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Cox DTC, Gaston KJ. Cathemerality: a key temporal niche. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:329-347. [PMID: 37839797 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Given the marked variation in abiotic and biotic conditions between day and night, many species specialise their physical activity to being diurnal or nocturnal, and it was long thought that these strategies were commonly fairly fixed and invariant. The term 'cathemeral', was coined in 1987, when Tattersall noted activity in a Madagascan primate during the hours of both daylight and darkness. Initially thought to be rare, cathemerality is now known to be a quite widespread form of time partitioning amongst arthropods, fish, birds, and mammals. Herein we provide a synthesis of present understanding of cathemeral behaviour, arguing that it should routinely be included alongside diurnal and nocturnal strategies in schemes that distinguish and categorise species across taxa according to temporal niche. This synthesis is particularly timely because (i) the study of animal activity patterns is being revolutionised by new and improved technologies; (ii) it is becoming apparent that cathemerality covers a diverse range of obligate to facultative forms, each with their own common sets of functional traits, geographic ranges and evolutionary history; (iii) daytime and nighttime activity likely plays an important but currently neglected role in temporal niche partitioning and ecosystem functioning; and (iv) cathemerality may have an important role in the ability of species to adapt to human-mediated pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T C Cox
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
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Dao ZA, Romba R, Traore M, Birba S, Zoure AB, Ouedraogo I, Ouedraogo A, Gnankine O. Diversity and Role of Entomological Fauna Associated With Annona senegalensis (Magnoliales: Annonaceae) in Burkina Faso, West Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:989-997. [PMID: 36124736 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Annona senegalensis Pers. is a shrub of tropical countries that, during the fruiting period, harbor many insects. All parts of the plant are used and exploited in traditional medicine, food, and firewood. Our study aimed at evaluating the diversity of insects associated with the different phenological stages of A. senegalensis fruits in two phytogeographic zones of Burkina Faso. Sampling was carried out on flowers, green fruits, ripe fruits, and decayed fruits of A. senegalensis. For the first time, a total of 48 insects species belonging to 6 orders and 23 families were identified. These orders were Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera. Our data indicated that the diversity of insect species varies according to the stages of development of the fruit (P = 0.017) and according to the site (P = 2.2e-16). Among these insects, Curculionidae (Endaeus spp.) predominate on flowers, are known to be pollinators, and Formicidae (Messor galla Mayr, [Hymenoptera: Formicidae], Trichomyrmex abyssinicus Forel, [Hymenoptera: Formicidae], and Crematogaster sp.) and Tettigometridae (Hilda undata Walker, [Hemiptera: Tettigometridae]) are suspected to have mutualistic relationships on green fruits. Potential pests belonging to the Scarabaeidae (Pachnoda spp., Polybaphes spp., and Xeloma Maura Boheman, [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]), Drosophilidae (Zaprionus indianus Gupta, [Diptera: Drosophilidae]), and Nitidulidae (Carpophilus nepos Murray, [Coleoptera: Nitidulidae]) are associated with ripe and decayed fruits. The data in this study highlight the diversity in terms of pollinators that ensure the fruit production and Formicidae known to protect A. senegalensis against potential pests. These data provide valuable information in terms of valuation of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zézouma Anselme Dao
- Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, UFR/SVT, Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), 03 B.P. 7021,Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, Afrique de l'Ouest
| | - Rahim Romba
- Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, UFR/SVT, Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), 03 B.P. 7021,Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, Afrique de l'Ouest
| | - Mamoudou Traore
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), 03 B.P. 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, Afrique de l'Ouest
| | - Sibiri Birba
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), 03 B.P. 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, Afrique de l'Ouest
| | - Aboubacar Baba Zoure
- Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, UFR/SVT, Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales (LaBEV), 03 B.P. 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, Afrique de l'Ouest
| | - Idrissa Ouedraogo
- Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, UFR/SVT, Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Animales (LBEA), 03 B.P. 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, Afrique de l'Ouest
| | - Amadé Ouedraogo
- Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, UFR/SVT, Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales (LaBEV), 03 B.P. 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, Afrique de l'Ouest
| | - Olivier Gnankine
- Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, UFR/SVT, Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), 03 B.P. 7021,Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, Afrique de l'Ouest
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Szefer P, Molem K, Sau A, Novotny V. Weak effects of birds, bats, and ants on their arthropod prey on pioneering tropical forest gap vegetation. Ecology 2022; 103:e3690. [PMID: 35322403 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The relative roles of plants competing for resources versus top-down control of vegetation by herbivores, in turn impacted by predators, during early stages of tropical forest succession remain poorly understood. Here we examine the impact of insectivorous birds, bats and ants exclusion on arthropods communities on replicated 5x5 m of pioneering early successional vegetation plots in lowland tropical forest gaps in Papua New Guinea. In plots from which focal taxa of predators were excluded we observed increased biomass of herbivorous and predatory arthropods, and increased density, and decreased diversity of herbivorous insects. However, changes in the biomass of plants, herbivores and arthropod predators were positively correlated or uncorrelated between these three trophic levels and also between individual arthropod orders. Arthropod abundance and biomass correlated strongly with the plant biomass irrespective of the arthropods' trophic position - a signal of bottom-up control. Patterns in herbivore specialization confirm lack of a strong top-down control and were largely unaffected by the exclusion of insectivorous birds, bats and ants. No changes of plant-herbivore interaction networks were detected except for decrease in modularity of the exclosure plots. Our results suggest weak top-down control of herbivores, limited compensation between arthropod and vertebrate predators, and limited intra-guild predation by birds, bats and ants. Possible explanations are strong bottom-up control, a low activity of the higher order predators, especially birds, possibly also bats, in gaps, and continuous influx of herbivores from surrounding mature forest matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Szefer
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1645/31a, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kenneth Molem
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre, PO Box 604, Madang 511, Papua New Guinea
| | - Austin Sau
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre, PO Box 604, Madang 511, Papua New Guinea
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1645/31a, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Lucio-García JN, Sánchez-Reyes UJ, Horta-Vega JV, Reyes-Muñoz JL, Clark SM, Niño-Maldonado S. Seasonal and microclimatic effects on leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in a tropical forest fragment in northeastern Mexico. Zookeys 2022; 1080:21-52. [PMID: 35068963 PMCID: PMC8752573 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1080.76522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) constitute a family of abundant, diverse, and ecologically important herbivorous insects, due to their high specificity with host plants, a close association with vegetation and a great sensitivity to microclimatic variation (factors that are modified gradually during the rainy and dry seasons). Therefore, the effects of seasonality (rainy and dry seasons) and microclimate on the community attributes of chrysomelids were evaluated in a semideciduous tropical forest fragment of northeastern Mexico. Monthly sampling was conducted, between March 2016 and February 2017, with an entomological sweep net in 18 plots of 20 × 20 m, randomly distributed from 320 to 480 m a.s.l. Seven microclimatic variables were simultaneously recorded during each of the samplings, using a portable weather station. In total, 216 samples were collected at the end of the study, of which 2,103 specimens, six subfamilies, 46 genera, and 71 species were obtained. The subfamily Galerucinae had the highest number of specimens and species in the study area, followed by Cassidinae. Seasonality caused significant changes in the abundance and number of leaf beetle species: highest richness was recorded in the rainy season, with 60 species, while the highest diversity (lowest dominance and highest H’ index) was obtained in the dry season. Seasonal inventory completeness of leaf beetles approached (rainy season) or was higher (dry season) than 70%, while the faunistic similarity between seasons was 0.63%. The outlying mean index was significant in both seasons; of the seven microclimatic variables analyzed, only temperature, heat index, evapotranspiration and wind speed were significantly related to changes in abundance of Chrysomelidae. Association between microclimate and leaf beetles was higher in the dry season, with a difference in the value of importance of the abiotic variables. The results indicated that each species exhibited a different response pattern to the microclimate, depending on the season, which suggests that the species may exhibit modifications in their niche requirements according to abiotic conditions. However, the investigations must be replicated in other regions, in order to obtain a better characterization of the seasonal and microclimatic influence on the family Chrysomelidae.
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Camacho LF, Avilés L. Resource exchange and partner recognition mediate mutualistic interactions between prey and their would-be predators. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210316. [PMID: 34376075 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals may develop mutualistic associations with other species, whereby prey offer resources or services in exchange for protection from predators. Alternatively, prey may offer resources or services directly to their would-be predators in exchange for their lives. The latter may be the case of hemipterans that engage in mutualistic interactions with ants by offering a honeydew reward. We test the extent to which a honeydew offering versus partner recognition may play a role as proximate mechanisms deterring ants from predating upon their hemipteran partners. We showed that, when presented with a choice between a hemipteran partner and an alternative prey type, mutualist ants were less likely to attack and more likely to remain probing their hemipteran partners. This occurred even in the absence of an immediate sugary reward, suggesting either an evolved or learned partner recognition response. To a similar extent, however, ants were also less likely to attack the alternative prey type when laced with honey as a proxy for a honeydew reward. This was the case even after the honey had been depleted, suggesting an ability of ants to recognize new potential sources of sugars. Either possibility suggests a degree of innate or learned partner recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Camacho
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Leticia Avilés
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Cereal Straw Mulching in Strawberry—A Facilitator of Plant Visits by Edaphic Predatory Mites at Night? DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12060242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Norway, strawberry producers use cereal straw mulching to prevent berries from contacting the soil and to control weeds. We hypothesized that organic matter such as straw mulch also favors the maintenance of predatory mites which visit strawberry plants at nighttime. We compared mite diversity in cereal straw exposed for different periods in strawberry fields and evaluated their possible migration to plants in two experiments with potted plants in 2019. An ‘Early season’ experiment compared no mulching (T1), oat straw mulch exposed in field since 2018 (T2), or 2017 (T3), while a ‘Mid-season’ experiment compared no mulching (T1), barley straw mulch from 2018 (T2), or a mix from 2017 and 2018 (T3). To provide edaphic predatory mites with a potential source of food, all plants were infested with two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Results suggested that straw mulch facilitates the prevalence of predatory mites in strawberry fields. Most predatory mite visits were at night, confirming our initial hypothesis. Predominant nocturnal mites on leaves belonged to Melicharidae (Proctolaelaps sp.) (‘Early season’, T2), Blattisociidae (Lasioseius sp.) (‘Early and Mid-season’, T3) and Phytoseiidae (‘Mid-season’, T2). Parasitus consanguineus Oudemans & Voigts was the predominant species (‘Early season’, T3) at the base of plants. Anystidae were diurnal visitors only (‘Mid-season’, T2). Future studies should evaluate the predation potential of Proctolaelaps sp. and Lasioseius sp. on two-spotted spider mite and other strawberry pests.
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Camacho LF, Avilés L. Decreasing Predator Density and Activity Explains Declining Predation of Insect Prey along Elevational Gradients. Am Nat 2019; 194:334-343. [DOI: 10.1086/704279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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de Cássia Neves Esteca F, Rodrigues LR, de Moraes GJ, Júnior ID, Klingen I. Mulching with coffee husk and pulp in strawberry affects edaphic predatory mite and spider mite densities. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2018; 76:161-183. [PMID: 30293177 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mulching of soil beds of strawberry fields is usually done with polyethylene film in southern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. This material is relatively expensive and difficult to discard after use. In some countries, mulching is done with the use of organic material that could have an advantage over the use of plastic for its easier degradation after use, and for favoring edaphic beneficial organisms. Predatory mites (especially Gamasina, Mesostigmata) may be abundant in the soil and could conceivably move to the soil surface and onto the short-growing strawberry plants at night, helping in the control or pest arthropods. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is considered an important strawberry pest in that region, where the fungus Neozygites floridana (Weiser and Muma) has been found to infect it. Different mulching types could affect the incidence of this pathogen. Dehydrated coffee husk and pulp (DCHP) is a byproduct readily available in southern Minas Gerais, where could be used as organic mulching in strawberry beds. The temporary contact of that material with the soil of a patch of natural vegetation could facilitate its colonization by edaphic predatory mites helpful in the control of strawberry pests. The objective of this work was to study the effect of mulching type on the population dynamics of the two-spotted spider mite, associate mites and N. floridana, in a greenhouse and in the field. The use of DCHP increased the number of edaphic Gamasina on strawberry plants-Proctolaelaps pygmaeus (Müller) (Melicharidae) and Blattisocius dentriticus (Berlese) (Blattisociidae) were observed on strawberry leaflets, mainly in nocturnal samplings, indicating their possible daily migration from soil to plants. Lower levels of two-spotted spider mite occurred on plants from pots or soil beds mulched with DCHP instead of polyethylene film, possibly because of the slightly higher levels of mites of the family Phytoseiidae and infection by N. floridana. Adding DCHP onto the floor of natural vegetation did not result in higher diversity or levels of gamasine mites on DCHP. Complementary studies should be conducted to find ways to increase diversity and density of those organisms in strawberry beds, in an attempt to improve biological control of strawberry pests. The decision to use DCHP for mulching should also take into account other factors such as strawberry yield, costs and efficiency of weed management, to be evaluated in subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Cássia Neves Esteca
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Luis Rodolfo Rodrigues
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Gilberto José de Moraes
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Italo Delalibera Júnior
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Ingeborg Klingen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), P.O. Box 115, 1431, Ås, Norway
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Orivel J, Klimes P, Novotny V, Leponce M. Resource use and food preferences in understory ant communities along a complete elevational gradient in Papua New Guinea. Biotropica 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Orivel
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane; AgroParisTech, CIRAD, INRA; Université de Guyane; Université des Antilles; Campus Agronomique, BP316 97379 Kourou cedex France
| | - Petr Klimes
- Institute of Entomology Biology Centre; Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; Branisovska 31 370 05 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- The New Binatang Research Center; Nagada Harbour, P.O. Box 604 Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Institute of Entomology Biology Centre; Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; Branisovska 31 370 05 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- The New Binatang Research Center; Nagada Harbour, P.O. Box 604 Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Maurice Leponce
- Biodiversity Monitoring & Assessment Unit; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences; 29 rue Vautier 1000 Brussels Belgium
- Evolutionary Biology & Ecology; Université Libre de Bruxelles; CP 160/12, 50 av. F.D. Roosevelt 1050 Brussels Belgium
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Anjos DV, Caserio B, Rezende FT, Ribeiro SP, Del-Claro K, Fagundes R. Extrafloral-nectaries and interspecific aggressiveness regulate day/night turnover of ant species foraging for nectar on Bionia coriacea. AUSTRAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego V. Anjos
- Departamento de Biodiversidade; Evolução e Meio Ambiente; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto MG 35400-000 Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Bárbara Caserio
- Departamento de Biodiversidade; Evolução e Meio Ambiente; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto MG 35400-000 Brazil
| | - Felipe T. Rezende
- Departamento de Biodiversidade; Evolução e Meio Ambiente; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto MG 35400-000 Brazil
| | - Sérvio P. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biodiversidade; Evolução e Meio Ambiente; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto MG 35400-000 Brazil
| | - Kleber Del-Claro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
- Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
| | - Roberth Fagundes
- Departamento de Biodiversidade; Evolução e Meio Ambiente; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto MG 35400-000 Brazil
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Ewers RM, Boyle MJW, Gleave RA, Plowman NS, Benedick S, Bernard H, Bishop TR, Bakhtiar EY, Chey VK, Chung AYC, Davies RG, Edwards DP, Eggleton P, Fayle TM, Hardwick SR, Homathevi R, Kitching RL, Khoo MS, Luke SH, March JJ, Nilus R, Pfeifer M, Rao SV, Sharp AC, Snaddon JL, Stork NE, Struebig MJ, Wearn OR, Yusah KM, Turner EC. Logging cuts the functional importance of invertebrates in tropical rainforest. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6836. [PMID: 25865801 PMCID: PMC4403313 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrates are dominant species in primary tropical rainforests, where their abundance and diversity contributes to the functioning and resilience of these globally important ecosystems. However, more than one-third of tropical forests have been logged, with dramatic impacts on rainforest biodiversity that may disrupt key ecosystem processes. We find that the contribution of invertebrates to three ecosystem processes operating at three trophic levels (litter decomposition, seed predation and removal, and invertebrate predation) is reduced by up to one-half following logging. These changes are associated with decreased abundance of key functional groups of termites, ants, beetles and earthworms, and an increase in the abundance of small mammals, amphibians and insectivorous birds in logged relative to primary forest. Our results suggest that ecosystem processes themselves have considerable resilience to logging, but the consistent decline of invertebrate functional importance is indicative of a human-induced shift in how these ecological processes operate in tropical rainforests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Ewers
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Michael J W Boyle
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Rosalind A Gleave
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Nichola S Plowman
- 1] Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK [2] Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic [3] Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Suzan Benedick
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Locked Bag No. 3, Sandakan, Sabah 90509, Malaysia
| | - Henry Bernard
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
| | - Tom R Bishop
- 1] Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK [2] School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK [3] Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Effendi Y Bakhtiar
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
| | - Vun Khen Chey
- Forest Research Centre (Sepilok), Sabah Forestry Department, PO Box 1407, Sandakan, Sabah 90715, Malaysia
| | - Arthur Y C Chung
- Forest Research Centre (Sepilok), Sabah Forestry Department, PO Box 1407, Sandakan, Sabah 90715, Malaysia
| | - Richard G Davies
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Paul Eggleton
- Entomology Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Tom M Fayle
- 1] Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK [2] Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic [3] Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic [4] Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
| | - Stephen R Hardwick
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Rahman Homathevi
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
| | - Roger L Kitching
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and Griffith School of the Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Min Sheng Khoo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Sarah H Luke
- 1] School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK [2] Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Joshua J March
- Entomology Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Reuben Nilus
- Forest Research Centre (Sepilok), Sabah Forestry Department, PO Box 1407, Sandakan, Sabah 90715, Malaysia
| | - Marion Pfeifer
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Sri V Rao
- School of Rural, Animal and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Adam C Sharp
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Jake L Snaddon
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nigel E Stork
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and Griffith School of the Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Matthew J Struebig
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Oliver R Wearn
- 1] Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK [2] Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Kalsum M Yusah
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
| | - Edgar C Turner
- 1] Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK [2] Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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12
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Moreira X, Abdala-Roberts L, Parra-Tabla V, Mooney KA. Latitudinal variation in herbivory: influences of climatic drivers, herbivore identity and natural enemies. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xoaquín Moreira
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
- Inst. of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, Univ. of Neuchâtel; Rue Emile-Argand 11 CH-2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Víctor Parra-Tabla
- Depto de Ecología Tropical; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Univ. Autónoma de Yucatán; Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná 97000 Mérida Yucatán México
| | - Kailen A. Mooney
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
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13
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14
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Wardhaugh CW. The spatial and temporal distributions of arthropods in forest canopies: uniting disparate patterns with hypotheses for specialisation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 89:1021-41. [PMID: 24581118 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Arguably the majority of species on Earth utilise tropical rainforest canopies, and much progress has been made in describing arboreal assemblages, especially for arthropods. The most commonly described patterns for tropical rainforest insect communities are host specificity, spatial specialisation (predominantly vertical stratification), and temporal changes in abundance (seasonality and circadian rhythms). Here I review the recurrent results with respect to each of these patterns and discuss the evolutionary selective forces that have generated them in an attempt to unite these patterns in a holistic evolutionary framework. I propose that species can be quantified along a generalist-specialist scale not only with respect to host specificity, but also other spatial and temporal distribution patterns, where specialisation is a function of the extent of activity across space and time for particular species. When all of these distribution patterns are viewed through the paradigm of specialisation, hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the evolution of host specificity can also be applied to explain the generation and maintenance of other spatial and temporal distribution patterns. The main driver for most spatial and temporal distribution patterns is resource availability. Generally, the distribution of insects follows that of the resources they exploit, which are spatially stratified and vary temporally in availability. Physiological adaptations are primarily important for host specificity, where nutritional and chemical variation among host plants in particular, but also certain prey species and fungi, influence host range. Physiological tolerances of abiotic conditions are also important for explaining the spatial and temporal distributions of some insect species, especially in drier forest environments where desiccation is an ever-present threat. However, it is likely that for most species in moist tropical rainforests, abiotic conditions are valuable indicators of resource availability, rather than physiologically limiting factors. Overall, each distribution pattern is influenced by the same evolutionary forces, but at differing intensities. Consequently, each pattern is linked and not mutually exclusive of the other distribution patterns. Most studies have examined each of these patterns in isolation. Future work should focus on examining the evolutionary drivers of these patterns in concert. Only then can the relative strength of resource availability and distribution, host defensive phenotypes, and biotic and abiotic interactions on insect distribution patterns be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl W Wardhaugh
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, Queensland, 4870, Australia
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15
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Aikens KR, Timms LL, Buddle CM. Vertical heterogeneity in predation pressure in a temperate forest canopy. PeerJ 2013; 1:e138. [PMID: 24010017 PMCID: PMC3757462 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The forest canopy offers a vertical gradient across which variation in predation pressure implies variation in refuge quality for arthropods. Direct and indirect experimental approaches were combined to assess whether canopy strata differ in ability to offer refuge to various arthropod groups. Vertical heterogeneity in impact of avian predators was quantified using exclosure cages in the understory, lower, mid, and upper canopy of a north-temperate deciduous forest near Montreal, Quebec. Bait trials were completed in the same strata to investigate the effects of invertebrate predators. Exclusion of birds yielded higher arthropod densities across all strata, although treatment effects were small for some taxa. Observed gradients in predation pressure were similar for both birds and invertebrate predators; the highest predation pressure was observed in the understory and decreased with height. Our findings support a view of the forest canopy that is heterogeneous with respect to arthropod refuge from natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Aikens
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University , Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec , Canada
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16
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Roslin T, Wirta H, Hopkins T, Hardwick B, Várkonyi G. Indirect interactions in the High Arctic. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67367. [PMID: 23826279 PMCID: PMC3691180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Indirect interactions as mediated by higher and lower trophic levels have been advanced as key forces structuring herbivorous arthropod communities around the globe. Here, we present a first quantification of the interaction structure of a herbivore-centered food web from the High Arctic. Targeting the Lepidoptera of Northeast Greenland, we introduce generalized overlap indices as a novel tool for comparing different types of indirect interactions. First, we quantify the scope for top-down-up interactions as the probability that a herbivore attacking plant species i itself fed as a larva on species j. Second, we gauge this herbivore overlap against the potential for bottom-up-down interactions, quantified as the probability that a parasitoid attacking herbivore species i itself developed as a larva on species j. Third, we assess the impact of interactions with other food web modules, by extending the core web around the key herbivore Sympistis nigrita to other predator guilds (birds and spiders). We find the host specificity of both herbivores and parasitoids to be variable, with broad generalists occurring in both trophic layers. Indirect links through shared resources and through shared natural enemies both emerge as forces with a potential for shaping the herbivore community. The structure of the host-parasitoid submodule of the food web suggests scope for classic apparent competition. Yet, based on predation experiments, we estimate that birds kill as many (8%) larvae of S. nigrita as do parasitoids (8%), and that spiders kill many more (38%). Interactions between these predator guilds may result in further complexities. Our results caution against broad generalizations from studies of limited food web modules, and show the potential for interactions within and between guilds of extended webs. They also add a data point from the northernmost insect communities on Earth, and describe the baseline structure of a food web facing imminent climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Roslin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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17
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Effect of canopy openness on the pressure of predatory arthropods and birds on epigeic insects. Open Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-012-0093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAs canopy structure produces spatial heterogeneity of litter microclimatic conditions and thus is a crucial factor affecting ground insects, we hypothesized that low canopy openness has a positive effect on the activity of ground insect predators in forest and non-forest habitats. Blowfly larvae were used as bait along the canopy openness gradient (forest interior, forest edge, base of a solitary tree and meadow) and the attack rate was assessed after 30 min of exposure. Although the predation rate has a varying pattern throughout the year in different habitats, in contrast to previous studies, we observed a significant positive trend in predation rates toward the forest interior. A significant trend in predation rate was not observed in non-forest areas. We found that the trend was strongly influenced by ants as the most active taxon of predators (65%) attacking our baits, whereas ground beetles, the second-most active predators (21%), showed the opposite trend along the canopy openness gradient.
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18
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Vencl FV, Srygley RB. Enemy targeting, trade-offs, and the evolutionary assembly of a tortoise beetle defense arsenal. Evol Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-012-9603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Keroumi AE, Naamani K, Soummane H, Dahbi A. Seasonal dynamics of ant community structure in the Moroccan Argan Forest. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2012; 12:94. [PMID: 23421815 PMCID: PMC3596938 DOI: 10.1673/031.012.9401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study we describe the structure and composition of ant communities in the endemic Moroccan Argan forest, using pitfall traps sampling technique throughout the four seasons between May 2006 and February 2007. The study focused on two distinct climatic habitats within the Essaouira Argan forest, a semi-continental site at Lahssinate, and a coastal site at Boutazarte. Thirteen different ant species were identified, belonging to seven genera. Monomorium subopacum Smith and Tapinoma simrothi Krausse-Heldrungen (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were the most abundant and behaviorally dominant ant species in the arganeraie. In addition, more specimens were captured in the semi-continental site than in the coastal area. However, no significant difference was observed in species richness, evenness, or diversity between both sites. Composition and community structure showed clear seasonal dynamics. The number of species, their abundance, their diversity, and their evenness per Argan tree were significantly dissimilar among seasons. The richness (except between summer and autumn), and the abundance and the evenness of ant species among communities, showed a significant difference between the dry period (summer and spring) and the rainy period (winter and autumn). Higher abundance and richness values occurred in the dry period of the year. Ant species dominance and seasonal climatic variations in the arganeraie might be among the main factors affecting the composition, structure, and foraging activity of ant communities. This study, together with recent findings on ant predation behavior below Argan trees, highlights the promising use of dominant ant species as potential agents of Mediterranean fruit fly bio-control in the Argan forest and surrounding ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim El Keroumi
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies-Biochemistry, Valorisation and Protection of Plants (2BV2P), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Khalid Naamani
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies-Biochemistry, Valorisation and Protection of Plants (2BV2P), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Hassna Soummane
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies-Biochemistry, Valorisation and Protection of Plants (2BV2P), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Abdallah Dahbi
- Equipe de recherche Environnement et santé (ENSA), Département des Sciences Naturelles, Faculté Polydisciplinaire, Université Cadi Ayyad Safi, Marocco
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Abstract
Abstract:The ant assemblages in two common tree species in primary lowland forest of New Guinea were explored using direct canopy access and tuna bait traps. The 19 trees investigated were occupied by 21 ant species of which 18 were canopy inhabitants. On average only 3.6 ant species per tree and 3 species per bait were found. Height of bait position was positively related to ant species richness, with the upper parts of the canopy being occupied by the highest number of species. On the other hand, tree species and study site did not have any effect on ant species richness nor on structure of the ant assemblages. Ant species appeared to be distributed randomly and we did not detect any effect of distance on similarity of ant assemblage occurring on the trees. The dominant species (Crematogaster polita) had certain negative effects on the presence of some species at food sources co-occurring at the same tree, but it did co-occur with the other ants to some extent as well. The majority of species found in the canopy were generalist omnivores (depending mainly on trophobionts or plant exudates).
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21
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Roberts MR, Paul ND. Seduced by the dark side: integrating molecular and ecological perspectives on the influence of light on plant defence against pests and pathogens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 170:677-99. [PMID: 16684231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants frequently suffer attack from herbivores and microbial pathogens, and have evolved a complex array of defence mechanisms to resist defoliation and disease. These include both preformed defences, ranging from structural features to stores of toxic secondary metabolites, and inducible defences, which are activated only after an attack is detected. It is well known that plant defences against pests and pathogens are commonly affected by environmental conditions, but the mechanisms by which responses to the biotic and abiotic environments interact are only poorly understood. In this review, we consider the impact of light on plant defence, in terms of both plant life histories and rapid scale molecular responses to biotic attack. We bring together evidence that illustrates that light not only modulates defence responses via its influence on biochemistry and plant development but, in some cases, is essential for the development of resistance. We suggest that the interaction between the light environment and plant defence is multifaceted, and extends across different temporal and biological scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
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22
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Goldstein PZ. Systematic collection data in North American invertebrate conservation and monitoring programmes. J Appl Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Basset Y, Novotny V, Miller SE, Weiblen GD, Missa O, Stewart AJA. Conservation and biological monitoring of tropical forests: the role of parataxonomists. J Appl Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Heil M, McKey D. Protective Ant-Plant Interactions as Model Systems in Ecological and Evolutionary Research. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2003. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Winzerlaer Strasse, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
- Céntre d'Ecologie Fonctionelle et Evolutive (CEFE-CNRS, UPR 9056), 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France;
| | - Doyle McKey
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Winzerlaer Strasse, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
- Céntre d'Ecologie Fonctionelle et Evolutive (CEFE-CNRS, UPR 9056), 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France;
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Scheirs J, De Bruyn L. Temporal variability of top-down forces and their role in host choice evolution of phytophagous arthropods. OIKOS 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.970115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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