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Neves R, Leno B, Curler M, Thomas M, Overton T, McArt J. Association of immediate postpartum plasma calcium concentration with early-lactation clinical diseases, culling, reproduction, and milk production in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:547-555. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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2
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Caixeta LS, Herman JA, Johnson GW, McArt JAA. Herd-Level Monitoring and Prevention of Displaced Abomasum in Dairy Cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2017; 34:83-99. [PMID: 29203192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Displaced abomasum (DA) is a postpartum disease that causes significant economic losses in the dairy industry. Abomasal atony and excessive production of gas have been reported as prerequisites for the development of DA. The exact cause of DA is unknown, yet infectious and metabolic disease, diet composition and physical form, cow comfort, and management of dairy cows during the transition period have been associated with the occurrence of this disorder. This review article discusses different factors that lead to the development of DA and strategies for monitoring DA and its comorbidities at the herd level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano S Caixeta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Julia A Herman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Greg W Johnson
- Cows Come First, LLC, 14 Bean Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Jessica A A McArt
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Veterinary Medical Center, Room C2-554, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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3
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Modification of abomasum contractility by flavonoids present in ruminants diet: in vitro study. Animal 2016; 10:1431-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Doll K. Abomasal displacement in dairy cattle: A hereditary disease? Vet J 2015; 205:329-30. [PMID: 26100859 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Doll
- Clinic for Ruminants, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Srt. 110, Gießen 35392, Germany..
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5
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Zerbin I, Lehner S, Distl O. Genetics of bovine abomasal displacement. Vet J 2015; 204:17-22. [PMID: 25840863 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Displacement of the abomasum (DA) is a common inherited condition in Holstein cows. This article reviews the genetics of DA including risk factors, genetic parameters and molecular genetic results. Breeds other than Holsteins affected by DA include Guernseys, Jerseys, Brown Swiss, Ayrshires and Simmental-Red Holsteins. In most DA cases, left displacements of the abomasum (LDA) are seen. Lactation incidence rates are higher for DA in first lactation Holsteins compared to later lactations. For Holstein cows, heritability estimates for DA are between 0.03 and 0.53. Genetic correlation estimates among DA and milk production traits range from positive to negative. Genome-wide significant genomic regions associated with LDA are located on bovine chromosomes (BTA) 1, 3, 11, 20 and 23. Motilin-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms on BTA23 exhibit a functional relationship with LDA. Pathways for deposition of calcium, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and synaptic transmission are significantly related to LDA in Holsteins. Deciphering the DA-associated genomic regions and genes may be an important step in the quest to understand the underlying disease-causing mechanisms and in unravelling mutations with a causal relationship to DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Zerbin
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17p, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lehner
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17p, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Ottmar Distl
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17p, Hannover 30559, Germany.
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Kaneda T, Kido Y, Tajima T, Urakawa N, Shimizu K. PDE4 and PDE5 regulate cyclic nucleotide contents and relaxing effects on carbachol-induced contraction in the bovine abomasum. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:15-9. [PMID: 25319411 PMCID: PMC4349533 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of various
selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on carbachol (CCh)-induced contraction in the
bovine abomasum were investigated. Various selective PDE inhibitors, vinpocetine (type 1),
erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA, type 2), milrinone (type 3), Ro20-1724 (type
4), vardenafil (type 5), BRL-50481 (type 7) and BAY73-6691 (type 9), inhibited CCh-induced
contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the PDE inhibitors, Ro20-1724 and
vardenafil induced more relaxation than the other inhibitors based on the data for the
IC50 or maximum relaxation. In smooth muscle of the bovine abomasum, we
showed the expression of PDE4B, 4C, 4D and 5 by RT-PCR analysis. In the presence of CCh,
Ro20-1724 increased the cAMP content, but not the cGMP content. By contrast, vardenafil
increased the cGMP content, but not the cAMP content. These results suggest that
Ro20-1724-induced relaxation was correlated with cAMP and that vardenafil-induced
relaxation was correlated with cGMP in the bovine abomasum. In conclusion, PDE4 and PDE5
are the enzymes involved in regulation of the relaxation associated with cAMP and cGMP,
respectively, in the bovine abomasum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Kaneda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 7-1 Kyonan-cho 1-chome, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Adding evidence for a role of the SLITRK gene family in the pathogenesis of left displacement of the abomasum in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Small volume resuscitation with hypertonic sodium chloride solution in cattle undergoing surgical correction of abomasal volvulus. Vet J 2014; 201:338-44. [PMID: 24973005 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A randomized clinical trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of rapid intravenous (IV) infusion of a 7.2% hypertonic saline solution with that of continuous application of an isotonic solution in stabilizing the circulation of cows with abomasal volvulus. Cattle treated with hypertonic saline had a significantly greater reduction in volume deficit within the first 10 min of therapy than cows treated with isotonic saline (from 5.9 ± 4.8 to 2.1 ± 4.4 L/100 kg vs. 7.0 ± 4.5 to 4.9 ± 3.8 L/100 kg, respectively). The central venous pressure (CVP) of the cows given the hypertonic saline rose within the first 10 min of therapy from 7.3 ± 3.5 to 10.8 ± 3.4 cm H2O, while the CVP of the cattle treated with isotonic saline did not increase significantly during this time. Sixty minutes after the start of the infusion, the CVP of the isotonic group was still significantly lower than that of the hypertonic group (9.5 ± 2.1 vs. 10.3 ± 3.3 cm H2O, respectively). Within the first 60 min, the base excess decreased from 5.5 ± 6.9 to 4.7 ± 6.2 mmol/L in the hypertonic group whereas it increased from 5.6 ± 5.7 to 6.8 ± 5.4 mmol/L in the isotonic group. These results suggest that for cows with abomasal volvulus, IV therapy with hypertonic saline may improve the haemodynamic and circulatory situation considerably faster and more effectively than continuous infusion with isotonic saline.
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Ozturk AS, Guzel M, Askar TK, Aytekin I. Evaluation of the hormones responsible for the gastrointestinal motility in cattle with displacement of the abomasum; ghrelin, motilin and gastrin. Vet Rec 2013; 172:636. [PMID: 23723101 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study provides the evidence of increased serum gastrointestinal motility hormone concentrations including ghrelin, motilin and gastrin in cattle with displacement of abomasum (DA). In this study, 38 cows with DA (21 left DA (LDA) and 17 right DA (RDA)) and 15 healthy controls were included. All cattle with DA were at the stage of postpartum one to eight weeks, and had clinical signs including anorexia, decreased milk yield and scanty, pasty faeces. Serum ghrelin, motilin and gastrin concentrations, and leptin concentration which is a functional antagonist of ghrelin, were determined by ELISA. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), Na, K, Cl, Ca and P concentrations were measured by spectrophotometer. In serum biochemical analysis, increases were seen on the serum ALT, AST and GGT activities; however, serum Na, K, Cl and P concentrations decreased in abomasal displacement compared with the control animals. The serum ghrelin, motilin and gastrin concentrations increased in the cattle with LDA and RDA, as compared with those in the healthy controls. On the other hand, serum leptin concentration decreased in the cattle with DA compared with the controls. Increases in the serum ghrelin, motilin and gastrin concentrations might be attributed to activation of gastrointestinal motility hormones to enhance of gastric emptying in impaired gastric motility and/or outlet occlusion in displaced abomasum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Ozturk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mustafa Kemal, Hatay 31040, Turkey
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Mömke S, Sickinger M, Lichtner P, Doll K, Rehage J, Distl O. Genome-wide association analysis identifies loci for left-sided displacement of the abomasum in German Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:3959-64. [PMID: 23548285 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Left-sided displacement of the abomasum (LDA) is one of the most common disorders of the digestive system in many dairy breeds and particularly in Holstein dairy cows. We performed a genome-wide association study for 854 German Holstein cows, including 225 cases and 629 controls. All cows were genotyped using the Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA). After quality control of genotypes, a total of 36,226 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were left for analysis. We used a mixed linear model approach for a genome-wide association study of LDA. In total, 36 SNP located on 17 bovine (Bos taurus) chromosomes (BTA) showed associations with LDA at nominal -log10P-values >3.0. Two of these SNP, located on BTA11 at 46.70 Mb and BTA20 at 16.67 Mb, showed genome-wide significant associations with LDA at -log10P-values >4.6. Pathway analyses indicated genes involved in calcium metabolism and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to be factors in the pathogenesis of LDA in German Holstein cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mömke
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17p, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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11
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Zurr L, Leonhard-Marek S. Effects of β-hydroxybutyrate and different calcium and potassium concentrations on the membrane potential and motility of abomasal smooth muscle cells in cattle. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:5750-9. [PMID: 22921615 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Zurr
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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12
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Mömke S, Sickinger M, Rehage J, Doll K, Distl O. Transcription factor binding site polymorphism in the motilin gene associated with left-sided displacement of the abomasum in German Holstein cattle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35562. [PMID: 22536407 PMCID: PMC3334980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Left-sided displacement of the abomasum (LDA) is a common disease in many dairy cattle breeds. A genome-wide screen for QTL for LDA in German Holstein (GH) cows indicated motilin (MLN) as a candidate gene on bovine chromosome 23. Genomic DNA sequence analysis of MLN revealed a total of 32 polymorphisms. All informative polymorphisms used for association analyses in a random sample of 1,136 GH cows confirmed MLN as a candidate for LDA. A single nucleotide polymorphism (FN298674:g.90T>C) located within the first non-coding exon of bovine MLN affects a NKX2-5 transcription factor binding site and showed significant associations (ORallele = 0.64; −log10Pallele = 6.8, −log10Pgenotype = 7.0) with LDA. An expression study gave evidence of a significantly decreased MLN expression in cows carrying the mutant allele (C). In individuals heterozygous or homozygous for the mutation, MLN expression was decreased by 89% relative to the wildtype. FN298674:g.90T>C may therefore play a role in bovine LDA via the motility of the abomasum. This MLN SNP appears useful to reduce the incidence of LDA in German Holstein cattle and provides a first step towards a deeper understanding of the genetics of LDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Mömke
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marlene Sickinger
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty for Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehage
- Clinic for Cattle, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Doll
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty for Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ottmar Distl
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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13
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Constable PD, Nouri M, Sen I, Baird AN, Wittek T. Evidence-Based Use of Prokinetic Drugs for Abomasal Disorders in Cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2012; 28:51-70, viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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14
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Jalilzadeh-Amin G, Maham M, Dalir-Naghadeh B, Kheiri F. Effects ofMentha longifoliaessential oil on ruminal and abomasal longitudinal smooth muscle in sheep. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2012.646019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Itoh M, Sasaki N, Kawamoto S, Yamada H, Inokuma H. A mechanism of excessive accumulation of abomasal gas in vagotomized cattle determined using fluoroscopy. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 73:567-71. [PMID: 21178321 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the mechanism of excessive gas accumulation in the abomasum in bovine abomasal displacement, we performed gastric fluoroscopy in vagotomized cattle. Fifteen 6-month-old Holstein steers were divided into three groups: a non-vagotomized control group (Group C; n=5), a ventral thoraco-vagotomized group (Group V; n=5), and a dorsal and ventral thoraco-vagotomized group (Group DV; n=5). These groups were examined by fluoroscopy before and during a 5-week observation period after surgery. In Group C, no change was observed throughout the observation period. In Group DV, immediately after surgery, reticuloruminal motility was completely absent and ruminal distention was seen. Two weeks after surgery, abnormal reticulum motility and increased gas accumulation in the abomasal body were noted. Abomasal dilatation was also observed. In Group V, 1 week after surgery, gas inflow into the abomasum and relatively normal reticulum motility were observed along with a rapid increase in abomasal gas. Abomasal dilatation was also observed. In addition, left-displaced abomasum occurred in one of the steers in this group. From these results, we concluded that one of the mechanisms of excessive gas accumulation in the abomasum is reticulum-mediated gas inflow from the rumen combined with vagotomy-induced hypomotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Itoh
- Hokkaido Research Organization Animal Research Center, Sintoku, Hokkaido 081–0038, Japan
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New aspects in the pathogenesis of abomasal displacement. Vet J 2009; 181:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Niederberger MD, Hirsbrunner G, Steiner A, Brechbühl M, Meylan M. In vitro effects of bethanechol on abomasal and duodenal smooth muscle preparations from dairy cows with left displacement of the abomasum and from healthy dairy cows. Vet J 2009; 184:88-94. [PMID: 19272820 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of bethanechol (BeCh) on abomasal and duodenal smooth muscle preparations from dairy cows with left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) and from healthy dairy cows, and determined the role of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes 2 and 3 (M(2) and M(3)) in mediating contraction. Concentration-response curves for BeCh, with or without prior incubation with an M(2) antagonist (AF-DX 116) or an M(3) antagonist (4-DAMP), were established and evaluated. BeCh induced a significant, concentration-dependant increase in the contractility variables for all locations in both groups of cows. The inhibiting effect of 4-DAMP was stronger than that of AF-DX 116, which suggested that contractions were mediated by M(3) and to a lesser extent by M(2). The basal tone of abomasal smooth muscle was reduced in cows with LDA, which indicated hypotonia. The use of BeCh as a prokinetic drug in cows with gastrointestinal motility disorder warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Niederberger
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
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Mömke S, Scholz H, Doll K, Rehage J, Distl O. Mapping quantitative trait Loci for left-sided displacement of the abomasum in German Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2009; 91:4383-92. [PMID: 18946144 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A whole-genome scan using an affected paternal half-sib design was utilized to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for left-sided displaced abomasum (LDA) in German Holsteins. A total of 360 animals from 14 paternal half-sib families were genotyped, for a total of 306 polymorphic microsatellites. For a whole-genome scan, 221 markers were equally distributed over all 29 bovine autosomes, with an average distance of 13.7 cM. For fine-mapping, a total of 85 additional microsatellites were used. We identified genome-wide significant QTL on Bos taurus autosome (BTA) 1 (54.6 to 58.3 cM) and on BTA3 (5.9 cM). Furthermore, 3 chromosome-wide significant QTL were located on bovine chromosomes 21, 23, and 24. In addition, we found 11 QTL that cosegregated in grandsire families but that were not significant in the across-family analysis. These QTL were located on BTA5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 23, and 26. This study is the first report on QTL for LDA and is a first step toward identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms for LDA-QTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mömke
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Sickinger M, Leiser R, Failing K, Doll K. Evaluation of differences between breeds for substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and neurofilament 200 in the abomasal wall of cattle. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1247-53. [PMID: 18828678 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the content of substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and neurofilament 200 in biopsy specimens taken from the abomasal wall of healthy cows of 2 breeds. SAMPLE POPULATION Biopsy specimens taken from different sites of the abomasal wall from 20 German Holstein cows and 20 German Fleckvieh cows. PROCEDURES Biopsy specimens were examined immunohistochemically, and the content of substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and neurofilament 200 was determined by measuring the immunoreactive areas. RESULTS Significant differences between the breeds were detected. Substance P-immuno-reactive area in the corpus abomasi was significantly smaller in the German Holsteins (geometric mean +/- geometric SD, 679 +/- 1.83 microm2) than in the German Fleckvieh cows (1,020 +/- 1.65 microm2). Concerning vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, differences between breeds were not significant. Overall nerve density in the antral abomasal wall was significantly greater in German Holsteins than in German Fleckvieh cows (immunoreactive areas for neurofilament 200 in German Holsteins was 4,842 +/- 1.29 microm2 and in German Fleckvieh cows was 3,333 +/- 1.63 microm2). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-The significantly lower content of substance P in the corpus abomasi could explain why German Holstein cows are predisposed to abomasal displacement, compared with German Fleckvieh cows, in which this disease is a rare finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Sickinger
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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20
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Role of nitrergic nerves in the regulation of motility of the omasum and abomasum in healthy sheep (Ovis aries). Vet Res Commun 2008; 33:33-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Buehler M, Steiner A, Meylan M, Portier CJ, Mevissen M. In vitro effects of bethanechol on smooth muscle preparations from abomasal fundus, corpus, and antrum of dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2008; 84:444-51. [PMID: 17632190 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abomasal displacement has been associated with gastric hypomotility. The supply of prokinetic drugs available to address this problem is insufficient. The goal of the study was to investigate the effect of the muscarinic agonist bethanechol (BeCh) on contractility parameters of smooth muscle preparations from several regions of the bovine abomasum (fundus, corpus, and antrum). Cumulative concentration-response curves were constructed using BeCh in vitro with and without pre-incubation with antagonists targeted at M(2) and M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes. In all preparations investigated, BeCh induced a significant and concentration-dependent increase in all contractility parameters investigated. The maximal attainable effect (V(max)) was more pronounced in circular specimens, and V(max) of antral specimens in circular orientation were significantly lower when compared to the other preparations. Both antagonists caused a rightward shift of the concentration-response curve, suggesting that the effect of BeCh is mediated at least partly by M(2) and M(3) AChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buehler
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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22
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Intrinsic neuronal control of the pyloric sphincter of the lamb. J Chem Neuroanat 2008; 36:98-106. [PMID: 18571894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the local neuronal network of the gastro-duodenal junction in ruminants, we identified the components of the enteric nervous system (ENS) innervating the pyloric sphincter (PS) of the lamb abomasum. The neurons were labelled after injecting the tracer Fast Blue (FB) into the wall of the PS, and the phenotype of the FB-labelled neurons was immunohistochemically investigated using antibodies against nitric oxide synthase (NOS), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), tachykinin (substance P) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The FB-labelled abomasal myenteric plexus (MP) neurons, observed up to 14cm from the PS, were NOS-immunoreactive (IR) (82+/-12%), ChAT-IR (51+/-29%), SP-IR (61+/-33%), and also TH-IR (2%). The descending nitrergic neurons were also SP-IR (64%) and ChAT-IR (21%); the cholinergic descending neurons were SP-IR (3%). The FB-labelled duodenal neurons were located only in the MP, up to 8cm from the sphincter and were ChAT-IR (79+/-16%), SP-IR (32+/-18%), NOS-IR (from 0 to 2%), and also TH-IR (4+/-3%). The cholinergic ascending neurons were also SP-IR (60%) whereas no ChAT-IR cells were NOS-IR. The findings of this research indicate that the sheep PS is innervated by long-projecting neurons of the abomasal and duodenal ENS.
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Wittek T, Tischer K, Gieseler T, Fürll M, Constable PD. Effect of preoperative administration of erythromycin or flunixin meglumine on postoperative abomasal emptying rate in dairy cows undergoing surgical correction of left displacement of the abomasum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:418-23. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.3.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pravettoni D, Doll K, Hummel M, Cavallone E, Re M, Belloli AG. Insulin resistance and abomasal motility disorders in cows detected by use of abomasoduodenal electromyography after surgical correction of left displaced abomasum. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:1319-24. [PMID: 15524316 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the correlation between insulin concentrations and myoelectrical activity of the abomasum in cows with a left displaced abomasum (LDA). ANIMALS 14 dairy cows with an LDA at the onset of lactation. PROCEDURE During surgical correction of an LDA, 3 pairs of electrodes were placed in the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract (abomasal body, pars pylorica, and duodenum) of each cow. Electromyographic recordings were obtained once per day for 7 days. Samples were collected and tested to determine concentrations of insulin, glucagon, cortisol, glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and nonesterified fatty acids. RESULTS All 14 cattle had high glucose and insulin concentrations at the time of admission, independent of ketosis. Concentrations of glucose and insulin decreased slowly after surgical treatment and were associated with a progressive increase in abomasoduodenal myoelectric activity. The 14 cows were allocated into 2 groups (suspected insulin-resistant cattle, n = 7; suspected non-insulin-resistant cattle, 7) on the basis of persistent hyperinsulinemia during the postoperative period. Seven days after surgery, the abomasoduodenal myoelectric patterns were still significantly lower for the insulin-resistant cows, compared with patterns for the non-insulin-resistant cows. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Insulin resistance appears to be common in cows with an LDA. Analysis of results of this study reveals that abomasal atony in cows with an LDA depends on persistence of high serum concentrations of insulin. Results of this study could provide an explanation for a pathogenetic factor of LDAs and the frequent relapses of cattle affected by this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pravettoni
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer und Schweine, Justus Liebig Universität, Giessen, Germany
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Van Winden SCL, Brattinga CR, Müller KE, Schonewille JT, Noordhuizen JPTM, Beynen AC. Changes in the feed intake, pH and osmolality of rumen fluid, and the position of the abomasum of eight dairy cows during a diet-induced left displacement of the abomasum. Vet Rec 2004; 154:501-4. [PMID: 15130056 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.16.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During the last six weeks of the dry period, eight Holstein-Friesian cows were fed a restricted amount of grass silage; after calving, a mixture of maize silage and concentrates was offered in a feeding regimen designed to induce a displacement of the abomasum. In the first month after calving, the cows were monitored for the following variables: feed intake and composition, milk production, the position of the abomasum, and the pH and osmolality of the rumen contents. In five of the eight cows, a left displacement of the abomasum occurred between four and 21 days after calving in the absence of other diseases. The displacement was temporary, lasting between five and 36 consecutive hours and one or two days in two of the cows (floaters), and for three or more days in the other three. Before these three cows developed the displacement, their abomasum was 4.3 to 7.9 cm higher, its contents had a higher mean osmolality (+19.2 mosmol/kg), and the ratio of roughage to concentrates in their feed was lower (-0.87) than in the three cows that did not develop clinical signs of a displaced abomasum. There were no significant differences in these variables between the floaters and the healthy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C L Van Winden
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Michel A, Mevissen M, Burkhardt HW, Steiner A. In vitro
effects of cisapride, metoclopramide and bethanechol on smooth muscle preparations from abomasal antrum and duodenum of dairy cows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2003; 26:413-20. [PMID: 14962052 DOI: 10.1046/j.0140-7783.2003.00528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cisapride (CIS), metoclopramide (MET) and bethanechol (BET) on contractility parameters from smooth muscle preparations of the abomasal antrum and proximal duodenum of cows. Smooth muscle preparations were harvested shortly post-mortem from 42 healthy dairy cows, and concentration-response curves were performed by cumulative application of the drugs. Cisapride and MET did not have any significant effect on the contractility parameters studied, while BET induced a significant, concentration-dependent increase in basal tone (BT), mean amplitude (Amean), and area under the curve (AUC) in smooth muscle preparations from the abomasal antrum, but not from the duodenum. The effect of BET on BT was more pronounced in specimens with longitudinal orientation while the maximal obtainable effect (Vm) in Amean was more pronounced in circular-oriented preparations. Atropine (1 x 10-5 m) significantly inhibited the effect of BET, whereas pre-incubation with hexamethonium or tetrodotoxin (TTX) had no effect, suggesting that the effect was mediated by cholinergic receptors on the smooth muscle. The results may be relevant to diseases or disorders associated with gastric emptying and gastric hypomotility. Further investigations are warranted to investigate the potential ability of BET to enhance abomasal emptying of adult dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Michel
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Berne Dr E. Graeub AG, Berne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Little clinically relevant, evidence-based data about the effect of motility modifiers on the GI tract of cattle are currently available. Additionally, some of the published results seem to be contradictory. Three main facts explain this apparent discrepancy: (1) Results may not be transferred from one species to another, because presence, concentration, location, distribution, and function of specific receptors may differ significantly among species. (2) The lack of a significant effect on smooth muscle preparations in vitro does not necessarily exclude a certain drug's motility-modifying property on affected animals in vivo. Certain drugs bind to receptors outside the myenteric plexus. Others, such as lidocaine and adrenergic-, dopaminergic-, and opioid-antagonists increase only GI motility, if inhibitory reflexes or a hyperactive state of the inhibitory sympathetic nervous system preexists. (3) Effects of motility modifiers as found in healthy experimental animals in vivo may not be similar to those found in spontaneously diseased animals. Accurate and reliable data on the effect of modifiers of GI motility of cattle will be obtained only from double-blinded, evidence-based, in vivo studies on spontaneously affected animals. Because well-documented results from such studies are extremely rare, intensive research in this field is warranted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Berne, Switzerland.
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28
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A comparative study of the hemato-biochemical parameters between clinically healthy cows and cows with displacement of the abomasum. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2003. [DOI: 10.2298/avb0306297z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Zulauf M, Spring C, Eicher R, Meylan M, Hirsbrunner G, Scholtysik G, Steiner A. Spontaneous in vitro contractile activity of specimens from the abomasal wall of healthy cows and comparison among dairy breeds. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:1687-94. [PMID: 12492283 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize and compare in vitro contractility patterns of sections of abomasal wall harvested from cattle of 3 dairy breeds. SAMPLE POPULATION Longitudinal and circular smooth muscle preparations harvested from the antrum and body of the abomasum of 30 recently slaughtered Holstein-Friesian, Brown Swiss, and Simmental X Red Holstein cows. PROCEDURE Spontaneous isometric contractions of specimens in tissue baths of modified Krebs solution were recorded during a 4-hour period. Maximal amplitude, frequency of contractions, and change of basal tension were used to characterize contractility. Statistical analyses were used to test for differences among time periods, among breeds, between specimen locations, and between fiber orientations. RESULTS Myoactivity patterns of abomasal smooth muscle preparations are highly variable and differ on the basis of location and fiber orientation. Frequency of contractions differed significantly among time periods for longitudinally oriented specimens with decreasing frequencies of contractions over time. Maximal amplitude of the longitudinally oriented specimens from the antrum increased significantly, whereas maximal amplitude of the circularly oriented specimens from the antrum decreased significantly. Values did not differ significantly among breeds. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Patterns of spontaneous contractility of abomasal wall specimens are not homogeneous. During a 4-hour recording period, maximal amplitude and frequency of contractions of specimens varied significantly with respect to orientation and location; however, spontaneous contractile myoactivity did not differ significantly among breeds. Therefore, breed predisposition for displaced abomasum is not correlated with spontaneous activity of smooth muscle specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Zulauf
- Ruminant Clinic, University of Berne, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
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Pfannkuche H, Reiche D, Hoppe S, Schemann M. Cholinergic and noncholinergic innervation of the smooth muscle layers in the bovine abomasum. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2002; 267:70-7. [PMID: 11984794 DOI: 10.1002/ar.10087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic innervation of muscle layers in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract has been mainly studied in nonruminants. The aim of this study was to identify intrinsic motor neurones in the bovine abomasum that innervate the circular and longitudinal muscles. Circular (CMN) and longitudinal muscle motor neurones (LMN) were selectively labeled by application of the retrograde tracer 1,1'-didodecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl indocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) onto the muscle layers. The transmitter phenotype was determined by immunohistochemical detection of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and neurone-specific enolase (NSE). On average, the myenteric ganglia contained 61 +/- 19 NSE-positive cell bodies, of which 89% were ChAT-positive and 10% were NOS-positive. Only 0.7% of NSE-positive neurones (41 of 5,777) contained both ChAT and NOS. Application of DiI onto the circular and longitudinal muscles revealed on average 60 +/- 27 (n = 4) and 68 +/- 36 (n = 4), respectively, labeled cell bodies in the myenteric plexus. For the circular and longitudinal muscles the proportions of ascending to descending neurones were 76 : 24% and 54 : 46%, respectively. While most ascending CMN were ChAT-positive (96%), 51% of the descending CMN were ChAT-negative. All ascending and 95% of descending LMN were ChAT-positive. It was concluded that cholinergic excitatory innervation is predominant in both muscle layers of the abomasum. Whereas the circular muscle receives cholinergic excitatory and nitrergic inhibitory innervation, the longitudinal muscle is only innervated by cholinergic pathways. This innervation pattern is different from that in gastric muscle layers in monogastric animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Pfannkuche
- Veterinär-Physiologisches Institut, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Onaga T, Okada H, Hagiwara S, Nagashima C, Inoue H, Korczynski W, Kato S. Effects of nitric oxide donor and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on ruminal contractions in conscious sheep. Res Vet Sci 2001; 71:189-95. [PMID: 11798293 DOI: 10.1053/rvsc.2001.0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study was planned to evaluate a role of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of regular ruminal contractions in conscious sheep. Intravenous infusion of S-nitroso-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP) at doses of 3-30 nmol kg(-1) min(-1)for 30 minutes inhibited both the amplitude and frequency of ruminal contractions in a dose-dependent manner. However, intravenous infusion of Nomega-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) at doses of 0.3-3.0 micromol kg(-1) min(-1)did not alter the basal tone of intraruminal pressure and the amplitude of ruminal contractions. The frequency of contractions was slightly inhibited by L-NAME infusion at 1.0 micromol kg(-1)min(-1). The effects of L-NAME were abolished by simultaneous infusion of L -arginine at 30 micromol kg(-1) min(-1). These results suggest that exogenous NO can diminish the ruminal contractions, while endogenous NO is not involved in the regulatory mechanism of basal tone and regular phasic contractions of the rumen in healthy sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Onaga
- Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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Geishauser T, Leslie K, Duffield T. Metabolic aspects in the etiology of displaced abomasum. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2000; 16:255-65, vi. [PMID: 11022339 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Results of studies on metabolic variables that exist prior to the diagnosis of displaced abomasum (DA) indicate that subclinical ketosis is a risk factor for DA. Serum aspartate aminotransferase activity, serum and milk betahydroxybutyric acid concentrations, and milk fat-to-protein ratios were often elevated before the diagnosis of DA, and these variables may be used to predict DA. Prevention of subclinical ketosis may prevent DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Geishauser
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada.
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Schemann M, Grundy D. Comparative neurogastroenterology: exotic or erotic? Neurogastroenterol Motil 1999; 11:i-ii. [PMID: 10320595 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2982.1999.00156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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