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Sollid LM. Tolerance-inducing therapies in coeliac disease - mechanisms, progress and future directions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 21:335-347. [PMID: 38336920 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-00895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Coeliac disease is an autoinflammatory condition caused by immune reactions to cereal gluten proteins. Currently, the only available treatment for the condition is a lifelong avoidance of gluten proteins in the diet. There is an unmet need for alternative therapies. Coeliac disease has a strong association with certain HLA-DQ allotypes (DQ2.5, DQ2.2 and DQ8), and these disease-associated HLA-DQ molecules present deamidated gluten peptides to gluten-specific CD4+ T cells. The gluten-specific CD4+ T cells are the drivers of the immune reactions leading to coeliac disease. Once established, the clonotypes of gluten-specific CD4+ T cells persist for decades, explaining why patients must adhere to a gluten-free diet for life. Given the key pathogenic role of gluten-specific CD4+ T cells, tolerance-inducing therapies that target these T cells are attractive for treatment of the disorder. Lessons learned from coeliac disease might provide clues for treatment of other HLA-associated diseases for which the disease-driving antigens are unknown. Thus, intensive efforts have been and are currently implemented to bring an effective tolerance-inducing therapy for coeliac disease. This Review discusses mechanisms of the various approaches taken, summarizing the progress made, and highlights future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludvig M Sollid
- Norwegian Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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2
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Sharma P, Malhotra L, Dhamija RK. Comprehensive amino acid composition analysis of seed storage proteins of cereals and legumes: identification and understanding of intrinsically disordered and allergenic peptides. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38178552 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2300126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The seed storage proteins of cereal and legumes are the primary source of amino acids which are required for sustaining the nitrogen and carbon demands during germination and growth. Humans derive most of their dietary proteins from storage proteins in form of a wide variety of foods, for consumption. The amino acid content of most of these proteins is biased and the need for this biasness is not understood. The high abundance of proline, glutamine, and cysteine in cereals makes the gluten fraction viscoelastic. The cereal proteins have less charge and legume proteins have more charge on them. Their non-polar amino acid distribution has large variations. These characteristics are strongly responsible for the partial and complete unfolding of several domains of the storage proteins. Many of the storage proteins share a highly conserved structural feature within the cupin superfamily spread across all kingdoms of life. The intrinsically disordered viscoelastic proteins help in making dough which is vital for the quality of bread. Unfolded regions harbor more immunogenic sequences and cause food-related allergies and intolerance. We have discussed these properties in terms of comparison of cereal and legume storage protein sequences and allergy. Our study supports the findings that large disordered regions contain allergen-representative peptides. Interestingly, a high number of allergen-representative peptides were cleavable by digestive enzymes. Furthermore, unfolded storage proteins mimic microbial immunogens to induce a memory immune response. Results findings can be used to guide the understanding of immunological characteristics of storage proteins and may assist in treatment decisions for food allergy.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Sharma
- Human Behaviour Department, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lakshay Malhotra
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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3
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Bodas A, Pérez Ó, Martín P, Junguito A, Sánchez R, Blanco MV, González-Estecha M. Iron, vitamins and minerals status in pediatric patients with celiac diseaseand non celiac gluten sensitivity prior to diagnosis and three months later. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 79:127237. [PMID: 37379680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM Pathologies associated with gluten intake are increasingly prevalent. Diagnosis of celiac disease (CD) or non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is based on compatible clinical alterations and in case of CD on compatible serology or intestinal biopsy. The aim was to determine the values of iron, vitamins and minerals prior to diagnosis and to verify whether a gluten-free diet treatment can cause the normalization of these parameters both in patients diagnosed with celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. METHODS: Retrospective observational study from November 2016 to November 2021. 101 celiac patients and 26 with NCGS were included, all under 18 years of age. Levels of Fe, Na+ , K+ , Cl-, Ferritin, Ca2 + , P, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D and Transferrin were determined, following the quality standards of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos laboratory. Statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics v.26 was used. RESULTS Calcium levels in celiac patients follow a positive trend after 3 months of gluten-free diet. Ferritin levels in patients with NCGS increased in a statistically significant way (p < 0.017). CONCLUSION Calcium in the CD group increases its values after the establishment of a gluten-free diet as treatment, as well as ferritin in patients with NCGS. No significant changes were found in the rest of the analyzed parameters. This could be due to the precocity of the diagnosis thanks to a rapid clinical suspicion that determines few analytical alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Bodas
- Servicio de Pediatría Hospital, Clínico San Carlos, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Óscar Pérez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Martín
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Sánchez
- Unidad de investigación. Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Montserrat González-Estecha
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Focused B cell response to recurring gluten motif with implications for epitope spreading in celiac disease. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Büchold C, Hils M, Gerlach U, Weber J, Pelzer C, Heil A, Aeschlimann D, Pasternack R. Features of ZED1227: The First-In-Class Tissue Transglutaminase Inhibitor Undergoing Clinical Evaluation for the Treatment of Celiac Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101667. [PMID: 35626704 PMCID: PMC9139979 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ZED1227 is a small molecule tissue transglutaminase (TG2) inhibitor. The compound selectively binds to the active state of TG2, forming a stable covalent bond with the cysteine in its catalytic center. The molecule was designed for the treatment of celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune-mediated chronic inflammatory condition of the small intestine affecting about 1–2% of people in Caucasian populations. The autoimmune disease is triggered by dietary gluten. Consumption of staple foods containing wheat, barley, or rye leads to destruction of the small intestinal mucosa in genetically susceptible individuals, and this is accompanied by the generation of characteristic TG2 autoantibodies. TG2 plays a causative role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. Upon activation by Ca2+, it catalyzes the deamidation of gliadin peptides as well as the crosslinking of gliadin peptides to TG2 itself. These modified biological structures trigger breaking of oral tolerance to gluten, self-tolerance to TG2, and the activation of cytotoxic immune cells in the gut mucosa. Recently, in an exploratory proof-of-concept study, ZED1227 administration clinically validated TG2 as a “druggable” target in celiac disease. Here, we describe the specific features and profiling data of the drug candidate ZED1227. Further, we give an outlook on TG2 inhibition as a therapeutic approach in indications beyond celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Büchold
- Zedira GmbH, Roesslerstrasse 83, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (C.B.); (M.H.); (J.W.); (C.P.); (A.H.)
| | - Martin Hils
- Zedira GmbH, Roesslerstrasse 83, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (C.B.); (M.H.); (J.W.); (C.P.); (A.H.)
| | - Uwe Gerlach
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, UG Serves as External Consultant for Medicinal Chemistry to Zedira, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Johannes Weber
- Zedira GmbH, Roesslerstrasse 83, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (C.B.); (M.H.); (J.W.); (C.P.); (A.H.)
| | - Christiane Pelzer
- Zedira GmbH, Roesslerstrasse 83, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (C.B.); (M.H.); (J.W.); (C.P.); (A.H.)
| | - Andreas Heil
- Zedira GmbH, Roesslerstrasse 83, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (C.B.); (M.H.); (J.W.); (C.P.); (A.H.)
| | - Daniel Aeschlimann
- Matrix Biology & Tissue Repair Research Unit, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, Wales, UK;
| | - Ralf Pasternack
- Zedira GmbH, Roesslerstrasse 83, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (C.B.); (M.H.); (J.W.); (C.P.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Li J, Zaslavsky M, Su Y, Guo J, Sikora MJ, van Unen V, Christophersen A, Chiou SH, Chen L, Li J, Ji X, Wilhelmy J, McSween AM, Palanski BA, Mallajosyula VVA, Bracey NA, Dhondalay GKR, Bhamidipati K, Pai J, Kipp LB, Dunn JE, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR, Satpathy AT, Robinson WH, Dekker CL, Steinmetz LM, Khosla C, Utz PJ, Sollid LM, Chien YH, Heath JR, Fernandez-Becker NQ, Nadeau KC, Saligrama N, Davis MM. KIR +CD8 + T cells suppress pathogenic T cells and are active in autoimmune diseases and COVID-19. Science 2022; 376:eabi9591. [PMID: 35258337 PMCID: PMC8995031 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi9591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we find that CD8+ T cells expressing inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are the human equivalent of Ly49+CD8+ regulatory T cells in mice and are increased in the blood and inflamed tissues of patients with a variety of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, these CD8+ T cells efficiently eliminated pathogenic gliadin-specific CD4+ T cells from the leukocytes of celiac disease patients in vitro. We also find elevated levels of KIR+CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ regulatory T cells, in COVID-19 patients, correlating with disease severity and vasculitis. Selective ablation of Ly49+CD8+ T cells in virus-infected mice led to autoimmunity after infection. Our results indicate that in both species, these regulatory CD8+ T cells act specifically to suppress pathogenic T cells in autoimmune and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maxim Zaslavsky
- Program in Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yapeng Su
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael J. Sikora
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vincent van Unen
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Asbjørn Christophersen
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shin-Heng Chiou
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jiefu Li
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xuhuai Ji
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julie Wilhelmy
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alana M. McSween
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Nathan A. Bracey
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gopal Krishna R. Dhondalay
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kartik Bhamidipati
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joy Pai
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lucas B. Kipp
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Dunn
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen L. Hauser
- Department of Neurology and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jorge R. Oksenberg
- Department of Neurology and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ansuman T. Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William H. Robinson
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cornelia L. Dekker
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lars M. Steinmetz
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul J. Utz
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ludvig M. Sollid
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yueh-Hsiu Chien
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James R. Heath
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kari C. Nadeau
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Naresha Saligrama
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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An efficient urine peptidomics workflow identifies chemically defined dietary gluten peptides from patients with celiac disease. Nat Commun 2022; 13:888. [PMID: 35173144 PMCID: PMC8850430 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disorder induced by consuming gluten proteins from wheat, barley, and rye. Glutens resist gastrointestinal proteolysis, resulting in peptides that elicit inflammation in patients with CeD. Despite well-established connections between glutens and CeD, chemically defined, bioavailable peptides produced from dietary proteins have never been identified from humans in an unbiased manner. This is largely attributable to technical challenges, impeding our knowledge of potentially diverse peptide species that encounter the immune system. Here, we develop a liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric workflow for untargeted sequence analysis of the urinary peptidome. We detect over 600 distinct dietary peptides, of which ~35% have a CeD-relevant T cell epitope and ~5% are known to stimulate innate immune responses. Remarkably, gluten peptides from patients with CeD qualitatively and quantitatively differ from controls. Our results provide a new foundation for understanding gluten immunogenicity, improving CeD management, and characterizing the dietary and urinary peptidomes. Gluten peptides from wheat enter the bloodstream and are excreted in urine but are yet to be chemically characterised. Here, the authors show by mass spectrometry that quantitative and qualitative differences in urinary peptides can be detected between healthy people and patients with celiac disease.
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Aboulaghras S, Piancatelli D, Oumhani K, Balahbib A, Bouyahya A, Taghzouti K. Pathophysiology and immunogenetics of celiac disease. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 528:74-83. [PMID: 35120899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory enteropathy caused by gluten (protein from wheat, rye and, barley) in genetically predisposed individuals carrying the HLA-DQ2/HLA-DQ8 genotype. This pathology has a multifactorial etiology in which HLA genes, the microbiome, gluten and, other environmental factors are involved in the development of the disease. Its pathogenesis involves both innate and adaptive immunity as well as upregulation of IL-15. The objective of this review is to examine the results of current studies on genetic and environmental variables to better understand the pathogenesis of this enteropathy. The complex etiology of celiac disease makes our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease incomplete, and a better knowledge of the many genetic and environmental components would help us better understand the pathophysiology of celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Aboulaghras
- Physiology and Physiopathology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic of Human Pathologies Research, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Institut National d'Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Daniela Piancatelli
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Khadija Oumhani
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Institut National d'Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaali Balahbib
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic Center of Human Pathologies Research, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Khalid Taghzouti
- Physiology and Physiopathology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic of Human Pathologies Research, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
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9
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Li J, Zaslavsky M, Su Y, Sikora MJ, van Unen V, Christophersen A, Chiou SH, Chen L, Li J, Ji X, Wilhelmy J, McSween AM, Palanski BA, Aditya Mallajosyula VV, Dhondalay GKR, Bhamidipati K, Pai J, Kipp LB, Dunn JE, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR, Satpathy AT, Robinson WH, Steinmetz LM, Khosla C, Utz PJ, Sollid LM, Heath JR, Fernandez-Becker NQ, Nadeau KC, Saligrama N, Davis MM. Human KIR + CD8 + T cells target pathogenic T cells in Celiac disease and are active in autoimmune diseases and COVID-19. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.12.23.473930. [PMID: 34981055 PMCID: PMC8722592 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.23.473930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous reports show that Ly49 + CD8 + T cells can suppress autoimmunity in mouse models of autoimmune diseases. Here we find a markedly increased frequency of CD8 + T cells expressing inhibitory Killer cell Immunoglobulin like Receptors (KIR), the human equivalent of the Ly49 family, in the blood and inflamed tissues of various autoimmune diseases. Moreover, KIR + CD8 + T cells can efficiently eliminate pathogenic gliadin-specific CD4 + T cells from Celiac disease (CeD) patients' leukocytes in vitro . Furthermore, we observe elevated levels of KIR + CD8 + T cells, but not CD4 + regulatory T cells, in COVID-19 and influenza-infected patients, and this correlates with disease severity and vasculitis in COVID-19. Expanded KIR + CD8 + T cells from these different diseases display shared phenotypes and similar T cell receptor sequences. These results characterize a regulatory CD8 + T cell subset in humans, broadly active in both autoimmune and infectious diseases, which we hypothesize functions to control self-reactive or otherwise pathogenic T cells. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY Here we identified KIR + CD8 + T cells as a regulatory CD8 + T cell subset in humans that suppresses self-reactive or otherwise pathogenic CD4 + T cells.
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The Role of Exposomes in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Diseases I: Toxic Chemicals and Food. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2021; 28:513-543. [PMID: 35366249 PMCID: PMC8830458 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology28040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect 5–9% of the world’s population. It is now known that genetics play a relatively small part in the pathophysiology of autoimmune disorders in general, and that environmental factors have a greater role. In this review, we examine the role of the exposome, an individual’s lifetime exposure to external and internal factors, in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases. The most common of these environmental factors are toxic chemicals, food/diet, and infections. Toxic chemicals are in our food, drink, common products, the air, and even the land we walk on. Toxic chemicals can directly damage self-tissue and cause the release of autoantigens, or can bind to human tissue antigens and form neoantigens, which can provoke autoimmune response leading to autoimmunity. Other types of autoimmune responses can also be induced by toxic chemicals through various effects at the cellular and biochemical levels. The food we eat every day commonly has colorants, preservatives, or packaging-related chemical contamination. The food itself may be antigenic for susceptible individuals. The most common mechanism for food-related autoimmunity is molecular mimicry, in which the food’s molecular structure bears a similarity with the structure of one or more self-tissues. The solution is to detect the trigger, remove it from the environment or diet, then repair the damage to the individual’s body and health.
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Sollid LM. Gut tissue-resident memory T cells in coeliac disease. Scand J Immunol 2021; 95:e13120. [PMID: 34796982 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review describes observations of the 1990ies with culturing of gluten-specific and astrovirus-specific CD4+ T cells from duodenal biopsies from subjects who presumably had a long time between the exposure to gluten or astrovirus antigens and the sampling of the biopsy. In these studies, it was also observed that antigen-specific CD4+ T cells migrated out of the gut biopsies during overnight culture. The findings are suggestive of memory T cells in tissue which are resident, but which also can be mobilised on antigen stimulation. Of note, these findings were made years before the term tissue-resident memory T cells was invoked. Since that time, many observations have accumulated on these gut T cells, particularly the gluten-specific T cells, and we have insight into the turnover of CD4+ T cells in the gut lamina propria. These data make it evident that human antigen-specific CD4+ T cells that can be cultured from gut biopsies indeed are bone fide tissue-resident memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludvig M Sollid
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Gandini A, Gededzha MP, De Maayer T, Barrow P, Mayne E. Diagnosing coeliac disease: A literature review. Hum Immunol 2021; 82:930-936. [PMID: 34462157 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is an autoimmune gastroenteropathy triggered by gliadin and gliadin-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) complexes. CD is one of the few autoimmune diseases with an accurate, non-invasive serological test. Anti-endomysial, anti-tTG and anti-deaminated gliadin peptides (DGP) antibodies are currently used for serological tests with tTG ELISAs being the superior test. Duodenal biopsy, although invasive, is the gold standard for CD diagnosis. HLA genotyping and flow cytometry can also be used as supplementary tests. The incidence of CD is rising globally although the reasons for this remain unclear. In addition, the true incidence of coeliac disease in African populations remains unknown although recent work suggests that South African populations express the alleles associated with this disease. This review examines the pathogenesis and diagnosis of coeliac disease and considers novel and innovative biomarkers in its diagnosis specifically in an African population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Gandini
- University of Witwatersrand, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Maemu P Gededzha
- University of Witwatersrand, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tim De Maayer
- University of Witwatersrand, South Africa; Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, South Africa
| | - Peter Barrow
- University of Witwatersrand, South Africa; Wits University Donald Gordon Medical Centre, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Mayne
- University of Witwatersrand, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Rossi S, Giordano D, Mazzeo MF, Maurano F, Luongo D, Facchiano A, Siciliano RA, Rossi M. Transamidation Down-Regulates Intestinal Immunity of Recombinant α-Gliadin in HLA-DQ8 Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137019. [PMID: 34209932 PMCID: PMC8268696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic transamidation of gliadins by microbial transglutaminase (mTG) inhibits interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion by intestinal T cell lines in patients with celiac disease (CD). To gain insight into the cellular mechanisms underlying the down-regulatory effects of transamidation, we tested a single recombinant α-gliadin (r-gliadin) harbouring two immunodominant peptides, p13 (aa. 120–139) and p23 (aa. 220–239), in HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice, a model of gluten sensitivity. Mice were intranasally immunised with r-gliadin or r-gliadin transamidated by mTG (K-r-gliadin) along with cholera toxin, and the response of mesenteric lymph node cells was analysed by cytokine multiplex assay. An in vitro challenge with r-gliadin was characterised by secretion of specific cytokines featuring both innate immunity and the Th1/Th2/Th17 pattern of the adaptive response. Notably, transamidation specifically down-regulated the Th1 response. Structural studies performed on K-r-gliadin confirmed that specific glutamine residues in p13 and p23, previously found to be deamidated by tissue transglutaminase, were also transamidated by mTG. In silico analysis, simulating p13 and p23 peptide binding to HLA-DQ8 showed that these glutamines, in the form of glutamate, could interact by means of salt bridges with peculiar amino acids of the alpha chain of HLA-DQ8, suggesting that their transamidation may influence the HLA-restricted recognition of these peptides. Thus, the structural findings provided a rationale to explain the down-regulation of the r-gliadin-specific Th1 response following transamidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rossi
- Immunobiology Unit, CNR, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (S.R.); (F.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Deborah Giordano
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Unit, CNR, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (D.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Maria Fiorella Mazzeo
- Proteomics and Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center, CNR, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (M.F.M.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Francesco Maurano
- Immunobiology Unit, CNR, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (S.R.); (F.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Diomira Luongo
- Immunobiology Unit, CNR, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (S.R.); (F.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Angelo Facchiano
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Unit, CNR, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (D.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Rosa Anna Siciliano
- Proteomics and Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center, CNR, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (M.F.M.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Mauro Rossi
- Immunobiology Unit, CNR, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (S.R.); (F.M.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-825-299371
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14
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Woldemariam KY, Yuan J, Wan Z, Yu Q, Cao Y, Mao H, Liu Y, Wang J, Li H, Sun B. Celiac Disease and Immunogenic Wheat Gluten Peptides and the Association of Gliadin Peptides with HLA DQ2 and HLA DQ8. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1907755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalekristos Yohannes Woldemariam
- School of Food and Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Juanli Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhen Wan
- School of Food and Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Qinglin Yu
- School of Food and Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Yating Cao
- School of Food and Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Huijia Mao
- School of Food and Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Yingli Liu
- School of Food and Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Food and Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- School of Food and Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- School of Food and Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
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15
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Gagliardi M, Clemente N, Monzani R, Fusaro L, Ferrari E, Saverio V, Grieco G, Pańczyszyn E, Carton F, Santoro C, Del Mare-Roumani S, Amidror S, Yissachar N, Boccafoschi F, Zucchelli S, Corazzari M. Gut-Ex-Vivo system as a model to study gluten response in celiac disease. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:45. [PMID: 33712560 PMCID: PMC7955131 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a complex immune-mediated chronic disease characterized by a consistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract induced by gluten intake in genetically predisposed individuals. Although initiated by the interaction between digestion-derived gliadin, a gluten component, peptides, and the intestinal epithelium, the disorder is highly complex and involving other components of the intestine, such as the immune system. Therefore, conventional model systems, mainly based on two- or three-dimension cell cultures and co-cultures, cannot fully recapitulate such a complex disease. The development of mouse models has facilitated the study of different interacting cell types involved in the disorder, together with the impact of environmental factors. However, such in vivo models are often expensive and time consuming. Here we propose an organ ex vivo culture (gut-ex-vivo system) based on small intestines from gluten-sensitive mice cultivated in a dynamic condition, able to fully recapitulate the biochemical and morphological features of the mouse model exposed to gliadin (4 weeks), in 16 h. Indeed, upon gliadin exposure, we observed: i) a down-regulation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) and an up-regulation of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) at both mRNA and protein levels; ii) increased intestinal permeability associated with deregulated tight junction protein expression; iii) induction and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-15, IL-17 and interferon gamma (IFNγ); and iv) consistent alteration of intestinal epithelium/villi morphology. Altogether, these data indicate that the proposed model can be efficiently used to study the pathogenesis of CD, test new or repurposed molecules to accelerate the search for new treatments, and to study the impact of the microbiome and derived metabolites, in a time- and cost- effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Gagliardi
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Nausicaa Clemente
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Romina Monzani
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Luca Fusaro
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ferrari
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Saverio
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Giovanna Grieco
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Elżbieta Pańczyszyn
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Flavia Carton
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Claudio Santoro
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Sara Del Mare-Roumani
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Sivan Amidror
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Nissan Yissachar
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Francesca Boccafoschi
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Zucchelli
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Corazzari
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy. .,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy. .,Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
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16
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Ancestral Wheat Types Release Fewer Celiac Disease Related T Cell Epitopes than Common Wheat upon Ex Vivo Human Gastrointestinal Digestion. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091173. [PMID: 32854283 PMCID: PMC7555168 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by immunogenic gluten peptides released during the gastrointestinal digestion of wheat. Our aim was to identify T cell epitope-containing peptides after ex vivo digestion of ancestral (einkorn, spelt and emmer) and common (hexaploid) wheat (Fram, Bastian, Børsum and Mirakel) using human gastrointestinal juices. Wheat porridge was digested using a static ex vivo model. Peptides released after 240 min of digestion were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI MS/MS). Ex vivo digestion released fewer T cell epitope-containing peptides from the ancestral wheat varieties (einkorn (n = 38), spelt (n = 45) and emmer (n = 68)) compared to the common wheat varieties (Fram (n = 72), Børsum (n = 99), Bastian (n = 155) and Mirakel (n = 144)). Neither the immunodominant 33mer and 25mer α-gliadin peptides, nor the 26mer γ-gliadin peptide, were found in any of the digested wheat types. In conclusion, human digestive juice was able to digest the 33mer and 25mer α-gliadin, and the 26mer γ-gliadin derived peptides, while their fragments still contained naive T cell reactive epitopes. Although ancestral wheat released fewer immunogenic peptides after human digestion ex vivo, they are still highly toxic to celiac patients. More general use of these ancient wheat variants may, nevertheless, reduce CeD incidence.
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17
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Lexhaller B, Ludwig C, Scherf KA. Identification of Isopeptides Between Human Tissue Transglutaminase and Wheat, Rye, and Barley Gluten Peptides. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7426. [PMID: 32367038 PMCID: PMC7198585 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy of the small intestine, which is triggered by the ingestion of storage proteins (gluten) from wheat, rye, and barley in genetically predisposed individuals. Human tissue transglutaminase (TG2) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of CD, because it is responsible for specific gluten peptide deamidation and covalent crosslinking, resulting in the formation of Nε-(γ-glutamyl)-lysine isopeptide bonds. The resulting TG2-gluten peptide complexes are assumed to cause the secretion of anti-TG2 autoantibodies, but the underlying mechanisms are only partly known. To gain more insight into the structures of these complexes, the aim of our study was to identify TG2-gluten isopeptides. With the use of discovery-driven as well as targeted nanoscale liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, we detected 29 TG2-gluten isopeptides in total, involving seven selected TG2 lysine residues (K205, K265, K429, K468, K590, K600, K677). Several gluten peptides carried known B-cell epitopes and/or T-cell epitopes, either intact 9-mer core regions or partial sequences, as well as sequences bearing striking similarities to already known epitopes. These novel insights into the molecular structures of TG2-gluten peptide complexes may help clarify their physiological relevance in the initiation of CD autoimmunity and the role of anti-TG2 autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lexhaller
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Katharina Anne Scherf
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354, Freising, Germany. .,Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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18
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Luongo D, Maurano F, Bergamo P, Rossi M. Microbial transglutaminase: A biotechnological tool to manage gluten intolerance. Anal Biochem 2020; 592:113584. [PMID: 31953047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated disease in which gluten ingestion leads to damage of the small intestinal mucosa in genetically susceptible individuals. The enteropathy is mainly induced by the production of IFN-γ from intestinal CD4+T cells that recognise gliadin peptides following deamidation by tissue transglutaminase. The only available therapy is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD). This diet is strongly demanding for patients, which justifies the search for alternative strategies. The enzyme approach is one promising strategy to address this issue. In particular, transamidation of wheat gliadin by microbial transglutaminase (mTG) was fully effective at inhibiting gliadin-specific IFN-γ secretion in intestinal T cells from CD patients. Furthermore, transamidated gliadin induced higher levels of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 than native gliadin in different in vitro models. These data suggest that a more balanced immune response could be induced by mTG-treated gliadin in the small intestine of celiac patients. Furthermore, the highlighted biological property of mTG-treated gliadin could be exploited to induce tolerance to native gliadin in at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diomira Luongo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Francesco Maurano
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergamo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Mauro Rossi
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy.
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19
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Lexhaller B, Colgrave ML, Scherf KA. Characterization and Relative Quantitation of Wheat, Rye, and Barley Gluten Protein Types by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1530. [PMID: 31921226 PMCID: PMC6923249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of wheat, rye, and barley may cause adverse reactions to wheat such as celiac disease, non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity, or wheat allergy. The storage proteins (gluten) are known as major triggers, but also other functional protein groups such as α-amylase/trypsin-inhibitors or enzymes are possibly harmful for people suffering of adverse reactions to wheat. Gluten is widely used as a collective term for the complex protein mixture of wheat, rye or barley and can be subdivided into the following gluten protein types (GPTs): α-gliadins, γ-gliadins, ω5-gliadins, ω1,2-gliadins, high- and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits of wheat, ω-secalins, high-molecular-weight secalins, γ-75k-secalins and γ-40k-secalins of rye, and C-hordeins, γ-hordeins, B-hordeins, and D-hordeins of barley. GPTs isolated from the flours are useful as reference materials for clinical studies, diagnostics or in food analyses and to elucidate disease mechanisms. A combined strategy of protein separation according to solubility followed by preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was employed to purify the GPTs according to hydrophobicity. Due to the heterogeneity of gluten proteins and their partly polymeric nature, it is a challenge to obtain highly purified GPTs with only one protein group. Therefore, it is essential to characterize and identify the proteins and their proportions in each GPT. In this study, the complexity of gluten from wheat, rye, and barley was demonstrated by identification of the individual proteins employing an undirected proteomics strategy involving liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of tryptic and chymotryptic hydrolysates of the GPTs. Different protein groups were obtained and the relative composition of the GPTs was revealed. Multiple reaction monitoring liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used for the relative quantitation of the most abundant gluten proteins. These analyses also allowed the identification of known wheat allergens and celiac disease-active peptides. Combined with functional assays, these findings may shed light on the mechanisms of gluten/wheat-related disorders and may be useful to characterize reference materials for analytical or diagnostic assays more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lexhaller
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michelle L. Colgrave
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Katharina A. Scherf
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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20
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Sollid LM, Tye-Din JA, Qiao SW, Anderson RP, Gianfrani C, Koning F. Update 2020: nomenclature and listing of celiac disease-relevant gluten epitopes recognized by CD4 + T cells. Immunogenetics 2019; 72:85-88. [PMID: 31735991 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01141-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease is caused by an abnormal intestinal T cell response to cereal gluten proteins. The disease has a strong human leukocyte antigen (HLA) association, and CD4+ T cells recognizing gluten epitopes presented by disease-associated HLA-DQ allotypes are considered to be drivers of the disease. This paper provides an update of the currently known HLA-DQ restricted gluten T cell epitopes with their names and sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludvig M Sollid
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jason A Tye-Din
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shuo-Wang Qiao
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert P Anderson
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carmen Gianfrani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Truitt KE, Daveson AJM, Ee HC, Goel G, MacDougall J, Neff K, Anderson RP. Randomised clinical trial: a placebo-controlled study of subcutaneous or intradermal NEXVAX2, an investigational immunomodulatory peptide therapy for coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 50:547-555. [PMID: 31407810 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nexvax2 contains three gluten-derived peptides, intended to tolerize coeliac disease patients to gluten. Sequences cover six epitopes that trigger immune activation in human leucocyte antigen-DQ2.5-positive patients, most notably after an initial dose. Patients experience gastrointestinal symptoms with increases in serum interleukin-2. Consistent with Nexvax2's induction of non-responsiveness, reactivity disappears after repeated doses, or is avoided with gradual dose escalation. Early clinical trials used intradermal dosing, but pharmacokinetics and rapid onset of effect suggest that subcutaneous delivery may also be effective. AIMS To document the relative bioavailability of Nevax2 peptides after subcutaneous and intradermal dosing, and the tolerability and ability of subcutaneous dosing to induce non-responsiveness to Nexvax2 peptides. METHODS A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess plasma pharmacokinetics after subcutaneous and intradermal Nexvax2 dosing in HLA DQ2.5-positive patients, who had symptoms after an oral gluten challenge. Randomisation was to semi-weekly Nexvax2 (n = 12) or placebo (n = 2) injections, over a 5-week subcutaneous dose escalation and 2-week maintenance period, the latter with four doses of 900 µg, two subcutaneous and two intradermal. Post-dose circulating peptide and interleukin-2 levels were assessed. Investigators recorded adverse events experienced by patients. RESULTS Subcutaneous dosing resulted in slightly greater exposure. Interleukin-2 responses were seen with the gluten challenge but not after subcutaneous or intradermal dosing of 900 µg. Adverse events were generally mild and self-limited. CONCLUSIONS Subcutaneous and intradermal dosing of Nexvax2 yield similar bioavailability of constituent peptides; subcutaneous dose escalation avoids an immune response to dominant gluten epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hooi C Ee
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gautam Goel
- ImmusanT, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Luongo D, Bonavita R, Rossi S, Rotondi Aufiero V, Feliciello NR, Maurano F, Iaquinto G, Mazzarella G, Rossi M. Tailoring the immune response to wheat gliadin by enzymatic transamidation. Cytokine 2019; 117:23-29. [PMID: 30784897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic transamidation of wheat gliadin by microbial transglutaminase inhibits IFN-γ secretion by intestinal T cell lines from celiac disease (CD) patients. Here, we analysed its effects on intestinal biopsies from CD patients and studied the underlying mechanisms in HLA-DQ8 transgenic (tg) mice, a model of T-cell mediated gluten sensitivity. In vitro challenge with a soluble form of transamidated gliadin (spf) upregulated IL-10 transcript levels in human biopsy samples. Furthermore, the ratio of IL-10/IFN-γ transcripts was significantly increased following treatment with spf. In DQ8 tg mice, recall responses in vitro in the presence of dendritic cells pulsed with transamidated gliadin showed that gliadin-specific CD4+ T cells did not produce IFN-γ at any tested dose. On the contrary, spf-specific CD4+ T cells still secreted IFN-γ, but they also produced significant levels of IL-10 with both native and transamidated gliadin. Interestingly, this anti-inflammatory activity was restricted to a specific reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) fraction encompassing α-gliadins. These findings suggested an ability of transamidated gliadin to revert, as well as to prevent, the inflammatory phenotype triggered by native gliadin. This property was intrinsically associated with specific components of the α-gliadin fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefano Rossi
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Gaetano Iaquinto
- Gastroenterology Department, San G. Moscati Hospital, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Rossi
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, 83100 Avellino, Italy.
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23
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Sivadó É, El Alaoui M, Kiraly R, Fesüs L, Delolme F, Page A, El Alaoui S. Optimised methods (SDS/PAGE and LC-MS) reveal deamidation in all examined transglutaminase-mediated reactions. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:396-404. [PMID: 30761263 PMCID: PMC6356169 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are a family of structurally and functionally related enzymes that catalyse calcium‐dependent post‐translational modifications of proteins through protein–protein crosslinking, amine incorporation, or deamidation. For many years deamidation mediated by TGs was considered to be a side reaction, but recently substrate‐specific deamidations have been reported. Here we describe an optimised SDS/PAGE assay for the easy and rapid monitoring of the TG reaction with small peptides. The relative proportion of deamidation to transamidation was evaluated by densitometric analysis and confirmed by nano‐liquid chromatography–nano‐electrospray ionisation MS. We further investigated the effect of reaction conditions on transamidation and deamidation of TG1, TG2 and blood coagulation factor XIII A‐subunit (FXIII‐A) enzymes using a panel of glutamine‐containing peptide substrates. The ratio of transamidation to deamidation was enhanced at high excess of the acyl‐acceptor substrate and increasing pH. In addition, it was influenced by peptide substrates as well. Whereas deamidation was favoured at low cadaverine concentrations and acidic pH, no significant effect of calcium was observed on the ratio of transamidation/deamidation. Under our experimental conditions, deamidation always occurred in vitro even at high excess of the acyl‐acceptor substrate, and the reaction outcome was shifted to deamidation at neutral pH. Our results provide clear evidence of the deamidation in the TG reaction, and may serve as an important approach for in vivo analysis of deamidation to better understand the role of TGs in biological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Sivadó
- Research Department Covalab S.A.S Lyon France
| | | | - Robert Kiraly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - László Fesüs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Frédéric Delolme
- Protein Science Facility SFR BioSciences CNRS UMS 3444 Inserm US 8 ENS UCBL Lyon France
| | - Adeline Page
- Protein Science Facility SFR BioSciences CNRS UMS 3444 Inserm US 8 ENS UCBL Lyon France
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Docking of peptide candidates to HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 basket as a tool for predicting potential immunotoxic peptides toward celiac diseased people. REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reval.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease affecting the small intestine, triggered by gluten sensitization in genetically susceptible individuals worldwide. Celiac disease development is strongly linked to the presence of HLA-DQ2 and/or DQ8, which present the immunogenic gluten peptides and trigger the immune response leading to pathogenesis. Because of the variability of clinical symptoms, the disease is often underdiagnosed. Intestinal biopsy and the presence of antibodies to deamidated gliadin and tissue transglutaminase are recommended diagnostic tools. Genetic testing for HLA DQ2 and DQ8 can be used to rule out disease in at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Lázár-Molnár
- ARUP Laboratories, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 500 Chipeta Way, MS 115, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
| | - Melissa Snyder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Immunopathology of childhood celiac disease-Key role of intestinal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185025. [PMID: 28934294 PMCID: PMC5608296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Celiac disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the small intestine mucosa due to permanent intolerance to dietary gluten. The aim was to elucidate the role of small intestinal epithelial cells in the immunopathology of celiac disease in particular the influence of celiac disease-associated bacteria. METHODS Duodenal biopsies were collected from children with active celiac disease, treated celiac disease, and clinical controls. Intestinal epithelial cells were purified and analyzed for gene expression changes at the mRNA and protein levels. Two in vitro models for human intestinal epithelium, small intestinal enteroids and polarized tight monolayers, were utilized to assess how interferon-γ, interleukin-17A, celiac disease-associated bacteria and gluten influence intestinal epithelial cells. RESULTS More than 25 defense-related genes, including IRF1, SPINK4, ITLN1, OAS2, CIITA, HLA-DMB, HLA-DOB, PSMB9, TAP1, BTN3A1, and CX3CL1, were significantly upregulated in intestinal epithelial cells at active celiac disease. Of these genes, 70% were upregulated by interferon-γ via the IRF1 pathway. Most interestingly, IRF1 was also upregulated by celiac disease-associated bacteria. The NLRP6/8 inflammasome yielding CASP1 and biologically active interleukin-18, which induces interferon-γ in intraepithelial lymphocytes, was expressed in intestinal epithelial cells. CONCLUSION A key factor in the epithelial reaction in celiac disease appears to be over-expression of IRF1 that could be inherent and/or due to presence of undesirable microbes that act directly on IRF1. Dual activation of IRF1 and IRF1-regulated genes, both directly and via the interleukin-18 dependent inflammasome would drastically enhance the inflammatory response and lead to the pathological situation seen in active celiac disease.
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Jabri B, Sollid LM. T Cells in Celiac Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3005-3014. [PMID: 28373482 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a human T cell-mediated autoimmune-like disorder caused by exposure to dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. This review will discuss how CD4 T cell responses directed against an exogenous Ag can cause an autoreactive B cell response and participate in the licensing of intraepithelial lymphocytes to kill intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, this review will examine the mechanisms by which intraepithelial cytotoxic T cells mediate tissue destruction in celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; .,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
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28
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Sollid LM. The roles of MHC class II genes and post-translational modification in celiac disease. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:605-616. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-0985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Camarca A, Auricchio R, Picascia S, Fierro O, Maglio M, Miele E, Malamisura B, Greco L, Troncone R, Gianfrani C. Gliadin-reactive T cells in Italian children from preventCD cohort at high risk of celiac disease. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:362-369. [PMID: 28339124 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newborns at high risk of celiac disease (CD) were recruited in Italy in the context of the PreventCD study and closely monitored for CD, from 4 months up to a mean age of 8 years at follow-up. The aim of our study was to investigate intestinal T-cell reactivity to gliadin at the first clinical and/or serological signs of CD. METHODS Gliadin-reactive T-cell lines were generated from intestinal biopsies of 19 HLA-DQ2-or HLA-DQ8-positive children. At biopsy, 11 children had a diagnosis of acute CD, two of potential CD, and six were non-celiac controls. Immune reactivity was evaluated against gliadin and known immunogenic peptides from α-, γ-, or ω-gliadins. The role of deamidation by transglutaminase (tTG) in determining the immunogenicity of gliadin was also investigated. RESULTS Most of the children with CD (either acute or potential) had an inflammatory response to gliadin. Notably, signs of T-cell reactivity to gliadin were also found in some non-celiac subjects, in which IFN-γ responses occurred mainly when regulatory IL-10 and TGF-β cytokines were blocked. Interestingly, PreventCD children reacted to gliadin peptides found active in adult CD patients, and tTG deamidation markedly enhanced gliadin recognition. CONCLUSIONS T cells reactive to gliadin can be detected in the intestine of children at high risk of developing CD, in some cases also in the presence of a normal mucosa and negative CD-associated antibodies. Furthermore, children at a very early stage of CD recognize the same gliadin epitopes that are active in adult CD patients. Tissue transglutaminase strongly enhances gluten T-cell immunogenicity in early CD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Food Induced Diseases (E.L.F.I.D), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Picascia
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Olga Fierro
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Food Induced Diseases (E.L.F.I.D), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Erasmo Miele
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Food Induced Diseases (E.L.F.I.D), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Basilio Malamisura
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Luigi Greco
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Food Induced Diseases (E.L.F.I.D), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Food Induced Diseases (E.L.F.I.D), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Gianfrani
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Food Induced Diseases (E.L.F.I.D), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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Marginean CO, Meliţ LE, Mareş RC, Mărginean MO, Voidăzan S, Dobreanu M. Clinical and biological correlations in celiac disease in children: the prospective single experience of a romanian tertiary center: A case-control study (Strobe-Compliant study). Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6936. [PMID: 28514313 PMCID: PMC5440150 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease-a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestine-is triggered by gluten or associated protein consumption.The aim of our study was to assess the sensitivity, specificity of the combined anti-transglutaminase 2 (TG2)/deamidated gliadin peptide antibodies (DGP), and antiendomisium antibodies (EMA), to determine the distribution of HLA-DQ2/DQ8 for the 140 tested patients, and also to evaluate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients admitted with the suspicion of celiac disease (CD). Children included in the study were divided into: group 1, patients with confirmed CD; group 2, patients with "potential' CD; group 3, control group, patients without CD. We assessed the standard laboratory data, the level of TG2/DGP and EMA antibodies, as well as the distribution of HLA molecules in the selected patients. Histopathological examination was considered the criterion standard for diagnosis in most cases.The sensitivity of TG2/DGP was 85% and the specificity 92%. EMA showed a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 98%. The vast majority of patients diagnosed with CD were either HLA-DQ2.5 (encoded by DQA1*05 & DQB1*02) positive (87.5%) or HLA-DQ8 (encoded by DQB1*03:02) positive (12.5%). One patient showed a positivity only for HLA-DQ2.2 (encoded by DQA1*02 & B1*02).Our study showed that the genetic risk for CD was present in more than one-third of the cases without a confirmed diagnosis of CD. Therefore, the awareness of genetic susceptibility for CD is essential because of the fact that these individuals can develop the disease at any point of their lives. The sensitivity of TG2/DGP and EMA were very similar, whereas EMA presented a higher specificity as that of TG2/DGP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Minodora Dobreanu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
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31
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Lammi A, Arikoski P, Hakulinen A, Schwab U, Uusitupa M, Heinonen S, Savilahti E, Kinnunen T, Ilonen J. Development of gliadin-specific immune responses in children with HLA-associated genetic risk for celiac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:168-77. [PMID: 26161465 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1067328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of gliadin-specific antibody and T-cell responses were longitudinally monitored in young children with genetic risk for celiac disease (CD). MATERIAL AND METHODS 291 newborn children positive for HLA-DQB1*02 and -DQA1*05 alleles were followed until 3-4 years of age by screening for tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (tTGA) by using a commercial ELISA-based kit and antibodies to deamidated gliadin peptide (anti-DGP) by an immunofluorometric assay. Eighty-five of the children were also followed for peripheral blood gliadin-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses by using a carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester-based in vitro proliferation assay. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of tTGA seropositivity during the follow-up was 6.5%. CD was diagnosed in nine of the tTGA-positive children (3.1%) by duodenal biopsy at a median 3.5 years of age. All of the children with confirmed CD were both IgA and IgG anti-DGP positive at the time of tTGA seroconversion and in over half of the cases IgG anti-DGP positivity even preceded tTGA seroconversion. Peripheral blood T-cell responses to deamidated and native gliadin were detected in 40.5% and 22.2% of the children at the age of 9 months and these frequencies decreased during the follow-up to the levels of 22.2% and 8.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Anti-DGP antibodies may precede tTGA seroconversion and thus frequent monitoring of both tTGA and anti-DGP antibodies may allow earlier detection of CD in genetically susceptible children. Peripheral blood gliadin-specific T-cell responses are relatively common in HLA-DQ2-positive children and are not directly associated with the development of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lammi
- a 1 Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pekka Arikoski
- b 2 Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arja Hakulinen
- c 3 Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- d 4 Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio, Finland.,e 5 Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- d 4 Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Heinonen
- f 6 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Savilahti
- c 3 Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuure Kinnunen
- a 1 Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- a 1 Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio, Finland.,g 7 Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku , Turku, Finland
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Sutton KH, Simmons LD, Cummack JB, Roberts SJ. Production of Flours with Reduced Epitope Content Using Milling Technology. Cereal Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-10-15-0208-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H. Sutton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Lyall D. Simmons
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jill B. Cummack
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Sarah J. Roberts
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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Steinsbø Ø, Dørum S, Lundin KEA, Sollid LM. Serologic assay for diagnosis of celiac disease based on a patient-derived monoclonal antigliadin antibody. Gastroenterology 2015. [PMID: 26208894 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with celiac disease can be identified based on the detection of serum antibodies to deamidated gliadin peptides (DGPs). Recombinant human monoclonal antibodies (hmAb) against gliadin are produced by cloning antibody genes from single IgA-producing plasma cells isolated from lesions of patients with celiac disease. We developed an assay to identify patients with celiac disease based on the ability of antibodies from their serum to inhibit the binding of a gliadin-specific hmAb (1002-1E03) to a specific peptide antigen (inhibition assay). METHODS We selected 2 peptides (a 34-mer and a 26-mer) found in ω-gliadins and low-molecular-weight glutenins that had been identified as specific targets of the hmAb 1002-1E03 from a digest of gliadin treated by transglutaminase 2. These peptides contained repeat sequence motifs; their interaction with hmAb 1002-1E03 was assessed in an amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous inhibition assay. We also tested peptides we created that included 3 repeated sequence motifs. Serum samples from untreated patients diagnosed with celiac disease (n = 106) and 2 control groups (198 blood donors, 151 patients with Crohn's disease) were analyzed using the assay, as well as in conventional commercial assays that measure IgA against transglutaminase 2 (TG2) or IgG against DGP. RESULTS In our inhibition assays, the 34-mer peptide showed the best results, and identified patients with celiac disease with 86.8% sensitivity and 98.6% specificity. Its diagnostic accuracy was comparable with that of commercial anti-DGP IgG (sensitivity, 87.9%; specificity, 98.0) and anti-TG2 IgA (sensitivity, 81.1%; specificity, 98.9) assays, and it detected most of the patients with anti-TG2 IgA-negative celiac disease without a significant decrease in specificity. Combined use of the anti-ω34 and the anti-TG2 assays produced specificity and sensitivity values of 95.3% and 98.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We developed an antigliadin inhibition assay that identifies patients with celiac disease with high levels of specificity and sensitivity. It may prove useful as an adjunct to the current assay for anti-TG2 IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Steinsbø
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri Dørum
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut E A Lundin
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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Lowrie M, Garden OA, Hadjivassiliou M, Harvey RJ, Sanders DS, Powell R, Garosi L. The Clinical and Serological Effect of a Gluten-Free Diet in Border Terriers with Epileptoid Cramping Syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1564-8. [PMID: 26500168 PMCID: PMC4895653 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine epileptoid cramping syndrome (CECS) is a paroxysmal movement disorder of Border Terriers (BTs). These dogs might respond to a gluten‐free diet. Objectives The objective of this study was to examine the clinical and serological effect of a gluten‐free diet in BTs with CECS. Animals Six client‐owned BTs with clinically confirmed CECS. Methods Dogs were prospectively recruited that had at least a 6‐month history of CECS based on the observed phenomenology (using video) and had exhibited at least 2 separate episodes on different days. Dogs were tested for anti‐transglutaminase 2 (TG2 IgA) and anti‐gliadin (AGA IgG) antibodies in the serum at presentation, and 3, 6, and 9 months after the introduction of a gluten‐free diet. Duodenal biopsies were performed in 1 dog. Results Serum TG2 IgA titers were increased in 6/6 BTs (P = .006) and AGA IgG titers were increased in 5/6 BTs at presentation compared to those of controls (P = .018). After 9 months, there was clinical and serological improvement in all BTs with CECS strictly adhering to a gluten‐free diet (5/5). One dog had persistently increased antibody titers. This dog scavenged horse manure. On the strict introduction of a gluten‐free diet this dog also had an improved clinical and serological response. The diet‐associated improvement was reversible in 2 dogs on completion of the study, both of which suffered a relapse of CECS on the re‐introduction of gluten. Conclusions Canine epileptoid cramping syndrome in BTs is a gluten‐sensitive movement disorder triggered and perpetuated by gluten and thus responsive to a gluten‐free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lowrie
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Hitchin, UK
| | - O A Garden
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - M Hadjivassiliou
- Department of Neurology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - R J Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - D S Sanders
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - R Powell
- Powell Torrance Diagnostic Services, Higham Gobion, UK
| | - L Garosi
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Hitchin, UK
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Vriezinga SL, Schweizer JJ, Koning F, Mearin ML. Coeliac disease and gluten-related disorders in childhood. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 12:527-36. [PMID: 26100369 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gluten-related disorders such as coeliac disease, wheat allergy and noncoeliac gluten sensitivity are increasingly being diagnosed in children. Coeliac disease occurs frequently, affecting 1-3% of the Western population. The condition manifests at a very young age, more so in girls, and is related to the HLA genotype. Coeliac disease might be considered a public health problem and, as primary prevention is not possible, the debate on mass screening should be reopened. Wheat proteins, including gluten, are responsible for one of the most common food allergies in children: wheat allergy. Unlike coeliac disease and wheat allergy, noncoeliac gluten sensitivity is an unclear and controversial entity. These three gluten-related disorders are treated with a gluten-free diet. In coeliac disease, the diet should be strictly followed, whereas wheat allergy only requires wheat elimination and in noncoeliac gluten sensitivity occasional trials of gluten reintroduction can be done. A good diagnostic work-up is important for gluten-related disorders in childhood to avoid unnecessary restrictive diets in children. In this Review, we provide an overview of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of the most common gluten-related disorders in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine L Vriezinga
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2/PO 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joachim J Schweizer
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2/PO 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2/PO 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - M Luisa Mearin
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2/PO 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
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Tranquet O, Lupi R, Echasserieau-Laporte V, Pietri M, Larré C, Denery-Papini S. Characterization of Antibodies and Development of an Indirect Competitive Immunoassay for Detection of Deamidated Gluten. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5403-5409. [PMID: 25980542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Diversification of gluten applications in the food and cosmetics industries was achieved through the production of water-soluble gluten that can be obtained by deamidation. Current analytical methods dedicated to gluten detection failed to detect deamidated gluten. After immunizing mice with the peptide LQPEEPFPE conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, five mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced and sequences of bound epitopes were determined as XPXEPFPE, where X is Q or E. The mAbs exhibited high specificity for deamidated gliadins and low molecular weight glutenin subunits. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on INRA-DG1 mAb was developed with an IC50% of 85 ng/mL and a limit of detection of 25 ng/mL. The intra- and interassay coefficients of variation (CV) were <10% except for the interassay CV of the low-level control (40 ng/mL), which was 20%. This assay was capable of detecting three of the four deamidated gluten samples spiked in rice flour at 20 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Tranquet
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers, Interactions, Assemblies, rue de la Geraudiere, Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - Roberta Lupi
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers, Interactions, Assemblies, rue de la Geraudiere, Nantes cedex 03, France
| | | | - Manon Pietri
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers, Interactions, Assemblies, rue de la Geraudiere, Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - Colette Larré
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers, Interactions, Assemblies, rue de la Geraudiere, Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - Sandra Denery-Papini
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers, Interactions, Assemblies, rue de la Geraudiere, Nantes cedex 03, France
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Lundin KEA, Qiao SW, Snir O, Sollid LM. Coeliac disease - from genetic and immunological studies to clinical applications. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:708-17. [PMID: 25846940 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1030766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Coeliac disease is a common and important gastrointestinal disease. It affects at least 1%, most Western European populations and in Nordic countries it is even more frequent. It is strongly associated with certain Human Leukocyte Antigen-DQ genes and triggered by ingestion of wheat gluten and related cereals from rye and barley. The diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical signs, serology and small intestinal biopsy. Work during the last couple of decades has shown that gluten-specific, Human Leukocyte Antigen-DQ-restricted T-cells in the intestinal mucosa are of paramount importance in the disease process. The gluten peptides are chemically modified by the endogenous enzyme transglutaminase 2, the same enzyme that serves as target in today's sensitive serological tests for coeliac disease. The increasing knowledge on the disease process allows for development of improved diagnosis, patient care and new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut E A Lundin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) results from an alteration in the oral tolerance to dietary gluten. The response to gluten is normally tightly regulated and involves the secretion of TGF-β and IL-10 from different subtypes of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Interestingly, in addition to proinflammatory cytokines, the inflamed CD mucosa also contains high levels of T cell-derived IL-10 compared with treated CD patients or normal donors. Furthermore, most studies describe an increase in the number of Foxp3+ Tregs in the small intestinal mucosa in CD patients compared to controls. This paradoxical condition suggests that regulatory mechanisms might operate to counterbalance the abnormal gliadin-triggered immune activation in untreated mucosa. Indeed, addition of exogenous IL-10 to mucosal cultures from treated CD patients can suppress gliadin-induced T cell activation. Considering the central role of adaptive immunity in CD, the development of strategies to stimulate these mechanisms is a primary goal of efforts to restore gluten tolerance. Key Messages: Different immunomodulatory strategies have been explored. NexVax2, a desensitizing vaccine that uses three dominant gluten peptides administered subcutaneously to induce a tolerogenic response in CD patients, is under development. Alternatively, the potential of substituted, cyclic or dimeric peptide analogues as blockers to prevent HLA from binding to the immunodominant gliadin epitopes has been demonstrated in vitro. In line with these results, we recently found that modified (transamidated) gliadins influenced the immune response in intestinal biopsy samples from CD patients with overt disease by drastically reducing the production of IFN-γ. Notably, in a mouse model, transamidated gliadins reverted the phenotype of the gliadin-inducible immune response from an inflammatory phenotype to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Various approaches are currently under investigation to recover gluten tolerance based on the use of both modified and native antigen molecules. More specific studies are now required to test the efficacy of such strategies for preventing CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Rossi
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy
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Qi PF, Le CX, Wang Z, Liu YB, Chen Q, Wei ZZ, Xu BJ, Wei ZY, Dai SF, Wei YM, Zheng YL. The γ-gliadin-like γ-prolamin genes in the tribe Triticeae. J Genet 2015; 93:35-41. [PMID: 24840821 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-014-0330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The γ-prolamins are important components of seed storage proteins in wheat and other Triticeae species. Here, the γ-prolamin genes from the diploid Triticeae species were systemically characterized. Most of the γ-prolamins (except 75 K γ-secalins) characterized were defined as γ-gliadin-like γ-prolamins, since they shared same characteristic model structure with γ-gliadins. Over one-third of these putatively functional γ-prolamin peptides contained different number of cysteine residues as compared to the eight residues present in γ-gliadins. Sequence polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium analyses showed the conservation of γ-prolamin genes in Triticeae species under evolutionary selection. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that these γ-prolamin genes can not be clearly separated according to their genomic origins, reflecting the conservation of γ-gliadinlike γ-prolamin genes after the divergence of Triticeae species. A screening of coeliac disease (CD) toxic epitopes shows that the γ-prolamins from some other genomes contain much fewer epitopes than those from the A, S (B) and D genomes of wheat. These findings contribute to better understanding of γ-prolamin family in Triticeae and build a ground for breeding less CD-toxic wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Qi
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, People's Republic of China.
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Slot IDB, van der Fels-Klerx HJ, Bremer MGEG, Hamer RJ. Immunochemical Detection Methods for Gluten in Food Products: Where Do We Go from Here? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:2455-2466. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.847817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Korneychuk N, Meresse B, Cerf-Bensussan N. Lessons from rodent models in celiac disease. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:18-28. [PMID: 25354320 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 25 years, studies led in humans have considerably improved our understanding of celiac disease, a complex disease that is generally defined as an autoimmune-like enteropathy induced by dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Recently, large efforts were also invested in the development of mouse models in order to explore pathogenic hypotheses, and also with the goal to design pretherapeutic models that could be used to test innovative therapies. Yet, modeling this complex multifactorial disease has been a very challenging task. Herein, we review how approaches in rodents have provided insight into celiac disease pathophysiology and also highlight the difficulties met to fully recapitulate the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Korneychuk
- 1] INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, Institut Imagine, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - B Meresse
- 1] INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, Institut Imagine, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - N Cerf-Bensussan
- 1] INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, Institut Imagine, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
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Zimmermann C, Rudloff S, Lochnit G, Arampatzi S, Maison W, Zimmer KP. Epithelial transport of immunogenic and toxic gliadin peptides in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113932. [PMID: 25415429 PMCID: PMC4240668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scope Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder caused by failure of oral tolerance against gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. The epithelial translocation of gluten-derived gliadin peptides is an important pathogenetic step; the underlying mechanisms, however, are poorly understood. Thus, we investigated the degradation and epithelial translocation of two different gliadin peptides, the toxic P31–43 and the immunogenic P56–68. As the size, and hence, the molecular weight of peptides might have an effect on the transport efficiency we chose two peptides of the same, rather short chain length. Methods and Results Fluorescence labeled P31–43 and P56–68 were synthesized and studied in a transwell system with human enterocytes. Fluorometric measurements were done to reveal antigen translocation and flow cytometry as well as confocal microscopy were used to investigate cellular uptake of peptides. Structural changes of these peptides were analysed by MALDI-TOF-MS. According to fluorescence intensities, significantly more P31–43 compared to P56–68 was transported through the enterocyte layer after 24 h incubation. In contrast to previous reports, however, mass spectrometric data do not only show a time-dependent cleavage of the immunogenic P56–68, but we observed for the first time the degradation of the toxic peptide P31–43 at the apical side of epithelial cells. Conclusion Considering the degradation of gliadin peptides by enterocytes, measurement of fluorescence signals do not completely represent translocated intact gliadin peptides. From our experiments it is obvious that even short peptides can be digested prior to the translocation across the epithelial barrier. Thus, the chain length and the sensibility to degradations of gliadin peptides as well as the integrity of the epithelial barrier seem to be critical for the uptake of gliadin peptides and the subsequent inflammatory immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Feulgenstr. 12, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvia Rudloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Feulgenstr. 12, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Wilhelmstr. 20, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Günter Lochnit
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Friedrichstr. 24, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sevgi Arampatzi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maison
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Zimmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Feulgenstr. 12, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
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Rasheed A, Xia X, Yan Y, Appels R, Mahmood T, He Z. Wheat seed storage proteins: Advances in molecular genetics, diversity and breeding applications. J Cereal Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Exploring T cell reactivity to gliadin in young children with newly diagnosed celiac disease. Autoimmune Dis 2014; 2014:927190. [PMID: 24724018 PMCID: PMC3958769 DOI: 10.1155/2014/927190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Class II major histocompatibility molecules confer disease risk in Celiac disease (CD) by presenting gliadin peptides to CD4 T cells in the small intestine. Deamidation of gliadin peptides by tissue transglutaminase creates immunogenic peptides presented by HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 molecules to activate proinflammatory CD4 T cells. Detecting gliadin specific T cell responses from the peripheral blood has been challenging due to low circulating frequencies and heterogeneity in response to gliadin epitopes. We investigated the peripheral T cell responses to alpha and gamma gliadin epitopes in young children with newly diagnosed and untreated CD. Using peptide/MHC recombinant protein constructs, we are able to robustly stimulate CD4 T cell clones previously derived from intestinal biopsies of CD patients. These recombinant proteins and a panel of α- and γ-gliadin peptides were used to assess T cell responses from the peripheral blood. Proliferation assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed more CD4 T cell responses to α-gliadin than γ-gliadin peptides with a single deamidated α-gliadin peptide able to identify 60% of CD children. We conclude that it is possible to detect T cell responses without a gluten challenge or in vitro stimulus other than antigen, when measuring proliferative responses.
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Li Y, Xin R, Zhang D, Li S. Molecular characterization of α-gliadin genes from common wheat cultivar Zhengmai 004 and their role in quality and celiac disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Fraccalvieri D, Motta S, Galliani G, Cavaletti L, Bonati L. Design of gliadin peptide analogues with low affinity for the celiac disease associated HLA–DQ2 protein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:2064-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00085d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A computational study on the binding of celiac disease relevant epitopes and their analogues identified the di-hydroxylation of Pro residues as a promising functionalization to lower the affinity for HLA–DQ2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Fraccalvieri
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
- University of Milano-Bicocca
- 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Motta
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
- University of Milano-Bicocca
- 20126 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Linda Cavaletti
- FIIRV
- Fondazione Istituto Insubrico di Ricerca per la Vita
- 21040 Gerenzano, Italy
| | - Laura Bonati
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
- University of Milano-Bicocca
- 20126 Milano, Italy
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Vallejo-Diez S, Bernardo D, Moreno MDL, Muñoz-Suano A, Fernández-Salazar L, Calvo C, Sousa C, Garrote JA, Cebolla Á, Arranz E. Detection of specific IgA antibodies against a novel deamidated 8-Mer gliadin peptide in blood plasma samples from celiac patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80982. [PMID: 24278359 PMCID: PMC3838339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied whether celiac disease (CD) patients produce antibodies against a novel gliadin peptide specifically generated in the duodenum of CD patients by a previously described pattern of CD-specific duodenal proteases. Fingerprinting and ion-trap mass spectrometry of CD-specific duodenal gliadin-degrading protease pattern revealed a new 8-mer gliadin-derived peptide. An ELISA against synthetic deamidated 8-mer peptides (DGP 8-mer) was used to study the presence of IgA anti-DGP 8-mer antibodies in plasma samples from 81 children (31 active CD patients (aCD), 17 CD patients on a gluten-free diet (GFD), 10 healthy controls (C) and 23 patients with other gastrointestinal pathology (GP)) and 101 adults (16 aCD, 12 GFD, 27 C and 46 GP-patients). Deamidation of the 8-mer peptide significantly increased the reactivity of the IgA antibodies from CD patients against the peptide. Significant IgA anti-DGP 8-mer antibodies levels were detected in 93.5% of aCD-, 11.8% of GFD- and 4.3% of GP-patients in children. In adults, antibodies were detected in 81.3% of aCD-patients and 8.3% of GFD-patients while were absent in 100% of C- and GP-patients. Duodenal CD-specific gliadin degrading proteases release an 8-mer gliadin peptide that once deamidated is an antigen for specific IgA antibodies in CD patients which may provide a new accurate diagnostic tool in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vallejo-Diez
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, IBGM, University of Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valladolid, Spain
| | - David Bernardo
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, IBGM, University of Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Calvo
- Pediatric Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carolina Sousa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - José A. Garrote
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, IBGM, University of Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valladolid, Spain
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Arranz
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, IBGM, University of Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valladolid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Gluten-free diet in children: an approach to a nutritionally adequate and balanced diet. Nutrients 2013; 5:4553-65. [PMID: 24253052 PMCID: PMC3847748 DOI: 10.3390/nu5114553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluten-free diet (GFD) is the cornerstone treatment for celiac disease (CD). GFD implies a strict and lifelong elimination from the diet of gluten, the storage protein found in wheat, barley, rye and hybrids of these grains, such as kamut and triticale. The absence of gluten in natural and processed foods, despite being the key aspect of GFD, may lead to nutritional consequences, such as deficits and imbalances. The nutritional adequacy of GFD is particularly important in children, this the age being of maximal energy and nutrient requirements for growth, development and activity. In recent years, attention has focused on the nutritional quality of gluten-free products (GFPs) available in the market. It is well recognized that GFPs are considered of lower quality and poorer nutritional value compared to the gluten-containing counterparts. The present review focuses on the nutritional adequacy of GFD at the pediatric age, with the aim being to increase awareness of the potential complications associated with this diet, to identify strategies in order to avoid them and to promote a healthier diet and lifestyle in children with CD.
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Pontieri P, Mamone G, De Caro S, Tuinstra MR, Roemer E, Okot J, De Vita P, Ficco DBM, Alifano P, Pignone D, Massardo DR, Del Giudice L. Sorghum, a healthy and gluten-free food for celiac patients as demonstrated by genome, biochemical, and immunochemical analyses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:2565-2571. [PMID: 23432128 DOI: 10.1021/jf304882k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum spp. L.), rye (Secale cereal L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds contain peptides toxic to celiac patients. Maize (Zea mays L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) are distant relatives of wheat as well as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and are known to be safe for celiacs. Both immunochemical studies and in vitro and in vivo challenge of wheat-free sorghum food products support this conclusion, although molecular evidence is missing. The goal of the present study was to provide biochemical and genetic evidence that sorghum is safe for celiac patients. In silico analysis of the recently published sorghum genome predicts that sorghum does not contain peptides that are toxic for celiac patients. Aqueous/alcohol-soluble prolamins (kafirins) from different sorghum varieties, including pure lines and hybrids, were evaluated by SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses as well as an established enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the R5 antibody. These analyses provide molecular evidence for the absence of toxic gliadin-like peptides in sorghum, confirming that sorghum can be definitively considered safe for consumption by people with celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pontieri
- Istituto di Genetica Vegetale (IGV), CNR -Portici, c/o Dipartimento di Biologia, Sezione di Igiene, Napoli 80134, Italy
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Mamone G, Camarca A, Fierro O, Sidney J, Mazzarella G, Addeo F, Auricchio S, Troncone R, Sette A, Gianfrani C. Immunogenic peptides can be detected in whole gluten by transamidating highly susceptible glutamine residues: implication in the search for gluten-free cereals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:747-754. [PMID: 23244345 DOI: 10.1021/jf3040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) plays a central role in celiac disease (CD) pathogenesis by strongly enhancing the immunogenicity of gluten, the CD-triggering antigen. By deamidating specific glutamine (Q) residues, TG2 favors the binding of gluten peptides to DQ2/8 molecules and, subsequently, their recognition by cognate T cells. Six peptides were previously identified within wheat gliadin whole extracts by tagging the TG2-susceptible Q residues with monodansylcadaverine (MDC) and nanospray tandem mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS/MS). The immunogenicity of these peptides was next tested in gliadin-specific T-cell lines established from CD intestinal mucosa. Four peptides, corresponding to known epitopes of α- and γ-gliadins, induced cell proliferation and interferon (IFN)-γ production. Interestingly, one of the two non-T-cell stimulatory peptides corresponded to the 31-49 α-gliadin peptide implicated in the innate immune activation in CD mucosa. This study describes a strategy for identifying immunogenic gluten peptides potentially relevant for CD pathogenesis in protein extracts from wheat and other edible cereals.
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