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Xiao W, Sha K, Wang M, Tan Z, Wang Y, Xu S, Zhao Z, Wang Q, Xie H, Chen M, Deng Z, Li J. SERPINB3/B4 Is Increased in Psoriasis and Rosacea Lesions and Has Proinflammatory Effects in Mouse Models of these Diseases. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00367-1. [PMID: 38735363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis and rosacea are both chronic inflammatory skin disorders resulted from aberrant keratinocyte-immune cell crosstalk, but the common molecular foundations for these 2 conditions are poorly understood. In this study, we reveal that both patients with psoriasis and those with rosacea as well as their mouse models have significantly elevated expressions of SERPINB3/B4 (members of serine protease inhibitor) in the lesional skin. Skin inflammation in mice that resembles both psoriasis and rosacea is prevented by SERPINB3/B4 deficiency. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that SERPINB3/B4 positively induces NF-κB signaling activation, thereby stimulating disease-characteristic inflammatory chemokines and cytokines production in keratinocytes and promoting the chemotaxis of CD4+ T cells. Our results suggest that in keratinocytes, SERPINB3/B4 may be involved in the pathogenesis of both psoriasis and rosacea by stimulating NF-κB signaling, and they indicate a possible treatment overlap between these 2 diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Sha
- Department of Dermatology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zixin Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunying Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - San Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Hunan Binsis Biotechnology, Changsha, China
| | - Hongfu Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhili Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Pfisterer K, Wielscher M, Samardzic D, Weinzettl P, Symmank D, Shaw LE, Campana R, Huang HJ, Farlik M, Bangert C, Vrtala S, Valenta R, Weninger W. Non-IgE-reactive allergen peptides deteriorate the skin barrier in house dust mite-sensitized atopic dermatitis patients. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1240289. [PMID: 37675143 PMCID: PMC10478000 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1240289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by type 2 cytokine-driven skin inflammation and epithelial barrier dysfunction. The latter is believed to allow the increased penetration of chemicals, toxins, and allergens into the skin. House dust mite allergens, particularly Der p 2, are important triggers in sensitized individuals with AD; the precise actions of these allergens in epithelial biology remain, however, incompletely understood. In this study, we compared the effects of the protein allergen Der p 2 and a mix of non-IgE-reactive Der p 2 peptides on skin cells using patch tests in AD patients and healthy participants. We then analyzed mRNA expression profiles of keratinocytes by single-cell RNA-sequencing. We report that existing barrier deficiencies in the non-lesional skin of AD patients allow deep penetration of Der p 2 and its peptides, leading to local microinflammation. Der p 2 protein specifically upregulated genes involved in the innate immune system, stress, and danger signals in suprabasal KC. Der p 2 peptides further downregulated skin barrier genes, in particular the expression of genes involved in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion. Peptides also induced genes involved in hyperproliferation and caused disturbances in keratinocyte differentiation. Furthermore, inflammasome-relevant genes and IL18 were overexpressed, while KRT1 was downregulated. Our data suggest that Der p 2 peptides contribute to AD initiation and exacerbation by augmenting hallmark features of AD, such as skin inflammation, barrier disruption, and hyperplasia of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Pfisterer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Wielscher
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Samardzic
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pauline Weinzettl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorte Symmank
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa E. Shaw
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raffaela Campana
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Huey-Jy Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Bangert
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Vrtala
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Saeki H, Ohya Y, Furuta J, Arakawa H, Ichiyama S, Katsunuma T, Katoh N, Tanaka A, Tsunemi Y, Nakahara T, Nagao M, Narita M, Hide M, Fujisawa T, Futamura M, Masuda K, Matsubara T, Murota H, Yamamoto-Hanada K. English Version of Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis 2021. J Dermatol 2022; 49:e315-e375. [PMID: 35996152 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This is the English version of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis 2021. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a disease characterized by relapsing eczema with pruritus as a primary lesion. In Japan, from the perspective of evidence-based medicine, the current strategies for the treatment of AD consist of three primary measures: (i) use of topical corticosteroids, tacrolimus ointment, and delgocitinib ointment as the main treatment of the inflammation; (ii) topical application of emollients to treat the cutaneous barrier dysfunction; and (iii) avoidance of apparent exacerbating factors, psychological counseling, and advice about daily life. In the present revised guidelines, descriptions of three new drugs, namely, dupilumab, delgocitinib, and baricitinib, have been added. The guidelines present recommendations to review clinical research articles, evaluate the balance between the advantages and disadvantages of medical activities, and optimize medical activity-related patient outcomes with respect to several important points requiring decision-making in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehisa Saeki
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ohya
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Furuta
- Medical Informatics and Management, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Arakawa
- Kitakanto Allergy Research Institute, Kibounoie Hospital, Midori, Japan
| | - Susumu Ichiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Katsunuma
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University Daisan Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norito Katoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akio Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Tsunemi
- Department of Dermatology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nagao
- Allergy Center, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masami Narita
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Hide
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takao Fujisawa
- Allergy Center, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masaki Futamura
- Division of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Masuda
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Matsubara
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murota
- Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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4
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Hirayama J, Fujisawa T, Nagao M, Kuwabara Y, Kainuma K, Azuma Y, Ono J, Ohta S, Hirayama M, Izuhara K. Squamous cell carcinoma antigens are sensitive biomarkers for atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Asia Pac Allergy 2021; 11:e42. [PMID: 34786372 PMCID: PMC8563101 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2021.11.e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We recently reported that squamous cell carcinoma antigen 2 (SCCA2) is a reliable biomarker for atopic dermatitis (AD). Objective To further clarify its utility, we investigated for effects of comorbid allergies and AD treatment on serum SCCA levels. Methods Volunteers <18 years old were recruited through our website. Their allergic status was elucidated using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. We also recruited pediatric patients who were hospitalized because of severe AD. The serum levels of SCCA1 and SCCA2 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In the severe AD patients, the levels of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), SCCA1, and SCCA2 were measured before and after hospitalization. The severity of AD was assessed using the severity scoring of atopic dermatitis (SCORAD). Results A total of 576 participants (547 volunteers and 29 patients) were enrolled in the study. The levels of SCCA1 and SCCA2 were significantly higher in volunteers with mild AD and patients with severe AD than in healthy volunteers without allergic diseases. The levels were not elevated in those who had mild bronchial asthma or allergic rhinitis without AD. TARC, SCCA1, and SCCA2 were decreased during the treatment in severe AD patients, reflecting clinical improvement in response to treatment. Linear regression analysis for predicting a decrease in the SCORAD index showed R2 values of 0.16, 0.38, and 0.48 for TARC, SCCA1, and SCCA2, respectively. Conclusion SCCAs, especially SCCA2, are sensitive biomarkers for detecting AD in children and adolescents and for assessing the severity and response to treatment of severe AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Hirayama
- Allergy Center, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Takao Fujisawa
- Allergy Center, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nagao
- Allergy Center, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yu Kuwabara
- Allergy Center, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
| | - Keigo Kainuma
- Allergy Center, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
| | | | - Junya Ono
- Shino-Test Corporation, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Ohta
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kenji Izuhara
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima, Japan
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5
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Oike T, Oike T, Ando K, Iwase A, Ohno T. The Non-Cancer Specific Elevation of the Serum Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen during the Post-Radiotherapy Follow-Up of Cervical Cancer Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091585. [PMID: 34573927 PMCID: PMC8464782 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The elevation of the serum squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen unrelated to disease progression occurs during the follow-up of patients with cervical cancer treated with radiotherapy. Although known empirically, the incidence and characteristics of this non-cancer specific elevation in SCC remain unclear. Here, we examined the post-treatment kinetics of SCC in 143 consecutive patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix treated with definitive radiotherapy; in all patients, progression-free disease status was confirmed by periodic monitoring for at least 36 months (median, 61 months). We found that the 5-year cumulative incidence of post-treatment SCC elevation was unexpectedly high at 37.3% (59/143 patients), and that 59.3% (35/59) of event-positive patients experienced multiple events. The median peak SCC level for a given event was 2.0 ng/mL (interquartile range, 1.7–2.9 ng/mL). The multivariate analysis showed that renal dysfunction was associated significantly with a greater incidence of SCC elevation (p = 0.046). In addition, the 5-year cumulative incidence of SCC elevation was significantly greater in patients with renal dysfunction than in those without (54.8% vs. 32.9%, respectively; hazard ratio, 2.1 [95% confidence interval, 1.1–4.2]; p = 0.028). These data will be useful for monitoring cervical cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Oike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (T.O.); (A.I.)
| | - Takahiro Oike
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (K.A.); (T.O.)
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Ken Ando
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (K.A.); (T.O.)
| | - Akira Iwase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (T.O.); (A.I.)
| | - Tatsuya Ohno
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (K.A.); (T.O.)
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan
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Shimomura M, Okura Y, Takahashi Y, Kobayashi I. A Serum Level of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen as a Real-Time Biomarker of Atopic Dermatitis. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY IMMUNOLOGY AND PULMONOLOGY 2021; 34:102-105. [PMID: 34415811 DOI: 10.1089/ped.2021.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Although serum levels of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) are elevated in atopic dermatitis (AD), their clinical utility has not been fully elucidated. Methods: Thirty-three cases of AD who admitted to our hospital were analyzed. Results: Baseline characteristics on admission were as follows: median age 19 months [interquartile range (IQR), 12-52 months], median objective severity scoring of atopic dermatitis (O-SCORAD) 19.2 (IQR, 4.2-36.0), and median serum SCCA levels 3.2 ng/mL (IQR, 2.1-6.8 ng/mL). O-SCORAD significantly correlated with serum SCCA levels (rs = 0.865, P < 0.001). In 9 cases whose information before and after treatment was available (median interval, 3 days; IQR 2-5 days), median serum SCCA levels significantly decreased from 8.0 to 2.0 ng/mL (P = 0.008) after the treatment. Conclusions: Serum levels of total SCCA rapidly declined in response to the treatment and could be used as a real-time biomarker in childhood AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shimomura
- Center for Pediatric Allergy and Rheumatology, KKR Sapporo Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuka Okura
- Center for Pediatric Allergy and Rheumatology, KKR Sapporo Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Center for Pediatric Allergy and Rheumatology, KKR Sapporo Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kobayashi
- Center for Pediatric Allergy and Rheumatology, KKR Sapporo Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
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7
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Hirayama J, Fujisawa T, Nagao M, Kuwabara Y, Kainuma K, Azuma Y, Ono J, Ohta S, Hirayama M, Izuhara K. Squamous cell carcinoma antigens (SCCAs) are sensitive biomarkers for atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Asia Pac Allergy 2021. [DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2021.11.e51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junya Hirayama
- Allergy Center, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Takao Fujisawa
- Allergy Center, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nagao
- Allergy Center, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yu Kuwabara
- Allergy Center, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
| | - Keigo Kainuma
- Allergy Center, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
| | | | - Junya Ono
- Shino-Test Corporation, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Ohta
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kenji Izuhara
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima, Japan
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8
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Goleva E, Calatroni A, LeBeau P, Berdyshev E, Taylor P, Kreimer S, Cole RN, Leung DYM. Skin tape proteomics identifies pathways associated with transepidermal water loss and allergen polysensitization in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:1367-1378. [PMID: 32360271 PMCID: PMC7606732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy (FA) are associated with skin barrier dysfunction. OBJECTIVE Skin biomarkers are needed for skin barrier interventions studies. METHODS In this study, skin tape strip (STS) samples were collected from nonlesional skin of 62 children in AD FA+, AD FA-, and nonatopic groups for mass spectrometry proteomic analysis. transepidermal water loss and allergic sensitization were assessed. STS proteomic analysis results were validated in an independent cohort of 41 adults with AD with and without FA versus nonatopic controls. RESULTS A group of 45 proteins was identified as a principal component 1 (PC1) with the highest expression in AD FA+ STSs. This novel set of STS proteins was highly correlative to skin transepidermal water loss and allergic sensitization. PC1 proteins included keratin intermediate filaments; proteins associated with inflammatory responses (S100 proteins, alarmins, protease inhibitors); and glycolysis and antioxidant defense enzymes. Analysis of PC1 proteins expression in an independent adult AD cohort validated differential expression of STS PC1 proteins in the skin of adult patients with AD with the history of clinical reactions to peanut. CONCLUSIONS STS analysis of nonlesional skin of AD children identified a cluster of proteins with the highest expression in AD FA+ children. The differential expression of STS PC1 proteins was confirmed in a replicate cohort of adult AD patients with FA to peanut, suggesting a unique STS proteomic endotype for AD FA+ that persists into adulthood. Collectively, PC1 proteins are associated with abnormalities in skin barrier integrity and may increase the risk of epicutaneous sensitization to food allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Goleva
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | | | | | | | - Patricia Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
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9
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Izuhara K, Yamaguchi Y, Ohta S, Nunomura S, Nanri Y, Azuma Y, Nomura N, Noguchi Y, Aihara M. Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 2 (SCCA2, SERPINB4): An Emerging Biomarker for Skin Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1102. [PMID: 29642409 PMCID: PMC5979376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma antigens 1 and 2 (SCCA1 and 2, SERPIN B3 and B4), members of the ovalbumin serpin (ov-serpin)/clade B serpin family, were originally discovered as tumor-specific antigens and are used as tumor markers for various kinds of squamous cell carcinomas. Recently, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of how SCCA1/2 enhance tumor growth has greatly increased. Moreover, it has been shown that SCCA1/2 are involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases: asthma, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis (AD). IL-22 and IL-17, signature cytokines of type 17 inflammation, as well as IL-4 and IL-13, signature cytokines of type 2 inflammation, both of which are positively correlated with the pathogenesis of psoriasis and allergic diseases, respectively, can induce expression of SCCA1/2 in airway epithelial cells and/or keratinocytes, leading to high expression of SCCA1/2 in these diseases. Based on these findings, several trials have been performed to examine the potential of applying SCCA1/2 to biomarkers for these diseases. The findings show that SCCA2 is useful to aid diagnosis, estimate clinical severity and disease type, and assess responses to treatment in psoriasis and AD. These results suggest that SCCA2 has emerged as a novel biomarker for skin inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Izuhara
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Yukie Yamaguchi
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Shoichiro Ohta
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, School of Health Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa 831-8501, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Nunomura
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Nanri
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | | | | | | | - Michiko Aihara
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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10
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Sun Y, Sheshadri N, Zong WX. SERPINB3 and B4: From biochemistry to biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:170-177. [PMID: 27637160 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human SERPINB3 and SERPINB4 are evolutionary duplicated serine/cysteine protease inhibitors. Genomic analysis indicates that these paralogous genes were encoded from independent loci arising from tandem gene duplication. Although the two molecules share 92% identity of their amino acid sequences, they are distinct in the Reactive Center Loop (RCL) including a hinge region and catalytic sequences which accounts for altered substrate specificity. Elevated expression of the two molecules has been reported to contribute to numerous pathological conditions such as inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this review, we focus on summarizing the biochemical features of SERPINB3/B4 and discussing the mechanistic basis for their biological functions and implications in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Namratha Sheshadri
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States.
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11
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Sivaprasad U, Kinker KG, Ericksen MB, Lindsey M, Gibson AM, Bass SA, Hershey NS, Deng J, Medvedovic M, Khurana Hershey GK. SERPINB3/B4 contributes to early inflammation and barrier dysfunction in an experimental murine model of atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:160-169. [PMID: 25111616 PMCID: PMC4268075 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases are critical for epidermal barrier homeostasis, and their aberrant expression and/or activity is associated with chronic skin diseases. Elevated levels of the serine protease inhibitors SERPINB3 and SERPINB4 are seen in patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. However, their mechanistic role in the skin is unknown. To evaluate the contribution of Serpinb3a (mouse homolog of SERPINB3 and SERPINB4) in atopic dermatitis, we examined the effect of topical Aspergillus fumigatus extract exposure in wild-type and Serpinb3a-null mice on transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sensitization, and inflammation. Allergen exposure induced Serpinb3a expression in the skin, along with increased TEWL, epidermal thickness, and skin inflammation, all of which were attenuated in the absence of Serpinb3a. Attenuated TEWL correlated with decreased expression of the pro-inflammatory marker S100A8. Silencing of SERPINB3/B4 in human keratinocytes decreased S100A8 expression, supporting a role for SERPINB3/B4 in the initiation of the acute inflammatory response. RNA-seq analysis following allergen exposure identified a network of pro-inflammatory genes induced in wild-type mice that was absent in Serpinb3a-null mice. In conclusion, Serpinb3a deficiency attenuates barrier dysfunction and the early inflammatory response following cutaneous allergen exposure, supporting a role for Serpinb3a (mice) and SERPINB3/B4 (humans) early in atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umasundari Sivaprasad
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kayla G Kinker
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark B Ericksen
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark Lindsey
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Aaron M Gibson
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stacey A Bass
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicolas S Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jingyuan Deng
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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12
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Sivaprasad U, Askew DJ, Ericksen MB, Gibson AM, Stier MT, Brandt EB, Bass SA, Daines MO, Chakir J, Stringer KF, Wert SE, Whitsett JA, Le Cras TD, Wills-Karp M, Silverman GA, Khurana Hershey GK. A nonredundant role for mouse Serpinb3a in the induction of mucus production in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 127:254-61, 261.e1-6. [PMID: 21126757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a major public health burden worldwide. Studies from our group and others have demonstrated that SERPINB3 and SERPINB4 are induced in patients with asthma; however, their mechanistic role in asthma has yet to be determined. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of Serpin3a, the murine homolog of SERPINB3 and SERPINB4, in asthma. METHODS We studied wild-type Balb/c and Serpinb3a-null mice in house dust mite or IL-13-induced asthma models and evaluated airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and goblet cell hyperplasia. RESULTS Airway hyperresponsiveness and goblet cell hyperplasia were markedly attenuated in the Serpinb3a-null mice compared with the wild-type mice after allergen challenge, with minimal effects on inflammation. Expression of sterile alpha motif pointed domain containing v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog transcription factor (SPDEF), a transcription factor that mediates goblet cell hyperplasia, was decreased in the absence of Serpinb3a. IL-13-treated Serpinb3a-null mice showed attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and mucus production. CONCLUSION Excessive mucus production and mucus plugging are key pathologic features of asthma, yet the mechanisms responsible for mucus production are not well understood. Our data reveal a novel nonredundant role for Serpinb3a in mediating mucus production through regulation of SPDEF expression. This pathway may be used to target mucus hypersecretion effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umasundari Sivaprasad
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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13
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Suzuki K, Inokuchi A, Miyazaki J, Kuratomi Y, Izuhara K. Relationship between squamous cell carcinoma antigen and the clinical severity of allergic rhinitis caused by Dermatophagoides farinae and Japanese cedar pollen. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2010; 119:22-6. [PMID: 20128182 DOI: 10.1177/000348941011900104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Allergic rhinitis is known to be related to the Th2-type immune response, but no sensitive biomarker of severity yet exists. Serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) is clinically used as a popular tumor biomarker. We have demonstrated that SCCA is related to allergic diseases such as asthma. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the relationship between allergic rhinitis and SCCA, which had not yet been investigated. METHODS We compared the serum SCCA levels in patients with allergic rhinitis due to Japanese cedar pollen and Dermatophagoides farinae with those in normal subjects. Thereafter, the correlations between the clinical severity of allergic rhinitis and the serum levels of SCCA were investigated. Furthermore, the influence of 8 variables (serum levels of SCCA, immunoglobulin E, eosinophil cationic protein, and eosinophils; age; gender; oral administration of antiallergic or antihistaminic agents; and use of nasal drops) in regard to the severity of allergic rhinitis was studied by a multiple regression analysis. RESULTS The SCCA levels of the D farinae group were statistically higher than those of the control group, and they correlated with the severity of rhinitis. Among the 8 variables, only the SCCA level was found to be a predictive factor of severity on a multiple regression analysis. No relationship between SCCA level and Japanese cedar pollen allergy was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the serum SCCA level may be a useful biomarker to evaluate the severity of allergic rhinitis caused by D farinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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14
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Mitsuishi K, Nakamura T, Sakata Y, Yuyama N, Arima K, Sugita Y, Suto H, Izuhara K, Ogawa H. The squamous cell carcinoma antigens as relevant biomarkers of atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 35:1327-33. [PMID: 16238792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is thought that both Th1- and Th2-type inflammations are involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD), it is controversial which immune response is more involved in regulating the clinical severity of AD. We recently found that the squamous cell carcinoma antigens 1 (SCCA1) and SCCA2 are novel biomarkers of bronchial asthma, downstream of IL-4 and IL-13. OBJECTIVE We examined whether SCCA1 and SCCA2 could also serve as biomarkers of AD, reflecting its Th2-type immune responses, and whether the expression level of SCCA was correlated with clinical severity of AD. METHOD We compared the expression of SCCA1 and SCCA2 at the mRNA and protein levels in both involved and uninvolved skin of AD patients and in normal control skin. We next analysed induction of SCCA by IL-4 or IL-13 in keratinocytes. Finally, we compared the serum level of SCCA with laboratory parameters reflecting Th2-type inflammation and clinical severity in AD patients. RESULTS SCCA1 and SCCA2 were highly expressed in involved skin of AD patients, compared with their uninvolved skin, at both mRNA and protein levels. SCCA protein was dominantly expressed in suprabasal keratinocytes in the epidermis of AD patients. Either IL-4 or IL-13, but not IFN-gamma or TNF, induced production of SCCA in keratinocytes. These result suggest that SCCA is induced in AD skin, probably due to direct actions of IL-4 and/or IL-13 on keratinocytes. Serum levels of SCCA were well correlated with eosinophil numbers and serum lactate dehydrogenase levels, and weakly with serum IgE levels, in AD patients. Furthermore, serum levels of SCCA were strongly correlated with clinical severity. CONCLUSIONS Th2-type inflammation dominantly regulates the clinical severity of AD, and SCCA is a relevant biomarker of AD, reflecting both Th2-type inflammation and clinical severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mitsuishi
- Department of Dermatology, Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Nishi N, Miyazaki M, Tsuji K, Hitomi T, Muro E, Zaitsu M, Yamamoto S, Inada S, Kobayashi I, Ichimaru T, Izuhara K, Nagumo F, Yuyama N, Hamasaki Y. Squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen in children with acute asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 94:391-7. [PMID: 15801252 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased serum levels of squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen (SCCA) have been observed in patients with allergic disorders, such as atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma. T(H)2 cytokines, which are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders, stimulate new synthesis of SCCA in cultured human airway epithelial cells. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether SCCA levels increase during acute exacerbations of asthma in children and whether the T(H)2 cytokines, interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-13, are associated with SCCA levels. METHODS Serum levels of SCCA, IL-4, and IL-13 were measured by enzyme immunoassay during the acute phase of an asthma exacerbation (on hospital admission) and in the recovery phase (after symptoms had subsided). RESULTS In the 35 children who participated in this study, serum levels of SCCA were significantly elevated in the acute phase (mean +/- SD, 3.09 +/- 2.03 ng/mL) compared with the recovery phase (mean +/- SD, 1.47 +/- 0.64 ng/mL) of an asthma exacerbation (P < .001). In 12 children, the IL-13 levels were observed to correlate with SCCA levels during the recovery phase (r = 0.68, P = .02) but not during the acute phase of an asthma exacerbation. CONCLUSIONS Serum SCCA levels increase during the acute phase of an asthma exacerbation. During this phase, the increased synthesis of SCCA is not associated with IL-13 but rather mediated by other undefined stimuli. IL-13 may contribute to the basal production of SCCA in asthmatic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Nishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga City, Japan.
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16
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Kallen C, Reinhard T, Schilgen G, Cartsburg O, Böcking A, Auw-Hädrich C, Sundmacher R. [Atopic keratoconjunctivitis: probably a risk factor for the development of conjuntival carcinoma]. Ophthalmologe 2004; 100:808-14. [PMID: 14618353 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-003-0809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost half of the patients with atopic dermatitis experience chronic inflammation of the eyelids, the conjunctiva and the cornea. Chronic inflammation is a possible cause for the development of malignancies, especially if associated with some kind of immunological defect as in atopic patients. So far, a correlation between atopic conjunctivitis and conjunctival malignancies has not yet been reported. Here, we present 7 atopic patients with conjunctival carcinoma or carcinoma in situ detected between February 2000 and August 2001. PATIENTS All 7 patients had a long history of atopic dermatitis and chronic of inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea. In all patients smears were examined by cytology and DNA cytometry. Furthermore, in 6 of the 7 patients a histopathological examination of conjunctival biopsies was performed. RESULTS In 4 of the 7 patients invasive conjunctival carcinoma and in 2 carcinoma in situ were detected. Cytology and cytometry revealed conjunctival carcinoma or carcinoma in situ in the remaining patient. Histopathological examination could not be performed since the patient refused to have a conjunctival biopsy. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that atopic keratoconjunctivitis might be a risk factor for the development of conjunctival carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kallen
- Augenklinik der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
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17
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Izuhara K. The role of interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 in the non-immunologic aspects of asthma pathogenesis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41:860-4. [PMID: 12940509 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2003.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a complex disease characterized by airway inflammation involving a Th2-cytokine, interleukin (IL)-13. A substantial body of evidence has accumulated pointing to the pivotal role of IL-13 in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. The evidence is categorized as (i) analyses of mouse models, (ii) expression of these cytokines in the bronchial lesions, and (iii) genetic association of the signaling molecules of these cytokines. In addition, the molecular mechanism of the signal transduction of IL-13 has also been well characterized. We have applied microarray analyses to human bronchial epithelial cultures to search for genes regulated by IL-13 and have identified a subset of disease-relevant genes by comparison with cDNA libraries derived from normal and asthmatic bronchial biopsies. Expression of squamous cell carcinoma antigen-1 (SCCA1) and SCCA2, the cysteine and serine protease inhibitors, respectively, was the highest in the bronchial epithelial cells stimulated by IL-4 and IL-13 and was augmented in the asthmatic cDNA library. Furthermore, serum levels of SCCA were also elevated in asthmatic patients. Taken together, it was supposed that SCCA may play some role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, and measuring its serum level may be relevant for diagnosing or monitoring the status of bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Izuhara
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Center for Comprehensive Community Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan.
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18
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Yuyama N, Davies DE, Akaiwa M, Matsui K, Hamasaki Y, Suminami Y, Yoshida NL, Maeda M, Pandit A, Lordan JL, Kamogawa Y, Arima K, Nagumo F, Sugimachi M, Berger A, Richards I, Roberds SL, Yamashita T, Kishi F, Kato H, Arai KI, Ohshima K, Tadano J, Hamasaki N, Miyatake S, Sugita Y, Holgate ST, Izuhara K. Analysis of novel disease-related genes in bronchial asthma. Cytokine 2002; 19:287-96. [PMID: 12421571 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2002.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a complex disease characterized by airway inflammation involving interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. We have applied microarray analyses to human bronchial epithelial cultures to probe for genes regulated by these cytokines and have identified a subset of disease-relevant genes by comparison with cDNA libraries derived from normal and asthmatic bronchial biopsies. Squamous cell carcinoma antigen-1 (SCCA1) and SCCA2, the cysteine and serine protease inhibitors, respectively, showed the highest expression by IL-4 and IL-13, and particularly, SCCA1 was significantly increased in the asthmatic cDNA library. STAT6 was shown to be involved in expression of SCCA1 and SCCA2 in vitro. Furthermore, serum levels of SCCA were also elevated in asthmatic patients. Taken together, it was supposed that SCCA may play some role in the pathogenesis of bronchia asthma, and measuring its serum level may be relevant for diagnosing or monitoring the status of bronchial asthma. In a complex disorder such as asthma, this combination of in vitro and in vivo genomic approaches is a powerful discriminatory method enabling identification of novel disease-related genes and their mechanisms of regulation.
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