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Tseng HC, Wang MH, Fang CH, Lin YW, Soung HS. Involvement of Antioxidant and Prevention of Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effect and Anti-Apoptotic Effect: Betaine Ameliorates Haloperidol-Induced Orofacial Dyskinesia in Rats. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1064. [PMID: 37508996 PMCID: PMC10377434 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With its pathophysiological characteristics strongly similar to patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD), haloperidol (HP)-induced neurotoxicity and orofacial dyskinesia (OD) in animal models have long been used to study human TD. This study aimed to explore the potential protective effects of betaine (BT), a vital biochemical compound present in plants, microorganisms, animals, and various dietary sources. The study focused on investigating the impact of BT on haloperidol (HP)-induced orofacial dyskinesia (OD) in rats, as well as the underlying neuroprotective mechanisms. To induce the development of OD, which is characterized by increased vacuous chewing movement (VCM) and tongue protrusion (TP), rats were administered HP (1 mg/kg i.p.) for 21 consecutive days. BT was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg, 60 min later, for 21 successive days. On the 21st day, after evaluating OD behavior, the rats were sacrificed, and various measurements were taken to assess the nitrosative and oxidative status, antioxidant capacity, mitochondrial function, neuroinflammation, and apoptotic markers in the striatum. The results demonstrated that (1) HP induced OD development, and (2) BT was found to prevent most of the HP-induced OD; decrease oxidative stress levels; increase anti-oxidation power; prevent mitochondrial dysfunction; and reduce the levels of neuroinflammatory and apoptotic markers in the striatum. Our results demonstrate that the neuroprotective effects of BT against HP-induced OD are credited to its antioxidant prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction, anti-neuroinflammatory effects, and anti-apoptotic effects, suggesting that BT may be a novel therapeutic candidate in delaying or treating human TD in clinical settings. However, further studies will be warranted to extrapolate preclinical findings into clinical studies for a better understanding of the role of BT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Chien Tseng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 11101, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Hsien Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, En Chu Kon Hospital, Sanshia District, New Taipei City 23702, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Fang
- China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Trauma and Emergency Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404018, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Sheng Soung
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuan-Shan Branch of Taipei Veteran General Hospital, Yilan 26604, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
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Chen X, Li J, Gao Z, Yang Y, Kuang W, Dong Y, Chua GH, Huang X, Jiang B, Tian H, Wang Y, Huang X, Li Y, Lam SM, Shui G. Endogenous ceramide phosphoethanolamine modulates circadian rhythm via neural-glial coupling in Drosophila. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac148. [PMID: 36713590 PMCID: PMC9875363 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While endogenous lipids are known to exhibit rhythmic oscillations, less is known about how specific lipids modulate circadian behavior. Through a series of loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments on ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) synthase of Drosophila, we demonstrated that pan-glial-specific deficiency in membrane CPE, the structural analog of mammalian sphingomyelin (SM), leads to arrhythmic locomotor behavior and shortens lifespan, while the reverse is true for increasing CPE. Comparative proteomics uncovered dysregulated synaptic glutamate utilization and transport in CPE-deficient flies. An extensive genetic screen was conducted to verify the role of differentially expressed proteins in circadian regulation. Arrhythmic locomotion under cpes1 mutant background was rescued only by restoring endogenous CPE or SM through expressing their respective synthases. Our results underscore the essential role of CPE in maintaining synaptic glutamate homeostasis and modulating circadian behavior in Drosophila. The findings suggest that region-specific elevations of functional membrane lipids can benefit circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhongbao Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenqing Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gek Huey Chua
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou213022, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Binhua Jiang
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou213022, China
| | - He Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Cuenod M, Steullet P, Cabungcal JH, Dwir D, Khadimallah I, Klauser P, Conus P, Do KQ. Caught in vicious circles: a perspective on dynamic feed-forward loops driving oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1886-1897. [PMID: 34759358 PMCID: PMC9126811 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01374-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has emerged demonstrating a pathological link between oxidative stress and schizophrenia. This evidence identifies oxidative stress as a convergence point or "central hub" for schizophrenia genetic and environmental risk factors. Here we review the existing experimental and translational research pinpointing the complex dynamics of oxidative stress mechanisms and their modulation in relation to schizophrenia pathophysiology. We focus on evidence supporting the crucial role of either redox dysregulation, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction, neuroinflammation or mitochondria bioenergetics dysfunction, initiating "vicious circles" centered on oxidative stress during neurodevelopment. These processes would amplify one another in positive feed-forward loops, leading to persistent impairments of the maturation and function of local parvalbumin-GABAergic neurons microcircuits and myelinated fibers of long-range macrocircuitry. This is at the basis of neural circuit synchronization impairments and cognitive, emotional, social and sensory deficits characteristic of schizophrenia. Potential therapeutic approaches that aim at breaking these different vicious circles represent promising strategies for timely and safe interventions. In order to improve early detection and increase the signal-to-noise ratio for adjunctive trials of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and NMDAR modulator drugs, a reverse translation of validated circuitry approach is needed. The above presented processes allow to identify mechanism based biomarkers guiding stratification of homogenous patients groups and target engagement required for successful clinical trials, paving the way towards precision medicine in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Cuenod
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Steullet
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Harry Cabungcal
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniella Dwir
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ines Khadimallah
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Klauser
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Conus
- Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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L-Theanine Ameliorated Rotenone-Induced Parkinsonism-like Symptoms in Rats. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:241-258. [PMID: 34988886 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00451-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone (RO)-induced neurotoxicity exhibits pathophysiological features similar to those reported in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), such as nitrosative and oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neural cytoarchitecture alterations in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc)/striatum (ST), which has been used for decades as an animal model of PD in humans. L-Theanine (LT), a major amino acid component of green tea, exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and protects against various neural injuries. We investigated the potential therapeutic effects of LT on RO-induced behavioral and neurochemical dysfunction in rats and the neuroprotective mechanisms underlying these effects. Unilateral stereotaxic intranigral infusion of RO into the SNpc to induce PD-like manifestations induced significant behavioral impairment as evaluated using an open field test, rotarod test, grip strength measurement, and beam-crossing task in rats. LT treatment (300 mg/kg i.p., 21 days) ameliorated most RO-induced behavioral impairments. In addition, LT treatment reduced nitric oxide level and lipid peroxidation production, increased mitochondrial function and integrity, as well as the activities of mitochondrial complexes I, II, IV, and V, and reduced the levels of neuroinflammatory and apoptotic markers in the SNpc and ameliorated the levels of catecholamines, GABA and glutamate in the ST induced by RO. These results demonstrate the possible therapeutic effects of LT against RO-induced behavioral impairments, including antioxidative effects, prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction, prevention of neurochemical deficiency, anti-neuroinflammatory effects, and anti-apoptotic effects. This is the first report on the neuroprotective effect of LT against RO-induced behavioral impairments, and the above evidence provides a potential clinically relevant role for LT in the management of human PD.
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Forero-Rodríguez LJ, Josephs-Spaulding J, Flor S, Pinzón A, Kaleta C. Parkinson's Disease and the Metal-Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: A Systems Toxicology Approach. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:71. [PMID: 35052575 PMCID: PMC8773335 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, leading to motor and non-motor complications. Autonomic alterations, including gastrointestinal symptoms, precede motor defects and act as early warning signs. Chronic exposure to dietary, environmental heavy metals impacts the gastrointestinal system and host-associated microbiome, eventually affecting the central nervous system. The correlation between dysbiosis and PD suggests a functional and bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. The bioaccumulation of metals promotes stress mechanisms by increasing reactive oxygen species, likely altering the bidirectional gut-brain link. To better understand the differing molecular mechanisms underlying PD, integrative modeling approaches are necessary to connect multifactorial perturbations in this heterogeneous disorder. By exploring the effects of gut microbiota modulation on dietary heavy metal exposure in relation to PD onset, the modification of the host-associated microbiome to mitigate neurological stress may be a future treatment option against neurodegeneration through bioremediation. The progressive movement towards a systems toxicology framework for precision medicine can uncover molecular mechanisms underlying PD onset such as metal regulation and microbial community interactions by developing predictive models to better understand PD etiology to identify options for novel treatments and beyond. Several methodologies recently addressed the complexity of this interaction from different perspectives; however, to date, a comprehensive review of these approaches is still lacking. Therefore, our main aim through this manuscript is to fill this gap in the scientific literature by reviewing recently published papers to address the surrounding questions regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms between metals, microbiota, and the gut-brain-axis, as well as the regulation of this system to prevent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lady Johanna Forero-Rodríguez
- Research Group Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Instituto de Genetica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (L.J.F.-R.); (A.P.)
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.)
| | - Jonathan Josephs-Spaulding
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.)
| | - Stefano Flor
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.)
| | - Andrés Pinzón
- Research Group Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Instituto de Genetica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (L.J.F.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Christoph Kaleta
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.)
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Thalamic reticular nucleus impairments and abnormal prefrontal control of dopamine system in a developmental model of schizophrenia: prevention by N-acetylcysteine. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7679-7689. [PMID: 34193975 PMCID: PMC8716611 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence showed thalamic abnormalities in schizophrenia involving disruptions to the parvalbumin neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). However, their functional consequences, as well as a potential linkage to oxidative stress, are unclear. The TRN is posited to gate prefrontal control of dopamine neuron activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Thus, we hypothesized that schizophrenia-related TRN abnormalities might contribute to dopamine dysregulation, a well-known feature of the disorder. To test this, in adult rats exposed prenatally to methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM rats), oxidative impairments to the parvalbumin neurons in the anterior TRN were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Using in vivo electrophysiology, we investigated whether inactivation of the prefrontal cortex would produce differential effects on VTA dopamine neurons in MAM rats. We show that MAM rats displayed reduced markers of parvalbumin and wisteria floribunda agglutinin-labeled perineuronal nets, correlating with increased markers of oxidative stress (8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-20-deoxyguanosine, and 3-nitrotyrosine). Moreover, MAM rats displayed heightened baseline and abnormal prefrontal control of VTA dopamine neuron activity, as tetrodotoxin-induced inactivation of the infralimbic prefrontal cortex decreased the dopamine population activity, contrary to the normal increase in controls. Such dopamine neuron dysregulation was recapitulated by enzymatic perineuronal net digestion in the TRN of normal rats. Furthermore, juvenile (postnatal day 11-25) antioxidant treatment (N-acetyl-cysteine, 900 mg/L drinking water) prevented all these impairments in MAM rats. Our findings suggest that early accumulation of oxidative stress in the TRN may shape the later onset of schizophrenia pathophysiology, highlighting redox regulation as a potential target for early intervention.
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7
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Liu T, Sun L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zheng J. Imbalanced GSH/ROS and sequential cell death. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 36:e22942. [PMID: 34725879 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in cells during metabolic processes. Excessive intracellular ROS may react with large biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and small biomolecules, that is, glutathione (GSH) and unsaturated fatty acids. GSH has physiological functions, including free radical scavenging, anti-oxidation, and electrophile elimination. The disruption of ROS/GSH balance results in the deleterious oxidation and chemical modification of biomacromolecules, which eventually leads to cell-cycle arrest and proliferation inhibition, and even induces cell death. Imbalanced ROS/GSH may result from a direct increase of ROS, consumption of GSH, intracellular oxidoreductase interference, or thioredoxin activity reduction. Some chemicals including arsenic trioxide (ATO), pyrogallol (PG), and carbobenzoxy-Leu-Leu-leucinal (MG132) could also disrupt the balance of GSH and ROS. This article reviews the occurrence and consequences of the imbalance between GSH and ROS and introduces factors responsible for the disruption of cellular ROS and GSH balance, resulting in cell death. "GSH" and "ROS" were used as keywords to search the relevant literaturess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Sun
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Koliadenko V, Wilanowski T. Additional functions of selected proteins involved in DNA repair. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 146:1-15. [PMID: 31639437 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein moonlighting is a phenomenon in which a single polypeptide chain can perform a number of different unrelated functions. Here we present our analysis of moonlighting in the case of selected DNA repair proteins which include G:T mismatch-specific thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG), methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 4 (MBD4), apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), AlkB homologs, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and single-strand selective monofunctional uracil DNA glycosylase 1 (SMUG1). Most of their additional functions are not accidental and clear patterns are emerging. Participation in RNA metabolism is not surprising as bases occurring in RNA are the same or very similar to those in DNA. Other common additional function involves regulation of transcription. This is not unexpected as these proteins bind to specific DNA regions for DNA repair, hence they can also be recruited to regulate transcription. Participation in demethylation and replication of DNA appears logical as well. Some of the multifunctional DNA repair proteins play major roles in many diseases, including cancer. However, their moonlighting might prove a major difficulty in the development of new therapies because it will not be trivial to target a single protein function without affecting its other functions that are not related to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlada Koliadenko
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Ilji Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Ilji Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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Tseng HC, Wang MH, Chang KC, Soung HS, Fang CH, Lin YW, Li KY, Yang CC, Tsai CC. Protective Effect of (-)Epigallocatechin-3-gallate on Rotenone-Induced Parkinsonism-like Symptoms in Rats. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:669-682. [PMID: 31811588 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rotenone (ROT)-induced neurotoxicity has been used for decades as an animal model of Parkinson's disease (PD) in humans. This model exhibits pathophysiological features similar to those reported in patients with PD, namely, striatal nitrosative and oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neural cytoarchitecture alteration. (-)Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant and potent green tea catechin, has notable anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential protective effects of EGCG on ROT-induced motor and neurochemical dysfunctions in rats. Furthermore, we also aimed to study the neuroprotective mechanisms underlying these effects. ROT treatment (0.5 mg/kg s.c., 21 days) reduced body weight and induced significant motor impairments as assessed using an open-field test, rotarod test, grip strength measurement, and beam-crossing task. EGCG treatment (100 or 300 mg/kg i.p., 60 min prior to ROT administration, 21 days) prevented most of the ROT-induced motor impairments. Moreover, EGCG treatment reduced ROT-induced nitric oxide (NO) level and lipid peroxidation (LPO) production; increased the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), ATPase, and ETC enzymes and the levels of catecholamines in the striatum; and reduced the levels of neuroinflammatory and apoptotic markers. These results demonstrate the possible neuroprotective effects of EGCG against ROT-induced motor impairments, including anti-oxidatory effect, prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction, prevention of neurochemical deficiency, anti-neuroinflammatory effect, and anti-apoptotic effect. This is the first report about the neuroprotective effect of EGCG against ROT-induced motor impairments, and the above evidence provides a potential clinically relevant role for EGCG in delaying or treating human PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Chien Tseng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 11101, Taiwan, Republic of China.,School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mao-Hsien Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, En Chu Kon Hospital, Sanshia District, New Taipei City, 23702, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Chi Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hung-Sheng Soung
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuan-Shan Br. of Taipei Veteran General Hospital, Yilan County, 26604, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Hsiang Fang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Keng-Yuan Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Chuan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Chia Tsai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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10
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Xu Y, Wahlberg K, Love TM, Watson GE, Yeates AJ, Mulhern MS, McSorley EM, Strain JJ, Davidson PW, Shamlaye CF, Rand MD, Myers GJ, van Wijngaarden E, Broberg K. Associations of blood mercury and fatty acid concentrations with blood mitochondrial DNA copy number in the Seychelles Child Development Nutrition Study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:278-283. [PMID: 30660840 PMCID: PMC6405959 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish contains methylmercury (MeHg) which can cause oxidative stress and neurodevelopmental toxicity at sufficiently high doses. Fish also contains polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which have both antioxidant (n-3) and oxidant (n-6) properties. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is sensitive to oxidative stress but has not been previously studied in relation to MeHg exposure or PUFA status. OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations between MeHg exposure and PUFA status during pregnancy with relative mitochondrial DNA copy number (RmtDNAcn) in mothers and their newborns. METHODS In total, 1488 mother-child pairs from the Seychelles Child Development Study Nutrition Cohort 2 were included in this study. Total Hg was measured in maternal blood collected at 28 weeks' gestation, maternal hair at delivery, and in fetal cord blood. PUFA (n-3 and n-6) were measured only in maternal blood. RmtDNAcn was measured by qPCR in both maternal and cord blood. RESULTS Increasing maternal blood Hg (β = 0.001, 95%CI: 0.000, 0.002) and n-3 PUFA concentrations (β = 0.183, 95%CI: 0.048, 0.317) were associated with higher maternal RmtDNAcn. Increasing maternal n-6 PUFA (β = -0.103, 95%CI: -0.145, -0.062) and n-6/n-3 ratio (β = -0.011, 95%CI: -0.017, -0.004) were associated with lower maternal RmtDNAcn. Increasing fetal cord blood Hg was associated with lower fetal RmtDNAcn (β = -0.002, 95%CI: -0.004, -0.000). Neither maternal blood Hg nor PUFA status was associated with fetal RmtDNAcn. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that MeHg and PUFA may influence mitochondrial homeostasis although the magnitude of these associations are small. Future studies should confirm the findings and explore the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden; Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Wahlberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tanzy M Love
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Gene E Watson
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Alison J Yeates
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Co. Londonderry, UK
| | - Maria S Mulhern
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Co. Londonderry, UK
| | - Emeir M McSorley
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Co. Londonderry, UK
| | - J J Strain
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Co. Londonderry, UK
| | - Philip W Davidson
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | - Matthew D Rand
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - G J Myers
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Edwin van Wijngaarden
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Karin Broberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Cariccio VL, Samà A, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Mercury Involvement in Neuronal Damage and in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 187:341-356. [PMID: 29777524 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis are characterized by a chronic and selective process of neuronal cell death. Although the causes of neurodegenerative diseases remain still unknown, it is now a well-established idea that more factors, such as genetic, endogenous, and environmental, are involved. Among environmental causes, the accumulation of mercury, a heavy metal considered a toxic agent, was largely studied as a probable factor involved in neurodegenerative disease course. Mercury exists in three main forms: elemental mercury, inorganic mercury, and organic mercury (methylmercury and ethylmercury). Sources of elemental mercury can be natural (volcanic emission) or anthropogenic (coal-fired electric utilities, waste combustion, hazardous-waste incinerators, and gold extraction). Moreover, mercury is still used as an antiseptic, as a medical preservative, and as a fungicide. Dental amalgam can emit mercury vapor. Mercury vapor, being highly volatile and lipid soluble, can cross the blood-brain barrier and the lipid cell membranes and can be accumulated into the cells in its inorganic forms. Also, methylmercury can pass through blood-brain and placental barriers, causing serious damage in the central nervous system. This review describes the toxic effects of mercury in cell cultures, in animal models, and in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. In vitro experiments showed that mercury exposure was principally involved in oxidative stress and apoptotic processes. Moreover, motor and cognitive impairment and neural loss have been confirmed in various studies performed in animal models. Finally, observational studies on patients with neurodegenerative diseases showed discordant data about a possible mercury involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Lanza Cariccio
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Annalisa Samà
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy.
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12
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Berntsen HF, Bjørklund CG, Strandabø R, Haug TM, Moldes-Anaya A, Fuentes-Lazaro J, Verhaegen S, Paulsen RE, Tasker RA, Ropstad E. PFOS-induced excitotoxicity is dependent on Ca2+ influx via NMDA receptors in rat cerebellar granule neurons. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 357:19-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Hosny EN, Sawie HG, Elhadidy ME, Khadrawy YA. Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of caffeine in rat model of neurotoxicity. Nutr Neurosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1446812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eman N. Hosny
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hussein G. Sawie
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. Elhadidy
- Department of Research on Children with Special Needs, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasser A. Khadrawy
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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14
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Nam SM, Chang BJ, Kim JH, Nahm SS, Lee JH. Ascorbic acid ameliorates lead-induced apoptosis in the cerebellar cortex of developing rats. Brain Res 2018; 1686:10-18. [PMID: 29462607 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the gestational administration of lead (Pb) and ascorbic acid on cerebellar development. Pregnant female rats were randomly assigned to the control, Pb, or Pb plus ascorbic acid (PA) groups; six offspring per cage were randomly selected for analysis. Compared to the control group, fewer Purkinje cells were observed in the Pb-exposed pups at postnatal day 21. However, co-administrating Pb and ascorbic acid inhibited the Pb-induced reduction in Purkinje cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining, which detected DNA fragmentation in the dying cells, showed more TUNEL-positive cells in the Pb group, while co-treatment with Pb and ascorbic acid mitigated the Pb-induced cellular degeneration. Using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting, we additionally found that Pb exposure induced a rise in the apoptotic factor Bax in the cerebellum, while Pb plus ascorbic acid treatment ameliorated this Bax induction. Since, Pb competes with the iron in the cell and the accumulation of free iron triggers oxidative stress, we performed iron staining, which revealed that ascorbic acid prevented the Pb-induced rises in iron-reactive cells and iron-reactivity. The anti-oxidant enzyme manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase showed change patterns that were similar to those of iron in the cerebellum. Finally, the pups' blood Pb levels were highest in the Pb group but were reduced in the PA group. Our findings suggest that ascorbic acid effectively ameliorates Pb-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in the cerebellum. The present results imply that ascorbic acid treatment during pregnancy may protect against Pb-mediated developmental impairments in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Nam
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joon Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology, Seoul Rehabilitation Hospital, Seoul 03428, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Steullet P, Cabungcal JH, Coyle J, Didriksen M, Gill K, Grace AA, Hensch TK, LaMantia AS, Lindemann L, Maynard TM, Meyer U, Morishita H, O'Donnell P, Puhl M, Cuenod M, Do KQ. Oxidative stress-driven parvalbumin interneuron impairment as a common mechanism in models of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:936-943. [PMID: 28322275 PMCID: PMC5491690 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons (PVIs) are crucial for maintaining proper excitatory/inhibitory balance and high-frequency neuronal synchronization. Their activity supports critical developmental trajectories, sensory and cognitive processing, and social behavior. Despite heterogeneity in the etiology across schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder, PVI circuits are altered in these psychiatric disorders. Identifying mechanism(s) underlying PVI deficits is essential to establish treatments targeting in particular cognition. On the basis of published and new data, we propose oxidative stress as a common pathological mechanism leading to PVI impairment in schizophrenia and some forms of autism. A series of animal models carrying genetic and/or environmental risks relevant to diverse etiological aspects of these disorders show PVI deficits to be all accompanied by oxidative stress in the anterior cingulate cortex. Specifically, oxidative stress is negatively correlated with the integrity of PVIs and the extracellular perineuronal net enwrapping these interneurons. Oxidative stress may result from dysregulation of systems typically affected in schizophrenia, including glutamatergic, dopaminergic, immune and antioxidant signaling. As convergent end point, redox dysregulation has successfully been targeted to protect PVIs with antioxidants/redox regulators across several animal models. This opens up new perspectives for the use of antioxidant treatments to be applied to at-risk individuals, in close temporal proximity to environmental impacts known to induce oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Steullet
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J-H Cabungcal
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Coyle
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - M Didriksen
- Synaptic transmission H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | - K Gill
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T K Hensch
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA,FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A-S LaMantia
- George Washington Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L Lindemann
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Roche Pharmaceutical and Early Development, Neuroscience, Opthalmology & Rare Disease (NORD) DTA, Discovery Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T M Maynard
- George Washington Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - U Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Morishita
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA,FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Ophthalmology, Friedman Brain Institute, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - P O'Donnell
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Puhl
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - M Cuenod
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Q Do
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne CH-1008, Switzerland. E-mail:
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16
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Khadrawy YA, Salem AM, El-Shamy KA, Ahmed EK, Fadl NN, Hosny EN. Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Effect of Caffeine on the Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease Induced by Rotenone. J Diet Suppl 2017; 14:553-572. [PMID: 28301304 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2016.1275916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of caffeine on rotenone-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Rats were divided into control, PD model induced by rotenone (1.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 45 days), protected group injected with caffeine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) and rotenone for 45 days (during the development of PD model), and treated group injected with caffeine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) for 45 days after induction of PD model. The data revealed a state of oxidative and nitrosative stress in the midbrain and the striatum of animal model of PD as indicated from the increased lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels and the decreased reduced glutathione level and activities of glutathione-S-transferase and superoxide dismutase. Rotenone induced a decrease in acetylcholinesterase and Na+/K+-ATPase activities and an increase in tumor necrosis factor-α level in the midbrain and the striatum. Protection and treatment with caffeine ameliorated the oxidative stress and the changes in acetylcholinesterase and Na+/K+-ATPase activities induced by rotenone in the midbrain and the striatum. This was associated with improvement in the histopathological changes induced in the two areas of PD model. Caffeine protection and treatment restored the depletion of midbrain and striatal dopamine induced by rotenone and prevented decline in motor activities (assessed by open field test) and muscular strength (assessed by traction and hanging tests) and improved norepinephrine level in the two areas. The present study showed that caffeine offered a significant neuroprotection and treatment against neurochemical, histopathological, and behavioral changes in a rotenone-induced rat model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser A Khadrawy
- a Medical Physiology Department , Medical Division, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Salem
- b Biochemistry Department , Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Karima A El-Shamy
- a Medical Physiology Department , Medical Division, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - Emad K Ahmed
- b Biochemistry Department , Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Nevein N Fadl
- a Medical Physiology Department , Medical Division, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - Eman N Hosny
- a Medical Physiology Department , Medical Division, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
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17
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Seeking environmental causes of neurodegenerative disease and envisioning primary prevention. Neurotoxicology 2016; 56:269-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Shao Y, Figeys D, Ning Z, Mailloux R, Chan HM. Methylmercury can induce Parkinson's-like neurotoxicity similar to 1-methyl-4- phenylpyridinium: a genomic and proteomic analysis on MN9D dopaminergic neuron cells. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 40:817-28. [PMID: 26558463 DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental chemicals has been implicated as a possible risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Our previous study showed that methylmercury (MeHg) exposure can disrupt synthesis, uptake and metabolism of dopamine similar to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of MeHg exposure on gene and protein profiles in a dopaminergic MN9D cell line. MN9D cells were treated with MeHg (1-5 μM) and MPP(+) (10-40 μM) for 48 hr. Real-time PCR Parkinson's disease (PD) arrays and high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) were performed for the analysis. PD PCR array results showed that 19% genes were significantly changed in the 2.5 μM MeHg treated cells, and 39% genes were changed in the 5 μM MeHg treated cells. In comparison, MPP(+) treatment (40 µM) resulted in significant changes in 25% genes. A total of 15 common genes were altered by both MeHg and MPP(+), and dopaminergic signaling transduction was the most affected pathway. Proteomic analysis identified a total of 2496 proteins, of which 188, 233 and 395 proteins were differentially changed by 1 μM and 2.5 μM MeHg, and MPP(+) respectively. A total of 61 common proteins were changed by both MeHg and MPP(+) treatment. The changed proteins were mainly involved in energetic generation-related metabolism pathway (propanoate metabolism, pyruvate metabolism and fatty acid metabolism), oxidative phosphorylation, proteasome, PD and other neurodegenerative disorders. A total of 7 genes/proteins including Ube2l3 (Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3) and Th (Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) were changed in both genomic and proteomic analysis. These results suggest that MeHg and MPP(+) share many similar signaling pathways leading to the pathogenesis of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Shao
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Canada
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20
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Inhibition of Glutathione Biosynthesis Sensitizes Plasmodium berghei to Antifolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3057-64. [PMID: 26953195 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01836-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione plays a central role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis, and modulations to this status may affect malaria parasite sensitivity to certain types of antimalarials. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of glutathione biosynthesis in the Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain through disruption of the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) gene, which encodes the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the glutathione biosynthetic pathway, significantly sensitizes parasites in vivo to pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, but not to chloroquine, artesunate, or primaquine, compared with control parasites containing the same pyrimethamine-resistant marker cassette. Treatment of mice infected with an antifolate-resistant P. berghei control line with a γ-GCS inhibitor, buthionine sulfoximine, could partially abrogate pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine resistance. The role of glutathione in modulating the malaria parasite's response to antifolates suggests that development of specific inhibitors against Plasmodium γ-GCS may offer a new approach to counter Plasmodium antifolate resistance.
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21
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Liu C, Li X, Lu B. The Immp2l mutation causes age-dependent degeneration of cerebellar granule neurons prevented by antioxidant treatment. Aging Cell 2016; 15:167-76. [PMID: 26616244 PMCID: PMC4717271 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are implicated in age‐associated neurodegeneration, although direct in vivo evidence is lacking. We recently showed that mice with a mutation in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Peptidase 2‐like (Immp2l) gene had elevated levels of mitochondrial superoxide, impaired fertility and age‐associated phenotypes, including kyphosis and ataxia. Here we show that ataxia and cerebellar hypoplasia occur in old mutant mice (> 16 months). Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are significantly underrepresented; Purkinje cells and cells in the molecular layer are not affected. Treating mutant mice with the mitochondria‐targeted antioxidant SkQ1 from 6 weeks to 21 months protected cerebellar granule neurons. Apoptotic granule neurons were observed in mutant mice but not in age‐matched normal control mice or SkQ1‐treated mice. Old mutant mice showed increased serum protein carbonyl content, cerebellar 4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE), and nitrotyrosine modification compared to old normal control mice. SOD2 expression was increased in Purkinje cells but decreased in granule neurons of old mutant mice. Mitochondrial marker protein VDAC1 also was decreased in CGNs of old mutant mice, suggesting decreased mitochondrial number. SkQ1 treatment decreased HNE and nitrotyrosine modification, and restored SOD2 and VDAC1 expression in CGNs of old mutant mice. Neuronal expression of nitric oxide synthase was increased in cerebella of young mutant mice but decreased in old mutant mice. Our work provides evidence for a causal role of oxidative stress in neurodegeneration of Immp2l mutant mice. The Immp2l mutant mouse model could be valuable in elucidating the role of oxidative stress in age‐associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlian Liu
- Department of Center for Reproductive Medicine General Hospital Ningxia Medical University Ningxia 750004 China
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education Ningxia Medical University Ningxia 750004 China
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences Institute for Regenerative Medicine Winston‐Salem NC 27157 USA
| | - Xue Li
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences Institute for Regenerative Medicine Winston‐Salem NC 27157 USA
- Department of Pathology Beijing Chao‐Yang Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Baisong Lu
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences Institute for Regenerative Medicine Winston‐Salem NC 27157 USA
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Landek-Salgado MA, Faust TE, Sawa A. Molecular substrates of schizophrenia: homeostatic signaling to connectivity. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:10-28. [PMID: 26390828 PMCID: PMC4684728 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating psychiatric condition affecting numerous brain systems. Recent studies have identified genetic factors that confer an increased risk of SZ and participate in the disease etiopathogenesis. In parallel to such bottom-up approaches, other studies have extensively reported biological changes in patients by brain imaging, neurochemical and pharmacological approaches. This review highlights the molecular substrates identified through studies with SZ patients, namely those using top-down approaches, while also referring to the fruitful outcomes of recent genetic studies. We have subclassified the molecular substrates by system, focusing on elements of neurotransmission, targets in white matter-associated connectivity, immune/inflammatory and oxidative stress-related substrates, and molecules in endocrine and metabolic cascades. We further touch on cross-talk among these systems and comment on the utility of animal models in charting the developmental progression and interaction of these substrates. Based on this comprehensive information, we propose a framework for SZ research based on the hypothesis of an imbalance in homeostatic signaling from immune/inflammatory, oxidative stress, endocrine and metabolic cascades that, at least in part, underlies deficits in neural connectivity relevant to SZ. Thus, this review aims to provide information that is translationally useful and complementary to pathogenic hypotheses that have emerged from genetic studies. Based on such advances in SZ research, it is highly expected that we will discover biomarkers that may help in the early intervention, diagnosis or treatment of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Landek-Salgado
- Department of Psychiatry, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T E Faust
- Department of Psychiatry, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Neurotoxicology 2015; 51:158-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Do KQ, Cuenod M, Hensch TK. Targeting Oxidative Stress and Aberrant Critical Period Plasticity in the Developmental Trajectory to Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:835-46. [PMID: 26032508 PMCID: PMC4466197 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder reflecting a convergence of genetic risk and early life stress. The slow progression to first psychotic episode represents both a window of vulnerability as well as opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Here, we consider recent neurobiological insight into the cellular and molecular components of developmental critical periods and their vulnerability to redox dysregulation. In particular, the consistent loss of parvalbumin-positive interneuron (PVI) function and their surrounding perineuronal nets (PNNs) as well as myelination in patient brains is consistent with a delayed or extended period of circuit instability. This linkage to critical period triggers (PVI) and brakes (PNN, myelin) implicates mistimed trajectories of brain development in mental illness. Strategically introduced antioxidant treatment or later reinforcement of molecular brakes may then offer a novel prophylactic psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Q. Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital-CHUV, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Cuenod
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital-CHUV, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Takao K. Hensch
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, US; tel: +1-617-384-5882; fax: +1-617-495-4038; e-mail:
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Majumdar A, Nirwane A, Kamble R. New evidences of neurotoxicity of aroclor 1254 in mice brain: potential of coenzyme q10 in abating the detrimental outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:e2014001. [PMID: 24683537 PMCID: PMC3965848 DOI: 10.5620/eht.2014.29.e2014001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present subacute study was designed to evaluate the effect of coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ10) in the 28 days aroclor 1254 exposure induced oxidative stress in mice brain. METHODS Biochemical estimations of brain lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), and histopathological investigations of brain tissue were carried out. RESULTS Oral exposure of aroclor 1254 (5 mg/kg) led to significant decrease in levels of GSH, and activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and AChE, and increase in LPO. These aberrations were restored by CoQ10 (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection [IP]). This protection offered was comparable to that of L-deprenyl (1 mg/kg, IP) which served as a reference standard. CONCLUSIONS Aroclor 1254 exposure hampers the activities of various antioxidant enzymes and induces oxidative stress in the brains of Swiss albino mice. Supplementation of CoQ10 abrogates these deleterious effects of aroclor 1254. CoQ10 also apparently enhanced acetyl cholinesterase activity which reflects its influence on the cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Majumdar
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhijit Nirwane
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, India
| | - Rahul Kamble
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, India
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Wu CM, Cheng YL, Dai YH, Chen MF, Wang CC. α-Tocopherol protects keratinocytes against ultraviolet A irradiation by suppressing glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species generation. Biomed Rep 2014; 2:419-423. [PMID: 24748986 PMCID: PMC3990220 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether α-tocopherol is able to protect keratinocytes against ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation by increasing glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine; GSH) levels or decreasing lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The cell survival fraction was 43.6% when keratinocytes were irradiated with UVA at a dose of 8 J/cm2. α-Tocopherol was added prior to UVA irradiation and the cell viability was assayed. The cell survival fractions were 60.2, 77.1, 89.0, 92.9 and 96.2% when α-tocopherol was added at concentrations of 2.9, 5.9, 8.8, 11.8 and 14.7 IU/ml, respectively. These results suggested that α-tocopherol is capable of protecting keratinocytes against UVA irradiation. Furthermore, the levels of GSH, lipid peroxidation and ROS were measured. The levels of GSH were 0.354 and 0.600 mmol/g protein in keratinocytes irradiated with UVA (8 J/cm2) and in non-irradiated cells, respectively, whereas they were 0.364, 0.420, 0.525, 0.540 and 0.545 mmol/g protein when α-tocopherol was added at concentrations of 2.9, 5.9, 8.8, 11.8 and 14.7 IU/ml, respectively. The levels of lipid peroxidation were 20.401 or 5.328 μmol/g [malondialdehyde (MDA)/protein] in keratinocytes irradiated with UVA (8 J/cm2) and in non-irradiated cells, respectively, whereas they were 11.685, 6.544, 5.847, 4.390 and 2.164 μmol/g (MDA/protein) when α-tocopherol was added at concentrations of 2.9, 5.9, 8.8, 11.8 and 14.7 IU/ml, respectively. The levels of ROS were 3,952.17 or 111.87 1/mg protein in keratinocytes irradiated with UVA (8 J/cm2) and in non-irradiated cells, respectively, whereas they were 742.48, 579.36, 358.16, 285.63 and 199.82 1/mg protein when α-tocopherol was added at concentrations of 2.9, 5.9, 8.8, 11.8 and 14.7 IU/ml, respectively. These findings suggested that α-tocopherol protects keratinocytes against UVA irradiation, possibly through increasing the levels of GSH or decreasing the levels of lipid peroxidation and ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ming Wu
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Vanung University, Tao-Yuan 32061, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Li Cheng
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Vanung University, Tao-Yuan 32061, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - You-Hua Dai
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Vanung University, Tao-Yuan 32061, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Fei Chen
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Vanung University, Tao-Yuan 32061, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chee-Chan Wang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Vanung University, Tao-Yuan 32061, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Kanda H, Shinkai Y, Kumagai Y. S-Mercuration of cellular proteins by methylmercury and its toxicological implications. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:687-700. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Kanda
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Yasuhiro Shinkai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
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Influence of prenatal exposure to environmental pollutants on human cord blood levels of glutamate. Neurotoxicology 2013; 40:102-10. [PMID: 24361731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Some chemicals released into the environment, including mercury and some organochlorine compounds (OCs), are suspected to have a key role on subclinical brain dysfunction in childhood. Alteration of the glutamatergic system may be one mechanistic pathway. We aimed to determine whether mercury and seven OCs, including PCBs 138, 153, and 180, DDT and DDE, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) influence the cord levels of two excitatory amino acids, glutamate and aspartate. Second, we evaluated if this association was mediated by glutamate uptake measured in human placental membranes. The study sample included 40 newborns from a Spanish cohort selected according to cord mercury levels. We determined the content of both amino acids in cord blood samples by means of HPLC and assessed their associations with the contaminants using linear regression analyses, and the effect of the contaminants on glutamate uptake by means of [(3)H]-aspartate binding in human placenta samples. PCB138, β-HCH, and the sum of the three PCBs and seven OCs showed a significant negative association with glutamate levels (decrease of 51, 24, 56 and 54%, respectively, in glutamate levels for each 10-fold increase in the contaminant concentration). Mercury did not show a significant correlation neither with glutamate nor aspartate levels in cord blood, however a compensatory effect between T-Hg and both PCB138, and 4,4'-DDE was observed. The organo-metallic derivative methylmercury completely inhibited glutamate uptake in placenta while PCB138 and β-HCH partially inhibited it (IC50 values: 4.9±0.8 μM, 14.2±1.2 nM and 6.9±2.9 nM, respectively). We conclude that some environmental toxicants may alter the glutamate content in the umbilical cord blood, which might underlie alterations in human development.
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Budnik LT, Kloth S, Baur X, Preisser AM, Schwarzenbach H. Circulating mitochondrial DNA as biomarker linking environmental chemical exposure to early preclinical lesions elevation of mtDNA in human serum after exposure to carcinogenic halo-alkane-based pesticides. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64413. [PMID: 23741329 PMCID: PMC3669318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need for a panel of suitable biomarkers for detection of environmental chemical exposure leading to the initiation or progression of degenerative diseases or potentially, to cancer. As the peripheral blood may contain increased levels of circulating cell-free DNA in diseased individuals, we aimed to evaluate this DNA as effect biomarker recognizing vulnerability after exposure to environmental chemicals. We recruited 164 individuals presumably exposed to halo-alkane-based pesticides. Exposure evaluation was based on human biomonitoring analysis; as biomarker of exposure parent halo-methanes, -ethanes and their metabolites, as well as the hemoglobin-adducts methyl valine and hydroxyl ethyl valine in blood were used, complemented by expert evaluation of exposure and clinical intoxication symptoms as well as a questionnaire. Assessment showed exposures to halo alkanes in the concentration range being higher than non-cancer reference doses (RfD) but (mostly) lower than the occupational exposure limits. We quantified circulating DNA in serum from 86 individuals with confirmed exposure to off-gassing halo-alkane pesticides (in storage facilities or in home environment) and 30 non-exposed controls, and found that exposure was significantly associated with elevated serum levels of circulating mitochondrial DNA (in size of 79 bp, mtDNA-79, p = 0.0001). The decreased integrity of mtDNA (mtDNA-230/mtDNA-79) in exposed individuals implicates apoptotic processes (p = 0.015). The relative amounts of mtDNA-79 in serum were positively associated with the lag-time after intoxication to these chemicals (r = 0.99, p<0.0001). Several months of post-exposure the specificity of this biomarker increased from 30% to 97% in patients with intoxication symptoms. Our findings indicate that mitochondrial DNA has a potential to serve as a biomarker recognizing vulnerable risk groups after exposure to toxic/carcinogenic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygia T Budnik
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine, Department of Occupational Health, School of Medicine, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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Omega-3 supplementation can restore glutathione levels and prevent oxidative damage caused by prenatal ethanol exposure. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:760-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Syversen T, Kaur P. The toxicology of mercury and its compounds. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2012; 26:215-26. [PMID: 22658719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A concentrated review on the toxicology of inorganic mercury together with an extensive review on the neurotoxicology of methylmercury is presented. The challenges of using inorganic mercury in dental amalgam are reviewed both regarding the occupational exposure and the possible health problems for the dental patients. The two remaining "mysteries" of methylmercury neurotoxicology are also being reviewed; the cellular selectivity and the delayed onset of symptoms. The relevant literature on these aspects has been discussed and some suggestions towards explaining these observations have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Syversen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Neuroscience, Trondheim, Norway.
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HWANG TSANNLONG, TSAI CHINJU, CHEN JHIHLONG, CHANGCHIEN TZUTSUNG, WANG CHEECHAN, WU CHIMING. Magnesium ascorbyl phosphate and coenzyme Q10 protect keratinocytes against UVA irradiation by suppressing glutathione depletion. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:375-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Chen Y, Curran CP, Nebert DW, Patel KV, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. Effect of chronic glutathione deficiency on the behavioral phenotype of Gclm-/- knockout mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2012; 34:450-7. [PMID: 22580179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced oxidative stress or deficient oxidative stress response in the brain is associated with neurodegenerative disorders and behavioral abnormalities. Previously we generated a knockout mouse line lacking the gene encoding glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM). Gclm(-/-) knockout (KO) mice are viable and fertile, yet exhibit only 9-35% of wild-type levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in tissues, making them a useful model for chronic GSH depletion. Having the global absence of this gene, KO mice--from the time of conception and throughout postnatal life--experience chronic oxidative stress in all tissues, including brain. Between postnatal day (P) 60 and P100, we carried out behavioral phenotyping tests in adults, comparing male and female Gclm(-/-) with Gclm(-/-) wild-type (WT) littermates. Compared with WT, KO mice exhibited: subnormal anxiety in the elevated zero maze; normal overall exploratory open-field activity, but slightly more activity in the peripheral zones; normal acoustic startle and prepulse inhibition reactions; normal novel object recognition with increased time attending to the stimulus objects; slightly reduced latencies to reach a random marked platform in the Morris water maze; normal spatial learning and memory in multiple phases of the Morris water maze; and significantly greater hyperactivity in response to methamphetamine in the open field. These findings are generally in agreement with two prior studies on these mice and suggest that the brain is remarkably resilient to lowered GSH levels, implying significant reserve capacity to regulate reactive oxygen species-but with regional differences such that anxiety and stimulated locomotor control brain regions might be more vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, and Center for Environmental Genetics-CEG, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
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Budnik LT, Kloth S, Velasco-Garrido M, Baur X. Prostate cancer and toxicity from critical use exemptions of methyl bromide: environmental protection helps protect against human health risks. Environ Health 2012; 11:5. [PMID: 22284215 PMCID: PMC3807750 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-11-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although ozone-depleting methyl bromide was destined for phase-out by 2005, it is still widely applied as a consequence of various critical-use-exemptions and mandatory international regulations aiming to restrict the spread of pests and alien species (e.g. in globalized transport and storage). The withdrawal of methyl bromide because of its environmental risk could fortuitously help in the containment of its human toxicity. METHODS We performed a systematic review of the literature, including in vitro toxicological and epidemiological studies of occupational and community exposure to the halogenated hydrocarbon pesticide methyl bromide. We focused on toxic (especially chronic) or carcinogenic effects from the use of methyl bromide, on biomonitoring data and reference values. Eligible epidemiological studies were subjected to meta-analysis. RESULTS Out of the 542 peer reviewed publications between 1990-2011, we found only 91 referring to toxicity of methyl bromide and 29 using the term "carcinogenic", "neoplastic" or "mutagenic". Several studies provide new additional data pertaining to the mechanistic aspects of methyl bromide toxicity. Few studies have performed a detailed exposure assessment including biomonitoring. Three evaluated epidemiological studies assessed a possible association between cancer and methyl bromide. Overall, exposure to methyl bromide is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer OR, 1.21; 95% CI (0,98-1.49), P = 0.076. Two epidemiological studies have analyzed environmental, non-occupational exposure to methyl bromide providing evidence for its health risk to the general public. None of the epidemiological studies addressed its use as a fumigant in freight containers, although recent field and case reports do refer to its toxic effects associated with its use in shipping and storage. CONCLUSIONS Both the epidemiological evidence and toxicological data suggest a possible link between methyl bromide exposure and serious health problems, including prostate cancer risk from occupational and community exposure. The environmental risks of methyl bromide are not in doubt, but also its health risks, especially for genetically predisposed subjects, should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygia T Budnik
- Division of Occupational Toxicology and Immunology, Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), Medical Faculty, University of Hamburg, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kloth
- Division of Occupational Toxicology and Immunology, Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), Medical Faculty, University of Hamburg, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcial Velasco-Garrido
- Division of Clinical Occupational Medicine, Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xaver Baur
- Chair for Occupational Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Hamburg, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
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Kravtsov AA, Shurygin AY, Skorokhod NS, Khaspekov LG. Neuroprotector effect of comenic acid against cytotoxic action of glutamate in vitro in cultured neurons of lead-poisoned rat pups. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 150:436-9. [PMID: 22268037 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-011-1162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated an increase in glutamate neurocytotoxicity in cultured cerebellar cells from rat pups subjected to lead poisoning during the prenatal development or early lactation period. The toxic effect of glutamate was weaker, if lead was applied in combination with antioxidant comenic acid. These data are discussed in view of practical use of comenic acid for the therapy of the brain tissues subjected to lead poisoning.
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Gilley JA, Kernie SG. Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 and excitatory amino acid transporter 1 negatively regulate calcium-dependent proliferation of hippocampal neural progenitor cells and are persistently upregulated after injury. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34:1712-23. [PMID: 22092549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Using a transgenic mouse (Mus musculus) in which nestin-expressing progenitors are labeled with enhanced green fluorescent protein, we previously characterized the expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (GltI) and excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (Glast) on early neural progenitors in vivo. To address their functional role in this cell population, we manipulated their expression in P7 neurospheres isolated from the dentate gyrus. We observed that knockdown of GltI or Glast was associated with decreased bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and neurosphere formation. Moreover, we determined that both glutamate transporters regulated progenitor proliferation in a calcium-dependent and metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent manner. To address the relevance of this in vivo, we utilized models of acquired brain injury, which are known to induce hippocampal neurogenesis. We observed that GltI and Glast were specifically upregulated in progenitors following brain injury, and that this increased expression was maintained for many weeks. Additionally, we found that recurrently injured animals with increased expression of glutamate transporters within the progenitor population were resistant to subsequent injury-induced proliferation. These findings demonstrate that GltI and Glast negatively regulate calcium-dependent proliferation in vitro and that their upregulation after injury is associated with decreased proliferation after brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Gilley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Pohanka M, Novotny L, Pikula J. Metrifonate alters antioxidant levels and caspase activity in cerebral cortex of Wistar rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2011; 21:585-90. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.589089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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39
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Deletion of astroglial Dicer causes non-cell-autonomous neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. J Neurosci 2011; 31:8306-19. [PMID: 21632951 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0567-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoribonuclease, Dicer, is indispensable for generating the majority of mature microRNAs (miRNAs), which are posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression involved in a wide range of developmental and pathological processes in the mammalian CNS. Although functions of Dicer-dependent miRNA pathways in neurons and oligodendrocytes have been extensively investigated, little is known about the role of Dicer in astrocytes. Here, we report the effect of Cre-loxP-mediated conditional deletion of Dicer selectively from postnatal astroglia on brain development. Dicer-deficient mice exhibited normal motor development and neurological morphology before postnatal week 5. Thereafter, mutant mice invariably developed a rapidly fulminant neurological decline characterized by ataxia, severe progressive cerebellar degeneration, seizures, uncontrollable movements, and premature death by postnatal week 9-10. Integrated transcription profiling, histological, and functional analyses of cerebella showed that deletion of Dicer in cerebellar astrocytes altered the transcriptome of astrocytes to be more similar to an immature or reactive-like state before the onset of neurological symptoms or morphological changes. As a result, critical and mature astrocytic functions including glutamate uptake and antioxidant pathways were substantially impaired, leading to massive apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells and degeneration of Purkinje cells. Collectively, our study demonstrates the critical involvement of Dicer in normal astrocyte maturation and maintenance. Our findings also reveal non-cell-autonomous roles of astrocytic Dicer-dependent pathways in regulating proper neuronal functions and implicate that loss of or dysregulation of astrocytic Dicer-dependent pathways may be involved in neurodegeneration and other neurological disorders.
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Revelations from the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans on the Complex Interplay of Metal Toxicological Mechanisms. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:895236. [PMID: 21876692 PMCID: PMC3157827 DOI: 10.1155/2011/895236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals have been definitively linked to a number of disease states. Due to the widespread existence of metals in our environment from both natural and anthropogenic sources, understanding the mechanisms of their cellular detoxification is of upmost importance. Organisms have evolved cellular detoxification systems including glutathione, metallothioneins, pumps and transporters, and heat shock proteins to regulate intracellular metal levels. The model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), contains these systems and provides several advantages for deciphering the mechanisms of metal detoxification. This review provides a brief summary of contemporary literature on the various mechanisms involved in the cellular detoxification of metals, specifically, antimony, arsenic, cadmium, copper, manganese, mercury, and depleted uranium using the C. elegans model system for investigation and analysis.
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Neurotrophic effects of a cyanine dye via the PI3K-Akt pathway: attenuation of motor discoordination and neurodegeneration in an ataxic animal model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17137. [PMID: 21347252 PMCID: PMC3037960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotrophic factors may be future therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative disease. In the screening of biologically active molecules for neurotrophic potency, we found that a photosensitizing cyanine dye, NK-4, had remarkable neurotrophic activities and was a potent radical scavenger. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we evaluated the effect of NK-4 on the protection of neurons against oxidative damage and investigated the associated intracellular signaling pathways. Subsequently, we evaluated the effect of NK-4 in an animal model of neurodegeneration. In vitro, NK-4 showed dose-dependent protection of PC12 cells from toxicity induced by oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Comparison of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways between treatment with NK-4 and nerve growth factor (NGF) using K252a, an inhibitor of the NGF receptor TrkA, revealed that NK-4 activity occurs independently of NGF receptors. LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, blocked the protective effect of NK-4, and NK-4 caused activation of Akt/protein kinase B, a downstream effector of PI3K. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of NK-4 are mediated by the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. NK-4 treatment also attenuated stress-induced activation of SAPK/JNK, which suggests that NK-4 activates a survival signaling pathway and inhibits stress-activated apoptotic pathways independently of the TrkA receptor in neuronal cells. In vivo, administration of NK-4 improved motor coordination in genetic ataxic hamsters, as assessed by rota-rod testing. Histological analysis showed that cerebellar atrophy was significantly attenuated by NK-4 treatment. Notably, the Purkinje cell count in the treated group was threefold higher than that in the vehicle group. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that NK-4 is a potential agent for therapy for neurodegenerative disorders based on the activation of survival signaling pathways.
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Svobodová A, Vostálová J. Solar radiation induced skin damage: review of protective and preventive options. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:999-1030. [PMID: 20807180 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2010.501842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Solar energy has a number of short- and long-term detrimental effects on skin that can result in several skin disorders. The aim of this review is to summarise current knowledge on endogenous systems within the skin for protection from solar radiation and present research findings to date, on the exogenous options for such skin photoprotection. RESULTS Endogenous systems for protection from solar radiation include melanin synthesis, epidermal thickening and an antioxidant network. Existing lesions are eliminated via repair mechanisms. Cells with irreparable damage undergo apoptosis. Excessive and chronic sun exposure however can overwhelm these mechanisms leading to photoaging and the development of cutaneous malignancies. Therefore exogenous means are a necessity. Exogenous protection includes sun avoidance, use of photoprotective clothing and sufficient application of broad-spectrum sunscreens as presently the best way to protect the skin. However other strategies that may enhance currently used means of protection are being investigated. These are often based on the endogenous protective response to solar light such as compounds that stimulate pigmentation, antioxidant enzymes, DNA repair enzymes, non-enzymatic antioxidants. CONCLUSION More research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of new alternatives to photoprotection such as use of DNA repair and antioxidant enzymes and plant polyphenols and to find an efficient way for their delivery to the skin. New approaches to the prevention of skin damage are important especially for specific groups of people such as (young) children, photosensitive people and patients on immunosuppressive therapy. Changes in public awareness on the subject too must be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Svobodová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Mitochondrial DNA Damage and the Involvement of Antioxidant Defense and Repair System in Hippocampi of Rats with Chronic Seizures. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:947-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Yu X, Robinson JF, Sidhu JS, Hong S, Faustman EM. A system-based comparison of gene expression reveals alterations in oxidative stress, disruption of ubiquitin-proteasome system and altered cell cycle regulation after exposure to cadmium and methylmercury in mouse embryonic fibroblast. Toxicol Sci 2010; 114:356-77. [PMID: 20061341 PMCID: PMC2840217 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposures to heavy metals such as methylmercury (MeHg) and cadmium (Cd) pose significant health risks to humans, including neurotoxicity. The underlying mechanisms of their toxicity, however, remain to be fully characterized. Our previous studies with Cd and MeHg have demonstrated that the perturbation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) was associated with metal-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. We conducted a microarray-based gene expression analysis to compare metal-altered gene expression patterns with a classical proteasome inhibitor, MG132 (0.5 microM), to determine whether the disruption of the UPS is a critical mechanism of metal-induced toxicity. We treated mouse embryonic fibroblast cells at doses of MeHg (2.5 microM) and Cd (5.0 microM) for 24 h. The doses selected were based on the neutral red-based cell viability assay where initial statistically significant decreases in variability were detected. Following normalization of the array data, we employed multilevel analysis tools to explore the data, including group comparisons, cluster analysis, gene annotations analysis (gene ontology analysis), and pathway analysis using GenMAPP and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Using these integrated approaches, we identified significant gene expression changes across treatments within the UPS (Uchl1 and Ube2c), antioxidant and phase II enzymes (Gsta2, Gsta4, and Noq1), and genes involved in cell cycle regulation pathways (ccnb1, cdc2a, and cdc25c). Furthermore, pathway analysis revealed significant alterations in genes implicated in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis following metal exposure. This study suggests that these pathways play a critical role in the development of adverse effects associated with metal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elaine M. Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105
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Mitochondrial base excision repair pathway failed to respond to status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine. Neurosci Lett 2010; 474:22-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ellis BC, Gattoni-Celli S, Kindy MS. The impact of methylmercury on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced transcriptomic responses in dolphin skin cells. Biol Chem 2010; 391:245-258. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Atlantic bottlenose dolphin has been the focus of much attention owing to the considerable impact of environmental stress on its health and the associated implications for human health. Here, we used skin cells from the dolphin to investigate the protective role of the vitamin D pathway against environmental stressors. We previously reported that dolphin skin cells respond to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3), the bioactive metabolite of vitamin D3, by upregulation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and expression of several genes. Methylmercury is a highly bioaccumulative environmental stressor of relevance to the dolphin. We currently report that in dolphin cells sublethal concentrations of methylmercury compromise the ability of 1,25D3 to upregulate VDR, to transactivate a vitamin D-sensitive promoter, and to express specific target genes. These results help elucidate the effects of vitamin D and methylmercury on innate immunity in dolphin skin and potentially in human skin as well, considering similarities in the vitamin D pathway between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake C. Ellis
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Sebastiano Gattoni-Celli
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Mark S. Kindy
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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Hama I, Nakagomi S, Konishi H, Kiyama H. Simultaneous expression of glutathione, thioredoxin-1, and their reductases in nerve transected hypoglossal motor neurons of rat. Brain Res 2010; 1306:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Dreiem A, Rykken S, Lehmler HJ, Robertson LW, Fonnum F. Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls increase reactive oxygen species formation and induce cell death in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 240:306-13. [PMID: 19631230 PMCID: PMC2753730 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that bioaccumulate in the body, however, they can be metabolized to more water-soluble products. Although they are more readily excreted than the parent compounds, some of the metabolites are still hydrophobic and may be more available to target tissues, such as the brain. They can also cross the placenta and reach a developing foetus. Much less is known about the toxicity of PCB metabolites than about the parent compounds. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of eight hydroxylated (OH) PCB congeners (2'-OH PCB 3, 4-OH PCB 14, 4-OH PCB 34, 4'-OH PCB 35, 4-OH PCB 36, 4'-OH PCB 36, 4-OH PCB 39, and 4'-OH PCB 68) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and cell viability in rat cerebellar granule cells. We found that, similar to their parent compounds, OH-PCBs are potent ROS inducers with potency 4-OH PCB 14<4-OH PCB 36<4-OH PCB 34<4'-OH PCB 36<4'-OH PCB 68<4-OH PCB 39<4'-OH PCB 35. 4-OH PCB 36 was the most potent cell death inducer, and caused apoptotic or necrotic morphology depending on concentration. Inhibition of ERK1/2 kinase with U0126 reduced both cell death and ROS formation, suggesting that ERK1/2 activation is involved in OH-PCB toxicity. The results indicate that the hydroxylation of PCBs may not constitute a detoxification reaction. Since OH-PCBs like their parent compounds are retained in the body and may be more widely distributed to sensitive tissues, it is important that not only the levels of the parent compounds but also the levels of their metabolites are taken into account during risk assessment of PCBs and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dreiem
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Marcon G, Tell G, Perrone L, Garbelli R, Quadrifoglio F, Tagliavini F, Giaccone G. APE1/Ref-1 in Alzheimer's disease: an immunohistochemical study. Neurosci Lett 2009; 466:124-7. [PMID: 19782121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative injury in Alzheimer's disease (AD), in which amyloid beta protein induces production of reactive oxygen species, may be cause of neurodegeneration. APE1/Ref-1 is a protein involved in DNA repair and in redox co-activating function over different transcription factors. We investigated by immunohistochemistry using a highly specific monoclonal antibody, the localization of APE1/Ref-1 in autoptic and bioptic AD brain tissues in comparison with brains with unrelated pathological or normal conditions. Reliable APE1/Ref-1 immunostaining was obtained in biopsies, but not in autoptic tissues. An increased nuclear expression of APE1/Ref-1 in AD cerebral cortex supports the view that the cellular adaptive response to the oxidative stress condition is involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Marcon
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
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Hashimoto E, Oyama TB, Oyama K, Nishimura Y, Oyama TM, Ueha-Ishibashi T, Okano Y, Oyama Y. Increase in intracellular Zn2+ concentration by thimerosal in rat thymocytes: Intracellular Zn2+ release induced by oxidative stress. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1092-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 05/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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