P Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Hampe
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, Cestas, France
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17
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A New Approach for Interpreting the Morisita Index of Aggregation through Quadrat Size. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi6100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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da Silva JM, Tolley KA. Conservation genetics of an endemic and threatened amphibian (Capensibufo rosei): a leap towards establishing a genetic monitoring framework. CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-1008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Ewédjè EBK, Ahanchédé A, Hardy OJ. Breeding system, gene dispersal and small-scale spatial genetic structure of a threatened food tree species, Pentadesma butyracea (Clusiaceae) in Benin. CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-0928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Landscape Genomics of Angiosperm Trees: From Historic Roots to Discovering New Branches of Adaptive Evolution. COMPARATIVE AND EVOLUTIONARY GENOMICS OF ANGIOSPERM TREES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/7397_2016_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Peng Y, Morales L, Hensen I, Renison D. No effect of elevation and fragmentation on genetic diversity and structure inPolylepis australistrees from central Argentina. AUSTRAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Peng
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden; Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg; Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Laura Morales
- Department of Plant Sciences and Graduate Group in Ecology; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - Isabell Hensen
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden; Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg; Halle/Saale Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Daniel Renison
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas; Centro de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Renovables (CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba); Córdoba Argentina
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Krueger-Hadfield SA, Hoban SM. The importance of effective sampling for exploring the population dynamics of haploid-diploid seaweeds. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:1-9. [PMID: 26987084 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The mating system partitions genetic diversity within and among populations and the links between life history traits and mating systems have been extensively studied in diploid organisms. As such most evolutionary theory is focused on species for which sexual reproduction occurs between diploid male and diploid female individuals. However, there are many multicellular organisms with biphasic life cycles in which the haploid stage is prolonged and undergoes substantial somatic development. In particular, biphasic life cycles are found across green, brown and red macroalgae. Yet, few studies have addressed the population structure and genetic diversity in both the haploid and diploid stages in these life cycles. We have developed some broad guidelines with which to develop population genetic studies of haploid-diploid macroalgae and to quantify the relationship between power and sampling strategy. We address three common goals for studying macroalgal population dynamics, including haploid-diploid ratios, genetic structure and paternity analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Krueger-Hadfield
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, South Carolina, 29412, USA
| | - Sean M Hoban
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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23
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Guidugli MC, Nazareno AG, Feres JM, Contel EPB, Mestriner MA, Alzate-Marin AL. Small but not isolated: a population genetic survey of the tropical tree Cariniana estrellensis (Lecythidaceae) in a highly fragmented habitat. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 116:339-47. [PMID: 26732014 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we explore the mating pattern and genetic structure of a tropical tree species, Cariniana estrellensis, in a small population in which progeny arrays (n=399), all adults (n=28) and all seedlings (n=39) were genotyped at nine highly informative microsatellite loci. From progeny arrays we were able to identify the source tree for at least 78% of pollination events. The gene immigration rates, mainly attributable to pollen, were high, varying from 23.5 to 53%. Although gene dispersal over long distance was observed, the effective gene dispersal distances within the small population were relatively short, with mean pollination distances varying from 69.9 to 146.9 m, and seed dispersal distances occurring up to a mean of 119.6 m. Mating system analyses showed that C. estrellensis is an allogamous species (tm=0.999), with both biparental inbreeding (tm-ts=-0.016) and selfing rates (s=0.001) that are not significantly different from zero. Even though the population is small, the presence of private alleles in both seedlings and progeny arrays and the elevated rates of gene immigration indicate that the C. estrellensis population is not genetically isolated. However, genetic diversity expressed by allelic richness was significantly lower in postfragmentation life stages. Although there was a loss of genetic diversity, indicating susceptibility of C. estrellensis to habitat fragmentation, no evidence of inbreeding or spatial genetic structure was observed across generations. Overall, C. estrellensis showed some resilience to negative genetic effects of habitat fragmentation, but conservation strategies are needed to preserve the remaining genetic diversity of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Guidugli
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Genética-Bloco B, Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A G Nazareno
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J M Feres
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Genética-Bloco B, Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E P B Contel
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Genética-Bloco B, Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M A Mestriner
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Genética-Bloco B, Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A L Alzate-Marin
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Genética-Bloco B, Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Riordan EC, Gugger PF, Ortego J, Smith C, Gaddis K, Thompson P, Sork VL. Association of genetic and phenotypic variability with geography and climate in three southern California oaks. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:73-85. [PMID: 26758886 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Geography and climate shape the distribution of organisms, their genotypes, and their phenotypes. To understand historical and future evolutionary and ecological responses to climate, we compared the association of geography and climate of three oak species (Quercus engelmannii, Quercus berberidifolia, and Quercus cornelius-mulleri) in an environmentally heterogeneous region of southern California at three organizational levels: regional species distributions, genetic variation, and phenotypic variation. METHODS We identified climatic variables influencing regional distribution patterns using species distribution models (SDMs), and then tested whether those individual variables are important in shaping genetic (microsatellite) and phenotypic (leaf morphology) variation. We estimated the relative contributions of geography and climate using multivariate redundancy analyses (RDA) with variance partitioning. KEY RESULTS The modeled distribution of each species was influenced by climate differently. Our analysis of genetic variation using RDA identified small but significant associations between genetic variation with climate and geography in Q. engelmannii and Q. cornelius-mulleri, but not in Q. berberidifolia, and climate explained more of the variation. Our analysis of phenotypic variation in Q. engelmannii indicated that climate had more impact than geography, but not in Q. berberidifolia. Throughout our analyses, we did not find a consistent pattern in effects of individual climatic variables. CONCLUSIONS Our comparative analysis illustrates that climate influences tree response at all organizational levels, but the important climate factors vary depending on the level and on the species. Because of these species-specific and level-specific responses, today's sympatric species are unlikely to have similar distributions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Riordan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Box 957239, Los Angeles, California 90095-7239 USA
| | - Paul F Gugger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Box 957239, Los Angeles, California 90095-7239 USA
| | - Joaquín Ortego
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio s/n 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Carrie Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Box 957239, Los Angeles, California 90095-7239 USA
| | - Keith Gaddis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Box 957239, Los Angeles, California 90095-7239 USA
| | - Pam Thompson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Box 957239, Los Angeles, California 90095-7239 USA
| | - Victoria L Sork
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Box 957239, Los Angeles, California 90095-7239 USA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Box 951496, Los Angeles, California 90095-1496 USA
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25
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Sork VL. Gene flow and natural selection shape spatial patterns of genes in tree populations: implications for evolutionary processes and applications. Evol Appl 2016; 9:291-310. [PMID: 27087853 PMCID: PMC4780383 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A central question in evolutionary biology is how gene flow and natural selection shape geographic patterns of genotypic and phenotypic variation. My overall research program has pursued this question in tree populations through complementary lines of inquiry. First, through studies of contemporary pollen and seed movement, I have studied how limited gene movement creates fine-scale genetic structure, while long-distance gene flow promotes connectivity. My collaborators and I have provided new tools to study these processes at a landscape scale as well as statistical tests to determine whether changes in landscape conditions or dispersal vectors affect gene movement. Second, my research on spatial patterns of genetic variation has investigated the interacting impacts of geography and climate on gene flow and selection. Third, using next-generation genomic tools, I am now studying genetic variation on the landscape to find initial evidence of climate-associated local adaptation and epigenetic variation to explore its role in plant response to the climate. By integrating these separate lines of inquiry, this research provides specific insight into real-world mechanisms shaping evolution in tree populations and potential impacts of landscape transformation and climate change on these populations, with the prospective goal of contributing to their management and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L. Sork
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Institute of Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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26
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Ashley MV, Abraham ST, Backs JR, Koenig WD. Landscape genetics and population structure in Valley Oak (Quercus lobata Née). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:2124-2131. [PMID: 26672009 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Although long-distance pollen movement is common in wind-pollinated trees, barriers to gene flow may occur in species that have discontinuous ranges or are confined to certain habitat types. We investigated the genetic structure of Quercus lobata Née populations throughout much of their range in California. We assessed the connectivity of populations and determined if barriers to gene flow occurred, and if so, if they corresponded to landscape features. METHODS We collected leaf samples from 270 trees from 12 stands of Quercus lobata and genotyped these trees using eight polymorphic microsatellite loci. Genetic structure and clustering was evaluated using genetic distance methods, Bayesian clustering approaches, and network analysis of spatial genetic structure. KEY RESULTS The southernmost population of Quercus lobata sampled from the Santa Monica area comprised a separate genetic cluster from the rest of the species, suggesting that Transverse Ranges such as the San Gabriel Mountains limit gene flow. Population differentiation among the other sites was small but significant. Network analysis reflected higher connectivity among populations along the Central Coast range, with few connections spanning the dry, low Central Valley. CONCLUSIONS While long distance pollen movement has been shown to be common in oaks, on larger spatial scales, topographic features such as mountain ranges and the large, flat Central Valley of California limit gene flow. Such landscape features explain gene flow patterns much better than geographic distance alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Ashley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607 USA
| | - Saji T Abraham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607 USA
| | - Janet R Backs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607 USA
| | - Walter D Koenig
- Lab of Ornithology and Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850 USA
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27
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Impact of asymmetric male and female gamete dispersal on allelic diversity and spatial genetic structure in valley oak (Quercus lobata Née). Evol Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-015-9769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Deacon NJ, Cavender-Bares J. Limited Pollen Dispersal Contributes to Population Genetic Structure but Not Local Adaptation in Quercus oleoides Forests of Costa Rica. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138783. [PMID: 26407244 PMCID: PMC4583504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quercus oleoides Cham. and Schlect., tropical live oak, is a species of conservation importance in its southern range limit of northwestern Costa Rica. It occurs in high-density stands across a fragmented landscape spanning a contrasting elevation and precipitation gradient. We examined genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure in this geographically isolated and genetically distinct population. We characterized population genetic diversity at 11 nuclear microsatellite loci in 260 individuals from 13 sites. We monitored flowering time at 10 sites, and characterized the local environment in order to compare observed spatial genetic structure to hypotheses of isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-environment. Finally, we quantified pollen dispersal distances and tested for local adaptation through a reciprocal transplant experiment in order to experimentally address these hypotheses. Results High genetic diversity is maintained in the population and the genetic variation is significantly structured among sampled sites. We identified 5 distinct genetic clusters and average pollen dispersal predominately occurred over short distances. Differences among sites in flowering phenology and environmental factors, however, were not strictly associated with genetic differentiation. Growth and survival of upland and lowland progeny in their native and foreign environments was expected to exhibit evidence of local adaptation due to the more extreme dry season in the lowlands. Seedlings planted in the lowland garden experienced much higher mortality than seedlings in the upland garden, but we did not identify evidence for local adaptation. Conclusion Overall, this study indicates that the Costa Rican Q. oleoides population has a rich population genetic history. Despite environmental heterogeneity and habitat fragmentation, isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-environment alone do not explain spatial genetic structure. These results add to studies of genetic structure by examining a common, tropical tree over multiple habitats and provide information for managers of a successional forest in a protected area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas John Deacon
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Plant Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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Pearse IS, Koenig WD, Funk KA, Pesendorfer MB. Pollen limitation and flower abortion in a wind-pollinated, masting tree. Ecology 2015; 96:587-93. [PMID: 26240878 DOI: 10.1890/14-0297.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pollen limitation is a key assumption of theories that explain mast seeding, which is common among wind-pollinated and woody plants. In particular, the pollen coupling hypothesis and pollination Moran effect hypothesis assume pollen limitation as a factor that synchronizes seed crops across individuals. The existence of pollen limitation has not, however, been unambiguously demonstrated in wind-pollinated, masting trees. We conducted a two-year pollen supplementation experiment on a masting oak species, Quercus lobata. Supplemental pollen increased acorn set in one year but not in the other, supporting the importance of pollen coupling and pollination Moran effect models of mast seeding. We also tracked the fate of female flowers over five years and found that the vast majority of flowers were aborted for reasons unrelated to pollination, even in the presence of excess pollen. Pollen limitation can reduce annual seed set in a wind-pollinated tree, but factors other than pollen limitation cause the majority of flower abortion.
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30
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Genetic Resources of Pinus cembra L. Marginal Populations from the Tatra Mountains: Implications for Conservation. Biochem Genet 2015; 53:49-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-015-9670-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Broadhurst L. Pollen dispersal in fragmented populations of the dioecious wind-pollinated tree, Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak, drooping she-oak; Allocasuarinaceae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119498. [PMID: 25742183 PMCID: PMC4350918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetation clearing, land modification and agricultural intensification have impacted on many ecological communities around the world. Understanding how species respond to fragmentation and the scales over which functionality is retained, can be critical for managing biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak, drooping she-oak) is a dioecious, wind-pollinated and -dispersed species with key conservation values across southeastern Australia. But vegetation clearing associated with agricultural expansion has reduced the abundance and spatial distribution of this species in many regions. Spatial genetic structure, relatedness among trees, pollen dispersal and mating patterns were examined in fragmented A. verticillata populations selected to represent the types of remnants that now characterise this species. Short scale spatial genetic structure (5-25 m) and relatedness among trees were observed in most populations. Unexpectedly, the two male trees closest to each female did not have a reproductive advantage accounting for only 4-15% of the seed produced in larger populations. Biparental inbreeding was also generally low (<4%) with limited evidence of seed crop domination by some male trees. More male trees contributed to seed crops in linear remnants (mean 17) compared to those from patch remnants (mean 11.3) which may reflect differences in pollen dispersal within the two remnant types. On average, pollen travels ~100 m irrespective of remnant type but was also detected to have dispersed as far as 1 km in open landscapes. Low biparental inbreeding, limited reproductive assurance for near-neighbour and probably related males and variability in the distances over which females sample pollen pools suggest that some mechanism to prevent matings between relatives exists in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Broadhurst
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, National Research Collections, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia
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32
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Koenig WD, Knops JMH, Carmen WJ, Pearse IS. What drives masting? The phenological synchrony hypothesis. Ecology 2015; 96:184-92. [DOI: 10.1890/14-0819.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter D. Koenig
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York 14850 USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
| | - Johannes M. H. Knops
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, 348 Manter Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 USA
| | | | - Ian S. Pearse
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York 14850 USA
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33
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Wind pollination, clonality, and the evolutionary maintenance of spatial segregation of the sexes. Evol Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-014-9733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Effects of cattle management on oak regeneration in northern Californian Mediterranean oak woodlands. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105472. [PMID: 25126939 PMCID: PMC4134313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oak woodlands of Mediterranean ecosystems, a major component of biodiversity hotspots in Europe and North America, have undergone significant land-use change in recent centuries, including an increase in grazing intensity due to the widespread presence of cattle. Simultaneously, a decrease in oak regeneration has been observed, suggesting a link between cattle grazing intensity and limited oak regeneration. In this study we examined the effect of cattle grazing on coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia Née) regeneration in San Francisco Bay Area, California. We studied seedling, sapling and adult density of coast live oak as well as vertebrate herbivory at 8 independent sites under two grazing conditions: with cattle and wildlife presence (n = 4) and only with wildlife (n = 4). The specific questions we addressed are: i) to what extent cattle management practices affect oak density, and ii) what is the effect of rangeland management on herbivory and size of young oak plants. In areas with cattle present, we found a 50% reduction in young oak density, and plant size was smaller, suggesting that survival and growth young plants in those areas are significantly limited. In addition, the presence of cattle raised the probability and intensity of herbivory (a 1.5 and 1.8-fold difference, respectively). These results strongly suggest that the presence of cattle significantly reduced the success of young Q. agrifolia through elevated herbivory. Given the potential impact of reduced recruitment on adult populations, modifying rangeland management practices to reduce cattle grazing pressure seems to be an important intervention to maintain Mediterranean oak woodlands.
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A Resilience-Based Approach to the Conservation of Valley Oak in a Southern California Landscape. LAND 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/land3030834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Vranckx G, Jacquemyn H, Mergeay J, Cox K, Janssens P, Gielen BAS, Muys B, Honnay O. The effect of drought stress on heterozygosity-fitness correlations in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:1057-69. [PMID: 24638819 PMCID: PMC3997642 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The interaction between forest fragmentation and predicted climate change may pose a serious threat to tree populations. In small and spatially isolated forest fragments, increased homozygosity may directly affect individual tree fitness through the expression of deleterious alleles. Climate change-induced drought stress may exacerbate these detrimental genetic consequences of forest fragmentation, as the fitness response to low levels of individual heterozygosity is generally thought to be stronger under environmental stress than under optimal conditions. METHODS To test this hypothesis, a greenhouse experiment was performed in which various transpiration and growth traits of 6-month-old seedlings of Quercus robur differing in multilocus heterozygosity (MLH) were recorded for 3 months under a well-watered and a drought stress treatment. Heterozygosity-fitness correlations (HFC) were examined by correlating the recorded traits of individual seedlings to their MLH and by studying their response to drought stress. KEY RESULTS Weak, but significant, effects of MLH on several fitness traits were obtained, which were stronger for transpiration variables than for the recorded growth traits. High atmospheric stress (measured as vapour pressure deficit) influenced the strength of the HFCs of the transpiration variables, whereas only a limited effect of the irrigation treatment on the HFCs was observed. CONCLUSIONS Under ongoing climate change, increased atmospheric stress in the future may strengthen the negative fitness responses of trees to low MLH. This indicates the necessity to maximize individual multilocus heterozygosity in forest tree breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Vranckx
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Box 2435, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Box 2435, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joachim Mergeay
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Flemish Government, Gaverstraat 4, 9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Karen Cox
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Flemish Government, Gaverstraat 4, 9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Pieter Janssens
- Soil Service of Belgium, Willem de Croylaan 48, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bie An Sofie Gielen
- Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, Box 2411, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Muys
- Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, Box 2411, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Box 2435, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Iwaizumi MG, Takahashi M, Isoda K, Austerlitz F. Consecutive five-year analysis of paternal and maternal gene flow and contributions of gametic heterogeneities to overall genetic composition of dispersed seeds of Pinus densiflora (Pinaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:1896-904. [PMID: 23997208 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Genetic variability in monoecious woody plant populations results from the assemblage of individuals issued from asymmetrical male and female reproductive functions, produced during spatially and temporarily heterogeneous reproductive and dispersal events. Here we investigated the dispersal patterns and levels of genetic diversity and differentiation of both paternal and maternal gametes in a natural population of Pinus densiflora at the multiple-year scale as long as five consecutive years. • METHODS We analyzed the paternity and maternity for 1576 seeds and 454 candidate adult trees using nuclear DNA polymorphisms of diploid biparental embryos and haploid maternal megagametophytes at eight microsatellite loci. • KEY RESULTS Despite the low levels of genetic differentiation among gamete groups, a two-way AMOVA analysis showed that the parental origin (paternal vs. maternal gametes), the year of gamete production and their interaction had significant effects on the genetic composition of the seeds. While maternal gamete groups showed a significant FST value across the 5 years, this was not true for their paternal counterparts. Within the population, we found that the relative reproductive contributions of the paternal vs. the maternal parent differed among adult trees, the maternal contributions showing a larger year-to-year fluctuation. • CONCLUSIONS The overall genetic variability of dispersed seeds appeared to result from two sources of heterogeneity: the difference between paternal and maternal patterns of reproduction and gamete dispersal and year-to-year heterogeneity of reproduction of adult trees, especially in their maternal reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu G Iwaizumi
- Kansai Regional Breeding Office, Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1043, Uetsukinaka, Shoo, Katsuta, Okayama 709-4335, Japan
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Henss JM, Moeller JR, Theim TJ, Givnish TJ. Spatial scales of genetic structure and gene flow in Calochortus albus (Liliaceae). Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1461-70. [PMID: 23789059 PMCID: PMC3686183 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calochortus (Liliaceae) displays high species richness, restriction of many individual taxa to narrow ranges, geographic coherence of individual clades, and parallel adaptive radiations in different regions. Here we test the first part of a hypothesis that all of these patterns may reflect gene flow at small geographic scales. We use amplified fragment length polymorphism variation to quantify the geographic scales of spatial genetic structure and apparent gene flow in Calochortus albus, a widespread member of the genus, at Henry Coe State Park in the Coast Ranges south of San Francisco Bay. Analyses of 254 mapped individuals spaced 0.001–14.4 km apart show a highly significant decline in genetic identity with ln distance, implying a root-mean-square distance of gene flow σ of 5–43 m. STRUCTURE analysis implies the existence of 2–4 clusters over the study area, with frequent reversals among clusters over short distances (<200 m) and a relatively high frequency of admixture within individuals at most sampling sites. While the intensity of spatial genetic structure in C. albus is weak, as measured by the Sp statistic, that appears to reflect low genetic identity of adjacent plants, which might reflect repeated colonizations at small spatial scales or density-dependent mortality of individual genotypes by natural enemies. Small spatial scales of gene flow and spatial genetic structure should permit, under a variety of conditions, genetic differentiation within species at such scales, setting the stage ultimately for speciation and adaptive radiation as such scales as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Henss
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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Quesada M, Herrerías-Diego Y, Lobo JA, Sánchez-Montoya G, Rosas F, Aguilar R. Long-term effects of habitat fragmentation on mating patterns and gene flow of a tropical dry forest tree, Ceiba aesculifolia (Malvaceae: Bombacoideae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:1095-1101. [PMID: 23720432 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Tropical forest loss and fragmentation isolate and reduce the size of remnant populations with negative consequences for mating patterns and genetic structure of plant species. In a 4-yr study, we determined the effect of fragmentation on mating patterns and pollen pool genetic structure of the tropical tree Ceiba aesculifolia in two habitat conditions: isolated trees in disturbed areas (≤3 trees/ha), and trees (≥6 trees/ha) in undisturbed mature forest. • METHODS Using six allozyme loci, we estimated the outcrossing rate (tm), the mean relatedness of progeny (rp) within and between fruits, the degree of genetic structure of pollen pools (Φft), and the effective number of pollen donors (Nep). • KEY RESULTS The outcrossing rates reflected a strict self-incompatible species. Relatedness of progeny within fruits was similar for all populations, revealing single sires within fruits. However, relatedness of progeny between fruits within trees was consistently greater for trees in fragmented conditions across 4 yr. We found high levels of genetic structure of pollen pools in all populations with more structure in isolated trees. The effective number of pollen donors was greater for trees in undisturbed forest than in disturbed conditions. • CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that the progeny produced by isolated trees in disturbed habitats are sired by a fraction of the diversity of pollen donors found in conserved forests. The foraging behavior of bats limits the exchange of pollen between trees, causing higher levels of progeny relatedness in isolated trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Quesada
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia. Apartado Postal 27-3 (Xangari), Morelia, Michoacán, México 58089.
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Knops JMH, Koenig WD. Sex allocation in California oaks: trade-offs or resource tracking? PLoS One 2012; 7:e43492. [PMID: 22952692 PMCID: PMC3428368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trade-offs in sex resource allocation are commonly inferred from a negative correlation between male and female reproduction. We found that for three California oak species, aboveground annual net productivity (ANP) differences among individuals were primarily correlated with water availability and soil fertility. Reproductive biomass increased with ANP, but the relative allocation to reproduction was constant, indicating that reproduction tracked productivity, which in turn tracked site quality. Although there was a negative correlation between male and female reproduction, this was not the result of a resource investment trade-off, but rather a byproduct of the positive correlation between female reproductive biomass and ANP combined with the greater overall resource allocation to female, compared to male, function. Thus, we reject the hypothesis of a trade-off between these key life-history components within individuals of these species. For long-lived individuals, a plastic resource tracking response to environmental fluctuations may be more adaptive than directly linking life-history traits through trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M H Knops
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America.
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Moran EV, Clark JS. Causes and consequences of unequal seedling production in forest trees: a case study in red oaks. Ecology 2012; 93:1082-94. [PMID: 22764494 DOI: 10.1890/11-1428.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inequality in reproductive success has important implications for ecological and evolutionary dynamics, but lifetime reproductive success is challenging to measure in long-lived species such as forest trees. While seed production is often used as a proxy for overall reproductive success, high mortality of seeds and the potential for trade-offs between seed number and quality draw this assumption into question. Parentage analyses of established seedlings can bring us one step closer to understanding the causes and consequences of variation in reproductive success. In this paper we demonstrate a new method for estimating individual seedling production and average percentage germination, using data from two mixed-species populations of red oaks (Quercus rubra, Q. velutina, Q. falcata, and Q. coccinea). We use these estimates to examine the distribution of female reproductive success and to test the relationship between seedling number and individual seed production, age, and growth rate. We show that both seed and seedling production are highly skewed, roughly conforming to zero-inflated lognormal distributions, rather than to the Poisson or negative-binomial distributions often assumed by population genetics analyses. While the number of established offspring is positively associated with mean annual seed production, a lower proportion of seeds from highly fecund individuals become seedlings. Our red oak populations also show evidence of trade-offs between growth rate and reproductive success. The high degree of inequality in seedling production shown here for red oaks, and by previous studies in other species, suggests that many trees may be more vulnerable to genetic drift than previously thought, if immigration in limited by fragmentation or other environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily V Moran
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, 1534 White Avenue, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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Fernández-Martínez M, Belmonte J, Maria Espelta J. Masting in oaks: Disentangling the effect of flowering phenology, airborne pollen load and drought. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hoban SM, Schlarbaum SE, Brosi SL, Romero-Severson J. A rare case of natural regeneration in butternut, a threatened forest tree, is parent and space limited. CONSERV GENET 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-012-0386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sabban L, Jacobson NL, van Hout R. Measurement of pollen clump release and breakup in the vicinity of ragweed (A. confertiflora) staminate flowers. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00054.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Ortego J, Riordan EC, Gugger PF, Sork VL. Influence of environmental heterogeneity on genetic diversity and structure in an endemic southern Californian oak. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:3210-23. [PMID: 22548448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how specific environmental factors shape gene flow while disentangling their importance relative to the effects of geographical isolation is a major question in evolutionary biology and a specific goal of landscape genetics. Here, we combine information from nuclear microsatellite markers and ecological niche modelling to study the association between climate and spatial genetic structure and variability in Engelmann oak (Quercus engelmannii), a wind-pollinated species with high potential for gene flow. We first test whether genetic diversity is associated with climatic niche suitability and stability since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Second, we use causal modelling to analyse the potential influence of climatic factors (current and LGM niche suitability) and altitude in the observed patterns of genetic structure. We found that genetic diversity is negatively associated with local climatic stability since the LGM, which may be due to higher immigration rates in unstable patches during favourable climatic periods and/or temporally varying selection. Analyses of spatial genetic structure revealed the presence of three main genetic clusters, a pattern that is mainly driven by two highly differentiated populations located in the northern edge of the species distribution range. After controlling for geographic distance, causal modelling analyses showed that genetic relatedness decreases with the environmental divergence among sampling sites estimated as altitude and current and LGM niche suitability. Natural selection against nonlocal genotypes and/or asynchrony in reproductive phenology may explain this pattern. Overall, this study suggests that local environmental conditions can shape patterns of genetic structure and variability even in species with high potential for gene flow and relatively small distribution ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Ortego
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Box 957239, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA.
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Borrell JS. Rapid assessment protocol for pollen settling velocity: implications for habitat fragmentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/biohorizons/hzs002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Vranckx G, Jacquemyn H, Muys B, Honnay O. Meta-analysis of susceptibility of woody plants to loss of genetic diversity through habitat fragmentation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2012; 26:228-37. [PMID: 22044646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Shrubs and trees are assumed less likely to lose genetic variation in response to habitat fragmentation because they have certain life-history characteristics such as long lifespans and extensive pollen flow. To test this assumption, we conducted a meta-analysis with data on 97 woody plant species derived from 98 studies of habitat fragmentation. We measured the weighted response of four different measures of population-level genetic diversity to habitat fragmentation with Hedge's d and Spearman rank correlation. We tested whether the genetic response to habitat fragmentation was mediated by life-history traits (longevity, pollination mode, and seed dispersal vector) and study characteristics (genetic marker and plant material used). For both tests of effect size habitat fragmentation was associated with a substantial decrease in expected heterozygosity, number of alleles, and percentage of polymorphic loci, whereas the population inbreeding coefficient was not associated with these measures. The largest proportion of variation among effect sizes was explained by pollination mechanism and by the age of the tissue (progeny or adult) that was genotyped. Our primary finding was that wind-pollinated trees and shrubs appeared to be as likely to lose genetic variation as insect-pollinated species, indicating that severe habitat fragmentation may lead to pollen limitation and limited gene flow. In comparison with results of previous meta-analyses on mainly herbaceous species, we found trees and shrubs were as likely to have negative genetic responses to habitat fragmentation as herbaceous species. We also found that the genetic variation in offspring was generally less than that of adult trees, which is evidence of a genetic extinction debt and probably reflects the genetic diversity of the historical, less-fragmented landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Vranckx
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Zhang R, Zhou Z, Du K. Genetic diversity of natural populations of endangered Ormosia hosiei, endemic to China. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Evaluating the influence of different aspects of habitat fragmentation on mating patterns and pollen dispersal in the bird-pollinatedBanksia sphaerocarpavar.caesia. Mol Ecol 2011; 21:314-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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