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Skin-Based Vaccination: A Systematic Mapping Review of the Types of Vaccines and Methods Used and Immunity and Protection Elicited in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020450. [PMID: 36851328 PMCID: PMC9962282 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The advantages of skin-based vaccination include induction of strong immunity, dose-sparing, and ease of administration. Several technologies for skin-based immunisation in humans are being developed to maximise these key advantages. This route is more conventionally used in veterinary medicine. Skin-based vaccination of pigs is of high relevance due to their anatomical, physiological, and immunological similarities to humans, as well as being a source of zoonotic diseases and their livestock value. We conducted a systematic mapping review, focusing on vaccine-induced immunity and safety after the skin immunisation of pigs. Veterinary vaccines, specifically anti-viral vaccines, predominated in the literature. The safe and potent skin administration to pigs of adjuvanted vaccines, particularly emulsions, are frequently documented. Multiple methods of skin immunisation exist; however, there is a lack of consistent terminology and accurate descriptions of the route and device. Antibody responses, compared to other immune correlates, are most frequently reported. There is a lack of research on the underlying mechanisms of action and breadth of responses. Nevertheless, encouraging results, both in safety and immunogenicity, were observed after skin vaccination that were often comparable to or superior the intramuscular route. Further research in this area will underlie the development of enhanced skin vaccine strategies for pigs, other animals and humans.
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Pseudorabies Virus: From Pathogenesis to Prevention Strategies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081638. [PMID: 36016260 PMCID: PMC9414054 DOI: 10.3390/v14081638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), also called Aujeszky’s disease (AD), is a highly infectious viral disease which is caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). It has been nearly 200 years since the first PR case occurred. Currently, the virus can infect human beings and various mammals, including pigs, sheep, dogs, rabbits, rodents, cattle and cats, and among them, pigs are the only natural host of PRV infection. PRV is characterized by reproductive failure in pregnant sows, nervous disorders in newborn piglets, and respiratory distress in growing pigs, resulting in serious economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Due to the extensive application of the attenuated vaccine containing the Bartha-K61 strain, PR was well controlled. With the variation of PRV strain, PR re-emerged and rapidly spread in some countries, especially China. Although researchers have been committed to the design of diagnostic methods and the development of vaccines in recent years, PR is still an important infectious disease and is widely prevalent in the global pig industry. In this review, we introduce the structural composition and life cycle of PRV virions and then discuss the latest findings on PRV pathogenesis, following the molecular characteristic of PRV and the summary of existing diagnosis methods. Subsequently, we also focus on the latest clinical progress in the prevention and control of PRV infection via the development of vaccines, traditional herbal medicines and novel small RNAs. Lastly, we provide an outlook on PRV eradication.
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Margulies BJ. The World of Antiherpetic Vaccines and Drugs, 2022. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050850. [PMID: 35632592 PMCID: PMC9147921 DOI: 10.3390/v14050850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Margulies
- Towson University Herpes Virus Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
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Lin J, Li Z, Feng Z, Fang Z, Chen J, Chen W, Liang W, Chen Q. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) strain with defects in gE, gC, and TK genes protects piglets against an emerging PRV variant. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:846-855. [PMID: 32336701 PMCID: PMC7324833 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of an emerging variant of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) has been causing
serious losses to farmers in China. Moreover, the commercially available PRV vaccine often
fails to provide thorough protection. Therefore, in this study, we generated a
PRV-∆gC\gE∆TK strain with defects in gC, gE, and TK of PRV. Compared to the parental PRV
strain and the single gene deletion strains (PRV-∆gC, PRV-∆gE, and PRV-∆TK), PRV-∆gC\gE∆TK
grew slowly, and exhibited fewer and smaller plaques on swine testis (ST) cells.
Furthermore, animal experiment results showed that mice that were immunized
intramuscularly with PRV-∆gC\gE∆TK, survived throughout the experiment with no observed
clinical symptoms, and were completely protected against PRV challenge. Additionally,
deletion of the gC, gE, and TK genes significantly alleviated viral damage in the brain.
Furthermore, one-day-old weaned piglets immunized intramuscularly with PRV-∆gC\gE∆TK
elicited higher levels of gB antibodies against both the emerging PRV variant and the
parental PRV, exhibited full protection against challenge with both variants, and showed
neutralization capacity against PRV. These data suggest that PRV-∆gC\gE∆TK is a promising
vaccine candidate for the control of pseudorabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, 8 Xuefu South Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350117.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100 Pudang Road, Xindian Town, Jin'an District, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350013
| | - Zhaolong Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100 Pudang Road, Xindian Town, Jin'an District, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350013
| | - Zhihua Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, 8 Xuefu South Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350117
| | - Zhou Fang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, 8 Xuefu South Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350117
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, 8 Xuefu South Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350117
| | - Wengzhi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, 8 Xuefu South Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350117
| | - Wangwang Liang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, 8 Xuefu South Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350117
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, 8 Xuefu South Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350117
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Comparison of gE/gI- and TK/gE/gI-Gene-Deleted Pseudorabies Virus Vaccines Mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/Lox Systems. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040369. [PMID: 32230737 PMCID: PMC7232343 DOI: 10.3390/v12040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), is an acute and febrile infectious disease in swine. To eradicate PR, a more efficacious vaccine needs to be developed. Here, the gE/gI- and TK/gE/gI-gene-deleted recombinant PRV (rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI) are constructed through CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/Lox systems. We found that the rGXΔTK/gE/gI was safer than rGXΔgE/gI in mice. Additionally, the effects of rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI were further evaluated in swine. The rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI significantly increased numbers of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in swine, whereas there was no difference between rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI. Moreover, rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI promoted a PRV-specific humoral immune response. The PRV-specific humoral immune response induced by rGXΔgE/gI was consistent with that caused by rGXΔTK/gE/gI. After the challenge, swine vaccinated with rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI showed no clinical signs and viral shedding. However, histopathological detection revealed that rGXΔgE/gI, not rGXΔTK/gE/gI, caused pathological lesions in brain and lung tissues. In summary, these results demonstrate that the TK/gE/gI-gene-deleted recombinant PRV was safer compared with rGXΔgE/gI in swine. The data imply that the TK/gE/gI-gene-deleted recombinant PRV may be a more efficacious vaccine candidate for the prevention of PR.
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Wang J, Song Z, Ge A, Guo R, Qiao Y, Xu M, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Fan H, Hou J. Safety and immunogenicity of an attenuated Chinese pseudorabies variant by dual deletion of TK&gE genes. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:287. [PMID: 30241529 PMCID: PMC6150974 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since the outbreak of a new emerging virulent pseudorabies virus mutant in Chinese pig herds, intensive research has been focused on the construction of novel gene deletion vaccine based on the variant virulent viruses. An ideal vaccine candidate is expected to have a balanced safety and immunogenicity. Results From the infectious clone of PRV AH02LA strain, a TK deletion mutant was generated through two-step Red mutagenesis. After homologous recombination with a transfer vector, a TK&gE dual deficient mutant PRV (PRVΔTK&gE-AH02) was generated, and its structure verified by PCR, RFLP and sequencing. Growth kinetics test showed that PRVΔTK&gE-AH02 reached a titer of 107.5 TCID50 /mL on ST cells. The PRVΔTK&gE-AH02 at a dose of 106.0 TCID50 /animal was not virulent in mice or 1-day-old piglets with maternal PRV antibodies. No clinical signs or virus shedding were detected in 28~ 35-day-old piglets without maternal PRV antibodies after nasal or intramuscular administration with a dose of 106.0 TCID50, although it caused one death of four 1-day-old piglets without maternal PRV antibodies. In the efficiency test of PRVΔTK&gE-AH02, all four 28~ 35-day-old piglets without PRV antibody in the challenge control showed typical clinical symptoms and virus shedding, and two died at 4~ 5 days post challenge. All piglets in 105.0, 104.0 and 103.0 TCID50/dose PRVΔTK&gE-AH02 groups provided complete protection against challenge at only 7 days post intramuscular vaccination. More importantly, PRVΔTK&gE-AH02 stopped virus shedding in these piglets. In contrast, all four piglets in PRV Bartha K61 vaccine group developed high body temperature (≥40.5 °C) and viral shedding, despite they had mild or even no clinical symptoms. Conclusions The constructed TK&gE dual deletion mutant PRVΔTK&gE-AH02 can reach high titers on ST cells. The live vaccine of PRVΔTK&gE-AH02 is highly safe, and can not only provide clinical protection but also stops virus shedding. This study suggests that PRVΔTK&gE-AH02 might work as a promising vaccine candidate to combat the PRV variant emerging in Chinese herds since 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichun Wang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals/Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zengcai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Aimin Ge
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongfeng Qiao
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals/Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mengwei Xu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals/Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals/Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yamei Liu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals/Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yating Zheng
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals/Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jibo Hou
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals/Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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7
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Wu XM, Chen QY, Chen RJ, Che YL, Wang LB, Wang CY, Yan S, Liu YT, Xiu JS, Zhou LJ. Pathogenicity and Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of a Pseudorabies Virus Strain FJ-2012 Isolated from Fujian, Southern China. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2017; 2017:9073172. [PMID: 29527230 PMCID: PMC5804112 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9073172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The outbreaks of pseudorabies have been frequently reported in Bartha-K61-vaccinated farms in China since 2011. To study the pathogenicity and evolution of the circulating pseudorabies viruses in Fujian Province, mainland China, we isolated and sequenced the whole genome of a wild-type pseudorabies virus strain named "FJ-2012." We then conducted a few downstream bioinformatics analyses including phylogenetic analysis and pathogenic analysis and used the virus to infect 6 pseudorabies virus-free piglets. FJ-2012-infected piglets developed symptoms like high body temperature and central nervous system disorders and had high mortality rate. In addition, we identified typical micropathological changes such as multiple gross lesions in infected piglets through pathological analysis and conclude that the FJ-2012 genome is significantly different from known pseudorabies viruses, in which insertions, deletions, and substitutions are observed in multiple immune and virulence genes. In summary, this study shed lights on the molecular basis of the prevalence and pathology of the pseudorabies virus strain FJ-2012. The genome of FJ-2012 could be used as a reference to study the evolution of pseudorabies viruses, which is critical to the vaccine development of new emerging pseudorabies viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-min Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Qiu-yong Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Ru-jing Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Yong-liang Che
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Long-bai Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Chen-yan Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Shan Yan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Yu-tao Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Jin-sheng Xiu
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lun-jiang Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
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Dong J, Bai J, Sun T, Gu Z, Wang J, Sun H, Jiang P. Comparative pathogenicity and immunogenicity of triple and double gene-deletion pseudorabies virus vaccine candidates. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:17-23. [PMID: 28130999 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR) outbreaks have re-emerged in many pig farms with vaccination coverage in China, which suggests that current vaccine strains provide poor protection against novel, epidemic strains. In this study, based on the highly virulent PRV ZJ01 variant, a PR virus (PRV) thymidine kinase (TK)/gE/gI deleted strain-rZJ01ΔTK/gE/gI-was generated, which showed similar growth features in vitro compared to the parent strain PRV ZJ01 and its gE/gI deleted strain rZJ01ΔgE/gI. The results of a piglet experiment (with 10 piglets each group) showed that the rZJ01ΔTK/gE/gI vaccine generated similar levels of neutralizing antibodies against ZJ01 compared to the rZJ01ΔgE/gI vaccine (p>0.05). However, rZJ01ΔgE/gI inoculation resulted in slight inflammatory cell infiltrations, hemorrhages, and congestion in the brain and lungs. After a ZJ01 challenge, all animals in the rZJ01ΔTK/gE/gI- and rZJ01ΔgE/gI-vaccinated groups survived without exhibiting any clinical symptoms, whereas all non-vaccinated control animals died within 7days post-challenge. Furthermore, microscopic lesions and virus loads in the brains and lungs in the two vaccinated groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. Meanwhile, the virus levels in the brains of piglets in the rZJ01ΔTK/gE/gI group were significantly lower than those in the rZJ01ΔgE/gI group. These results indicate that the triple gene-deleted PRV rZJ01ΔTK/gE/gI strain has lower pathogenicity and higher protective efficacy against variant PRV challenge compared with the double gene-deleted PRV rZJ01ΔgE/gI strain. Together, all these data indicate that the PRV rZJ01ΔTK/gE/gI strain should be an ideal vaccine candidate for the prevention of PR in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenqing Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jichun Wang
- National Veterinary Biological Medicine Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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Vaccines against pseudorabies virus (PrV). Vet Microbiol 2016; 206:3-9. [PMID: 27890448 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aujeszkýs disease (AD, pseudorabies) is a notifiable herpesvirus infection of pigs causing substantial economic losses to swine producers. AD in pigs is controlled by the use of vaccination with inactivated and attenuated live vaccines. Starting with classically attenuated live vaccines derived from low virulent field isolates, AD vaccination has pioneered novel strategies in animal disease control by the first use of genetically engineered live virus vaccines lacking virulence-determining genes, and the concept of DIVA, i.e. the serological differentiation of vaccinated from field-virus infected animals by the use of marker vaccines and respective companion diagnostic tests. The basis for this concept has been the molecular characterization of PrV and the identification of so-called nonessential envelope glycoproteins, e.g. glycoprotein E, which could be eliminated from the virus without harming viral replication or immunogenicity. Eradication of AD using the strategy of vaccination-DIVA testing has successfully been performed in several countries including Germany and the United States. Furthermore, by targeted genetic modification PrV has been developed into a powerful vector system for expression of foreign genes to vaccinate against several infectious diseases of swine, while heterologous vector systems have been used for expression of major immunogens of PrV. This small concise review summarizes the state-of-the-art information on PrV vaccines and provides an outlook for the future.
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Vaccines and Vaccination. THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN IMPROVEMENT OF LIVESTOCK 2015. [PMCID: PMC7122016 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-46789-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Livestock vaccines aim to increase livestock product and improve the health and welfare of livestock animals in a cost-efficient manner and prevent disease transmission. Successful livestock vaccines have been generated for pathogens including bacterial, viral, protozoan, and multicellular pathogens. These livestock vaccines have a significant effect on animal health and products and on human health through growing safe food procurement and preventing zoonotic diseases. There are successful production of biotechnological-based animal vaccines licensed for use that include virus-like particle vaccines, gene-deleted marker vaccines, subunit vaccines, DIVA vaccines, and DNA vaccines.
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Yuan Z, Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhang F, Fooks AR, Li Q, Hu R. A recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein: safety and immunogenicity in dogs. Vaccine 2008; 26:1314-21. [PMID: 18262313 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Several recombinant vaccines expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein have been developed, particularly for the oral vaccination of wildlife. While these vaccines induce protective immunity in some animal species such as foxes, they are less effective in others. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) has been licensed for use as a live vaccine in pigs and possesses an excellent safety and efficacy record. We have used it to construct a recombinant virus, rPRV/eGFP/rgp, expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein. This recombinant virus has been shown to be safe for dogs by oral and intramuscular routes of inoculation and was demonstrated to induce immune responses against both pseudorabies and rabies in dogs after a single oral dose of 2 x 10(7.0) plaque forming units (PFU). Neutralizing antibody titers against rabies reached > 0.5 IU/ml and 1:64-1:128 against pseudorabies by 5 weeks post-vaccination in all dogs, indicating that the pseudorabies virus vector infected dogs and replicated in vivo, and that the rabies virus glycoprotein had been expressed and an effective immune response elicited. Antibody titers were maintained for over 6 months. This suggests that pseudorabies virus could be an effective live vector for recombinant rabies oral vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziguo Yuan
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 1068 Qinglong Road, Changchun 130062, PR China
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12
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Meeusen ENT, Walker J, Peters A, Pastoret PP, Jungersen G. Current status of veterinary vaccines. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:489-510, table of contents. [PMID: 17630337 PMCID: PMC1932753 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00005-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major goals of veterinary vaccines are to improve the health and welfare of companion animals, increase production of livestock in a cost-effective manner, and prevent animal-to-human transmission from both domestic animals and wildlife. These diverse aims have led to different approaches to the development of veterinary vaccines from crude but effective whole-pathogen preparations to molecularly defined subunit vaccines, genetically engineered organisms or chimeras, vectored antigen formulations, and naked DNA injections. The final successful outcome of vaccine research and development is the generation of a product that will be available in the marketplace or that will be used in the field to achieve desired outcomes. As detailed in this review, successful veterinary vaccines have been produced against viral, bacterial, protozoal, and multicellular pathogens, which in many ways have led the field in the application and adaptation of novel technologies. These veterinary vaccines have had, and continue to have, a major impact not only on animal health and production but also on human health through increasing safe food supplies and preventing animal-to-human transmission of infectious diseases. The continued interaction between animals and human researchers and health professionals will be of major importance for adapting new technologies, providing animal models of disease, and confronting new and emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els N T Meeusen
- Animal Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Building 13f, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Frampton AR, Smith PM, Zhang Y, Matsumura T, Osterrieder N, O'Callaghan DJ. Contribution of gene products encoded within the unique short segment of equine herpesvirus 1 to virulence in a murine model. Virus Res 2002; 90:287-301. [PMID: 12457983 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of three equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) recombinants was assessed in a CBA mouse model. Sequences encoding the majority of glycoproteins I (gI) and E (gE) were deleted from the pathogenic EHV-1 strain RacL11 (L11deltagIdeltagE), and sequences comprising the 3859 bp deletion within the strain KyA U(S) segment, which includes genes 73 (gI), 74 (gE), and 75 (putative 10 kDa protein 75), were re-inserted into attenuated KyA (KgI/gE/75). In addition, genes gE and 75 were inserted into KyA to generate the EHV-1 recombinant KgE/75. The insertion of the 3859 bp U(S) segment was sufficient to confer virulence to KyA, as indicated by pronounced signs of clinical disease including substantial weight loss. A large plaque morphology was observed in cells infected with KgI/gE/75 compared with KyA, and a small plaque phenotype was observed in cells infected with L11deltagIdeltagE compared with RacL11. These data indicate that gI and/or gI and gE contribute to the ability of EHV-1 to spread directly from cell-to-cell. The deletion of both gI and gE from the pathogenic RacL11 strain did not reduce clinical signs of disease in infected mice, but did decrease mortality compared with RacL11. Furthermore, the insertion of genes 74 (gE) and 75 into the vaccine strain KyA did not alter the attenuated phenotype of this virus. Finally, KgI/gE/75 and RacL11 elicited the production of the proinflammatory chemokines MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and MIP-2 in the lungs of infected mice, while KyA did not, suggesting that gI and/or gI and gE contribute to the up-regulation of these mediators of inflammation. These findings show that gI, and/or gI and gE restore a virulent phenotype to the EHV-1 KyA strain, and indicate that virulence factors, in addition to gI and gE, contribute to the pathogenesis of the RacL11 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur R Frampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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