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Patilas C, Varsamos I, Galanis A, Vavourakis M, Zachariou D, Marougklianis V, Kolovos I, Tsalimas G, Karampinas P, Kaspiris A, Vlamis J, Pneumaticos S. The Role of Interleukin-10 in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of a Spinal Cord Injury. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:151. [PMID: 38248028 PMCID: PMC10814517 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that often leads to severe and permanent neurological deficits. The complex pathophysiology of an SCI involves a cascade of events, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and secondary injury processes. Among the myriad of molecular players involved, interleukin-10 (IL-10) emerges as a key regulator with the potential to modulate both the inflammatory response and promote neuroprotection. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate interplay of IL-10 in the pathogenesis of an SCI and explores its therapeutic implications in the quest for effective treatments. IL-10 has been found to regulate inflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis, and glial scars after an SCI. Its neuroprotective properties have been evaluated in a plethora of animal studies. IL-10 administration, either isolated or in combination with other molecules or biomaterials, has shown neuroprotective effects through a reduction in inflammation, the promotion of tissue repair and regeneration, the modulation of glial scar formation, and improved functional outcomes. In conclusion, IL-10 emerges as a pivotal player in the pathogenesis and treatment of SCIs. Its multifaceted role in modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis, glial scars, and neuroprotection positions IL-10 as a promising therapeutic target. The ongoing research exploring various strategies for harnessing the potential of IL-10 offers hope for the development of effective treatments that could significantly improve outcomes for individuals suffering from spinal cord injuries. As our understanding of IL-10's intricacies deepens, it opens new avenues for innovative and targeted therapeutic interventions, bringing us closer to the goal of alleviating the profound impact of SCIs on patients' lives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michail Vavourakis
- 3rd Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT General Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece
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Suo Q, Deng L, Chen T, Wu S, Qi L, Liu Z, He T, Tian HL, Li W, Tang Y, Yang GY, Zhang Z. Optogenetic Activation of Astrocytes Reduces Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption via IL-10 In Stroke. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1870-1886. [PMID: 37196130 PMCID: PMC10529757 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has been used to regulate astrocyte activity and modulate neuronal function after brain injury. Activated astrocytes regulate blood-brain barrier functions and are thereby involved in brain repair. However, the effect and molecular mechanism of optogenetic-activated astrocytes on the change in barrier function in ischemic stroke remain obscure. In this study, adult male GFAP-ChR2-EYFP transgenic Sprague-Dawley rats were stimulated by optogenetics at 24, 36, 48, and 60 h after photothrombotic stroke to activate ipsilateral cortical astrocytes. The effects of activated astrocytes on barrier integrity and the underlying mechanisms were explored using immunostaining, western blotting, RT-qPCR, and shRNA interference. Neurobehavioral tests were performed to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. The results demonstrated that IgG leakage, gap formation of tight junction proteins, and matrix metallopeptidase 2 expression were reduced after optogenetic activation of astrocytes (p<0.05). Moreover, photo-stimulation of astrocytes protected neurons against apoptosis and improved neurobehavioral outcomes in stroke rats compared to controls (p<0.05). Notably, interleukin-10 expression in optogenetic-activated astrocytes significantly increased after ischemic stroke in rats. Inhibition of interleukin-10 in astrocytes compromised the protective effects of optogenetic-activated astrocytes (p<0.05). We found for the first time that interleukin-10 derived from optogenetic-activated astrocytes protected blood-brain barrier integrity by decreasing the activity of matrix metallopeptidase 2 and attenuated neuronal apoptosis, which provided a novel therapeutic approach and target in the acute stage of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Suo
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lidong Deng
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tingting Chen
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengju Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Qi
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ze Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tingting He
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng-Li Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wanlu Li
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Choudhary RC, Shoaib M, Hayashida K, Yin T, Miyara SJ, d’Abramo C, Heuser WG, Shinozaki K, Kim N, Takegawa R, Nishikimi M, Li T, Owens C, Molmenti EP, He M, Vanpatten S, Al-Abed Y, Kim J, Becker LB. Multi-Drug Cocktail Therapy Improves Survival and Neurological Function after Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest in Rodents. Cells 2023; 12:1548. [PMID: 37296668 PMCID: PMC10253071 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac arrest (CA) can lead to neuronal degeneration and death through various pathways, including oxidative, inflammatory, and metabolic stress. However, current neuroprotective drug therapies will typically target only one of these pathways, and most single drug attempts to correct the multiple dysregulated metabolic pathways elicited following cardiac arrest have failed to demonstrate clear benefit. Many scientists have opined on the need for novel, multidimensional approaches to the multiple metabolic disturbances after cardiac arrest. In the current study, we have developed a therapeutic cocktail that includes ten drugs capable of targeting multiple pathways of ischemia-reperfusion injury after CA. We then evaluated its effectiveness in improving neurologically favorable survival through a randomized, blind, and placebo-controlled study in rats subjected to 12 min of asphyxial CA, a severe injury model. RESULTS 14 rats were given the cocktail and 14 received the vehicle after resuscitation. At 72 h post-resuscitation, the survival rate was 78.6% among cocktail-treated rats, which was significantly higher than the 28.6% survival rate among vehicle-treated rats (log-rank test; p = 0.006). Moreover, in cocktail-treated rats, neurological deficit scores were also improved. These survival and neurological function data suggest that our multi-drug cocktail may be a potential post-CA therapy that deserves clinical translation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that, with its ability to target multiple damaging pathways, a multi-drug therapeutic cocktail offers promise both as a conceptual advance and as a specific multi-drug formulation capable of combatting neuronal degeneration and death following cardiac arrest. Clinical implementation of this therapy may improve neurologically favorable survival rates and neurological deficits in patients suffering from cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh C. Choudhary
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (R.C.C.)
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Muhammad Shoaib
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (R.C.C.)
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Kei Hayashida
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (R.C.C.)
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Tai Yin
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (R.C.C.)
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Santiago J. Miyara
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (R.C.C.)
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Cristina d’Abramo
- Litwin-Zucker Center for Research in Alzheimer’s Disease, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - William G. Heuser
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Koichiro Shinozaki
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (R.C.C.)
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Nancy Kim
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (R.C.C.)
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Ryosuke Takegawa
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (R.C.C.)
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Mitsuaki Nishikimi
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (R.C.C.)
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Timmy Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Casey Owens
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | | | - Mingzhu He
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Sonya Vanpatten
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Junhwan Kim
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (R.C.C.)
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Lance B. Becker
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (R.C.C.)
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
- Emergency Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Zbesko JC, Stokes J, Becktel DA, Doyle KP. Targeting foam cell formation to improve recovery from ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106130. [PMID: 37068641 PMCID: PMC10993857 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a crucial part of the healing process after an ischemic stroke and is required to restore tissue homeostasis. However, the inflammatory response to stroke also worsens neurodegeneration and creates a tissue environment that is unfavorable to regeneration for several months, thereby postponing recovery. In animal models, inflammation can also contribute to the development of delayed cognitive deficits. Myeloid cells that take on a foamy appearance are one of the most prominent immune cell types within chronic stroke infarcts. Emerging evidence indicates that they form as a result of mechanisms of myelin lipid clearance becoming overwhelmed, and that they are a key driver of the chronic inflammatory response to stroke. Therefore, targeting lipid accumulation in foam cells may be a promising strategy for improving recovery. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of current knowledge regarding inflammation and foam cell formation in the brain in the weeks and months following ischemic stroke and identify targets that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Zbesko
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, United States
| | - Jessica Stokes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, United States
| | | | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, United States; Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychology, Arizona Center on Aging, and the BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, United States.
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5
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Xie M, Hao Y, Feng L, Wang T, Yao M, Li H, Ma D, Feng J. Neutrophil Heterogeneity and its Roles in the Inflammatory Network after Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:621-650. [PMID: 35794770 PMCID: PMC10207908 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220706115957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As the first peripheral immune cells to enter the brain after ischemic stroke, neutrophils are important participants in stroke-related neuroinflammation. Neutrophils are quickly mobilized from the periphery in response to a stroke episode and cross the blood-brain barrier to reach the ischemic brain parenchyma. This process involves the mobilization and activation of neutrophils from peripheral immune organs (including the bone marrow and spleen), their chemotaxis in the peripheral blood, and their infiltration into the brain parenchyma (including disruption of the blood-brain barrier, inflammatory effects on brain tissue, and interactions with other immune cell types). In the past, it was believed that neutrophils aggravated brain injuries through the massive release of proteases, reactive oxygen species, pro-inflammatory factors, and extracellular structures known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). With the failure of early clinical trials targeting neutrophils and uncovering their underlying heterogeneity, our view of their role in ischemic stroke has become more complex and multifaceted. As neutrophils can be divided into N1 and N2 phenotypes in tumors, neutrophils have also been found to have similar phenotypes after ischemic stroke, and play different roles in the development and prognosis of ischemic stroke. N1 neutrophils are dominant during the acute phase of stroke (within three days) and are responsible for the damage to neural structures via the aforementioned mechanisms. However, the proportion of N2 neutrophils gradually increases in later phases, and this has a beneficial effect through the release of anti-inflammatory factors and other neuroprotective mediators. Moreover, the N1 and N2 phenotypes are highly plastic and can be transformed into each other under certain conditions. The pronounced differences in their function and their high degree of plasticity make these neutrophil subpopulations promising targets for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Xie
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Yulei Hao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Liangshu Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Mengyue Yao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
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6
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Wan Y, Tian H, Wang H, Wang D, Jiang H, Fang Q. Selective intraarterial hypothermia combined with mechanical thrombectomy for acute cerebral infarction based on microcatheter technology: A single-center, randomized, single-blind controlled study. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1039816. [PMID: 36873429 PMCID: PMC9978520 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1039816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the safety and efficacy of selective intraarterial hypothermia combined with mechanical thrombectomy in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction based on microcatheter technology. Methods A total of 142 patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion were randomly assigned to the hypothermic treatment group (test group) and the conventional treatment group (control group). National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, postoperative infarct volume, the 90-day good prognosis rate (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ≤ 2 points), and the mortality rate of the two groups were compared and analyzed. Blood specimens were collected from patients before and after treatment. Serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, and RNA-binding motif protein 3 (RBM3) were measured. Results The 7-day postoperative cerebral infarct volume [(63.7 ± 22.1) ml vs. (88.5 ± 20.8) ml] and NIHSS scores at postoperative Days 1, 7, and 14 [(6.8 ± 3.8) points vs. (8.2 ± 3.5) points; (2.6 ± 1.6) points vs. (4.0 ± 1.8) points; (2.0 ± 1.2) points vs. (3.5 ± 2.1) points] in the test group were significantly lower than those in the control group. The good prognosis rate at 90 days postoperatively (54.9 vs. 35.2%, P = 0.018) was significantly higher in the test group than in the control group. The 90-day mortality rate was not statistically significant (7.0 vs. 8.5%, P = 0.754). Immediately after surgery and 1 day after surgery, SOD, IL-10, and RBM3 levels in the test group were relatively higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant. Immediately after surgery and 1 day after surgery, MDA and IL-6 levels in the test group were relatively reduced compared with those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). In the test group, RBM3 was positively correlated with SOD and IL-10. Conclusion Mechanical thrombectomy combined with intraarterial cold saline perfusion is a safe and effective measure for the treatment of acute cerebral infarction. Postoperative NIHSS scores and infarct volumes were significantly improved with this strategy compared with simple mechanical thrombectomy, and the 90-day good prognosis rate was improved. The mechanism by which this treatment exerts its cerebral protective effect may be by inhibiting the transformation of the ischaemic penumbra of the infarct core area, scavenging some oxygen free radicals, reducing inflammatory injury to cells after acute infarction and ischaemia-reperfusion, and promoting RBM3 production in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, Liaoning, China.,Department of Neurology, Hubei Provincial Third People's Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Neurology, Hubei Provincial Third People's Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - DaPeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - HaiWei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Hubei Provincial Third People's Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, Liaoning, China
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7
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Yamaguchi S, Yoshida M, Horie N, Satoh K, Fukuda Y, Ishizaka S, Ogawa K, Morofuji Y, Hiu T, Izumo T, Kawakami S, Nishida N, Matsuo T. Stem Cell Therapy for Acute/Subacute Ischemic Stroke with a Focus on Intraarterial Stem Cell Transplantation: From Basic Research to Clinical Trials. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:bioengineering10010033. [PMID: 36671605 PMCID: PMC9854681 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy for ischemic stroke holds great promise for the treatment of neurological impairment and has moved from the laboratory into early clinical trials. The mechanism of action of stem cell therapy includes the bystander effect and cell replacement. The bystander effect plays an important role in the acute to subacute phase, and cell replacement plays an important role in the subacute to chronic phase. Intraarterial (IA) transplantation is less invasive than intraparenchymal transplantation and can provide more cells in the affected brain region than intravenous transplantation. However, transplanted cell migration was reported to be insufficient, and few transplanted cells were retained in the brain for an extended period. Therefore, the bystander effect was considered the main mechanism of action of IA stem cell transplantation. In most clinical trials, IA transplantation was performed during the acute and subacute phases. Although clinical trials of IA transplantation demonstrated safety, they did not demonstrate satisfactory efficacy in improving patient outcomes. To increase efficacy, increased migration of transplanted cells and production of long surviving and effective stem cells would be crucial. Given the lack of knowledge on this subject, we review and summarize the mechanisms of action of transplanted stem cells and recent advancements in preclinical and clinical studies to provide information and guidance for further advancement of acute/subacute phase IA stem cell transplantation therapy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sasebo General Hospital, Nagasaki 857-8511, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-095-819-7375
| | - Michiharu Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sasebo General Hospital, Nagasaki 857-8511, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Horie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Katsuya Satoh
- Department of Occupational Therapy Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yuutaka Fukuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ishizaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Koki Ogawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yoichi Morofuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Izumo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kawakami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nishida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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8
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The immunopathology of B lymphocytes during stroke-induced injury and repair. Semin Immunopathol 2022:10.1007/s00281-022-00971-3. [PMID: 36446955 PMCID: PMC9708141 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00971-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes or lymphoid lineage cells, are a historically understudied cell population with regard to brain-related injuries and diseases. However, an increasing number of publications have begun to elucidate the different phenotypes and roles B cells can undertake during central nervous system (CNS) pathology, including following ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. B cell phenotype is intrinsically linked to function following stroke, as they may be beneficial or detrimental depending on the subset, timing, and microenvironment. Factors such as age, sex, and presence of co-morbidity also influence the behavior of post-stroke B cells. The following review will briefly describe B cells from origination to senescence, explore B cell function by integrating decades of stroke research, differentiate between the known B cell subtypes and their respective activity, discuss some of the physiological influences on B cells as well as the influence of B cells on certain physiological functions, and highlight the differences between B cells in healthy and disease states with particular emphasis in the context of ischemic stroke.
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9
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Sušjan-Leite P, Ramuta TŽ, Boršić E, Orehek S, Hafner-Bratkovič I. Supramolecular organizing centers at the interface of inflammation and neurodegeneration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940969. [PMID: 35979366 PMCID: PMC9377691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases involves the accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates. These deposits are both directly toxic to neurons, invoking loss of cell connectivity and cell death, and recognized by innate sensors that upon activation release neurotoxic cytokines, chemokines, and various reactive species. This neuroinflammation is propagated through signaling cascades where activated sensors/receptors, adaptors, and effectors associate into multiprotein complexes known as supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs). This review provides a comprehensive overview of the SMOCs, involved in neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity, such as myddosomes, inflammasomes, and necrosomes, their assembly, and evidence for their involvement in common neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss the multifaceted role of neuroinflammation in the progression of neurodegeneration. Recent progress in the understanding of particular SMOC participation in common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease offers novel therapeutic strategies for currently absent disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sušjan-Leite
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Taja Železnik Ramuta
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elvira Boršić
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Orehek
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Hafner-Bratkovič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Priming of microglia by type II interferon is lasting and resistant to modulation by interleukin-10 in situ. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 368:577881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Ju T, Sun L, Fan Y, Wang T, Liu Y, Liu D, Liu T, Zhao C, Wang W, Chi L. Decreased Netrin-1 in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease Patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:762649. [PMID: 35250531 PMCID: PMC8888826 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.762649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Inflammatory mediators are closely associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Netrin-1 is an axon guidance protein and despite its capacity to function as a neuroimmune guidance signal, its role in AD or MCI is poorly understood. In addition, the association among netrin-1, cognitive impairment and serum inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis (TNF-α) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine serum levels of IL-17, TNF-α and netrin-1in a cohort of AD and MCI patients, and to study the relationship between these cytokines and cognitive status, as well as to assess the possible relationships between netrin-1 levels and inflammatory molecules. Methods Serum concentrations of netrin-1, TNF-α and IL-17 were determined in 20 AD patients, 22 MCI patients and 22 healthy controls using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, neuropsychological evaluations and psychometric assessments were performed in all subjects. Results Serum netrin-1 levels were decreased in AD and MCI patients and were positively correlated with Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. In contrast, serum TNF-α and IL-17 levels were elevated in AD and MCI cohorts and negatively correlated with MMSE scores. Serum netrin-1 levels were inversely related with TNF-α and IL-17 levels in AD, but not MCI, patients. Conclusion Based on the findings reported here, netrin-1 may serve as a marker for the early recognition of dementia and predict cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ju
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuwei Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianhang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanchen Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Intensive Care Unit, Jiangyin People’s Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Samii Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Chi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Lijun Chi,
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12
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Ryan E, Kelly L, Stacey C, Huggard D, Duff E, McCollum D, Leonard A, Boran G, Doherty DR, Bolger T, Molloy EJ. Mild-to-severe traumatic brain injury in children: altered cytokines reflect severity. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:36. [PMID: 35130911 PMCID: PMC8822689 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is recognised to have significant longer-term neurocognitive effects. Childhood is a time of high risk for head injury. Functional recovery is variable with a combination of any or all of physical, cognitive and emotional impairment. Immune activation and alteration in cytokine levels are present following TBI which may differ from adults. Methods Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines including Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α and Interferon (IFN)-γ were examined at baseline and following in vitro treatment with endotoxin of whole blood, in the following children: severe TBI (sTBI: initial Glasgow coma scale(GCS) ≤ 8), mild TBI (mTBI; GCS 14/15) at 0-4d and at 10-14d post-TBI and compared to healthy age-matched controls. Results The study enrolled 208 children, including 110 with TBI cohort (n = 104 mild; 6 severe) and controls (n = 98). At baseline all children with TBI had increased IL-6. The mTBI group had significantly increased IFN-γ versus controls. In sTBI at baseline, IFN-γ was decreased compared to controls. At baseline IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, and TNF-α were decreased in mTBI compared to controls. This persisted at 2 week post-mTBI. The AUC for detecting mTBI was 0.801 CI (0.73–086) using IL6/IL10 ratio. mTBI showed a greater fold change in IL-8 and TNF-α in response to endotoxin stimulation, a response that persisted at 2 weeks. Children with sTBI did not have a significant IL-6 response to endotoxin, but did show an increase in IL-17A. Conclusion Children with all TBI including mTBI show altered cytokine profiles and altered endotoxin responses. Although cytokines increased in sTBI especially in response to endotoxin, suppressed responses were found in mTBI coupled with persistent immune dysfunction post-injury. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02390-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer Ryan
- Department of Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Research in Childhood Centre (TRiCC), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Ireland (CHI) at Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - Lynne Kelly
- Department of Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Research in Childhood Centre (TRiCC), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stacey
- Department of Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Research in Childhood Centre (TRiCC), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Dean Huggard
- Department of Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Research in Childhood Centre (TRiCC), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics, Waterford Regional Hospital, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Eimear Duff
- Department of Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Research in Childhood Centre (TRiCC), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Danielle McCollum
- Department of Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Research in Childhood Centre (TRiCC), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Ireland (CHI) at Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland.,Department of Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ann Leonard
- Department of Biochemistry, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - Gerard Boran
- Department of Biochemistry, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - Dermot R Doherty
- Critical Care Medicine, Children's Health Ireland (CHI) at Temple Street, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Turlough Bolger
- Department of Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Ireland (CHI) at Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - Eleanor J Molloy
- Department of Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland. .,Department of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Research in Childhood Centre (TRiCC), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland. .,Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Ireland (CHI) at Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland. .,Department of Neonatology, CHI at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Department of Neonatology, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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13
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The Prognostic Determinant of Interleukin-10 in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: An Analysis from the Perspective of Disease Management. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:6423244. [PMID: 34336007 PMCID: PMC8313368 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6423244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background In patients with ischemic stroke, the role of anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 (IL-10) in predicting risk and outcomes is not very clear. This study is aimed at prospectively assessing the prognostic determinant value of IL-10 in patients with acute ischemic stroke in a cohort of Chinese people. Methods In a prospective cohort study, consecutive first-ever patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to our hospital were included from October 2019 to October 2020. The serum level of IL-10 was measured at baseline. A structured follow-up telephone interview was performed on day 90 after admission. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the prognostic value of IL-10 to predict the poor functional outcome (defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 3 to 6) and mortality. Results The median age of the 236 enrolled patients was 65 years (interquartile range (IQR), 56-76), and 57.6% were male. There was a negative correlation between the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and IL-10 serum levels (r (Spearman) = −0.221, P = 0.001). Patients with elevated IL-10 levels (> the highest quartile = 5.24 pg/mL; n = 79) were at significantly lower risk of poor functional outcomes (odds ratio (OR), 0.35; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.19 to 0.63; P < 0.001) and mortality (OR = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.11–0.52; P < 0.001) compared with patients with IL-10 levels in the lowest three quartiles. Conclusions Reduced serum levels of IL-10 were independently associated with both the clinical severity at admission and a poor functional prognosis in ischemic stroke patients, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was an important prognostic determinant.
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14
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Zare Rafie M, Esmaeilzadeh A, Ghoreishi A, Tahmasebi S, Faghihzadeh E, Elahi R. IL-38 as an early predictor of the ischemic stroke prognosis. Cytokine 2021; 146:155626. [PMID: 34157522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is caused by a sudden neurological defect following a vascular occlusion and elicits a local and systemic inflammation in brain tissue. Interleukin-38 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine associated with ischemic and inflammatory diseases. This study was designed to analyze the effect of tPA therapy on interleukin-38 serum level changes and the serum level of IL-38 in the prognosis of ischemic stroke patients in the next three months. METHODS We enrolled 29 ischemic stroke patients confirmed by a neurologist based on radiologic and clinical manifestation between 2019 September to 2020 February. The patients who had NIHSS more than 6 with no underlying inflammatory diseases were selected for tPA therapy. On admission and 24 h after tPA therapy, the IL-38 serum level was measured by ELISA kit. RESULTS The results showed that serum levels of IL-38 were significantly increased after tPA therapy (P < 0.001). A remarkable relationship was observed between the modified Rankin Score (mRS) and IL-38 serum changes in response to tPA therapy (P < 0.001). Besides, IL-38 serum changes following tPA were dramatically related to NIHSS at hospitalization (P = 0.007). Also, our analysis posed a positive relation between NIHSS at hospitalization and mRs criteria (P = 0.023). No notable relation has been observed between IL-38 serum levels before and after tPA and mRs (P = 0.601 and P = 0.074, respectively). Furthermore, there was no evidence for the relation between NIHSS at hospitalization and IL-38 levels before and after tPA (P = 0.457 and P = 0.105, respectively). CONCLUSION The results indicate that tPA could meaningfully increase the IL-38 serum level. Also, a negative correlation has been found between IL-38 serum changes in response to tPA and mRS. Since the lower changes in IL-38 serum level result in a poorer prognosis, we conclude that IL-38 serum changes might be a novel early predictor factor for ischemic stroke prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zare Rafie
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Abdolreza Ghoreishi
- Stroke Research Group, Head of Stroke Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Safa Tahmasebi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Faghihzadeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Elahi
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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15
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Jiang Q, Stone CR, Elkin K, Geng X, Ding Y. Immunosuppression and Neuroinflammation in Stroke Pathobiology. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:101-112. [PMID: 33972464 PMCID: PMC8118752 DOI: 10.5607/en20033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the preceding decades, there have been substantial advances in our knowledge of the pathophysiology of stroke. One such advance has been an increased understanding of the multifarious crosstalk in which the nervous and immune systems engage in order to maintain homeostasis. By interrupting the immune-nervous nexus, it is thought that stroke induces change in both systems. Additionally, it has been found that both innate and adaptive immunosuppression play protective roles against the effects of stroke. The release of danger-/damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) activates Toll-like receptors (TLRs), contributing to the harmful inflammatory effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury after stroke; the Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK (TAM)/Gas6 system, however, has been shown to suppress inflammation via downstream signaling molecules that inhibit TLR signaling. Anti-inflammatory cytokines have also been found to promote neuroprotection following stroke. Additionally, adaptive immunosuppression merits further consideration as a potential endogenous protective mechanism. In this review, we highlight recent studies regarding the effects and mechanism of immunosuppression on the pathophysiology of stroke, with the hope that a better understanding of the function of both of innate and adaptive immunity in this setting will facilitate the development of effective therapies for post-stroke inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China
| | - Christopher R Stone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth Elkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, MI, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, MI, USA.,Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit 48201, MI, USA
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16
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von Linstow CU, Hindkjær SM, Nielsen PV, Degn M, Lambertsen KL, Finsen B, Clausen BH. Bone Marrow-Derived IL-1Ra Increases TNF Levels Poststroke. Cells 2021; 10:956. [PMID: 33924148 PMCID: PMC8074385 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) are key players in stroke, a disease in which cell-based therapies have shown great potential. Having shown an infarct-reducing effect of bone marrow (BM) cells, especially cells with high IL-1Ra expression, we here investigated the effect of BM cells on TNF and other stroke-related mediators in mice after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) and in vitro using adult microglial cultures. We analyzed stroke-related genes and inflammatory mediators using qPCR stroke Tier panels, electrochemiluminescence, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We found a significant correlation and cellular colocalization between microglial-derived TNF and IL-1Ra, though IL-1Ra production was TNF independent. BM treatment significantly increased TNF, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-4 levels, while C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1), IL-12p70, and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) decreased, suggesting that BM treatment favors an anti-inflammatory environment. Hierarchical clustering identified Tnf and IL-1rn within the same gene cluster, and subsequent STRING analysis identified TLR2 as a shared receptor. Although IL-1Ra producing BM cells specifically modulated TNF levels, this was TLR2 independent. These results demonstrate BM cells as modulators of poststroke inflammation with beneficial effects on poststroke outcomes and place TNF and IL-1Ra as key players of the defense response after tMCAo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ulrich von Linstow
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Sofie Mozart Hindkjær
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Pernille Vinther Nielsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Matilda Degn
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE—Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
- BRIDGE—Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
- BRIDGE—Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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17
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Improved Spatial Memory And Neuroinflammatory Profile Changes in Aged Rats Submitted to Photobiomodulation Therapy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1875-1886. [PMID: 33704604 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidences have shown the therapeutic potential of transcranial photobiomodulation on traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease. Despite the promising benefits in the brain, little is known about the laser's effects in the absence of pathological conditions. We submitted young (4 months old) and aged (20 months old) rats to transcranial low-level laser and evaluated their exploratory activity and habituation in open field, anxiety in elevated plus maze, spatial memory in Barnes maze, and aversive memory in a step-down inhibitory avoidance task. Additionally, the levels of a panel of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were quantified in two different brain regions: the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Young and aged rats submitted to transcranial laser exhibited better cognitive performance in Barnes maze than did control rats. Transcranial laser therapy decreased cortical levels of GM-CSF, IL-10, MCP-1, LIX, and TNFα in young rats and IL-5 in aged rats. High levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha were found in the cerebral cortex of aged rats submitted to transcranial laser. In the hippocampus, a decrease in IP-10 and fractalkine levels was observed in the aged rats from the laser group when compared to the aged rats from the control group. Our data indicate that transcranial photobiomodulation improves spatial learning and memory and alters the neuroinflammatory profile of young and aged rats' brains.
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18
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5-Aminoisoquinolinone, a PARP-1 Inhibitor, Ameliorates Immune Abnormalities through Upregulation of Anti-Inflammatory and Downregulation of Inflammatory Parameters in T Cells of BTBR Mouse Model of Autism. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020249. [PMID: 33671196 PMCID: PMC7922312 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) covers a range of neurodevelopmental disorders involving impairments in communication and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior and reciprocal social interaction. 5-Aminoisoquinolinone (5-AIQ), a PARP-1 inhibitor, has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated the influence of 5-AIQ-treatment in BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice as an autism model and used flow cytometry to assess the effect of 5-AIQ on FOXP3, Helios, GATA3, IL-9, IL-10 and IL-17A production by CXCR6+ and CD4+ T cells in the spleen. We also confirmed the effect of 5-AIQ treatment on expression of FOXP3, Helios, GATA3, IL-17A, IL-10, and IL-9 mRNA and protein expression levels in the brain tissue by quantitative PCR and western blotting. Our results demonstrated that 5-AIQ-treated BTBR mice had significantly increased numbers of CXCR6+FOXP3+, CXCR6+IL-10+, and CXCR6+Helios+ cells and decreased numbers of CD4+GATA3+, CD4+IL-9+, and CD4+IL-17A+ cells as compared with those in untreated BTBR mice. Our results further demonstrated that treatment with 5-AIQ in BTBR mice increased expression for FOXP3, IL-10, and Helios, and decreased expression for GATA3, IL-17A, and IL-9 mRNA. Our findings support the hypotheses that 5-AIQ has promising novel therapeutic effects on neuroimmune dysfunction in autism and is associated with modulation of Treg and Th17 cells.
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19
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Yanik BM, Dauch JR, Cheng HT. Interleukin-10 Reduces Neurogenic Inflammation and Pain Behavior in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes. J Pain Res 2020; 13:3499-3512. [PMID: 33402846 PMCID: PMC7778525 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s264136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Neurogenic inflammation is a major component of chronic neuropathic pain. Previously, we established the db/db mouse as an animal model of painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) of type 2 diabetes. In the current study, we investigate the roles of interleukin (IL)-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, in the development of neurogenic inflammation and pain behavior in db/db mouse. Materials and Methods We first studied IL-10 expression in lumbar dorsal root ganglion (LDRG) neurons of db/db mice using immunohistochemistry, immunoblots, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction during the period of pain behavior (from 8 to 16 wk of age). To determine if the reduced IL-10 expression mediates the mechanical allodynia in db/db mice, we administered recombinant mouse IL-10 or saline (control) intraperitoneally to control db/+ and db/db mice starting at 8 wk of age. IL-10 treatment was repeated every other day for 2 wk until the mice reached 10 wk of age. Results During the period of pain behavior, reduction of IL-10 protein and gene expression was detected in LDRG of db/db mice. Treatment with recombinant IL-10, from 8 to 10 wk of age, alleviates pain behaviors in db/db mice without affecting other diabetic parameters. In parallel, IL-10 treatment reduced the upregulation of nerve growth factor (NGF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and high-affinity NGF receptor (Trk A) in LDRG, as well as the numbers of iNOS-positive Langerhans cells and CD-68-positive dermal dendritic cells in the hind-foot-pad skin in db/db mice. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the reduction in neuronal IL-10 increases inflammatory phenomena, ultimately contributing to PDN. These results suggest that the dysregulation of cytokine-mediated inflammation contributes to the development of PDN in db/db mice. Targeting this pathophysiologic mechanism could be an effective approach for treating PDN in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Yanik
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jacqueline R Dauch
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hsinlin T Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Giloteaux L, O'Neal A, Castro-Marrero J, Levine SM, Hanson MR. Cytokine profiling of extracellular vesicles isolated from plasma in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a pilot study. J Transl Med 2020; 18:387. [PMID: 33046133 PMCID: PMC7552484 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating disease of unknown etiology lasting for a minimum of 6 months but usually for many years, with features including fatigue, cognitive impairment, myalgias, post-exertional malaise, and immune system dysfunction. Dysregulation of cytokine signaling could give rise to many of these symptoms. Cytokines are present in both plasma and extracellular vesicles, but little investigation of EVs in ME/CFS has been reported. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the content of extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from plasma (including circulating cytokine/chemokine profiling) from individuals with ME/CFS and healthy controls. METHODS We included 35 ME/CFS patients and 35 controls matched for age, sex and BMI. EVs were enriched from plasma by using a polymer-based precipitation method and characterized by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and immunoblotting. A 45-plex immunoassay was used to determine cytokine levels in both plasma and isolated EVs from a subset of 19 patients and controls. Linear regression, principal component analysis and inter-cytokine correlations were analyzed. RESULTS ME/CFS individuals had significantly higher levels of EVs that ranged from 30 to 130 nm in size as compared to controls, but the mean size for total extracellular vesicles did not differ between groups. The enrichment of typical EV markers CD63, CD81, TSG101 and HSP70 was confirmed by Western blot analysis and the morphology assessed by TEM showed a homogeneous population of vesicles in both groups. Comparison of cytokine concentrations in plasma and isolated EVs of cases and controls yielded no significant differences. Cytokine-cytokine correlations in plasma revealed a significant higher number of interactions in ME/CFS cases along with 13 inverse correlations that were mainly driven by the Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), whereas in the plasma of controls, no inverse relationships were found across any of the cytokines. Network analysis in EVs from controls showed 2.5 times more significant inter-cytokine interactions than in the ME/CFS group, and both groups presented a unique negative association. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of 30-130 nm EVs were found in plasma from ME/CFS patients and inter-cytokine correlations revealed unusual regulatory relationships among cytokines in the ME/CFS group that were different from the control group in both plasma and EVs. These disturbances in cytokine networks are further evidence of immune dysregulation in ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Giloteaux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 323 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Adam O'Neal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 323 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jesús Castro-Marrero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 323 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- CFS/ME Unit, Division of Rheumatology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | | | - Maureen R Hanson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 323 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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21
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Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Monaghan KL, Wan ECK, Ren X. Role of B cells and the aging brain in stroke recovery and treatment. GeroScience 2020; 42:1199-1216. [PMID: 32767220 PMCID: PMC7525651 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As mitigation of brain aging continues to be a key public health priority, a wholistic and comprehensive consideration of the aging body has identified immunosenescence as a potential contributor to age-related brain injury and disease. Importantly, the nervous and immune systems engage in bidirectional communication and can exert profound influence on each other. Emerging evidence supports numerous impacts of innate, inflammatory immune responses and adaptive T cell-mediated immunity in neurological function and diseased or injured brain states, such as stroke. Indeed, a growing body of evidence supports key impacts of brain-resident immune cell activation and peripheral immune infiltration in both the post-stroke acute injury phase and the long-term recovery period. As such, modulation of the immune system is an attractive strategy for novel therapeutic interventions for a devastating age-related brain injury for which there are few readily available neuroprotective treatments or neurorestorative approaches. However, the role of B cells in the context of brain function, and specifically in response to stroke, has not been thoroughly elucidated and remains controversial, leaving our understanding of neuroimmune interactions incomplete. Importantly, emerging evidence suggests that B cells are not pathogenic contributors to stroke injury, and in fact may facilitate functional recovery, supporting their potential value as novel therapeutic targets. By summarizing the current knowledge of the role of B cells in stroke pathology and recovery and interpreting their role in the context of their interactions with other immune cells as well as the immunosenescence cascades that alter their function in aged populations, this review supports an increased understanding of the complex interplay between the nervous and immune systems in the context of brain aging, injury, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. B. Engler-Chiurazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Center for Basic & Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - K. L. Monaghan
- Center for Basic & Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - E. C. K. Wan
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Center for Basic & Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - X. Ren
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Center for Basic & Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
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22
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Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms in Ischemic Stroke: Focus on Cardioembolic Stroke, Background, and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186454. [PMID: 32899616 PMCID: PMC7555650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important causes of neurological morbidity and mortality in the world is ischemic stroke. It can be a result of multiple events such as embolism with a cardiac origin, occlusion of small vessels in the brain, and atherosclerosis affecting the cerebral circulation. Increasing evidence shows the intricate function played by the immune system in the pathophysiological variations that take place after cerebral ischemic injury. Following the ischemic cerebral harm, we can observe consequent neuroinflammation that causes additional damage provoking the death of the cells; on the other hand, it also plays a beneficial role in stimulating remedial action. Immune mediators are the origin of signals with a proinflammatory position that can boost the cells in the brain and promote the penetration of numerous inflammatory cytotypes (various subtypes of T cells, monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and different inflammatory cells) within the area affected by ischemia; this process is responsible for further ischemic damage of the brain. This inflammatory process seems to involve both the cerebral tissue and the whole organism in cardioembolic stroke, the stroke subtype that is associated with more severe brain damage and a consequent worse outcome (more disability, higher mortality). In this review, the authors want to present an overview of the present learning of the mechanisms of inflammation that takes place in the cerebral tissue and the role of the immune system involved in ischemic stroke, focusing on cardioembolic stroke and its potential treatment strategies.
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23
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Saraiva M, Vieira P, O'Garra A. Biology and therapeutic potential of interleukin-10. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20190418. [PMID: 31611251 PMCID: PMC7037253 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors review the molecular mechanisms regulating IL-10 production and response and describe classic and novel functions of IL-10 in immune and non-immune cells. They further discuss the therapeutic potential of IL-10 in different diseases and the outstanding questions underlying an effective application of IL-10 in clinical settings. The cytokine IL-10 is a key anti-inflammatory mediator ensuring protection of a host from over-exuberant responses to pathogens and microbiota, while playing important roles in other settings as sterile wound healing, autoimmunity, cancer, and homeostasis. Here we discuss our current understanding of the regulation of IL-10 production and of the molecular pathways associated with IL-10 responses. In addition to IL-10’s classic inhibitory effects on myeloid cells, we also describe the nonclassic roles attributed to this pleiotropic cytokine, including how IL-10 regulates basic processes of neural and adipose cells and how it promotes CD8 T cell activation, as well as epithelial repair. We further discuss its therapeutic potential in the context of different diseases and the outstanding questions that may help develop an effective application of IL-10 in diverse clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Saraiva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Vieira
- Department of Immunology, Unité Lymphopoièse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1223, Paris, France
| | - Anne O'Garra
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
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24
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Qin X, Akter F, Qin L, Cheng J, Guo M, Yao S, Jian Z, Liu R, Wu S. Adaptive Immunity Regulation and Cerebral Ischemia. Front Immunol 2020; 11:689. [PMID: 32477327 PMCID: PMC7235404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a disease that occurs due to a sudden interruption of the blood supply to the brain. It is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. It is well-known that the immune system drives brain injury following an episode of ischemic stroke. The innate system and the adaptive system play distinct but synergistic roles following ischemia. The innate system can be activated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are released from cells in the ischemic region. Damaged cells also release various other mediators that serve to increase inflammation and compromise the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Within 24 h of an ischemic insult, the adaptive immune system is activated. This involves T cell and B cell-mediated inflammatory and humoral effects. These cells also stimulate the release of various interleukins and cytokines, which can modulate the inflammatory response. The adaptive immune system has been shown to contribute to a state of immunodepression following an ischemic episode, and this can increase the risk of infections. However, this phenomenon is equally important in preventing autoimmunity of the body to brain antigens that are released into the peripheral system as a result of BBB compromise. In this review, we highlight the key components of the adaptive immune system that are activated following cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingping Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Farhana Akter
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Lingxia Qin
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Guo
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shun Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Pituitary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renzhong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Songlin Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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25
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Sun P, Zhou W, Yue H, Zhang C, Ou Y, Yang Z, Hu W. Compound AD110 Acts as Therapeutic Management for Alzheimer's Disease and Stroke in Mouse and Rat Models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:929-938. [PMID: 32105445 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory therapy may be an effective therapeutic intervention for neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and stroke. As an important anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10) inhibits proinflammatory responses of both innate and adaptive immune cells. We tested the hypothesis that drug-induced promotion of IL-10 expression is effective in improving cognitive abilities and neurologic outcomes of AD and stroke. An orally small molecule AD110 was synthesized and subjected to in vitro and in vivo analyses. We found that AD110 enhanced IL-10 release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 microglial cells. Y-Maze and Morris water maze tests showed improved cognitive abilities in AD mice treated with AD110. Moreover, AD110 attenuated cerebral ischemic injury in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) rat model. This study not only provides a promising lead compound with IL-10-promoting activity, but also supports the hypothesis that promoting IL-10 expression is a potential therapeutic strategy for AD and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Hu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Yitao Ou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Zhongjin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
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26
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Cho KHT, Fraser M, Wassink G, Dhillon SJ, Davidson JO, Dean JM, Gunn AJ, Bennet L. TLR7 agonist modulation of postasphyxial neurophysiological and cardiovascular adaptations in preterm fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R369-R378. [PMID: 31913689 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00295.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury can exacerbate injury but also alleviate cell loss, as recently demonstrated with the TLR7 agonist Gardiquimod (GDQ). However, TLR agonists also modulate vascular function and neuronal excitability. Thus, we examined the effects of TLR7 activation with GDQ on cardiovascular function and seizures after asphyxia in preterm fetal sheep at 0.7 gestation (104 days, term ∼147 days). Fetuses received sham asphyxia or asphyxia induced by umbilical cord occlusion for 25 min or asphyxia followed by a continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of 3.34 mg of GDQ from 1 to 4 h after asphyxia. Fetuses were monitored continuously for 72 h postasphyxia. GDQ treatment was associated with sustained, moderate hypertension for 72 h (P < 0.05), with a transient increase in heart rate. Electroencephalographic (EEG) power was suppressed for the entire postasphyxial period in both groups, whereas EEG spectral edge transiently increased during the GDQ infusion compared with asphyxia alone (P < 0.05), with higher β- and lower δ-EEG frequencies (P < 0.05). This increase in EEG frequency was not related to epileptiform activity. After the GDQ infusion, there was earlier onset of high-amplitude stereotypic evolving seizures, with increased numbers of seizures and seizure burden (P < 0.05). Hemodynamic function and seizure activity are important indices of preterm wellbeing. These data highlight the importance of physiological monitoring during preclinical testing of potential neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta H T Cho
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mhoyra Fraser
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Guido Wassink
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Joanne O Davidson
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin M Dean
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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27
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Heydari E, Alishahi M, Ghaedrahmati F, Winlow W, Khoshnam SE, Anbiyaiee A. The role of non-coding RNAs in neuroprotection and angiogenesis following ischemic stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:31-43. [PMID: 31446548 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of death and physical disability worldwide. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are endogenous molecules that play key roles in the pathophysiology and retrieval processes following ischemic stroke. The potential of ncRNAs, especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in neuroprotection and angiogenesis highlights their potential as targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we document the miRNAs and lncRNAs that have been reported to exert regulatory actions in neuroprotective and angiogenic processes through different mechanisms involving their interaction with target coding genes. We believe that exploration of the expression profiles and the possible functions of ncRNAs during the recovery processes will help comprehension of the molecular mechanisms responsible for neuroprotection and angiogenesis, and may also contribute to find biomarkers and targets for future stroke intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Heydari
- Department of Biology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Alishahi
- Department of Biology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhoodeh Ghaedrahmati
- Immunology Department, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - William Winlow
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126, Napoli, Italy
- Honorary Research Fellow, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, The APEX building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, 6135715794, Iran.
| | - Amir Anbiyaiee
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, 61357-15794, Iran.
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28
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Chen H, Lin W, Lin P, Zheng M, Lai Y, Chen M, Zhang Y, Chen J, Lin X, Lin L, Lan Q, Yuan Q, Chen R, Jiang X, Xiao Y, Liu N. IL-10 produces a dual effect on OGD-induced neuronal apoptosis of cultured cortical neurons via the NF-κB pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:10796-10813. [PMID: 31801113 PMCID: PMC6932931 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As a classic immunoregulatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10) can provide in vivo and in vitro neuroprotection respectively during cerebral ischemia and after the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced injury. However, its role in cortical neuronal survival at different post-ischemic phases remains unclear. The current study found that IL-10 had distinct effects on the neuronal apoptosis at different OGD stages: at an early stage after OGD, IL-10 promoted the OGD-induced neuronal apoptosis in the cultured primary cortical neurons by activating p65 subunit, which up-regulated Bax expression and down-regulated Bcl-xL expression; at a late OGD stage, however, it attenuated the OGD-induced neuronal apoptosis by activating c-Rel, which up-regulated Bcl-xL expression and down-regulated Bax expression. The early-stage pro-apoptosis and late-stage anti-apoptosis were both partly abolished by PDTC, an NF-κB inhibitor, and promoted by PMA, an NF-κB activator. The optimal anti-apoptotic effect appeared when the cultured neurons were treated with IL-10 at 9-24 h after OGD. Taken together, our findings suggest that IL-10 exerts a dual effect on the survival of the cultured neurons by activating the NF-κB pathway at different stages after OGD injury and that PMA treatment at a late stage can facilitate the IL-10-conferred neuroprotection against OGD-induced neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peiqiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mouwei Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongxing Lai
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Manli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yixian Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Longzai Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Quan Lan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qilin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ronghua Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinhong Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingchun Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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29
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Dabrowska S, Andrzejewska A, Lukomska B, Janowski M. Neuroinflammation as a target for treatment of stroke using mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular vesicles. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:178. [PMID: 31514749 PMCID: PMC6743114 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the third cause of death in the developed countries and the main reason of severe disability. Brain ischemia leads to the production of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by neurons and glial cells which results in astrocyte and microglia activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines production, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, infiltration of leukocytes from the peripheral blood into the infarcted area, and further exacerbation of tissue damage. However, some immune cells such as microglia or monocytes are capable to change their phenotype to anti-inflammatory, produce anti-inflammatory cytokines, and protect injured nervous tissue. In this situation, therapies, which will modulate the immune response after brain ischemia, such as transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are catching interest. Many experimental studies of ischemic stroke revealed that MSCs are able to modulate immune response and act neuroprotective, through stimulation of neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, astrogenesis, and angiogenesis. MSCs may also have an ability to replace injured cells, but the release of paracrine factors directly into the environment or via extracellular vesicles (EVs) seems to play the most pronounced role. EVs are membrane structures containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and they express similar properties as the cells from which they are derived. However, EVs have lower immunogenicity, do not express the risk of vessel blockage, and have the capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier. Experimental studies of ischemic stroke showed that EVs have immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties; therefore, they can stimulate neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Up to now, 20 clinical trials with MSC transplantation into patients after stroke were performed, from which two concerned on only hemorrhagic stroke and 13 studied only on ischemic stroke. There is no clinical trial with EV injection into patients after brain ischemia so far, but the case with miR-124-enriched EVs administration is planned and probably there will be more clinical studies with EV transplantation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Dabrowska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Andrzejewska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, HSF III, 620 W. Baltimore street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Utility of combined inflammatory biomarkers for the identification of cognitive dysfunction in non-diabetic participants of the ELSA-Brasil. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 103:61-66. [PMID: 30641436 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation are pathophysiological mechanisms shared by type 2 diabetes and dementia. A cluster of biomarkers that could help diagnosing cognitive dysfunction prior to the installation of insulin resistance is desirable. This ELSA sub-study examined whether a cluster of selected inflammatory biomarkers was associated with worse cognitive scores in non-diabetic participants. METHODS A sample of 998 non-diabetic participants of ELSA-Brasil had their cognitive function assessed by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD), a verbal fluency test and a trail making test. An inflammatory cluster was formed by using the k-means method. ANOVA was used to compare the tertiles of a composite global cognitive z-score with clinical and laboratory variables. Logistic regression modelling with forward stepwise model selection was performed considering cognitive performance as the outcome and the cluster as the independent variable of main interest. Models were stratified by sex and adjusted for age, insulin resistance and other confounders. RESULTS The mean age was 45.7 ± 4.9 years and 54.8% were women, who had a higher frequency of university level, healthier behaviors and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) levels, fasting plasma glucose, non-HDL cholesterol and E-selectin levels than men. Individuals in the highest tertile of the composite global cognitive z-score were more likely to be women, with university level, and lower mean values of body mass index, BP levels, and HOMA-IR than those in lower tertiles. Using logistic regression model, the cluster category of the highest grade of inflammation showed to be associated with worse cognitive performance in women only. CONCLUSION The association between a cluster of inflammation and worse cognitive performance seems to be useful to identify middle-aged women at risk for cognitive decline, independently of their state of insulin resistance.
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Zhao L, Mulligan MK, Nowak TS. Substrain- and sex-dependent differences in stroke vulnerability in C57BL/6 mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:426-438. [PMID: 29260927 PMCID: PMC6421252 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17746174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The C57BL/6 mouse strain is represented by distinct substrains, increasingly recognized to differ genetically and phenotypically. The current study compared stroke vulnerability among C57BL/6 J (J), C57BL/6JEiJ (JEiJ), C57BL/6ByJ (ByJ), C57BL/6NCrl (NCrl), C57BL/6NJ (NJ) and C57BL/6NTac (NTac) substrains, using a model of permanent distal middle cerebral artery and common carotid artery occlusion. Mean infarct volume was nearly two-fold smaller in J, JEiJ and ByJ substrains relative to NCrl, NJ and NTac (N-lineage) mice. This identifies a previously unrecognized confound in stroke studies involving genetically modified strain comparisons if control substrain background were not rigorously matched. Mean infarct size was smaller in females of J and ByJ substrains than in the corresponding males, but there was no sex difference for NCrl and NJ mice. A higher proportion of small infarcts in J and ByJ substrains was largely responsible for both substrain- and sex-dependent differences. These could not be straightforwardly explained by variations in posterior communicating artery patency, MCA anatomy or acute penumbral blood flow deficits. Their larger and more homogeneously distributed infarcts, together with their established use as the common background for many genetically modified strains, may make N-lineage C57BL/6 substrains the preferred choice for future studies in experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Megan K Mulligan
- 2 Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Nowak
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Shin JE, Han J, Lim JH, Eun HS, Park KI. Human Neural Stem Cells: Translational Research for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. NEONATAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.5385/nm.2019.26.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Safety and efficacy evaluations of an adeno-associated virus variant for preparing IL10-secreting human neural stem cell-based therapeutics. Gene Ther 2019; 26:135-150. [PMID: 30692604 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy technologies are inevitably required to boost the therapeutic performance of cell therapies; thus, validating the efficacy of gene carriers specifically used for preparing cellular therapeutics is a prerequisite for evaluating the therapeutic capabilities of gene and cell combinatorial therapies. Herein, the efficacy of a recombinant adeno-associated virus derivative (rAAVr3.45) was examined to evaluate its potential as a gene carrier for genetically manipulating interleukin-10 (IL10)-secreting human neural stem cells (hNSCs) that can potentially treat ischemic injuries or neurological disorders. Safety issues that could arise during the virus preparation or viral infection were investigated; no replication-competent AAVs were detected in the final cell suspensions, transgene expression was mostly transient, and no severe interference on endogenous gene expression by viral infection occurred. IL10 secretion from hNSCs infected by rAAVr3.45 encoding IL10 did not alter the transcriptional profile of any gene by more than threefold, but the exogenously boosted IL10 was sufficient to provoke immunomodulatory effects in an ischemic brain injury animal model, thereby accelerating the recovery of neurological deficits and the reduction of brain infarction volume. This study presents evidence that rAAVr3.45 can be potentially used as a gene carrier to prepare stem cell therapeutics.
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Nowak TS, Mulligan MK. Impact of C57BL/6 substrain on sex-dependent differences in mouse stroke models. Neurochem Int 2018; 127:12-21. [PMID: 30448566 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have recently found significant variation in stroke vulnerability among substrains of C57BL/6 mice, observing that commonly used N-lineage substrains exhibit larger infarcts than C57BL/6J and related substrains. Parallel variation was also seen with respect to sex differences in stroke vulnerability, in that C57BL/6 mice of the N-lineage exhibited comparable infarct sizes in males and females, whereas infarcts tended to be smaller in females than in males of J-lineage substrains. This adds to the growing list of recognized phenotypic and genetic differences among C57BL/6 substrains. Although no previous studies have explicitly compared substrains with respect to sex differences in stroke vulnerability, unrecognized background mismatch has occurred in some studies involving control and genetically modified mice. The aims of this review are to: present the evidence for associated substrain- and sex-dependent differences in a mouse permanent occlusion stroke model; examine the extent to which the published literature in other models compares with these recent results; and consider the potential impact of unrecognized heterogeneity in substrain background on the interpretation of studies investigating the impact of genetic modifications on sex differences in stroke outcome. Substrain emerges as a critical variable to be documented in any experimental stroke study in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus S Nowak
- Department of Neurology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Megan K Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Abdel-Fattah MM, Messiha BAS, Mansour AM. Modulation of brain ACE and ACE2 may be a promising protective strategy against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury: an experimental trial in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:1003-1020. [PMID: 29909460 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is considered a crucial regulator for physiological homeostasis and disease progression. We evaluated the protective effects of the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) telmisartan and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activator xanthenone on experimental cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Rats were divided into a sham control, a cerebral I/R control, a standard treatment (nimodipine, 10 mg/kg/day, 15 days, p.o.), three telmisartan treatments (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg/day, 15 days, p.o.), and three xanthenone treatments (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg/day, 15 days, s.c.) groups. One hour after the last dose, all rats except the sham control group were exposed to 30-min cerebral ischemia followed by 24-h reperfusion. Brain ACE and ACE2 activities and the apoptotic marker caspase-3 levels were assessed. Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide end products (NOx) as oxidative markers and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10 as immunological markers were assessed. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical evaluation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were performed in cerebral cortex and hippocampus sections. Telmisartan and xanthenone in the higher doses restored MDA, NOx, TNF-α, IL-6, caspase-3, ACE, and GFAP back to normal levels and significantly increased GSH, IL-10, and ACE2 compared to I/R control values. Histopathologically, both agents showed mild degenerative changes and necrosis of neurons in cerebral cortex and hippocampus compared with I/R control group. Modulation of brain RAS, either through suppression of the classic ACE pathway or stimulation of its antagonist pathway ACE2, may be a promising strategy against cerebral I/R damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Mohamed Mansour
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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36
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Tahsili-Fahadan P, Farrokh S, Geocadin RG. Hypothermia and brain inflammation after cardiac arrest. Brain Circ 2018; 4:1-13. [PMID: 30276330 PMCID: PMC6057700 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cessation (ischemia) and restoration (reperfusion) of cerebral blood flow after cardiac arrest (CA) induce inflammatory processes that can result in additional brain injury. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has been proven as a brain protective strategy after CA. In this article, the underlying pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion brain injury with emphasis on the role of inflammatory mechanisms is reviewed. Potential targets for immunomodulatory treatments and relevant effects of TH are also discussed. Further studies are needed to delineate the complex pathophysiology and interactions among different components of immune response after CA and identify appropriate targets for clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Tahsili-Fahadan
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Falls Church, Virginia, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Salia Farrokh
- Department of Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Romergryko G Geocadin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Alotaibi MR, Hassan ZK, Al-Rejaie SS, Alshammari MA, Almutairi MM, Alhoshani AR, Alanazi WA, Hafez MM, Al-Shabanah OA. Characterization of Apoptosis in a Breast Cancer Cell Line after IL-10 Silencing. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:777-783. [PMID: 29582634 PMCID: PMC5980855 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is affected by the immune system in that different cytokines play roles in its initiation
and progression. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, is an immunosuppressive factor involved in
tumorigenesis. The present study was conducted to investigate the gene silencing effect of a small interference RNA
(siRNA) targeting IL-10 on the apoptotic pathway in breast cancer cell line. Methods: The siRNA targeting IL-10 and
a glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) clone were introduced into MDA-MB-231 cells. Real-time
PCR assays were used to determine IL-10 and GAPDH gene expression levels, in addition to those for protein kinase
B (AKT), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), caspase-3 and caspase-9 genes related to
apoptosis. Results: Inhibition of IL-10 by the siRNA accelerated apoptosis and was accompanied by significant
increase in caspase-3 and caspase-9 and a significant decrease in PI3K, AKT and Bcl2 expression levels compared to
the non-transfected case. Conclusions: In conclusion, the production of IL-10 may represent a new escape mechanism
by breast cancer cells to evade destruction by the immune system. IL-10 gene silencing causes down regulation of both
PI3K/AKT and Bcl2 gene expression and also increases the Bbc3, BAX caspase3, and caspase 3 cleavage expression
levels. IL–10 might represent a promising new target for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moureq R Alotaibi
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Kind Saud University, Riyadh, kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Seifert HA, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Regulatory B cells in experimental stroke. Immunology 2018; 154:169-177. [PMID: 29313944 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment options for human stroke are limited mainly to the modestly effective infusion of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), with additional improvement of functional independence and higher rates of angiographic revascularization observed after mechanical thrombectomy. However, new therapeutic strategies that address post-stroke immune-mediated inflammatory responses are urgently needed. Recent studies in experimental stroke have firmly implicated immune mechanisms in the propagation and partial resolution of central nervous system damage after the ischaemic event. A new-found anti-inflammatory role for regulatory B (Breg) cells in autoimmune diseases sparked interest in these cells as potential immunomodulators in stroke. Subsequent studies identified interleukin-10 as a common regulatory cytokine among all five of the currently recognized Breg cell subsets, several of which can be found in the affected brain hemisphere after induction of experimental stroke in mice. Transfer of enriched Breg cell subpopulations into both B-cell-depleted and wild-type mice confirmed their potent immunosuppressive activities in vivo, including recruitment and potentiation of regulatory T cells. Moreover, Breg cell therapy strongly reduced stroke volumes and treatment outcomes in ischaemic mice even when administered 24 hr after induction of experimental stroke, a treatment window far exceeding that of tPA. These striking results suggest that transfer of enriched Breg cell populations could have therapeutic value in human stroke, although considerable clinical challenges remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Seifert
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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39
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Wang FJ, Sun ZY, Li RL, Hu LM, Chai LJ, Wang SX, Guo H, Zhang Y. Protection of Salvianolate Lyophilized Injection combined with Xueshuantong Injection (Lyophilized) against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through suppression of inflammatory response. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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40
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Naderi S, Alimohammadi R, Hakimizadeh E, Roohbakhsh A, Shamsizadeh A, Allahtavakoli M. The effect of exercise preconditioning on stroke outcome in ovariectomized mice with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 96:287-294. [PMID: 28873322 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise preconditioning has been shown to be effective in improving behavioral and neuropathological indices after cerebral ischemia. We evaluated the effect of exercise preconditioning, 17β-estradiol, and their combination on stroke outcome using an experimental model of stroke in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. OVX mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups as follows: control (stroke), exercise (exercise and stroke), estradiol (17β-estradiol and stroke), and exercise+estradiol (exercise and 17β-estradiol and stroke). Exercise preconditioning was performed on a treadmill 5 days/week, 40 min/day, at a speed of 18 m/min for 4 weeks. 17β-estradiol was gavaged (40 μg/kg per day) for 4 weeks. Stroke was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO), and neurological deficits were evaluated 1, 2, and 7 days after stroke. Then, the serum concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) and infarct volumes were assessed. Exercise preconditioning and 17β-estradiol induced a better outcome compared with the control ischemic mice, which was manifested by decrease in MMP-9, increase in IL-10, diminished infarct volume, and improved neurological deficits. Concomitant administration of 17β-estradiol and exercise also significantly improved these parameters. Exercise preconditioning or administration of 17β-estradiol alone or in combination before pMCAO induced significant neuroprotection in OVX mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Naderi
- a Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Raheleh Alimohammadi
- a Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Elham Hakimizadeh
- d Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- b Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,c Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- d Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Allahtavakoli
- d Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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He ML, Lv ZY, Shi X, Yang T, Zhang Y, Li TY, Chen J. Interleukin-10 release from astrocytes suppresses neuronal apoptosis via the TLR2/NFκB pathway in a neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. J Neurochem 2017; 142:920-933. [PMID: 28700093 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The biological function of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and the relationship between IL-10 secretion and the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression levels in the central nervous system following hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) are poorly understood. Here, we intend to elucidate the biological function and mechanism of IL-10 secretion following HIBD. In this study, we used a neonatal rat model of HIBD and found that rats injected with adeno-associated virus-IL-10-shRNA (short hairpin RNA) exhibited partially impaired learning and memory function compared to rats administered adeno-associated virus-control-shRNA. In vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) induced IL-10 release from astrocytes but not from neurons. Pretreatment with exogenous recombinant IL-10 alleviated OGD-mediated apoptosis of neurons but not astrocytes. In addition, we also observed that hypoxic injury induced a marked increase in IL-10 expression in astrocytes as a result of activation of the TLR2/phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B (p-NFκB) p65 signaling cascade; furthermore, this effect disappeared upon small interfering RNA targeting rat TLR2 gene (siTLR2) treatment. Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of NFκB activation, reduced the IL-10 expression levels in both OGD-injured astrocytes in vitro and the hippocampi of HIBD rats in vivo but did not significantly affect TLR2 expression. Furthermore, a luciferase assay revealed that p-NFκB p65 could bind the -1700/-1000 bp proximal region of the IL-10 gene promoter to regulate IL-10 secretion from astrocytes and that this interaction could be controlled by OGD treatment. These data suggest that HIBD induces IL-10 secretion from astrocytes to exert a paracrine-induced anti-apoptotic effect on injured neurons via the TLR2/NFκB signaling pathway, which may improve learning and memory dysfunction after ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Lan He
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ze Yu Lv
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Shi
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Yu Li
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Garcia JM, Stillings SA, Leclerc JL, Phillips H, Edwards NJ, Robicsek SA, Hoh BL, Blackburn S, Doré S. Role of Interleukin-10 in Acute Brain Injuries. Front Neurol 2017; 8:244. [PMID: 28659854 PMCID: PMC5466968 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine expressed in response to brain injury, where it facilitates the resolution of inflammatory cascades, which if prolonged causes secondary brain damage. Here, we comprehensively review the current knowledge regarding the role of IL-10 in modulating outcomes following acute brain injury, including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the various stroke subtypes. The vascular endothelium is closely tied to the pathophysiology of these neurological disorders and research has demonstrated clear vascular endothelial protective properties for IL-10. In vitro and in vivo models of ischemic stroke have convincingly directly and indirectly shown IL-10-mediated neuroprotection; although clinically, the role of IL-10 in predicting risk and outcomes is less clear. Comparatively, conclusive studies investigating the contribution of IL-10 in subarachnoid hemorrhage are lacking. Weak indirect evidence supporting the protective role of IL-10 in preclinical models of intracerebral hemorrhage exists; however, in the limited number of clinical studies, higher IL-10 levels seen post-ictus have been associated with worse outcomes. Similarly, preclinical TBI models have suggested a neuroprotective role for IL-10; although, controversy exists among the several clinical studies. In summary, while IL-10 is consistently elevated following acute brain injury, the effect of IL-10 appears to be pathology dependent, and preclinical and clinical studies often paradoxically yield opposite results. The pronounced and potent effects of IL-10 in the resolution of inflammation and inconsistency in the literature regarding the contribution of IL-10 in the setting of acute brain injury warrant further rigorously controlled and targeted investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Garcia
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - Jenna L Leclerc
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Harrison Phillips
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nancy J Edwards
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Steven A Robicsek
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brian L Hoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Spiros Blackburn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Psychology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Khoshnam SE, Winlow W, Farbood Y, Moghaddam HF, Farzaneh M. Emerging Roles of microRNAs in Ischemic Stroke: As Possible Therapeutic Agents. J Stroke 2017; 19:166-187. [PMID: 28480877 PMCID: PMC5466283 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2016.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and physical disability worldwide. The consequences of stroke injuries are profound and persistent, causing in considerable burden to both the individual patient and society. Current treatments for ischemic stroke injuries have proved inadequate, partly owing to an incomplete understanding of the cellular and molecular changes that occur following ischemic stroke. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenously expressed RNA molecules that function to inhibit mRNA translation and have key roles in the pathophysiological processes contributing to ischemic stroke injuries. Potential therapeutic areas to compensate these pathogenic processes include promoting angiogenesis, neurogenesis and neuroprotection. Several miRNAs, and their target genes, are recognized to be involved in these recoveries and repair mechanisms. The capacity of miRNAs to simultaneously regulate several target genes underlies their unique importance in ischemic stroke therapeutics. In this Review, we focus on the role of miRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as promising therapeutic agents in cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - William Winlow
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, Italia.,Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hadi Fathi Moghaddam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Yang Y, Liu H, Zhang H, Ye Q, Wang J, Yang B, Mao L, Zhu W, Leak RK, Xiao B, Lu B, Chen J, Hu X. ST2/IL-33-Dependent Microglial Response Limits Acute Ischemic Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2017; 37:4692-4704. [PMID: 28389473 PMCID: PMC5426564 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3233-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ST2, a member of the interleukin (IL) 1 receptor family, and its ligand IL-33 play critical roles in immune regulation and inflammatory responses. This study explores the roles of endogenous IL-33/ST2 signaling in ischemic brain injury and elucidates the underlying mechanisms of action. The expression of IL-33 rapidly increased in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes after 60 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). ST2 receptor deficiency exacerbated brain infarction 3 d after tMCAO as well as distal permanent MCAO. ST2 deficiency also aggravated neurological deficits up to 7 d after tMCAO. Conversely, intracerebroventricular infusions of IL-33 after tMCAO attenuated brain infarction. Flow cytometry analyses demonstrated high levels of ST2 expression on microglia, and this expression was dramatically enhanced after tMCAO. The absence of ST2 enhanced the expression of M1 polarization markers on microglia/macrophages, and impaired the expression of M2 polarization markers after tMCAO. In vitro studies on various types of cultures and coculture systems confirmed that IL-33/ST2 signaling potentiated expression of IL-10 and other M2 genes in primary microglia. The activation of ST2 on microglia led to a protective phenotype that enhanced neuronal survival against oxygen glucose deprivation. Further in vitro studies revealed that IL-33-activated microglia released IL-10, and that this was critical for their neuroprotective effects. Similarly, intracerebroventricular infusions of IL-33 into IL-10 knock-out mice failed to provide neuroprotection against tMCAO in vivo These results shed new light on the IL-33/ST2 axis as an immune regulatory mechanism that serves as a natural brake on the progression of ischemic brain injury.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This is the first study to identify the function of interleukin (IL) 33/ST2 signaling in poststroke microglial responses and neuroprotection against ischemia. Using two models of ischemic stroke, we demonstrate here that ST2 deficiency shifted microglia/macrophages toward a M1-like phenotype, thereby expanding brain infarcts and exacerbating long-term behavioral deficits after stroke. Using stroke models and various in vitro culture and coculture systems, we further characterized a previously undefined mechanism whereby IL-33/ST2 engagement stimulates the production of IL-10 from microglia, which, in turn, enhances neuronal survival upon ischemic challenge. These results shed light on endogenous IL-33/ST2 signaling as a potential immune regulatory mechanism that serves to promote beneficial microglial responses and mitigate ischemic brain injury after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology and
- Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology and
- Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Haiyue Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology and
- Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology and
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology and
- Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Boyu Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology and
| | - Leilei Mao
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology and
| | - Wen Zhu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology and
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, and
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology and
- Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology and
- Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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Barrett JP, Henry RJ, Villapol S, Stoica BA, Kumar A, Burns MP, Faden AI, Loane DJ. NOX2 deficiency alters macrophage phenotype through an IL-10/STAT3 dependent mechanism: implications for traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:65. [PMID: 28340575 PMCID: PMC5366128 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NADPH oxidase (NOX2) is an enzyme system that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in microglia and macrophages. Excessive ROS production is linked with neuroinflammation and chronic neurodegeneration following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Redox signaling regulates macrophage/microglial phenotypic responses (pro-inflammatory versus anti-inflammatory), and NOX2 inhibition following moderate-to-severe TBI markedly reduces pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages/microglia resulting in concomitant increases in anti-inflammatory responses. Here, we report the signaling pathways that regulate NOX2-dependent macrophage/microglial phenotype switching in the TBI brain. METHODS Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) prepared from wildtype (C57Bl/6) and NOX2 deficient (NOX2-/-) mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ng/ml), interleukin-4 (IL-4; 10 ng/ml), or combined LPS/IL-4 to investigate signal transduction pathways associated with macrophage activation using western immunoblotting and qPCR analyses. Signaling pathways and activation markers were evaluated in ipsilateral cortical tissue obtained from adult male wildtype and NOX2-/- mice that received moderate-level controlled cortical impact (CCI). A neutralizing anti-IL-10 approach was used to determine the effects of IL-10 on NOX2-dependent transitions from pro- to anti-inflammatory activation states. RESULTS Using an LPS/IL-4-stimulated BMDM model that mimics the mixed pro- and anti-inflammatory responses observed in the injured cortex, we show that NOX2-/- significantly reduces STAT1 signaling and markers of pro-inflammatory activation. In addition, NOX2-/- BMDMs significantly increase anti-inflammatory marker expression; IL-10-mediated STAT3 signaling, but not STAT6 signaling, appears to be critical in regulating this anti-inflammatory response. Following moderate-level CCI, IL-10 is significantly increased in microglia/macrophages in the injured cortex of NOX2-/- mice. These changes are associated with increased STAT3 activation, but not STAT6 activation, and a robust anti-inflammatory response. Neutralization of IL-10 in NOX2-/- BMDMs or CCI mice blocks STAT3 activation and the anti-inflammatory response, thereby demonstrating a critical role for IL-10 in regulating NOX2-dependent transitions between pro- and anti-inflammatory activation states. CONCLUSIONS These studies indicate that following TBI NOX2 inhibition promotes a robust anti-inflammatory response in macrophages/microglia that is mediated by the IL-10/STAT3 signaling pathway. Thus, therapeutic interventions that inhibit macrophage/microglial NOX2 activity may improve TBI outcomes by not only limiting pro-inflammatory neurotoxic responses, but also enhancing IL-10-mediated anti-inflammatory responses that are neuroprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Barrett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, #6-011, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, #6-011, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sonia Villapol
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, #6-011, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, #6-011, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Mark P Burns
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, #6-011, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, #6-011, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Levin SG, Godukhin OV. Modulating Effect of Cytokines on Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity in the Brain. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:264-274. [PMID: 28320267 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791703004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
After accumulation of data showing that resident brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia) produce mediators of the immune system, such as cytokines and their receptors under normal physiological conditions, a critical need emerged for investigating the role of these mediators in cognitive processes. The major problem for understanding the functional role of cytokines in the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, de novo neurogenesis, and learning and memory is the small number of investigated cytokines. Existing concepts are based on data from just three proinflammatory cytokines: interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The amount of information in the literature on the functional role of antiinflammatory cytokines in the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions of mature mammalian brain is dismally low. However, they are of principle importance for understanding the mechanisms of local information processing in the brain, since they modulate the activity of individual cells and local neural networks, being able to reconstruct the processes of synaptic plasticity and intercellular communication, in general, depending on the local ratio of the levels of different cytokines in certain areas of the brain. Understanding the functional role of cytokines in cellular mechanisms of information processing and storage in the brain would allow developing preventive and therapeutic means for the treatment of neuropathologies related to impairment of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Levin
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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Yang B, Hamilton JA, Valenzuela KS, Bogaerts A, Xi X, Aronowski J, Mays RW, Savitz SI. Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells Enhance Recovery After Stroke by Modulating the Immune Response from the Spleen. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1290-1302. [PMID: 28263009 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy modulates not only the local microenvironment of the brain but also the systemic immune responses. We explored the impact of human multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPC) modulating splenic activation and peripheral immune responses after ischemic stroke. Hundred twenty-six Long-Evans adult male rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Twenty-four hours later, they received IV MAPC or saline treatment. At 3 days after infusion, RNA was isolated from the injured cortex and spleen for microarray analysis. Spleen mass, splenocyte phenotype, and releasing cytokines were measured. Serum cytokines, MAPC biodistribution, brain lesion sizes and neurofunctional deficits were compared in rats treated with MAPC or saline with and without spleens. Stroked animals treated with MAPC exhibited genes that more closely resembled animals with sham surgery. Gene categories downregulated by MAPC included leukocyte activation, antigen presentation, and immune effector processing, associated with the signaling pathways regulated by TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ within the brain. MAPC treatment restored spleen mass reduction caused by stroke, elevated Treg cells within the spleen, increased IL-10 and decreased IL-1β released by splenocytes. MAPC reduced IL-6 and IL-1β and upregulated IL-10 serum levels. Compared with saline, MAPC enhance stroke recovery in rats with intact spleens but had no effects in rats without spleens. MAPC restores expression of multiple genes and pathways involved in immune and inflammatory responses after stroke. Immunomodulation of the splenic response by the intravenous administration of MAPC may create a more favorable environment for brain repair after stroke. Stem Cells 2017;35:1290-1302.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Stroke Program, McGovern Medical School at UT-Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason A Hamilton
- Athersys, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Novartis Pharmaceutical Corp, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Krystal S Valenzuela
- Stroke Program, McGovern Medical School at UT-Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - XiaoPei Xi
- Stroke Program, McGovern Medical School at UT-Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Stroke Program, McGovern Medical School at UT-Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Sean I Savitz
- Stroke Program, McGovern Medical School at UT-Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Role of interleukin-10 in the neuroprotective effect of the Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor agonist, compound 21, after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 799:128-134. [PMID: 28192099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We and others have shown that the angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptor agonist, compound 21 (C21), provides neuroprotection and enhances recovery in rodent stroke models yet the mechanism involved is not known. Moreover, C21 treatment is associated with an anti-inflammatory response. Here we tested the hypothesis that C21 mediates neuroprotection by upregulating the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-10. METHODS Wistar rats were subjected to 3h-middle cerebral artery suture occlusion and treated at reperfusion with C21 (0.03mg/kg)±IL-10 neutralizing antibody (0.1mg/kg) both given i.p. Infarct size, behavioral outcomes, and molecular analysis were performed at 24h post-injury. Primary rat neurons were used to test the direct neuroprotective effect of C21 in vitro. RESULTS C21 treatment reduced infarct size, improved functional outcome and decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the ischemic hemisphere compared to saline. Anti-IL-10 co-treatment blocked the C21-induced reduction in infarct size and inflammation, and the improvement in behavioral outcome. In vitro, C21 treatment increased neuron survival and reduced cell apoptosis after oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and OGD/reoxygenation. These effects were mediated through AT2R stimulation. CONCLUSION C21 provides direct neuroprotection as well as indirect protection through IL-10.
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Shi X, Yu W, Liu L, Liu W, Zhang X, Yang T, Chai L, Lou L, Gao Y, Zhu L. Panax notoginseng saponins administration modulates pro- /anti-inflammatory factor expression and improves neurologic outcome following permanent MCAO in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:221-233. [PMID: 27585466 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, particularly permanent occlusion, accounts for the overwhelming majority of all strokes. In addition to the occlusion of arteries, the inflammatory response plays a pivotal role in the severity of the cerebral injury and its clinical prognosis. Here, panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) extracted from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine was administered following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats to explore the neuroprotective mechanisms against ischemic injury. The results showed that MCAO surgery was successful in producing an infarct and that PNS and nimodipine could ameliorate the neurological deficits. The expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were increased, while the level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) was reduced in the infarct cortex 7 days after MCAO, as assessed by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). PNS was able to markedly reduce the overexpression of IL-1β and TNF-α while significantly promoting the expression of IL-10, but did not affect the elevated expression of TGF-β1. Meanwhile, nimodipine was able to significantly reduce the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α, but had no obvious effect on IL-10 or TGF-β1. In addition, the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-10 and TGF-β1 were basically consistent with cerebral tissue results; however, the IL-1β levels did not differ. We conclude that PNS can directly down-regulate the overexpression of proinflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α while up-regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in the core region of the cerebral infarct, thereby preventing neurological damage in rats after permanent MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Department of pediatrics, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lixing Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Shukla V, Shakya AK, Perez-Pinzon MA, Dave KR. Cerebral ischemic damage in diabetes: an inflammatory perspective. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:21. [PMID: 28115020 PMCID: PMC5260103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. A strong inflammatory response characterized by activation and release of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and proteolytic enzymes contributes to brain damage following stroke. Stroke outcomes are worse among diabetics, resulting in increased mortality and disabilities. Diabetes involves chronic inflammation manifested by reactive oxygen species generation, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and activation/expression of other inflammatory mediators. It appears that increased proinflammatory processes due to diabetes are further accelerated after cerebral ischemia, leading to increased ischemic damage. Hypoglycemia is an intrinsic side effect owing to glucose-lowering therapy in diabetics, and is known to induce proinflammatory changes as well as exacerbate cerebral damage in experimental stroke. Here, we present a review of available literature on the contribution of neuroinflammation to increased cerebral ischemic damage in diabetics. We also describe the role of hypoglycemia in neuroinflammation and cerebral ischemic damage in diabetics. Understanding the role of neuroinflammatory mechanisms in worsening stroke outcome in diabetics may help limit ischemic brain injury and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Shukla
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Department of Neurology (D4-5), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Ave, NRB/203E, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Akhalesh Kumar Shakya
- Present address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Miguel A Perez-Pinzon
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Department of Neurology (D4-5), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Ave, NRB/203E, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA. .,Department of Neurology (D4-5), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Ave, NRB/203E, Miami, FL, 33136, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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