1
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Bender M, Chen IP, Henning S, Degenhardt S, Mhamdi-Ghodbani M, Starzonek C, Volkmer B, Greinert R. Knockdown of Simulated-Solar-Radiation-Sensitive miR-205-5p Does Not Induce Progression of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16428. [PMID: 38003618 PMCID: PMC10671527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Solar radiation is the main risk factor for cSCC development, yet it is unclear whether the progression of cSCC is promoted by solar radiation in the same way as initial tumorigenesis. Additionally, the role of miRNAs, which exert crucial functions in various tumors, needs to be further elucidated in the context of cSCC progression and connection to solar radiation. Thus, we chronically irradiated five cSCC cell lines (Met-1, Met-4, SCC-12, SCC-13, SCL-II) with a custom-built irradiation device mimicking the solar spectrum (UVB, UVA, visible light (VIS), and near-infrared (IRA)). Subsequently, miRNA expression of 51 cancer-associated miRNAs was scrutinized using a flow cytometric multiplex quantification assay (FirePlex®, Abcam). In total, nine miRNAs were differentially expressed in cell-type-specific as well as universal manners. miR-205-5p was the only miRNA downregulated after SSR-irradiation in agreement with previously gathered data in tissue samples. However, inhibition of miR-205-5p with an antagomir did not affect cell cycle, cell growth, apoptosis, or migration in vitro despite transient upregulation of oncogenic target genes after miR-205-5p knockdown. These results render miR-205-5p an unlikely intracellular effector in cSCC progression. Thus, effects on intercellular communication in cSCC or the simultaneous examination of complementary miRNA sets should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rüdiger Greinert
- Skin Cancer Center, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Elbe Kliniken Stade-Buxtehude, 21614 Buxtehude, Germany; (M.B.); (I.-P.C.); (S.H.); (M.M.-G.); (C.S.); (B.V.)
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2
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Kumah E, Bibee K. Modelling cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma for laboratory research. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:117-125. [PMID: 36373888 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) leads to significant morbidity for patients with progression and metastases. However, the molecular underpinnings of these tumors are still poorly understood. Dissecting human cSCC pathogenesis amplifies the exigence for preclinical models that mimic invasion and nodal spread. This review discusses the currently available models, including two- and three-dimensional tissue cultures, syngeneic and transgenic mice, and cell line-derived and patient-derived xenografts. We further highlight studies that have utilized the different models, considering how they recapitulate specific hallmarks of cSCC. Finally, we discuss the advantages, limitations and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Kumah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin Bibee
- Transplant Dermatology, Micrographic Surgery and Dermatology Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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UV-type specific alteration of miRNA expression and its association with tumor progression and metastasis in SCC cell lines. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:3215-3231. [PMID: 32865618 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE UV exposure is the main risk factor for development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). While early detection greatly improves cSCC prognosis, locally advanced or metastatic cSCC has a severely impaired prognosis. Notably, the mechanisms of progression to metastatic cSCC are not well understood. We hypothesized that UV exposure of already transformed epithelial cSCC cells further induces changes which might be involved in the progression to metastatic cSCCs and that UV-inducible microRNAs (miRNAs) might play an important role. METHODS Thus, we analyzed the impact of UV radiation of different quality (UVA, UVB, UVA + UVB) on the miRNA expression pattern in established cell lines generated from primary and metastatic cSCCs (Met-1, Met-4) using the NanoString nCounter platform. RESULTS This analysis revealed that the expression pattern of miRNAs depends on both the cell line used per se and on the quality of UV radiation. Comparison of UV-induced miRNAs in cSCC cell lines established from a primary tumor (Met-1) and the respective (un-irradiated) metastasis (Met-4) suggest that miR-7-5p, miR-29a-3p and miR-183-5p are involved in a UV-driven pathway of progression to metastasis. This notion is supported by the fact that these three miRNAs build up a network of 81 potential target genes involved e.g. in UVA/UVB-induced MAPK signaling and regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. As an example, PTEN, a target of UV-upregulated miRNAs (miR-29a-3p, miR-183-5p), could be shown to be down-regulated in response to UV radiation. We further identified CNOT8, the transcription complex subunit 8 of the CCR4-NOT complex, a deadenylase removing the poly(A) tail from miRNA-destabilized mRNAs, in the center of this network, targeted by all three miRNAs. CONCLUSION In summary, our results demonstrate that UV radiation induces an miRNA expression pattern in primary SCC cell line partly resembling those of metastatic cell line, thus suggesting that UV radiation impacts SCC progression beyond initiation.
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4
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Pyczek J, Khizanishvili N, Kuzyakova M, Zabel S, Bauer J, Nitzki F, Emmert S, Schön MP, Boukamp P, Schildhaus HU, Uhmann A, Hahn H. Regulation and Role of GLI1 in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Pathogenesis. Front Genet 2019; 10:1185. [PMID: 31867038 PMCID: PMC6904360 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin tumor in humans. Although current therapies are sufficient to clear the tumor in many cases, the overall risk of cSCC metastasis is still 5%. Alternative treatment options could help to overcome this situation. Here we focused on the role of the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway and its interplay with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in cSCC. The analyses revealed that, despite lack of Sonic HH (SHH) expression, a subset of human cSCC can express GLI1, a marker for active HH signaling, within distinct tumor areas. In contrast, all tumors strongly express EGFR and the hair follicle stem cell marker SOX9 at the highly proliferative tumor-stroma interface, whereas central tumor regions with a more differentiated stratum spinosum cell type lack both EGFR and SOX9 expression. In vitro experiments indicate that activation of EGFR signaling in the human cSCC cell lines SCL-1, MET-1, and MET-4 leads to GLI1 inhibition via the MEK/ERK axis without affecting cellular proliferation. Of note, EGFR activation also inhibits cellular migration of SCL-1 and MET-4 cells. Because proliferation and migration of the cells is also not altered by a GLI1 knockdown, GLI1 is apparently not involved in processes of aggressiveness in established cSCC tumors. In contrast, our data rather suggest a negative correlation between Gli1 expression level and cSCC formation because skin of Ptch+/- mice with slightly elevated Gli1 expression levels is significantly less susceptible to chemically-induced cSCC formation compared to murine wildtype skin. Although not yet formally validated, these data open the possibility that GLI1 (and thus HH signaling) may antagonize cSCC initiation and is not involved in cSCC aggressiveness, at least in a subset of cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pyczek
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Natalia Khizanishvili
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maria Kuzyakova
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zabel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Julia Bauer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Nitzki
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Emmert
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael P Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Petra Boukamp
- Division of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Anja Uhmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Heidi Hahn
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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5
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Hassan S, Purdie KJ, Wang J, Harwood CA, Proby CM, Pourreyron C, Mladkova N, Nagano A, Dhayade S, Athineos D, Caley M, Mannella V, Blyth K, Inman GJ, Leigh IM. A Unique Panel of Patient-Derived Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines Provides a Preclinical Pathway for Therapeutic Testing. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3428. [PMID: 31336867 PMCID: PMC6678499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) incidence continues to rise with increasing morbidity and mortality, with limited treatment options for advanced disease. Future improvements in targeted therapy will rely on advances in genomic/transcriptomic understanding and the use of model systems for basic research. We describe here the panel of 16 primary and metastatic cSCC cell lines developed and characterised over the past three decades in our laboratory in order to provide such a resource for future preclinical research and drug screening. METHODS Primary keratinocytes were isolated from cSCC tumours and metastases, and cell lines were established. These were characterised using short tandem repeat (STR) profiling and genotyped by whole exome sequencing. Multiple in vitro assays were performed to document their morphology, growth characteristics, migration and invasion characteristics, and in vivo xenograft growth. RESULTS STR profiles of the cSCC lines allow the confirmation of their unique identity. Phylogenetic trees derived from exome sequence analysis of the matched primary and metastatic lines provide insight into the genetic basis of disease progression. The results of in vivo and in vitro analyses allow researchers to select suitable cell lines for specific experimentation. CONCLUSIONS There are few well-characterised cSCC lines available for widespread preclinical experimentation and drug screening. The described cSCC cell line panel provides a critical tool for in vitro and in vivo experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakinah Hassan
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Karin J Purdie
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Jun Wang
- Barts Cancer Institute, QMUL, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Catherine A Harwood
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Charlotte M Proby
- Division of Cancer, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Celine Pourreyron
- Division of Cancer, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Nikol Mladkova
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Ai Nagano
- Barts Cancer Institute, QMUL, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sandeep Dhayade
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Dimitris Athineos
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Matthew Caley
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Viviana Mannella
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Gareth J Inman
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1GH, UK
| | - Irene M Leigh
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK.
- Division of Cancer, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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6
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Yoon JH, McArthur MJ, Park J, Basu D, Wakamiya M, Prakash L, Prakash S. Error-Prone Replication through UV Lesions by DNA Polymerase θ Protects against Skin Cancers. Cell 2019; 176:1295-1309.e15. [PMID: 30773314 PMCID: PMC6453116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancers from sun-exposed skin accumulate "driver" mutations, causally implicated in oncogenesis. Because errors incorporated during translesion synthesis (TLS) opposite UV lesions would generate these mutations, TLS mechanisms are presumed to underlie cancer development. To address the role of TLS in skin cancer formation, we determined which DNA polymerase is responsible for generating UV mutations, analyzed the relative contributions of error-free TLS by Polη and error-prone TLS by Polθ to the replication of UV-damaged DNA and to genome stability, and examined the incidence of UV-induced skin cancers in Polθ-/-, Polη-/-, and Polθ-/- Polη-/- mice. Our findings that the incidence of skin cancers rises in Polθ-/- mice and is further exacerbated in Polθ-/- Polη-/- mice compared with Polη-/- mice support the conclusion that error-prone TLS by Polθ provides a safeguard against tumorigenesis and suggest that cancer formation can ensue in the absence of somatic point mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Mark J McArthur
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeseong Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Debashree Basu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Maki Wakamiya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Louise Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Satya Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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7
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Inman GJ, Wang J, Nagano A, Alexandrov LB, Purdie KJ, Taylor RG, Sherwood V, Thomson J, Hogan S, Spender LC, South AP, Stratton M, Chelala C, Harwood CA, Proby CM, Leigh IM. The genomic landscape of cutaneous SCC reveals drivers and a novel azathioprine associated mutational signature. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3667. [PMID: 30202019 PMCID: PMC6131170 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) has a high tumour mutational burden (50 mutations per megabase DNA pair). Here, we combine whole-exome analyses from 40 primary cSCC tumours, comprising 20 well-differentiated and 20 moderately/poorly differentiated tumours, with accompanying clinical data from a longitudinal study of immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients and integrate this analysis with independent gene expression studies. We identify commonly mutated genes, copy number changes and altered pathways and processes. Comparisons with tumour differentiation status suggest events which may drive disease progression. Mutational signature analysis reveals the presence of a novel signature (signature 32), whose incidence correlates with chronic exposure to the immunosuppressive drug azathioprine. Characterisation of a panel of 15 cSCC tumour-derived cell lines reveals that they accurately reflect the mutational signatures and genomic alterations of primary tumours and provide a valuable resource for the validation of tumour drivers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Inman
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
| | - Jun Wang
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Ai Nagano
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Bioengineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Karin J Purdie
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Richard G Taylor
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Victoria Sherwood
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jason Thomson
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Sarah Hogan
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Lindsay C Spender
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Andrew P South
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Michael Stratton
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Claude Chelala
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Catherine A Harwood
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Charlotte M Proby
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Irene M Leigh
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
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8
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Isakov N. Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in cancer, tumor promotion and tumor suppression. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 48:36-52. [PMID: 28571764 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The AGC family of serine/threonine kinases (PKA, PKG, PKC) includes more than 60 members that are critical regulators of numerous cellular functions, including cell cycle and differentiation, morphogenesis, and cell survival and death. Mutation and/or dysregulation of AGC kinases can lead to malignant cell transformation and contribute to the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Members of one subgroup of AGC kinases, the protein kinase C (PKC), have been singled out as critical players in carcinogenesis, following their identification as the intracellular receptors of phorbol esters, which exhibit tumor-promoting activities. This observation attracted the attention of researchers worldwide and led to intense investigations on the role of PKC in cell transformation and the potential use of PKC as therapeutic drug targets in cancer diseases. Studies demonstrated that many cancers had altered expression and/or mutation of specific PKC genes. However, the causal relationships between the changes in PKC gene expression and/or mutation and the direct cause of cancer remain elusive. Independent studies in normal cells demonstrated that activation of PKC is essential for the induction of cell activation and proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Based on these observations and the general assumption that PKC isoforms play a positive role in cell transformation and/or cancer progression, many PKC inhibitors have entered clinical trials but the numerous attempts to target PKC in cancer has so far yielded only very limited success. More recent studies demonstrated that PKC function as tumor suppressors, and suggested that future clinical efforts should focus on restoring, rather than inhibiting, PKC activity. The present manuscript provides some historical perspectives on the tumor promoting function of PKC, reviewing some of the observations linking PKC to cancer progression, and discusses the role of PKC in the pathogenesis of cancer diseases and its potential usage as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
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9
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Chitsazzadeh V, Coarfa C, Drummond JA, Nguyen T, Joseph A, Chilukuri S, Charpiot E, Adelmann CH, Ching G, Nguyen TN, Nicholas C, Thomas VD, Migden M, MacFarlane D, Thompson E, Shen J, Takata Y, McNiece K, Polansky MA, Abbas HA, Rajapakshe K, Gower A, Spira A, Covington KR, Xiao W, Gunaratne P, Pickering C, Frederick M, Myers JN, Shen L, Yao H, Su X, Rapini RP, Wheeler DA, Hawk ET, Flores ER, Tsai KY. Cross-species identification of genomic drivers of squamous cell carcinoma development across preneoplastic intermediates. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12601. [PMID: 27574101 PMCID: PMC5013636 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cuSCC) comprises 15-20% of all skin cancers, accounting for over 700,000 cases in USA annually. Most cuSCC arise in association with a distinct precancerous lesion, the actinic keratosis (AK). To identify potential targets for molecularly targeted chemoprevention, here we perform integrated cross-species genomic analysis of cuSCC development through the preneoplastic AK stage using matched human samples and a solar ultraviolet radiation-driven Hairless mouse model. We identify the major transcriptional drivers of this progression sequence, showing that the key genomic changes in cuSCC development occur in the normal skin to AK transition. Our data validate the use of this ultraviolet radiation-driven mouse cuSCC model for cross-species analysis and demonstrate that cuSCC bears deep molecular similarities to multiple carcinogen-driven SCCs from diverse sites, suggesting that cuSCC may serve as an effective, accessible model for multiple SCC types and that common treatment and prevention strategies may be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Chitsazzadeh
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer A Drummond
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Tri Nguyen
- Northwest Diagnostic Clinic, Houston, Texas 77090, USA
| | - Aaron Joseph
- Skin and Laser Surgery Associates, Pasadena, Texas 77505, USA
| | | | | | - Charles H Adelmann
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Grace Ching
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Tran N Nguyen
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Courtney Nicholas
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Valencia D Thomas
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Michael Migden
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Deborah MacFarlane
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Erika Thompson
- Sequencing and Microarray Facility, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Next Generation Sequencing Facility, Smithville, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yoko Takata
- Next Generation Sequencing Facility, Smithville, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kayla McNiece
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Maxim A Polansky
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Hussein A Abbas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Adam Gower
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Avrum Spira
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Kyle R Covington
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Weimin Xiao
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Preethi Gunaratne
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Curtis Pickering
- Department of Head &Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mitchell Frederick
- Department of Head &Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Myers
- Department of Head &Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Bioinformatics &Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Hui Yao
- Department of Bioinformatics &Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoping Su
- Department of Bioinformatics &Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ronald P Rapini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - David A Wheeler
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ernest T Hawk
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Elsa R Flores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kenneth Y Tsai
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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10
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Loss of tumorigenic potential upon transdifferentiation from keratinocytic into melanocytic lineage. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28891. [PMID: 27387763 PMCID: PMC4937495 DOI: 10.1038/srep28891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineage-specific transcription factors determine the cell fate during development. Direct conversion of several cell types into other lineages has been achieved by the overexpression of specific transcription factors. Even cancer cells have been demonstrated to be amenable to transdifferentiation. Here, we identified a distinct set of transcription factors, which are sufficient to transform cells of the keratinocytic lineage to melanocyte-like cells. Melanocyte marker expression was induced and melanosome formation was observed in non-tumorigenic keratinocytes (HaCaT) and tumorigenic squamous cell carcinoma (MET-4) cells. Moreover, reduced proliferation, cell metabolism, invasion and migration were measured in vitro in transdifferentiated MT-MET-4 cells. A loss of tumorigenic potential of squamous cell carcinoma cells could be due to the upregulation of the melanocyte differentiation associated gene IL-24. Our data show that cells from the keratinocytic lineage can be transdifferented into the melanocytic lineage and provide a proof of principle for a potential new therapeutic strategy.
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11
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Daban JR. Stacked thin layers of metaphase chromatin explain the geometry of chromosome rearrangements and banding. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14891. [PMID: 26446309 PMCID: PMC4597206 DOI: 10.1038/srep14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional organization of tightly condensed chromatin within metaphase chromosomes has been one of the most challenging problems in structural biology since the discovery of the nucleosome. This study shows that chromosome images obtained from typical banded karyotypes and from different multicolour cytogenetic analyses can be used to gain information about the internal structure of chromosomes. Chromatin bands and the connection surfaces in sister chromatid exchanges and in cancer translocations are planar and orthogonal to the chromosome axis. Chromosome stretching produces band splitting and even the thinnest bands are orthogonal and well defined, indicating that short stretches of DNA can occupy completely the chromosome cross-section. These observations impose strong physical constraints on models that attempt to explain chromatin folding in chromosomes. The thin-plate model, which consists of many stacked layers of planar chromatin perpendicular to the chromosome axis, is compatible with the observed orientation of bands, with the existence of thin bands, and with band splitting; it is also compatible with the orthogonal orientation and planar geometry of the connection surfaces in chromosome rearrangements. The results obtained provide a consistent interpretation of the chromosome structural properties that are used in clinical cytogenetics for the diagnosis of hereditary diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan-Ramon Daban
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Spain
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12
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Piredda P, Berning M, Boukamp P, Volkmer A. Subcellular Raman Microspectroscopy Imaging of Nucleic Acids and Tryptophan for Distinction of Normal Human Skin Cells and Tumorigenic Keratinocytes. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6778-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Piredda
- 3rd
Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Manuel Berning
- Division
of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Boukamp
- Division
of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Volkmer
- 3rd
Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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13
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Olasz EB, Seline LN, Schock AM, Duncan NE, Lopez A, Lazar J, Flister MJ, Lu Y, Liu P, Sokumbi O, Harwood CA, Proby CM, Neuburg M, Lazarova Z. MicroRNA-135b Regulates Leucine Zipper Tumor Suppressor 1 in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125412. [PMID: 25938461 PMCID: PMC4418692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin malignancy and it presents a therapeutic challenge in organ transplant recipient patients. Despite the need, there are only a few targeted drug treatment options. Recent studies have revealed a pivotal role played by microRNAs (miRNAs) in multiple cancers, but only a few studies tested their function in cSCC. Here, we analyzed differential expression of 88 cancer related miRNAs in 43 study participants with cSCC; 32 immunocompetent, 11 OTR patients, and 15 non-lesional skin samples by microarray analysis. Of the examined miRNAs, miR-135b was the most upregulated (13.3-fold, 21.5-fold; p=0.0001) in both patient groups. Similarly, the miR-135b expression was also upregulated in three cSCC cell lines when evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. In functional studies, inhibition of miR-135b by specific anti-miR oligonucleotides resulted in upregulation of its target gene LZTS1 mRNA and protein levels and led to decreased cell motility and invasion of both primary and metastatic cSCC cell lines. In contrast, miR-135b overexpression by synthetic miR-135b mimic induced further down-regulation of LZTS1 mRNA in vitro and increased cancer cell motility and invasiveness. Immunohistochemical evaluation of 67 cSCC tumor tissues demonstrated that miR-135b expression inversely correlated with LZTS1 staining intensity and the tumor grade. These results indicate that miR-135b functions as an oncogene in cSCC and provide new understanding into its pathological role in cSCC progression and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit B. Olasz
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lauren N. Seline
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ashley M. Schock
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nathan E. Duncan
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Argelia Lopez
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jozef Lazar
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Flister
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Olayemi Sokumbi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Harwood
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte M. Proby
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Marcy Neuburg
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zelmira Lazarova
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Geserick P, Wang J, Feoktistova M, Leverkus M. The ratio of Mcl-1 and Noxa determines ABT737 resistance in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1412. [PMID: 25210795 PMCID: PMC4540197 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumour progression and therapy resistance in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCC) is strongly associated with resistance to intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis. We thus investigated the role of various anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins for apoptosis protection in SCC using the BH3 agonist ABT737 that can overcome multidomain Bcl-2 protein protection. Sensitive SCC cells underwent rapid loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), subsequent apoptosis concomitant with caspase-3 activation and an early release of mitochondria-derived cytochrome c and smac/DIABLO. In contrast, ABT737 resistance in subsets of SCC cells was not explained by XIAP, important for protection from DR-induced apoptosis in SCC. Of note, ABT737 did not prime SCC cells to DR-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, the ratio of Mcl-1 and Noxa determined sensitivity to ABT737: loss of Mcl-1 rendered resistant cells sensitive to ABT737, whereas loss of Noxa promoted resistance in sensitive cells. In line, suppression of Mcl-1 by the pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor Obatoclax or overexpression of Noxa rendered resistant SCC cells sensitive to BH3 mimetics. Our data indicate that targeting of the Mcl-1/Noxa axis is important to overcome resistance to mitochondrial apoptosis in SCC. Therefore, combination treatment of ABT737 or derivatives with Mcl-1 inhibitors, or inducers of Noxa, may represent a novel option of targeted therapy in metastatic SCC of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Geserick
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J Wang
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Feoktistova
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Leverkus
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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15
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Ismail F, Ikram M, Purdie K, Harwood C, Leigh I, Storey A. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and the DNA damage response: pATM expression patterns in pre-malignant and malignant keratinocyte skin lesions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21271. [PMID: 21747934 PMCID: PMC3128585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that an initial barrier to the emergence of tumours is a DNA damage response that evokes a counter-response which arrests the growth of, or eliminates, damaged cells. Early precursor lesions express markers of an activated DNA damage response in several types of tumour, with a diminishing response in more advanced cancers. An important marker of DNA damage is ATM which becomes phosphorylated (pATM) upon activation. We have investigated pATM expression patterns in cultured keratinocytes, skin explants and a spectrum of pre-malignant to malignant keratinocyte skin lesions by immunohistochemistry. We found that pATM was mainly localised to the Golgi apparatus, which contrasts with its nuclear localisation in other tissues. Upon UV irradiation there is transient formation of pATM in nuclear foci, consistent with recruitment to the sites of DNA damage. By immunohistochemistry we show pATM expression in precancerous keratinocyte lesions is greater and predominantly nuclear when compared to the invasive lesions where pATM is weaker and predominantly cytoplasmic. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the DNA damage response acts as a barrier to cutaneous tumour formation, but also suggests that ATM expression in skin is different compared to other tissues. This may be a consequence of the constant exposure of skin to UVR, and has implications for skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferina Ismail
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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16
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Co-overexpression of Bag-1 and heat shock protein 70 in human epidermal squamous cell carcinoma: Bag-1-mediated resistance to 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:1459-71. [PMID: 21522149 PMCID: PMC3101929 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim was to determine whether Bcl-2-associated athanogene-1 (Bag-1) and/or its binding protein heat shock protein-70 (Hsp70) exhibit deregulated expression in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and whether Bag-1 confers apoptosis resistance. Method: Immunohistochemistry for Bag-1 and Hsp70 was performed on 60 epidermal SCC and 10 normal skin samples. The epidermal SCC cell line SCC-13 was treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) after Bag-1 knockdown to determine whether high Bag-1 levels contribute to growth and/or apoptosis resistance. Results: Normal epithelium expressed primarily nuclear Bag-1. Most tumours showed reduced nuclear Bag-1 staining, but a subset exhibited strong Bag-1 staining, with cytoplasmic Bag-1 staining intensity correlating with cytoplasmic Hsp70 staining intensity (rs=0.462; P<0.001) and less differentiation (P<0.001). Bag-1 knockdown resulted in markedly reduced SCC-13 cell yield, increased spontaneous apoptosis and enhanced sensitivity to 5-FU-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis induced by 5-FU in the Bag-1-knockdown cells was significantly greater than the additive apoptotic effect of 5-FU or Bag-1 knockdown alone. Conclusions: Overexpression of Bag-1 and Hsp70 in poorly differentiated SCC may confer both enhanced tumour cell growth and apoptosis resistance. Bag-1 may contribute to the resistance of more advanced epidermal SCC to chemotherapy.
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17
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Sekulic A, Kim SY, Hostetter G, Savage S, Einspahr JG, Prasad A, Sagerman P, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Krouse R, Bowden GT, Warneke J, Alberts DS, Pittelkow MR, DiCaudo D, Nickoloff BJ, Trent JM, Bittner M. Loss of inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase is an early event in development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:1277-83. [PMID: 20876729 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) occurs commonly and can metastasize. Identification of specific molecular aberrations and mechanisms underlying the development and progression of cutaneous SCC may lead to better prognostic and therapeutic approaches and more effective chemoprevention strategies. To identify genetic changes associated with early stages of cutaneous SCC development, we analyzed a series of 40 archived skin tissues ranging from normal skin to invasive SCC. Using high-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization, we identified deletions of a region on chromosome 10q harboring the INPP5A gene in 24% of examined SCC tumors. Subsequent validation by immunohistochemistry on an independent sample set of 71 SCC tissues showed reduced INPP5A protein levels in 72% of primary SCC tumors. Decrease in INPP5A protein levels seems to be an early event in SCC development, as it also is observed in 9 of 26 (35%) examined actinic keratoses, the earliest stage in SCC development. Importantly, further reduction of INPP5A levels is seen in a subset of SCC patients as the tumor progresses from primary to metastatic stage. The observed frequency and pattern of loss indicate that INPP5A, a negative regulator of inositol signaling, may play a role in development and progression of cutaneous SCC tumors.
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18
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Dworkin AM, Ridd K, Bautista D, Allain DC, Iwenofu OH, Roy R, Bastian BC, Toland AE. Germline variation controls the architecture of somatic alterations in tumors. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1001136. [PMID: 20885788 PMCID: PMC2944791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have suggested that somatic events in tumors can depend on an individual's constitutional genotype. We used squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the skin, which arise in high multiplicity in organ transplant recipients, as a model to compare the pattern of somatic alterations within and across individuals. Specifically, we performed array comparative genomic hybridization on 104 tumors from 25 unrelated individuals who each had three or more independently arisen SCCs and compared the profiles occurring within patients to profiles of tumors across a larger set of 135 patients. In general, chromosomal aberrations in SCCs were more similar within than across individuals (two-sided exact-test p-value<1x10(-7)), consistent with the notion that the genetic background was affecting the pattern of somatic changes. To further test this possibility, we performed allele-specific imbalance studies using microsatellite markers mapping to 14 frequently aberrant regions of multiple independent tumors from 65 patients. We identified nine loci which show evidence of preferential allelic imbalance. One of these loci, 8q24, corresponded to a region in which multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms have been associated with increased cancer risk in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We tested three implicated variants and identified one, rs13281615, with evidence of allele-specific imbalance (p-value=0.012). The finding of an independently identified cancer susceptibility allele with allele-specific imbalance in a genomic region affected by recurrent DNA copy number changes suggest that it may also harbor risk alleles for SCC. Together these data provide strong evidence that the genetic background is a key driver of somatic events in cancer, opening an opportunity to expand this approach to identify cancer risk alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Dworkin
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Katie Ridd
- Department of Dermatology and UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Dawn C. Allain
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program and Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - O. Hans Iwenofu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ritu Roy
- Biostatistics Core Facility, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Boris C. Bastian
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology and UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AET); (BCB)
| | - Amanda Ewart Toland
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Divison of Human Cancer Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AET); (BCB)
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19
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Salgado R, Toll A, Alameda F, Baró T, Martín-Ezquerra G, Sanmartín O, Martorell-Calatayud A, Salido M, Almenar S, Solé F, Pujol RM, Espinet B. CKS1B amplification is a frequent event in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with aggressive clinical behaviour. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49:1054-61. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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20
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Hudson LG, Gale JM, Padilla RS, Pickett G, Alexander BE, Wang J, Kusewitt DF. Microarray analysis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas reveals enhanced expression of epidermal differentiation complex genes. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:619-29. [PMID: 20564339 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression profiles were determined for 12 cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) removed from sun-exposed sites on nonimmunosuppressed patients. Gene expression in each SCC was compared to that in sun-exposed skin from the same patient using the Affymetrix HGU133 2.0 PlusGeneChip. We identified 440 genes with increased expression in SCC and 738 with decreased expression; overall we identified a large number of small changes in gene expression rather than a few marked changes that distinguished SCC from sun-exposed skin. Analyzing this robust data set according to biofunctional pathways using DAVID, transcriptional control elements using oPOSSUM, and chromosomal location using GSEA suggested genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression regulation in SCC. Some altered patterns of gene expression in SCC were consistent with regulation of spatially separated genes by a number of developmentally important transcription factors (forkhead, HMG, and homeo factors) that negatively regulated gene expression and to a few factors that positively regulated expression (Creb-1, NFkappaB, RelA, and Sp-1). We also found that coordinately enhanced expression of epidermal differentiation complex genes on chromosome 1q21 was a hallmark of SCC. A novel finding in our study was enhanced expression of keratin 13 in SCC, a result validated by immunohistochemical staining of an SCC tumor tissue array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie G Hudson
- University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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21
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Association of the DSS1 c.143G>A Polymorphism with Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1719-25. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Claerhout S, Verschooten L, Van Kelst S, De Vos R, Proby C, Agostinis P, Garmyn M. Concomitant inhibition of AKT and autophagy is required for efficient cisplatin-induced apoptosis of metastatic skin carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2790-803. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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23
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Geserick P, Hupe M, Moulin M, Wong WWL, Feoktistova M, Kellert B, Gollnick H, Silke J, Leverkus M. Cellular IAPs inhibit a cryptic CD95-induced cell death by limiting RIP1 kinase recruitment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 187:1037-54. [PMID: 20038679 PMCID: PMC2806279 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200904158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
cIAPs keep RIP1 from getting to the DISC complex and complex II; when cIAPs are repressed, signaling is modulated by the cFLIP isoform. A role for cellular inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs [cIAPs]) in preventing CD95 death has been suspected but not previously explained mechanistically. In this study, we find that the loss of cIAPs leads to a dramatic sensitization to CD95 ligand (CD95L) killing. Surprisingly, this form of cell death can only be blocked by a combination of RIP1 (receptor-interacting protein 1) kinase and caspase inhibitors. Consistently, we detect a large increase in RIP1 levels in the CD95 death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and in a secondary cytoplasmic complex (complex II) in the presence of IAP antagonists and loss of RIP1-protected cells from CD95L/IAP antagonist–induced death. Cells resistant to CD95L/IAP antagonist treatment could be sensitized by short hairpin RNA–mediated knockdown of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIP). However, only cFLIPL and not cFLIPS interfered with RIP1 recruitment to the DISC and complex II and protected cells from death. These results demonstrate a fundamental role for RIP1 in CD95 signaling and provide support for a physiological role of caspase-independent death receptor–mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Geserick
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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24
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Commandeur S, de Gruijl FR, Willemze R, Tensen CP, El Ghalbzouri A. An in vitro three-dimensional model of primary human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:849-56. [PMID: 19469895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) represent a substantial clinical problem because of increases, frequent recurrences and successive de novo tumors, especially in organ transplant recipients. To improve upon the current surgical and other non-selective therapies, a validated organotypic in vitro model of primary human SCC needs to be developed. Such a model will have obvious advantages over current cell line and animal based approaches, and may render the latter partly obsolete. In a first approach, an explant technique of primary SCC biopsies onto dermal constructs was used to emulate tumor expansion in an in vitro model. Histological analysis revealed the formation of nests of squamous cells, mimicking an invasive morphological feature of primary SCC. Immunohistochemical analysis comprised an array of markers characteristic of keratinocyte (hyper) proliferation (K6, K16, K17 and Ki67), differentiation (K1, K10 and involucrin), basement membrane (collagen types IV and VII, integrins alpha(6) and beta(4) and laminin 332) and SCC (K4, K13 and Axl). The generated human SCC models displayed disturbed differentiation and keratins associated with hyperproliferation, but a low frequency of Ki67 positive cells. Basement membrane composition of the in vitro SCC model resembled that of normal skin. These results show for the first time that in vitro modelling of three-dimensional growth of primary cutaneous human SCC is feasible. This model may provide a platform to develop refined preventive and curative treatments and thereby gain understanding of SCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Commandeur
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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25
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Martins VL, Vyas JJ, Chen M, Purdie K, Mein CA, South AP, Storey A, McGrath JA, O'Toole EA. Increased invasive behaviour in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with loss of basement-membrane type VII collagen. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:1788-99. [PMID: 19435799 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.042895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type VII collagen (ColVII) is the main component of anchoring fibrils, attachment structures within the lamina densa of the basement membrane that are responsible for attachment of the epidermis to the dermis in skin. Mutations in the human ColVII gene, COL7A1, cause the severe inherited blistering disorder recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) affecting skin and mucosae, associated with a greatly increased risk of skin cancer. In this study, we examined the effect of loss of ColVII on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumourigenesis using RNAi in a 3D organotypic skin model. Our findings suggest that loss of ColVII promotes SCC migration and invasion as well as regulating cell differentiation with evidence for concomitant promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Immunostaining of RDEB skin and a tissue array of sporadic cutaneous SCCs confirmed that loss of ColVII correlates with decreased involucrin expression in vivo. Gene-expression-array data and immunostaining demonstrated that loss of ColVII increases expression of the chemokine ligand-receptor CXCL10-CXCR3 and downstream-associated PLC signalling, which might contribute to the increased metastatic potential of SCCs with reduced or absent ColVII expression. Together, these findings may explain the aggressive behaviour of SCCs in RDEB patients and may also be relevant to non-RDEB skin cancer, as well as other tumours from organs where ColVII is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Martins
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Cancer Research UK Skin Tumour Laboratory, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, William Harvey Research Unit, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
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26
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Dworkin AM, Tober KL, Duncan FJ, Yu L, VanBuskirk AM, Oberyszyn TM, Toland AE. Chromosomal aberrations in UVB-induced tumors of immunosuppressed mice. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:490-501. [PMID: 19296524 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In immunocompromised individuals, such as organ transplant recipients, the risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is increased 60-250 fold, and there is an increased likelihood to develop aggressive, metastatic SCC. An understanding of the genes involved in SCC tumorigenesis is critical to prevent SCC-associated morbidity and mortality. Mouse models show that different immunosuppressive drugs lead to SCCs varying in size, number, and malignant potential. In this study, we used mouse models that mimic adult transplant recipients to study the effect of immunosuppressive drugs and UV light on SCC development. UV-induced tumors from six treatment groups, control, tacrolimus (Tac), rapamycin (Rap), cyclosporin (CsA), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and Rap plus CsA, were evaluated by array comparative genomic hybridization. Mouse SCCs appear to show similar genomic aberrations as those reported in human SCCs and offer the ability to identify genomic changes associated with specific and combinatorial effects of drugs. Fewer aberrations were seen in tumors of mice treated with MMF or Rap. Tumors from Tac-treated animals showed the highest number of changes. Calcineurin inhibitors (Tac and CsA) did not cluster together by their genomic aberrations, indicating their contribution to UV mediated carcinogenesis may be through different pathways. The combination treatment (Rap plus CsA) did not cluster with either treatment individually, suggesting it may influence SCC tumorigenesis via a different mechanism. Future studies will identify specific genes mapping to regions of aberration that are different between treatment groups to identify target pathways that may be affected by these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Dworkin
- Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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27
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UVA radiation causes DNA strand breaks, chromosomal aberrations and tumorigenic transformation in HaCaT skin keratinocytes. Oncogene 2008; 27:4269-80. [PMID: 18372922 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of UVA-radiation-the major fraction in sunlight-in human skin carcinogenesis is still elusive. We here report that different UVA exposure regime (4 x 5 J/cm(2) per week or 1 x 20 J/cm(2) per week) caused tumorigenic conversion (tumors in nude mice) of the HaCaT skin keratinocytes. While tumorigenicity was not associated with general telomere shortening, we found new chromosomal changes characteristic for each recultivated tumor. Since this suggested a nontelomere-dependent relationship between UVA irradiation and chromosomal aberrations, we investigated for alternate mechanisms of UVA-dependent genomic instability. Using the alkaline and neutral comet assay as well as gamma-H2AX foci formation on irradiated HaCaT cells (20-60 J/cm(2)), we show a dose-dependent and long lasting induction of DNA single and double (ds) strand breaks. Extending this to normal human skin keratinocytes, we demonstrate a comparable damage response and, additionally, a significant induction and maintenance of micronuclei (MN) with more acentric fragments (indicative of ds breaks) than entire chromosomes particularly 5 days post irradiation. Thus, physiologically relevant UVA doses cause long-lasting DNA strand breaks, a prerequisite for chromosomal aberration that most likely contribute to tumorigenic conversion of the HaCaT cells. Since normal keratinocytes responded similarly, UVA may likewise contribute to the complex karyotype characteristic for human skin carcinomas.
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28
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29
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Purdie KJ, Lambert SR, Teh MT, Chaplin T, Molloy G, Raghavan M, Kelsell DP, Leigh IM, Harwood CA, Proby CM, Young BD. Allelic imbalances and microdeletions affecting the PTPRD gene in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas detected using single nucleotide polymorphism microarray analysis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:661-9. [PMID: 17420988 PMCID: PMC2426828 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) are the second most commonly diagnosed cancers in fair-skinned people; yet the genetic mechanisms involved in SCC tumorigenesis remain poorly understood. We have used single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray analysis to examine genome-wide allelic imbalance in 16 primary and 2 lymph node metastatic SCC using paired non-tumour samples to counteract normal copy number variation. The most common genetic change was loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on 9p, observed in 13 of 16 primary SCC. Other recurrent events included LOH on 3p (9 tumors), 2q, 8p, and 13 (each in 8 SCC) and allelic gain on 3q and 8q (each in 6 tumors). Copy number-neutral LOH was observed in a proportion of samples, implying that somatic recombination had led to acquired uniparental disomy, an event not previously demonstrated in SCC. As well as recurrent patterns of gross chromosomal changes, SNP microarray analysis revealed, in 2 primary SCC, a homozygous microdeletion on 9p23 within the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D (PTPRD) locus, an emerging frequent target of homozygous deletion in lung cancer and neuroblastoma. A third sample was heterozygously deleted within this locus and PTPRD expression was aberrant. Two of the 3 primary SCC with PTPRD deletion had demonstrated metastatic potential. Our data identify PTPRD as a candidate tumor suppressor gene in cutaneous SCC with a possible association with metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J Purdie
- Cancer Research UK Skin Tumour Laboratory, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, England, UK.
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30
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Martinez MAR, Francisco G, Cabral LS, Ruiz IRG, Festa Neto C. Genética molecular aplicada ao câncer cutâneo não melanoma. An Bras Dermatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962006000500003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Os cânceres cutâneos não melanoma são as neoplasias malignas mais comuns em humanos. O carcinoma basocelular e o carcinoma espinocelular representam cerca de 95% dos cânceres cutâneos não melanoma, o que os torna um crescente problema para a saúde pública mundial devido a suas prevalências cada vez maiores. As alterações genéticas que ocorrem no desenvolvimento dessas malignidades cutâneas são apenas parcialmente compreendidas, havendo muito interesse no conhecimento e determinação das bases genéticas dos cânceres cutâneos não melanoma que expliquem seus fenótipos, comportamentos biológicos e potenciais metastáticos distintos. Apresenta-se uma revisão atualizada da genética molecular aplicada aos cânceres cutâneos não melanoma, em especial ao carcinoma basocelular e carcinoma espinocelular, enfatizando os mais freqüentes genes e os principais mecanismos de instabilidade genômica envolvidos no desenvolvimento dessas malignidades cutâneas.
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31
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Green J, Ikram M, Vyas J, Patel N, Proby CM, Ghali L, Leigh IM, O'toole EA, Storey A. Overexpression of the Axl tyrosine kinase receptor in cutaneous SCC-derived cell lines and tumours. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:1446-51. [PMID: 16641895 PMCID: PMC2361292 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of squamous cell skin cancers (SSC) are poorly understood. We have used oligonucleotide microarrays to compare the differences in cellular gene expression between a series of keratinocyte cell that mimic disease progression with the aim of identifying genes that may potentially contribute towards squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) progression in vivo, and in particular to identify markers that may serve as potential therapeutic targets for SCC treatment. Gene expression differences were corroborated by polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. We identified Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase with transforming potential that has also been shown to have a role in cell survival, adhesion and chemotaxis, was upregulated in vitro in SCC-derived cells compared to premalignant cells. Extending the investigation to tumour biopsies showed that the Axl protein was overexpressed in vivo in a series of SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Green
- Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Laboratory, London E1 2AT, UK
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - M Ikram
- Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Laboratory, London E1 2AT, UK
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - J Vyas
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - N Patel
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - C M Proby
- Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Laboratory, London E1 2AT, UK
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - L Ghali
- Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Laboratory, London E1 2AT, UK
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - I M Leigh
- Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Laboratory, London E1 2AT, UK
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - E A O'toole
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - A Storey
- Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Laboratory, London E1 2AT, UK
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Laboratory, London E1 2AT, UK. E-mail:
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32
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Pantic M, Zimmermann S, El Daly H, Opitz OG, Popp S, Boukamp P, Martens UM. Telomere dysfunction and loss of p53 cooperate in defective mitotic segregation of chromosomes in cancer cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:4413-20. [PMID: 16547498 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy is a fundamental principle of many cancer cells and is mostly related to defects in mitotic segregation of chromosomes. Many solid tumors as well as some preneoplastic lesions have been shown to contain polyploid chromosome numbers. The exact mechanisms behind whole-genome duplications are not known but have been linked to compromised mitotic checkpoint genes. We now report that the telomere checkpoint plays a key role for polyploidy in colon cancer cells. Telomerase suppression by a dominant-negative mutant of hTERT and consecutive telomere dysfunction in wild-type HCT116 colon cancer cells resulted in only minor stable chromosomal alterations. However, higher ploidy levels with up to 350 chromosomes were found when the cell-cycle checkpoint proteins p53 or p21 were absent. These findings indicate that telomere dysfunction in the absence of cell-cycle control may explain the high frequency of alterations in chromosome numbers found in many solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pantic
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
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33
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Burnworth B, Popp S, Stark HJ, Steinkraus V, Bröcker EB, Hartschuh W, Birek C, Boukamp P. Gain of 11q/cyclin D1 overexpression is an essential early step in skin cancer development and causes abnormal tissue organization and differentiation. Oncogene 2006; 25:4399-412. [PMID: 16547504 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers, in particular keratoacanthomas (KAs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), have become highly frequent tumor types especially in immune-suppressed transplant patients. Nevertheless, little is known about essential genetic changes. As a paradigm of 'early' changes, that is, changes still compatible with tumor regression, we studied KAs by comparative genomic hybridization and show that gain of chromosome 11q is not only one of the most frequent aberration (8/18), but in four tumors also the only aberration. Furthermore, 11q gain correlated with amplification of the cyclin D1 locus (10/14), as determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and overexpression of cyclin D1 protein (25/31), as detected by immunohistochemistry. For unraveling the functional consequence, we overexpressed cyclin D1 in HaCaT skin keratinocytes. These cells only gained little growth advantage in conventional and in organotypic co-cultures. However, although the control vector-transfected cells formed a well-stratified and orderly differentiated epidermis-like epithelium, they showed deregulation of tissue architecture with an altered localization of proliferation and impaired differentiation. The most severe phenotype was seen in a clone that additionally upregulated cdk4 and p21. These cells lacked terminal differentiation, exhibited a more autonomous growth in vitro and in vivo and even formed tumors in two injection sites with a growth pattern resembling that of human KAs. Thus, our results identify 11q13 gain/cyclin D1 overexpression as an important step in KA formation and point to a function that exceeds its known role in proliferation by disrupting tissue organization and thereby allowing abnormal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Burnworth
- Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, Heidelberg, Germany
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34
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D'Costa AM, Robinson JK, Maududi T, Chaturvedi V, Nickoloff BJ, Denning MF. The proapoptotic tumor suppressor protein kinase C-delta is lost in human squamous cell carcinomas. Oncogene 2006; 25:378-86. [PMID: 16158048 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC)-delta is proapoptotic in human keratinocytes, and is downregulated or inactivated in keratinocytes expressing the activated Ha-ras oncogene, making it a candidate tumor suppressor gene for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We evaluated the significance of PKC-delta loss in transformed human keratinocytes using tumorigenic HaCaT Ras II-4 cells that have significantly reduced PKC-delta levels. Re-expression of PKC-delta by retrovirus transduction caused an increase in apoptosis and growth inhibition in culture. The growth inhibition induced by PKC-delta could be partially reversed by Bcl-x(L) expression, indicating that apoptosis was in part responsible for PKC-delta-induced growth inhibition. PKC-delta re-expression suppressed the tumorigenicity of HaCaT Ras II-4 cells in nude mice (P<0.05), and the small tumors that did form contained elevated levels of activated caspase-3, indicating increased apoptosis. In addition, we found that 29% (12/42) of human Bowen's disease (squamous carcinoma in situ) or SCC cases had absent or reduced PKC-delta when compared to the surrounding normal epidermis. These results indicate that PKC-delta inhibits transformed keratinocyte growth by inducing apoptosis, and that PKC-delta may function as a tumor suppressor in human SCCs where its loss in cells harboring activated ras could provide a growth advantage by conferring resistance to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M D'Costa
- Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Skin Cancer Research Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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35
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Ashton KJ, Carless MA, Griffiths LR. Cytogenetic alterations in nonmelanoma skin cancer: a review. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 43:239-48. [PMID: 15834942 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of cytogenetic analysis, knowledge about fundamental aspects of cancer biology has increased, allowing the processes of cancer development and progression to be more fully understood and appreciated. Classical cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors had been considered difficult, but new advances in culturing techniques and the addition of new cytogenetic technologies have enabled a more comprehensive analysis of chromosomal aberrations associated with solid tumors. Our purpose in this review is to discuss the cytogenetic findings on a number of nonmelanoma skin cancers, including squamous- and basal cell carcinomas, keratoacanthoma, squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen's disease), and solar keratosis. Through classical cytogenetic techniques, as well as fluorescence-based techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative genomic hybridization, numerous chromosomal alterations have been identified. These aberrations may aid in further defining the stages and classifications of nonmelanoma skin cancer and also may implicate chromosomal regions involved in progression and metastatic potential. This information, along with the development of newer technologies (including laser capture microdissection and comparative genomic hybridization arrays) that allow for more refined analysis, will continue to increase our knowledge about the role of chromosomal events at all stages of cancer development and progression and, more specifically, about how they are associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Ashton
- Genomics Research Centre, Griffith University-Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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36
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Boukamp P. UV-induced Skin Cancer: Similarities - Variations. Durch UV-Strahlung induzierte Hauttumore: Gemeinsamkeiten - Unterschiede. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2005; 3:493-503. [PMID: 15967008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2005.05037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer, the most common cancer world wide, encompasses different tumor entities, the keratinocyte-derived basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) as well as the neuroectodermal malignant melanoma (MM) and the neuroendocrine Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC). While knowledge is significantly increasing about genetic changes contributing to BCCs and MMs, our understanding for the development and progression of SCCs and MCCs is still fragmentary. This review, thus, aims, on the one hand to summarize the present knowledge without claiming completeness and, on the other hand, to provide information on the HaCaT in vitro skin carcinogenesis model that is used to evaluate the functional consequence of genetic aberrations believed to play a role in skin cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Boukamp
- Division of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Germany.
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37
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Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer, i.e. basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most frequent tumors and their number is still increasing worldwide. Furthermore, immunosuppression in organ transplant patients strongly contributes to the increase in skin cancer incidence--being 65-250 times more frequent than in the general population. Often these patients suffer from a second and third lesion and the severity of these tumors is linked to their number. SCCs in transplant recipients also appear to be more aggressive. They tend to grow rapidly, show a higher rate of local recurrences and metastasize in 5-8% of the patients (all reviewed in Ref. 2). This largely differs from BCCs which are more frequent in the general population--at a ratio of 4:1 as compared with SCCs--but the number is only increased by a factor of 10 in transplant recipients. This may suggest that 'dormant' SCC precursor cells/lesions are present at a high frequency in the population but they are well controlled by the immune system. BCC, on the other hand, may be less dependent on immune surveillance thereby underlining its different etiology. While for BCC development the genetic hallmark is abrogation of the ptch-sonic hedgehog pathway, little is known about the causal alterations of SCCs. However, the complexity of the genetic alterations (numerical and structural aberration profiles) in SCCs argues for several levels of genomic instability involved in the generation and progression of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Boukamp
- Division of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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38
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Chien CW, Chiang MC, Ho IC, Lee TC. Association of chromosomal alterations with arsenite-induced tumorigenicity of human HaCaT keratinocytes in nude mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2004; 112:1704-10. [PMID: 15579417 PMCID: PMC1253663 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a well-documented human carcinogen. Chronic low-dose exposure to inorganic arsenic is associated with an increased incidence of a variety of cancers, including skin, lung, bladder, and liver cancer. Because genetic alterations often occur during cancer development, the objective of this study was to explore what types of genetic alterations were induced by chronic exposure of human HaCaT cells to arsenic. After 20 passages in the presence of inorganic trivalent arsenite at concentrations of 0.5 or 1 microM, HaCaT cells had higher intracellular levels of glutathione, became more resistance to arsenite, and showed an increased frequency of micronuclei. Furthermore, the previously nontumorigenic HaCaT cells became tumorigenic, as shown by subcutaneous injection into Balb/c nude mice. Cell lines derived from the tumors formed by injection of arsenite-exposed HaCaT cells into nude mice expressed higher levels of keratin 6, a proliferation marker of keratinocytes, than did parental HaCaT cells, whereas the expression of keratins 5, 8, and 10 was significantly decreased. Comparative genomic hybridization demonstrated chromosomal alterations in the 11 cell lines derived from these tumors; all 11 showed significant loss of chromosome 9q, and seven showed significant gain of chromosome 4q. The present results show that long-term exposure to low doses of arsenite transformed nontumorigenic human keratinocytes to cells that were tumorigenic in nude mice and that chromosomal alterations were observed in all cell lines established from the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Chien
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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39
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Popp S, Waltering S, Herbst C, Moll I, Boukamp P. UV-B-type mutations and chromosomal imbalances indicate common pathways for the development of Merkel and skin squamous cell carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2002; 99:352-60. [PMID: 11992403 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Two developmentally highly divergent nonmelanoma skin cancers, the epidermal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and the neuroendocrine Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC), occur late in life at sun-exposed body sites. To determine whether these similarities may indicate common genetic alterations, we studied the genetic profile of 10 MCCs and analyzed 6 derived cell lines and 5 skin SCC lines by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and molecular genetic analyses. Although the MCCs were highly divergent-only 3 of the 10 tumors exhibited common gains and losses-they shared gain of 8q21-q22 and loss of 4p15-pter with the genetically much more homogeneous SCC lines. In addition, 2 of 5 SCC and 2 of 6 MCC lines exhibited UV-B-type-specific mutations in the p53 tumor-suppressor gene and a high frequency (9/11) of CC-->TT double base changes in codon 27 of the Harvey (Ha)-ras gene. Since 45% of the tumor lines were homozygous for this nucleotide substitution compared to 14% of the controls and in 1 MCC patient the wild-type allele was lost in the tumor, this novel polymorphism may contribute to tumor development. On the other hand, loss of 3p, characteristic for SCCs, was rare in MCCs. Although in 2 of 3 SCC lines 3p loss was correlated with reduced expression of the FHIT (fragile histidine triad) gene, the potential tumor suppressor mapped to 3p14.2 and 2 MCC lines with normal 3p showed aberrant or no FHIT transcripts. Taken together, in addition to the common UV-B-specific mutations in the p53 and Ha-ras gene, MCCs and SCCs also share chromosomal imbalances that may point to a common environmental-derived (e.g., UV-A) oxidative damage.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Blotting, Southern
- Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/genetics
- Exons
- Female
- Genes, p53/genetics
- Genes, ras/genetics
- Homozygote
- Humans
- Male
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Oxygen/metabolism
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Skin Neoplasms/etiology
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Ultraviolet Rays
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Popp
- Division of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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40
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van Ruissen F, Jansen BJH, de Jongh GJ, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Schalkwijk J. Differential gene expression in premalignant human epidermis revealed by cluster analysis of serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) libraries. FASEB J 2002; 16:246-8. [PMID: 11772949 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0618fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) has been used for quantitative analysis of gene expression. We applied cluster analysis on multiple SAGE libraries derived from premalignant epidermal tissue (actinic keratosis), normal human epidermis, and cultured keratinocytes. The samples were obtained from skin biopsies without contamination by dermal tissue or blood. A total of 60,000 transcripts (tags) were analyzed. Two-way cluster analysis was applied to both the transcripts and the tissues, resulting in separation of the cultured cells from the epidermal samples, and clustering of many, presumably coregulated, genes. Two clusters of genes, strongly up-regulated in the tumor tissue compared with normal epidermis, were investigated in more detail. The differential expression of genes could be confirmed in actinic keratosis from four patients. Several of these genes have been previously associated with carcinogenesis or are likely to be important on the basis of their presumed function. Automated literature search tools show that a subgroup of these genes is coexpressed in other tissues and is part of an epidermal differentiation gene cluster on chromosome 1q21. We conclude that cluster analysis on large data sets uncovers clear partitions and correlations that could be confirmed by independent methods. We predict that these partitions will lead to biological interpretations that can be relevant for understanding the processes of carcinogenesis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred van Ruissen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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