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Wen Z, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Xu X, Zhao N, Xu X, Wang F, Gao J, Yang GY, Liu X. The effect of anterior communicating artery flow on neurovascular injury and neurobehavioral outcomes in mice with recurrent stroke. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146440. [PMID: 31513789 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have estimated that the risk of recurrent stroke was nearly 20% shortly after a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke. A missing or hypoplastic (<0.5 mm) anterior communicating artery can have deleterious effects on the brain. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of anterior communicating artery flow on neurovascular injury and neurobehavioral outcomes in mice with recurrent stroke and to identify its underlying mechanisms. METHODS A recurrent stroke model was established by an initial cortical infarction followed by a corticostriatal infarction 3 days later. The vascular structure was visualized using synchrotron radiation angiography & magnetic resonance angiography in vivo and transparent endovascular perfusion imaging in vitro. Microvessel perfusion was assessed via fluorescein isothiocyanate perfusion. The infarct volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS The finding that anterior communicating artery flow facilitates pial artery patency in the ipsilateral hemisphere in mice with recurrent stroke suggests that compensatory collateral patency contributes to increased regional cerebral blood flow, enhanced microcirculatory perfusion, improved neurological function and reduced infarct volume. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that anterior communicating artery flow alleviates recurrent stroke-induced neurovascular injury and improves neurobehavioral outcomes by promoting the establishment of collateral circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyu Wen
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linyuan Zhang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Neurotherapeutic potential of kolaviron on neurotransmitter dysregulation, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial electron transport chain dysfunction and redox imbalance in 2-VO brain ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:859-872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Thériault P, Le Béhot A, ElAli A, Rivest S. Sub-acute systemic erythropoietin administration reduces ischemic brain injury in an age-dependent manner. Oncotarget 2018; 7:35552-35561. [PMID: 27248662 PMCID: PMC5094944 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is associated with neuroinflammation, neuronal loss and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Thus far, recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA), the only approved treatment for acute ischemic stroke, increases the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage and is poorly efficient in disaggregating platelet-rich thrombi. Therefore, the development of safer and more efficient therapies is highly awaited. Encouraging neuroprotective effects were reported in mouse models of ischemic stroke following administration of erythropoietin (EPO). However, previous preclinical studies did not investigate the effects of EPO in focal ischemic stroke induced by a platelet-rich thrombus and did not consider the implication of age. Here, we performed middle cerebral artery occlusion by inducing platelet-rich thrombus formation in chimeric 5- (i.e. young) and 20- (i.e. aged) months old C57BL/6 mice, in which hematopoietic stem cells carried the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tag. Recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) was administered 24 hours post-occlusion and blood-circulating monocyte populations were studied by flow cytometry 3 hours post-rhEPO administration. Twenty-four hours following rhEPO treatment, neuronal loss and BBB integrity were assessed by quantification of Fluoro-Jade B (FJB)-positive cells and extravasated serum immunoglobulins G (IgG), respectively. Neuroinflammation was determined by quantifying infiltration of GFP-positive bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) and recruitment of microglial cells into brain parenchyma, along with monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) brain protein levels. Here, rhEPO anti-inflammatory properties rescued ischemic injury by reducing neuronal loss and BBB breakdown in young animals, but not in aged littermates. Such age-dependent effects of rhEPO must therefore be taken into consideration in future studies aiming to develop new therapies for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thériault
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Le Béhot
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
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Akinmoladun AC, Akinrinola BL, Olaleye MT, Farombi EO. Kolaviron, a Garcinia kola biflavonoid complex, protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury: pertinent mechanistic insights from biochemical and physical evaluations in rat brain. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:777-87. [PMID: 25638229 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of stroke is characterized by biochemical and physical alterations in the brain. Modulation of such aberrations by therapeutic agents affords insights into their mechanism of action. Incontrovertible evidences that oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of neurologic disorders have brought antioxidative compounds, especially plant phytochemicals, under increasing focus as potential remedies for the prevention and management of neurodegenerative diseases. Kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex isolated from Garcinia kola Heckel (Guttiferae) was evaluated for neuroprotectivity in brains of male Wistar rats submitted to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion-induced global ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R). Animals were divided into six groups: sham treated, vehicle (I/R), 50 mg/kg kolaviron + I/R, 100 mg/kg kolaviron + I/R, 200 mg/kg kolaviron + I/R and quercetin (20 mg/kg i.p.) + I/R. The common carotid arteries were occluded for 30 min followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Relative brain weight and brain water content were determined and oxidative stress and neurochemical markers were also evaluated. I/R caused significant decreases in glutathione level and the activities of enzymic antioxidants, the sodium pump and acetylcholinesterase while significant increases were recorded in relative brain weight, brain water content, lipid peroxidation and the activities of glutamine synthetase and myeloperoxidase. There was a remarkable ablation of I/R induced oxidative stress, neurochemical aberrations and brain edema in animals pretreated with kolaviron. The results suggested that the protection afforded by kolaviron probably involved regulation of redox and electrolyte homeostasis as well as anti-inflammatory and antiexcitotoxic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afolabi C Akinmoladun
- Department of Biochemistry, The Federal University of Technology, School of Sciences, Akure, Nigeria,
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5
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Letourneur A, Petit E, Roussel S, Touzani O, Bernaudin M. Brain ischemic injury in rodents: the protective effect of EPO. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 982:79-101. [PMID: 23456863 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-308-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Animal models constitute an indispensable tool to investigate human pathology. Here we describe the procedure to induce permanent and transient cerebral ischemia in the mouse and the rat. The model of transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is performed by the insertion of an occlusive filament until the origin of the MCA while the permanent occlusion described in the mice is performed by a distal electrocoagulation of the MCA. Those models allow evaluating the efficiency of therapeutic strategy of ischemia from tissular aspect to behavioral and cognitive impairment assessment. They were widely used in the literature to evaluate the efficiency of different drugs including the cytokines and especially erythropoietin (EPO) or its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Letourneur
- CERVOxy team "Hypoxia, cerebrovascular and tumoral pathophysiologies", UMR 6301-ISTCT, CNRS, CEA, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, CYCERON, Caen, France
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6
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Sharaf A, Krieglstein K, Spittau B. Distribution of microglia in the postnatal murine nigrostriatal system. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 351:373-82. [PMID: 23250575 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1537-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the subsequent loss of striatal target innervation. Neuroinflammatory responses have been described for virtually all PD cases analysed. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system and, thus, are the mediators of neuroinflammation. Approximately 12% of all central nervous system cells are microglia but the distribution and density of microglia differ within distinct brain regions. Interestingly, the SN has been shown to contain more microglia than adjacent structures. We have analysed changes in microglia numbers and in microglial morphology in the postnatal murine nigrostriatal system at various stages ranging from postnatal day 0 (P0) up to 24 months of age. We clearly show that the microglia numbers in the SN and in the striatum dramatically increase from P0 to P15 and significantly decrease in both areas in 18-month-old and 24-month-old animals. Moreover, microglia in the nigrostriatal system of aged mice show signs of dystrophy and degeneration, such as cytoplasmic inclusions, deramification of their processes and membrane blebbing. Our results support the hypothesis of microglial dystrophy during aging in the murine nigrostriatal system, accompanied by subsequent impairment of normal microglial functions. Microglial dysfunction during aging might be a potential risk factor for the development and/or progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sharaf
- Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Mansoorali KP, Prakash T, Kotresha D, Prabhu K, Rama Rao N. Cerebroprotective effect of Eclipta alba against global model of cerebral ischemia induced oxidative stress in rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:1108-1116. [PMID: 22951390 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is believed to contribute to neuronal damage induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possible cerebroprotective and antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Eclipta alba against global cerebral ischemia in the rat. Adult Wistar albino rats were treated with extract of Eclipta alba (250 and 500mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 10 days. The global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced by occluding bilateral common carotid arteries (BCCA) for 30min, followed by 4h reperfusion. Quercetin (20mg/kg, i.p.) was used for the reference compound. After that, animals were sacrificed by decapitation, brain was removed, various biochemical estimations, cerebral edema, assessment of cerebral infarct size, and histopathological examinations were carried out. BCCA caused significant depletion in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutahione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione ruductase (GR) and significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) in brain. Pretreatment with hydroalcoholic extract of Eclipta alba significantly reversed the levels of biochemical parameters and significantly reduced the edema and cerebral infarct size as compared to the ischemic control group. Eclipta alba at higher dose markedly reduced ischemia-induced neuronal loss of the brain. Reduction of cerebral edema, an early symptom of ischemia, is one of the most important remedies for reducing subsequent chronic neural damage in stroke. The results of the study show that Eclipta alba pretreatment ameliorates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and enhances the antioxidant defense against BCCA occlusion induced I/R in rats; so it exhibits cerebroprotective property. HPLC fingerprint of hydroalcoholic extract of Eclipta alba was performed for conforming the coumestan present in the plant extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Mansoorali
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore 560090, Karnataka, India
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Prakash T, Kotresha D, Nedendla RR. Neuroprotective activity of Wedelia calendulacea on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced oxidative stress in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2012; 43:676-82. [PMID: 22144773 PMCID: PMC3229784 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.89825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the neuroprotective activity of Wedelia calendulacea against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced oxidative stress in the rats. Materials and Methods: The global cerebral ischemia was induced in male albino Wistar rats by occluding the bilateral carotid arteries for 30 min followed by 1 h and 4 h reperfusion. At various times of reperfusion, the histopathological changes and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione–s–transferase (GST), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) activity and brain water content were measured. Results: The ischemic changes were preceded by increase in concentration of MDA, hydrogen peroxide and followed by decreased GPx, GR, and GST activity. Treatment with W. calendulacea significantly attenuated ischemia–induced oxidative stress. W. calendulacea administration markedly reversed and restored to near normal level in the groups pre-treated with methanolic extract (250 and 500 mg/kg, given orally in single and double dose/day for 10 days) in dose-dependent way. Similarly, W. calendulacea reversed the brain water content in the ischemia reperfusion animals. The neurodegenaration also conformed by the histopathological changes in the cerebral-ischemic animals. Conclusion: The findings from the present investigation reveal that W. calendulacea protects neurons from global cerebral–ischemic injury in rat by attenuating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigari Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya and B.M. Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore - 560 090, Karmataka, India
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9
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Transplanted bone marrow stem cells relocate to infarct penumbra and co-express endogenous proliferative and immature neuronal markers in a mouse model of ischemic cerebral stroke. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:138. [PMID: 20973978 PMCID: PMC2974740 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies demonstrate that neurogenesis may be induced or activated following vascular insults, which may be important for neuronal regeneration and functional recovery. Understanding the cellular mechanism underlying stroke-associated neurogenesis is of neurobiological as well as neurological/clinical relevance. The present study attempted to explore potential homing and early development of transplanted bone marrow stem cells in mouse forebrain after focal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, an experimental model of ischemic stroke. Results Bone marrow stem cells isolated from donor mice were confirmed by analysis of surface antigen profile, and were pre-labeled with a lipophilic fluorescent dye PKH26, and subsequently transfused into recipient mice with middle cerebral artery coagulation. A large number of PKH26-labeled cells were detected surrounding the infarct site, most of which colocalized with immunolabelings for the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and some also colocalized with the immature neuronal marker doublecortin (DCX) during 1-2 weeks after the bone marrow cells transfusion. Conclusions The present study shows that transplanted bone morrow cells largely relocate to the infarct penumbra in ischemic mouse cerebrum. These transplanted bone marrow cells appear to undergo a process of in situ proliferation and develop into putative cortical interneurons during the early phase of experimental vascular injury.
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Lee JC, Cho GS, Choi BO, Kim HC, Kim WK. Aging exacerbates intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:1567-76. [PMID: 19473060 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging may be an important factor affecting brain injury by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In the present study, we investigated the responses of glial cells and monocytes to intracerebral hemorrhage in normal and aged rats. ICH was induced by microinjecting autologous whole blood (15 microL) into the striatum of young (4 month old) and aged (24 month old) Sprague-Dawley rats. Age-dependent relations of brain tissue damage with glial and macrophageal responses were evaluated. Three days after ICH, activated microglia/macrophages with OX42-positive processes and swollen cytoplasm were more abundantly distributed around and inside the hemorrhagic lesions. These were more dramatic in aged versus the young rats. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses showed that the expression of interleukin-1beta protein after ICH was greater in aged rats, whereas the expression of GFAP and ciliary neurotrophic factor protein after ICH was significantly lower in aged rats. These results suggest that ICH causes more severe brain injury in aged rats most likely due to overactivation of microglia/macrophages and concomitant repression of reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Roussel BD, Macrez R, Jullienne A, Agin V, Maubert E, Dauphinot L, Potier MC, Plawinski L, Castel H, Hommet Y, Munuera J, Montaner J, Yepes M, Ali C, Vivien D. Age and albumin D site-binding protein control tissue plasminogen activator levels: neurotoxic impact. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 132:2219-30. [PMID: 19574439 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is the fibrinolytic drug of choice to treat stroke patients. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that besides its beneficial thrombolytic role, tPA can also have a deleterious effect on the ischaemic brain. Although ageing influences stroke incidence, complications and outcome, age-dependent relationships between endogenous tPA and stroke injuries have not been investigated yet. Here, we report that ageing is associated with a selective lowering of brain tPA expression in the murine brain. Moreover, our results show that albumin D site-binding protein (DBP) as a key age-associated regulator of the neuronal transcription of tPA. Additionally, inhibition of DBP-mediated tPA expression confers in vitro neuroprotection. Accordingly, reduced levels of tPA in old mice are associated with smaller excitotoxic/ischaemic injuries and protection of the permeability of the neurovascular unit during cerebral ischaemia. Likewise, we provide neuroradiological evidence indicating the existence of an inverse relationship between age and the volume of the ischaemic lesion in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Together, these results indicate that the relationship among DBP, tPA and ageing play an important role in the outcome of cerebral ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit D Roussel
- INSERM U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, UMR-CNRS 6232 CINAPS, Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
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Kuraoka M, Furuta T, Matsuwaki T, Omatsu T, Ishii Y, Kyuwa S, Yoshikawa Y. Direct experimental occlusion of the distal middle cerebral artery induces high reproducibility of brain ischemia in mice. Exp Anim 2009; 58:19-29. [PMID: 19151508 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.58.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several investigators have used murine models to investigate the pathophysiology of brain ischemia. The focal ischemic model is a closer approximation to human stroke which includes a necrotic core, penumbra, and undamaged tissue. Occlusion of a unilateral artery, especially the middle cerebral artery (MCA), is performed in this model, but collateral circulation often induces variation of ischemic lesions both qualitatively and quantitatively. It is likely that the more proximal the artery which is unilaterally occluded is, the more inconsistent the outcomes. The present study was designed to examine the reproducibility of infarct lesion by distal or proximal artery occlusion. Direct occlusion of the distal MCA was performed and compared with unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO) in C57BL/6 mice. Direct MCA occlusion (MCAO) consistently induced ischemic lesions in cortical areas. All model animals (n=14) survived 24 h after occlusion, and exhibited a maximum infarct volume (20.0 +/- 5.0%). In contrast, permanent and transient unilateral CCAO models had mortality rates of 62.5 and 25.0%, and showed severe to absent lesions with the infarct volumes of 29.0 +/- 20.8 and 33.2 +/- 24.2%, respectively. In conclusion, distal MCAO produces high reproducibility of ischemic insults and survivability compared to unilateral CCAO. Thus, distal MCAO is a useful method for the focal ischemic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuki Kuraoka
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Li L, Lundkvist A, Andersson D, Wilhelmsson U, Nagai N, Pardo AC, Nodin C, Ståhlberg A, Aprico K, Larsson K, Yabe T, Moons L, Fotheringham A, Davies I, Carmeliet P, Schwartz JP, Pekna M, Kubista M, Blomstrand F, Maragakis N, Nilsson M, Pekny M. Protective role of reactive astrocytes in brain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:468-81. [PMID: 17726492 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes are thought to protect the penumbra during brain ischemia, but direct evidence has been lacking due to the absence of suitable experimental models. Previously, we generated mice deficient in two intermediate filament (IF) proteins, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin, whose upregulation is the hallmark of reactive astrocytes. GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) mice exhibit attenuated posttraumatic reactive gliosis, improved integration of neural grafts, and posttraumatic regeneration. Seven days after middle cerebral artery (MCA) transection, infarct volume was 210 to 350% higher in GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) than in wild-type (WT) mice; GFAP(-/-), Vim(-/-) and WT mice had the same infarct volume. Endothelin B receptor (ET(B)R) immunoreactivity was strong on cultured astrocytes and reactive astrocytes around infarct in WT mice but undetectable in GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) astrocytes. In WT astrocytes, ET(B)R colocalized extensively with bundles of IFs. GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) astrocytes showed attenuated endothelin-3-induced blockage of gap junctions. Total and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1)-mediated glutamate transport was lower in GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) than in WT mice. DNA array analysis and quantitative real-time PCR showed downregulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), an inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator. Thus, reactive astrocytes have a protective role in brain ischemia, and the absence of astrocyte IFs is linked to changes in glutamate transport, ET(B)R-mediated control of gap junctions, and PAI-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Li
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Abstract
Object
Brain edema resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI) or ischemia if uncontrolled exhausts volume reserve and leads to raised intracranial pressure and brain herniation. The basic types of edema—vasogenic and cytotoxic—were classified 50 years ago, and their definitions remain intact.
Methods
In this paper the author provides a review of progress over the past several decades in understanding the pathophysiology of the edematous process and the success and failures of treatment. Recent progress focused on those manuscripts that were published within the past 5 years.
Results
Perhaps the most exciting new findings that speak to both the control of production and resolution of edema in both trauma and ischemia are the recent studies that have focused on the newly described “water channels” or aquaporins. Other important findings relate to the predominance of cellular edema in TBI.
Conclusions
Significant new findings have been made in understanding the pathophysiology of brain edema; however, less progress has been made in treatment. Aquaporin water channels offer hope for modulating and abating the devastating effects of fulminating brain edema in trauma and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Marmarou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0508, USA.
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Delayed neurodegeneration and early astrogliosis after excitotoxicity to the aged brain. Exp Gerontol 2006; 42:343-54. [PMID: 17126514 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is well recognised as a mechanism underlying neuronal cell death in several brain injuries. To investigate age-dependent differences in neurodegeneration, edema formation and astrogliosis, intrastriatal N-methyl-d-aspartate injections were performed in young (3 months) and aged (22-24 months) male Wistar rats. Animals were sacrificed at different times between 12h and 14 days post-lesion (DPL) and cryostat sections were processed for Toluidine blue, Fluoro-Jade B staining, NeuN and GFAP immunohistochemistry. Our results show that both size of tissue injury and edema were reduced in the old subjects only up to 1DPL, correlating with a slower progression of neurodegeneration with peak numbers of degenerating neurons at 3DPL in the aged, contrasting with maximum neurodegeneration at 1DPL in the young. However, old animals showed an earlier onset of astroglial response, seen at 1DPL, and a larger area of astrogliosis at all time-points studied, including a greater glial scar. In conclusion, after excitotoxic striatal damage, progression of neurodegeneration is delayed in the aged but the astroglial response is earlier and exacerbated. Our results emphasize the importance of using aged animals and several survival times for the study of acute age-related brain insults.
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Abstract
The aging brain is characterized by a demonstrable decrease in weight and volume, particularly after the age of 50. This atrophy, which affects both grey and white matter, is presumed to result from a loss of neurons and myelinated axons. Glial cells, on the other hand, appear to increase in the aging brain, which exhibits greater immunoreactivity with both astrocytic and microglial markers. This review is focused on the morphologic and phenotypic changes that occur in microglial cells with normal aging. Although there is a consistent aging-related upregulation of microglial activation markers in experimental animals and humans that could be interpreted as aging-related neuroinflammation, it is generally difficult to show a direct correlation between ostensible microglial activation and neurodegeneration. This raises questions about whether aging-related microglial activation indeed represents reactive gliosis in the conventional sense. As an alternative, we discuss the possibility that structural and phenotypic changes that occur in microglia are a direct reflection of the aging process on microglia. Thus, microglia cells themselves may be subject to cellular senescence in the sense that they no longer function efficiently. The concept of microglial senescence offers a novel perspective on aging-related neurodegeneration, namely that neurodegeneration could also occur secondary to microglial degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Conde
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, 32610, USA
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17
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Irvine KA, Blakemore WF. Age increases axon loss associated with primary demyelination in cuprizone-induced demyelination in C57BL/6 mice. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 175:69-76. [PMID: 16626812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Axon loss is recognised as a significant contributor to the progression of the disability associated with multiple sclerosis. Although evidence of axon damage is found in areas of chronic demyelination it is more frequently seen in association with acute demyelination. This study compares the incidence of axon degeneration associated with the areas undergoing demyelination in young adult (8-10 weeks) and aged (6-7 months) C57BL/6 mice in cuprizone intoxication; a widely used model of demyelination. The incidence of axon transection, as indicated by the presence of SMI 32 positive axonal spheroids, and evidence of axon loss in the medial corpus callosum, were significantly greater in aged mice, as was the magnitude of the macrophage and astrocyte response to demyelination. Aged C57BL/6 mice are thus more prone to axon degeneration in association with demyelination than young adult mice. A retrospective study indicated that the incidence of axon degeneration was much higher in C57BL/6 mice than in the Swiss albino mice used in the early cuprizone intoxication studies which were fed much higher doses of cuprizone. These results indicate both a genetic and age susceptibility to demyelination-associated axon transection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-A Irvine
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, MS Society Cambridge Centre for Myelin Repair, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
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18
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Rahpeymai Y, Hietala MA, Wilhelmsson U, Fotheringham A, Davies I, Nilsson AK, Zwirner J, Wetsel RA, Gerard C, Pekny M, Pekna M. Complement: a novel factor in basal and ischemia-induced neurogenesis. EMBO J 2006; 25:1364-74. [PMID: 16498410 PMCID: PMC1422160 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Through its involvement in inflammation, opsonization, and cytolysis, the complement protects against infectious agents. Although most of the complement proteins are synthesized in the central nervous system (CNS), the role of the complement system in the normal or ischemic CNS remains unclear. Here we demonstrate for the first time that neural progenitor cells and immature neurons express receptors for complement fragments C3a and C5a (C3a receptor (C3aR) and C5a receptor). Mice that are deficient in complement factor C3 (C3(-/-)) lack C3a and are unable to generate C5a through proteolytic cleavage of C5 by C5-convertase. Intriguingly, basal neurogenesis is decreased both in C3(-/-) mice and in mice lacking C3aR or mice treated with a C3aR antagonist. The C3(-/-) mice had impaired ischemia-induced neurogenesis both in the subventricular zone, the main source of neural progenitor cells in adult brain, and in the ischemic region, despite normal proliferative response and larger infarct volumes. Thus, in the adult mammalian CNS, complement activation products promote both basal and ischemia-induced neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Rahpeymai
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Max Albert Hietala
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- The Arvid Carlsson Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section for Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Fotheringham
- School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ioan Davies
- School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ann-Katrin Nilsson
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jörg Zwirner
- Department of Immunology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rick A Wetsel
- Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Craig Gerard
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Milos Pekny
- The Arvid Carlsson Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section for Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Box 440, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. Tel.: +46 31 773 3581; Fax: +46 31 416 108; E-mail:
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19
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Shah ZA, Gilani RA, Sharma P, Vohora SB. Cerebroprotective effect of Korean ginseng tea against global and focal models of ischemia in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 101:299-307. [PMID: 15970412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 04/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Korean ginseng tea (KGT), prepared from the roots of Panax ginseng, is widely used by Korean people for antistress, antifatigue, and endurance promoting effects. In the present study we evaluated neuroprotective/cerebroprotective actions of KGT in stroke, using rat global and focal models of ischemia. Varied biochemical/enzymatic alterations, produced subsequent to the application of middle cerebral artery (MCAO) and bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) followed by reperfusion viz. increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decrease in glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were markedly reversed and restored to near normal levels in the groups pre-treated with KGT (350 mg/kg given orally for 10 days). It is concluded that the protective action, exhibited by KGT against hypoperfusion/reperfusion induced brain injury, suggests its therapeutic potential in cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) including stroke. These findings are important because: (a) the present treatment strategies for CVD are far from adequate and (b) KGT with wide usage is known to be a safe natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Ahmad Shah
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India.
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20
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Galvão RIM, Diógenes JPL, Maia GCL, Filho EAS, Vasconcelos SMM, de Menezes DB, Cunha GMA, Viana GSB. Tenoxicam Exerts a Neuroprotective Action after Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. Neurochem Res 2005; 30:39-46. [PMID: 15756931 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-004-9684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effects of Tenoxicam, a type 2 cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitor, on brain damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion. Male Wistar rats (18-month old average) were anesthetized and submitted to ischemia occlusion of both common carotid arteries (BCAO) for 45 min. After 24 h of reperfusion, rats were decapitated and hippocampi removed for further assays. Animals were divided into sham-operated, ischemia, ischemia + Tenoxicam 2.5 mg/kg, and ischemia + Tenoxicam 10 mg/kg groups. Tenoxicam was administered intraperitoneally immediately after BCAO. Histological analyses show that ischemia produced significant striatal as well as hippocampal lesions which were reversed by the Tenoxicam treatment. Tenoxicam also significantly reduced, to control levels, the increased myeloperoxidase activity in hippocampus homogenates observed after ischemia. However, nitrite concentrations showed only a tendency to decrease in the ischemia + Tenoxicam groups, as compared to that of ischemia alone. On the other hand, hippocampal glutamate and aspartate levels were not altered by Tenoxicam. In conclusion, we showed that ischemia is certainly related to inflammation and to increased free radical production, and selective COX-2 inhibitors might be neuroprotective agents of potential benefit in the treatment of cerebral brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita I M Galvão
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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McLennan NF, Brennan PM, McNeill A, Davies I, Fotheringham A, Rennison KA, Ritchie D, Brannan F, Head MW, Ironside JW, Williams A, Bell JE. Prion protein accumulation and neuroprotection in hypoxic brain damage. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:227-35. [PMID: 15215178 PMCID: PMC1618524 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The function of the normal conformational isoform of prion protein, PrP(C), remains unclear although lines of research have suggested a role in the cellular response to oxidative stress. Here we investigate the expression of PrP(C) in hypoxic brain tissues to examine whether PrP(C) is in part regulated by neuronal stress. Cases of adult cerebral ischemia and perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury in humans were compared with control tissues. PrP(C) immunoreactivity accumulates within neuronal processes in the penumbra of hypoxic damage in adult brain, and within neuronal soma in cases of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury, and in situ hybridization analysis suggests an up-regulation of PrP mRNA during hypoxia. Rodents also showed an accumulation of PrP(C) in neuronal soma within the penumbra of ischemic lesions. Furthermore, the infarct size in PrP-null mice was significantly greater than in the wild type, supporting the proposed role for PrP(C) in the neuroprotective adaptive cellular response to hypoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil F McLennan
- National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit and Pathology (Neuropathology), School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK.
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22
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Dirnagl U. Inflammation in stroke: the good, the bad, and the unknown. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2004:87-99. [PMID: 15032055 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-05426-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U Dirnagl
- Abteilung Experimentelle Neurologie, Charité, Humboldt University, Schumannstrasse 20/21, 10098 Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Davies CA, Gollins H, Stevens N, Fotheringham AP, Davies I. The glial cell response to a viral vector in the aged brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2003; 30:30-8. [PMID: 14720174 DOI: 10.1046/j.0305-1846.2003.00498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The normal aged brain undergoes pro-inflammatory changes. We investigated the effect of injecting a potential inflammatory stimulus, an adenoviral vector, on the response of microglia and astroglia in the aged brain. Groups of young (4 months) and old (31 months) male C57BL/Icrfat mice received a unilateral injection into the striatum of adenoviral vector encoding the LacZ gene. After 48 h, the mice were killed and the brains analysed for numbers of activated microglia and macrophages using the biotinylated lectin Griffonia simplicifolia as a marker; astroglia were identified by immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The cell counts were analysed using two-way analysis of variance (anova). Transgene expression was assessed by beta-galactosidase histochemistry. The numbers of activated microglia in the striatum increased in response to the adenovirus in both young [contralateral 19.5 (3.7), ipsilateral 36 (3.0)] and old [contralateral 23.1 (9.6), ipsilateral 40.8 (6.9)] mice (two-way anova; P < 0.0001), but there was no significant difference between the two age groups. There was a significant age-related increase in the number of GFAP-positive astroglia in the uninjected, contralateral striatum [4 months, 2.5 (1.4); 31 months, 29.7 (9.3)] (two-way anova; P < 0.0001). However, there was no difference in response to the adenovirus in both young [contralateral 2.5 (1.4), ipsilateral 3.2 (1.2)] and old [contralateral 29.7 (9.3), ipsilateral 28.9 (8.2)] mice. We conclude that even though it has been argued that the aged brain is in a pro-inflammatory state, under the experimental conditions used in this study, there was no difference in the nature of the immune response between young and old mice of this strain to an adenoviral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Davies
- University of Manchester, School of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine Academic Group and University of Manchester, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, UK.
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