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Fukuda A, Sato Y, Shibata H, Fujimoto S, Wiggins RC. Urinary podocyte markers of disease activity, therapeutic efficacy, and long-term outcomes in acute and chronic kidney diseases. Clin Exp Nephrol 2024; 28:496-504. [PMID: 38402504 PMCID: PMC11116200 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-024-02465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
A critical degree of podocyte depletion causes glomerulosclerosis, and persistent podocyte loss in glomerular diseases drives the progression to end-stage kidney disease. The extent of podocyte injury at a point in time can be histologically assessed by measuring podocyte number, size, and density ("Biopsy podometrics"). However, repeated invasive renal biopsies are associated with increased risk and cost. A noninvasive method for assessing podocyte injury and depletion is required. Albuminuria and proteinuria do not always correlate with disease activity. Podocytes are located on the urinary space side of the glomerular basement membrane, and as they undergo stress or detach, their products can be identified in urine. This raises the possibility that urinary podocyte products can serve as clinically useful markers for monitoring glomerular disease activity and progression ("Urinary podometrics"). We previously reported that urinary sediment podocyte mRNA reflects disease activity in both animal models and human glomerular diseases. This includes diabetes and hypertension which together account for 60% of new-onset dialysis induction patients. Improving approaches to preventing progression is an urgent priority for the renal community. Sufficient evidence now exists to indicate that monitoring urinary podocyte markers could serve as a useful adjunctive strategy for determining the level of current disease activity and response to therapy in progressive glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Fukuda
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-Machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Yuji Sato
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Takachiho Town Hospital, Takachiho, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shibata
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-Machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Shouichi Fujimoto
- Department of Medical Environment Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Roger C Wiggins
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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2
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Finn LS. Nephrotic Syndrome Throughout Childhood: Diagnosing Podocytopathies From the Womb to the Dorm. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2024:10935266241242669. [PMID: 38745407 DOI: 10.1177/10935266241242669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The etiologies of podocyte dysfunction that lead to pediatric nephrotic syndrome (NS) are vast and vary with age at presentation. The discovery of numerous novel genetic podocytopathies and the evolution of diagnostic technologies has transformed the investigation of steroid-resistant NS while simultaneously promoting the replacement of traditional morphology-based disease classifications with a mechanistic approach. Podocytopathies associated with primary and secondary steroid-resistant NS manifest as diffuse mesangial sclerosis, minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and collapsing glomerulopathy. Molecular testing, once an ancillary option, has become a vital component of the clinical investigation and when paired with kidney biopsy findings, provides data that can optimize treatment and prognosis. This review focuses on the causes including selected monogenic defects, clinical phenotypes, histopathologic findings, and age-appropriate differential diagnoses of nephrotic syndrome in the pediatric population with an emphasis on podocytopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Finn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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3
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Xia J, Huang Y, Ma M, Liu F, Cao B. Downregulating lncRNA MIAT attenuates apoptosis of podocytes exposed to high glucose. Acta Diabetol 2024; 61:451-460. [PMID: 38072843 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-023-02213-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a destructive complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), is one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This study aimed to investigate the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MIAT in high-glucose (HG)-induced podocyte injury associated with DN. METHODS Three human kidney podocyte (HKP) cultures were treated with HG to mimic DN. Expression of lncRNA MIAT, podocyte-specific and injury-related proteins, and apoptosis were assessed before and after MIAT knockdown using MIAT shRNAs. RESULTS MIAT expression was upregulated in HKPs in response to glucose stress. HG treatment resulted in a significant increase in the apoptotic rate, Bax level, and levels of injury-related proteins desmin, fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP-1), and smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA), and a significant reduction in Bcl-2 levels and the levels of podocyte-specific proteins synaptopodin and podocin. Transfection of HKPs with shRNAs significantly reduced MIAT levels (p < 0.05) and attenuated apoptosis in HG-medium. Correspondingly, the levels of synaptopodin and podocin were upregulated, and desmin, FSP-1, and α-SMA were reduced (p < 0.05). Western blot analysis also showed that anti-apoptotic active caspase-3 and Bax and proapoptotic Bcl-2 were elevated and decreased, respectively, after MIAT knockdown, suggesting that apoptosis pathways are deactivated after MIAT downregulation. CONCLUSIONS High glucose upregulates MIAT level in HKPs and induces cellular injury. Knockdown of MIAT alleviates the injury likely via deactivating apoptosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Medical Insurance, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Min Ma
- Department of Gynecology, Graduate School of Guizhou, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Coloproctology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China.
| | - Bo Cao
- Department of Coloproctology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China.
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Kovalik ME, Dacanay MA, Crowley SD, Hall G. Swollen Feet: Considering the Paradoxical Roles of Interleukins in Nephrotic Syndrome. Biomedicines 2024; 12:738. [PMID: 38672094 PMCID: PMC11048099 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukins are a family of 40 bioactive peptides that act through cell surface receptors to induce a variety of intracellular responses. While interleukins are most commonly associated with destructive, pro-inflammatory signaling in cells, some also play a role in promoting cellular resilience and survival. This review will highlight recent evidence of the cytoprotective actions of the interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R)- and common gamma chain receptor (IL-Rγc)-signaling cytokines in nephrotic syndrome (NS). NS results from the injury or loss of glomerular visceral epithelial cells (i.e., podocytes). Although the causes of podocyte dysfunction vary, it is clear that pro-inflammatory cytokines play a significant role in regulating the propagation, duration and severity of disease. Pro-inflammatory cytokines signaling through IL-1R and IL-Rγc have been shown to exert anti-apoptotic effects in podocytes through the phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI-3K)/AKT pathway, highlighting the potential utility of IL-1R- and IL-Rγc-signaling interleukins for the treatment of podocytopathy in NS. The paradoxical role of interleukins as drivers and mitigators of podocyte injury is complex and ill-defined. Emerging evidence of the cytoprotective role of some interleukins in NS highlights the urgent need for a nuanced understanding of their pro-survival benefits and reveals their potential as podocyte-sparing therapeutics for NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Kovalik
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (M.E.K.)
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Monique A. Dacanay
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (M.E.K.)
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Steven D. Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (M.E.K.)
| | - Gentzon Hall
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (M.E.K.)
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Cara-Fuentes G, Verma R, Venkatareddy M, Bauer C, Piani F, Aksoy ST, Vazzalwar N, Garcia GE, Banks M, Ordoñez FA, de Lucas-Collantes C, Bjornstad P, González Rodríguez JD, Johnson RJ, Garg P. β1-Integrin blockade prevents podocyte injury in experimental models of minimal change disease. Nefrologia 2024; 44:90-99. [PMID: 37150673 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in podocytes is involved in the pathogenesis of minimal change disease (MCD), but the pathway leading to its activation in this disease is unknown. Here, we tested whether podocyte β1 integrin is the upstream modulator of FAK activation and podocyte injury in experimental models of MCD-like injury. METHODS We used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and MCD sera to induce MCD-like changes in vivo and in cultured human podocytes, respectively. We performed functional studies using specific β1 integrin inhibitors in vivo and in vitro, and integrated histological analysis, western blotting, and immunofluorescence to assess for morphological and molecular changes in podocytes. By ELISA, we measured serum LPS levels in 35 children with MCD or presumed MCD (idiopathic nephrotic syndrome [INS]) and in 18 healthy controls. RESULTS LPS-injected mice showed morphological (foot process effacement, and normal appearing glomeruli on light microscopy) and molecular features (synaptopodin loss, nephrin mislocalization, FAK phosphorylation) characteristic of human MCD. Administration of a β1 integrin inhibitor to mice abrogated FAK phosphorylation, and ameliorated proteinuria and podocyte injury following LPS. Children with MCD/INS in relapse had higher serum LPS levels than controls. In cultured human podocytes, β1 integrin blockade prevented cytoskeletal rearrangements following exposure to MCD sera in relapse. CONCLUSIONS Podocyte β1 integrin activation is an upstream mediator of FAK phosphorylation and podocyte injury in models of MCD-like injury.
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Dong W, Xing B, Yu J, Li W, Wang Y, Zhong L, Liu Y, Wang Y, Shu Z, Liu S. A metabolism-based study of the mechanism of action of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. on nephrogenic edema. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5757. [PMID: 37814466 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Nephrogenic edema (NE) is a type of edema with hypoproteinemia and water and sodium retention as a result of renal injury. Traditional Chinese medicine has proved that Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. has an effect on NE, but its mechanism is not clear. In this study, the main components and blood components of S. ningpoensis were identified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Pathological section and blood biochemical analysis were used to estimate the therapeutic effect of S. ningpoensis on NE. Network pharmacology was used to predict the potential pathways of S. ningpoensis. The metabolomics method was used to study the changes in small-molecule metabolites in the body. The results showed that S. ningpoensis could relieve NE by regulating relative to renal function and body edema, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of energy metabolism, recovery of renal injury, and reduction in inflammation. The active component harpagoside may be one of the important compounds of S. ningpoensis in the treatment of NE. We confirmed that S. ningpoensis has a therapeutic effect on NE, which provides a solid scientific research basis for the clinical application of S. ningpoensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- WanRu Dong
- Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - BeiYu Xing
- Department of Stomatology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - JiaMin Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - LuYang Zhong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Hainan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZunPeng Shu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - ShuMin Liu
- The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Shankland SJ, Rule AD, Kutz JN, Pippin JW, Wessely O. Podocyte Senescence and Aging. KIDNEY360 2023; 4:1784-1793. [PMID: 37950369 PMCID: PMC10758523 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
As the population in many industrial countries is aging, the risk, incidence, and prevalence of CKD increases. In the kidney, advancing age results in a progressive decrease in nephron number and an increase in glomerulosclerosis. In this review, we focus on the effect of aging on glomerular podocytes, the post-mitotic epithelial cells critical for the normal integrity and function of the glomerular filtration barrier. The podocytes undergo senescence and transition to a senescence-associated secretory phenotype typified by the production and secretion of inflammatory cytokines that can influence neighboring glomerular cells by paracrine signaling. In addition to senescence, the aging podocyte phenotype is characterized by ultrastructural and functional changes; hypertrophy; cellular, oxidative, and endoplasmic reticulum stress; reduced autophagy; and increased expression of aging genes. This results in a reduced podocyte health span and a shortened life span. Importantly, these changes in the pathways/processes characteristic of healthy podocyte aging are also often similar to pathways in the disease-induced injured podocyte. Finally, the better understanding of podocyte aging and senescence opens therapeutic options to slow the rate of podocyte aging and promote kidney health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrew D. Rule
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - J. Nathan Kutz
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeffrey W. Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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Salfi G, Casiraghi F, Remuzzi G. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of circulating permeability factor in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1247606. [PMID: 37795085 PMCID: PMC10546017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1247606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the onset and the post-transplant recurrence of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) are complex and remain yet to be fully elucidated. However, a growing body of evidence emphasizes the pivotal role of the immune system in both initiating and perpetuating the disease. Extensive investigations, encompassing both experimental models and patient studies, have implicated T cells, B cells, and complement as crucial actors in the pathogenesis of primary FSGS, with various molecules being proposed as potential "circulating factors" contributing to the disease and its recurrence post kidney-transplantation. In this review, we critically assessed the existing literature to identify essential pathways for a comprehensive characterization of the pathogenesis of FSGS. Recent discoveries have shed further light on the intricate interplay between these mechanisms. We present an overview of the current understanding of the engagement of distinct molecules and immune cells in FSGS pathogenesis while highlighting critical knowledge gaps that require attention. A thorough characterization of these intricate immune mechanisms holds the potential to identify noninvasive biomarkers that can accurately identify patients at high risk of post-transplant recurrence. Such knowledge can pave the way for the development of targeted and personalized therapeutic approaches in the management of FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Casiraghi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bergamo, Italy
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Vöing K, Michgehl U, Mertens ND, Picciotto C, Maywald ML, Goretzko J, Waimann S, Gilhaus K, Rogg M, Schell C, Klingauf J, Tsytsyura Y, Hansen U, van Marck V, Edinger AL, Vollenbröker B, Rescher U, Braun DA, George B, Weide T, Pavenstädt H. Disruption of the Rab7-Dependent Final Common Pathway of Endosomal and Autophagic Processing Results in a Severe Podocytopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:1191-1206. [PMID: 37022133 PMCID: PMC10356157 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Endocytosis, recycling, and degradation of proteins are essential functions of mammalian cells, especially for terminally differentiated cells with limited regeneration rates and complex morphology, such as podocytes. To improve our understanding on how disturbances of these trafficking pathways are linked to podocyte depletion and slit diaphragm (SD) injury, the authors explored the role of the small GTPase Rab7, which is linked to endosomal, lysosomal, and autophagic pathways, using as model systems mice and Drosophila with podocyte-specific or nephrocyte-specific loss of Rab7, and a human podocyte cell line depleted for Rab7. Their findings point to maturation and fusion events during endolysosomal and autophagic maturation as key processes for podocyte homeostasis and function and identify altered lysosomal pH values as a putative novel mechanism for podocytopathies. BACKGROUND Endocytosis, recycling, and degradation of proteins are essential functions of mammalian cells, especially for terminally differentiated cells with limited regeneration rates, such as podocytes. How disturbances within these trafficking pathways may act as factors in proteinuric glomerular diseases is poorly understood. METHODS To explore how disturbances in trafficking pathways may act as factors in proteinuric glomerular diseases, we focused on Rab7, a highly conserved GTPase that controls the homeostasis of late endolysosomal and autophagic processes. We generated mouse and Drosophila in vivo models lacking Rab7 exclusively in podocytes or nephrocytes, and performed histologic and ultrastructural analyses. To further investigate Rab7 function on lysosomal and autophagic structures, we used immortalized human cell lines depleted for Rab7. RESULTS Depletion of Rab7 in mice, Drosophila , and immortalized human cell lines resulted in an accumulation of diverse vesicular structures resembling multivesicular bodies, autophagosomes, and autoendolysosomes. Mice lacking Rab7 developed a severe and lethal renal phenotype with early-onset proteinuria and global or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, accompanied by an altered distribution of slit diaphragm proteins. Remarkably, structures resembling multivesicular bodies began forming within 2 weeks after birth, prior to the glomerular injuries. In Drosophila nephrocytes, Rab7 knockdown resulted in the accumulation of vesicles and reduced slit diaphragms. In vitro , Rab7 knockout led to similar enlarged vesicles and altered lysosomal pH values, accompanied by an accumulation of lysosomal marker proteins. CONCLUSIONS Disruption within the final common pathway of endocytic and autophagic processes may be a novel and insufficiently understood mechanism regulating podocyte health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Vöing
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Ulf Michgehl
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Nils David Mertens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Cara Picciotto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Mee-Ling Maywald
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Jonas Goretzko
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sofie Waimann
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Kevin Gilhaus
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Manuel Rogg
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schell
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Yaroslav Tsytsyura
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Veerle van Marck
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster Muenster, Germany
| | - Aimee L. Edinger
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Beate Vollenbröker
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Daniela Anne Braun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Britta George
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Thomas Weide
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
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Urine podocyte mRNA loss in preterm infants and related perinatal risk factors. Pediatr Nephrol 2023; 38:729-738. [PMID: 35759002 PMCID: PMC9842585 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05663-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth has been identified as a risk factor for development of long-term chronic kidney disease. Podocyte loss has been reported to contribute to this process in preterm animal models. However, details about podocyte loss in preterm infants and related perinatal risk factors have not been well clarified. METHODS Forty full-term infants and 106 preterm infants were enrolled. Urine samples were collected from full-term infants within 4-7 days of birth and preterm infants at 37-40 weeks of corrected age. Levels of urine podocin mRNA, urine protein (UP), and urine microalbumin (UMA) were measured, and the relationship between these markers was evaluated. Clinical information in these infants was collected, and potential correlates that may lead to increased podocyte loss during the perinatal period were identified using linear regression analysis. RESULTS Urine podocyte loss indicated by the urine podocin mRNA to creatinine ratio (UpodCR) was higher in preterm infants than in full-term infants. UpodCR was correlated with the levels of UP and UMA. Multiple linear regression analysis also showed that lower gestational age (GA) at birth and small for gestational age (SGA) were high risk factors for urine podocyte loss. CONCLUSIONS Increasing urine podocyte loss was identified in preterm infants. Moreover, perinatal factors were associated with podocyte loss and may be a potential direction for comprehensive research and intervention in this field. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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11
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Zhang L, Chen Z, Gao Q, Liu G, Zheng J, Ding F. Preterm birth leads to a decreased number of differentiated podocytes and accelerated podocyte differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1142929. [PMID: 36936687 PMCID: PMC10018169 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1142929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth was previously identified as a high-risk factor for the long-term development of chronic kidney disease. However, the detailed pattern of podocyte (PD) changes caused by preterm birth and the potential mechanism underlying this process have not been well clarified. In present study, a rat model of preterm birth was established by delivery of pups 2 days early and podometric methods were applied to identify the changes in PDs number caused by preterm birth. In addition, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and subsequent bioinformatic analysis were performed in the preterm rat kidney to explore the possible mechanism caused by preterm birth. As results, when the kidney completely finished nephrogenesis at the age of 3 weeks, a reduction in the total number of differentiated PDs in kidney sections was detected. In addition, 20 distinct clusters and 12 different cell types were identified after scRNA-seq in preterm rats (postnatal day 2) and full-term rats (postnatal day 0). The numbers of PDs and most types of inherent kidney cells were decreased in the preterm birth model. In addition, 177 genes were upregulated while 82 genes were downregulated in the PDs of full-term rats compared with those of preterm rats. Further functional GO analysis revealed that ribosome-related genes were enriched in PDs from full-term rats, and kidney development-related genes were enriched in PDs from preterm rats. Moreover, known PD-specific and PD precursor genes were highly expressed in PDs from preterm rats, and pseudotemporal analysis showed that PDs were present earlier in preterm rats than in full-term rats. In conclusion, the present study showed that preterm birth could cause a reduction in the number of differentiated PDs and accelerate the differentiation of PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neonatology, Nankai University Maternity Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neonatology, Nankai University Maternity Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Neonatology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neonatology, Nankai University Maternity Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neonatology, Nankai University Maternity Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Neonatology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neonatology, Nankai University Maternity Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zheng, (JZ); Fangrui Ding, (FD)
| | - Fangrui Ding
- Department of Neonatology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neonatology, Nankai University Maternity Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zheng, (JZ); Fangrui Ding, (FD)
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12
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Martins ALMDS, Bernardes AB, Ferreira VA, Wanderley DC, Araújo SDA, do Carmo Neto JR, da Silva CA, Lira RCP, Araújo LS, Dos Reis MA, Machado JR. In situ assessment of Mindin as a biomarker of podocyte lesions in diabetic nephropathy. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284789. [PMID: 37130106 PMCID: PMC10153717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure worldwide. Several mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of this disease, which culminate in morphological changes such as podocyte injury. Despite the complex diagnosis and pathogenesis, limited attempts have been made to establish new biomarkers for DN. The higher concentration of Mindin protein in the urine of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus suggests that it plays a role in DN. Therefore, this study investigated whether in situ protein expression of Mindin can be considered a potential DN biomarker. Fifty renal biopsies from patients diagnosed with DN, 57 with nondiabetic glomerular diseases, including 17 with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), 14 with minimal lesion disease (MLD) and 27 with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), and 23 adult kidney samples from autopsies (control group) were evaluated for Mindin expression by immunohistochemistry. Podocyte density was inferred by Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) immunostaining, while foot process effacement was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Receiver operative characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the biomarker sensitivity/specificity. Low podocyte density and increased Mindin expression were observed in all cases of DN, regardless of their class. In the DN group, Mindin expression was significantly higher than that in the FSGS, MCD, IgAN and control groups. Higher Mindin expression was significantly positively correlated with foot process effacement only in class III DN cases. Furthermore, Mindin protein presented high specificity in the biopsies of patients with DN (p < 0.0001). Our data suggest that Mindin may play a role in DN pathogenesis and is a promising biomarker of podocyte lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Monteiro Dos Santos Martins
- Department of Pathology, Genetics and Evolution, Discipline of General Pathology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexia Borges Bernardes
- Department of Pathology, Genetics and Evolution, Discipline of General Pathology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Verônica Aparecida Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, Genetics and Evolution, Discipline of General Pathology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David Campos Wanderley
- Institute of Nephropathology, Center for Electron Microscopy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stanley de Almeida Araújo
- Institute of Nephropathology, Center for Electron Microscopy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigues do Carmo Neto
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Crislaine Aparecida da Silva
- Department of Pathology, Genetics and Evolution, Discipline of General Pathology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Régia Caroline Peixoto Lira
- Department of Pathology, Genetics and Evolution, Discipline of General Pathology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Liliane Silvano Araújo
- Department of Pathology, Genetics and Evolution, Discipline of General Pathology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marlene Antônia Dos Reis
- Department of Pathology, Genetics and Evolution, Discipline of General Pathology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Machado
- Department of Pathology, Genetics and Evolution, Discipline of General Pathology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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13
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Staruschenko A, Ma R, Palygin O, Dryer SE. Ion channels and channelopathies in glomeruli. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:787-854. [PMID: 36007181 PMCID: PMC9662803 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential step in renal function entails the formation of an ultrafiltrate that is delivered to the renal tubules for subsequent processing. This process, known as glomerular filtration, is controlled by intrinsic regulatory systems and by paracrine, neuronal, and endocrine signals that converge onto glomerular cells. In addition, the characteristics of glomerular fluid flow, such as the glomerular filtration rate and the glomerular filtration fraction, play an important role in determining blood flow to the rest of the kidney. Consequently, disease processes that initially affect glomeruli are the most likely to lead to end-stage kidney failure. The cells that comprise the glomerular filter, especially podocytes and mesangial cells, express many different types of ion channels that regulate intrinsic aspects of cell function and cellular responses to the local environment, such as changes in glomerular capillary pressure. Dysregulation of glomerular ion channels, such as changes in TRPC6, can lead to devastating glomerular diseases, and a number of channels, including TRPC6, TRPC5, and various ionotropic receptors, are promising targets for drug development. This review discusses glomerular structure and glomerular disease processes. It also describes the types of plasma membrane ion channels that have been identified in glomerular cells, the physiological and pathophysiological contexts in which they operate, and the pathways by which they are regulated and dysregulated. The contributions of these channels to glomerular disease processes, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and diabetic nephropathy, as well as the development of drugs that target these channels are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Stuart E Dryer
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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14
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Dryer SE, Kim EY. The Effects of TRPC6 Knockout in Animal Models of Kidney Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1710. [PMID: 36421724 PMCID: PMC9687984 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases that induce a loss of renal function affect a substantial portion of the world's population and can range from a slight decline in the glomerular filtration rate or microalbuminuria to complete kidney failure. Kidney disorders can be acute or chronic, but any significant reduction in renal function is associated with increased all-cause morbidity and mortality, especially when the conditions become chronic. There is an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches to slow or halt the progression of kidney disease. One potential target of considerable interest is the canonical transient receptor potential-6 (TRPC6) channel. TRCP6 is a cationic channel with a significant permeability to Ca2+. It is expressed in several tissues, including in multiple cell types of the kidney in glomeruli, microvasculature, and tubules. Here, we will describe TRPC6 channels and their roles in signal transduction, with an emphasis on renal cells, and the studies implicating TRPC6 channels in the progression of inherited and acquired kidney diseases. We then describe studies using TRPC6 knockout mice and rats subjected to treatments that model human diseases, including nephrotic syndromes, diabetic nephropathy, autoimmune glomerulonephritis, and acute kidney injuries induced by renal ischemia and by obstruction of the urinary tract. TRPC6 knockout has been shown to reduce glomerular manifestations of disease in several of these models and reduces renal fibrosis caused by urinary tract obstruction. TRPC6 knockout has proven to be less effective at reducing diabetic nephropathy in mouse and rat models. We also summarize the implications of these studies for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart E. Dryer
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5001, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5001, USA
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5001, USA
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15
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Zeng L, Fung WWS, Chan GCK, Ng JKC, Chow KM, Szeto CC. Urinary and Kidney Podocalyxin and Podocin Levels in Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Kidney Biopsy Study. Kidney Med 2022; 5:100569. [PMID: 36654969 PMCID: PMC9841354 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2022.100569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale & Objective Diabetic kidney diseases (DKDs) are the most common cause of dialysis-dependent kidney disease around the world. Previous studies have suggested that urinary level of podocyte-associated molecules may predict the prognosis of DKD. Study Design Observational cohort. Setting & Participants 118 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven DKD; 13 nondiabetic patients with hypertensive nephrosclerosis as controls. Predictors Urinary podocalyxin and podocin levels were obtained by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the corresponding intrarenal levels by western blotting. Outcomes Dialysis-free survival; kidney event-free survival; rate of kidney function decline in 12 months. Analytical Approach Correlation and time to event analysis. Results Urinary podocalyxin level was closely correlated with its messenger RNA (mRNA) level (r = 0.562, P < 0.001), but this did not predict the progression of DKD. Intrarenal podocalyxin level had only modest correlation with its urinary mRNA and ELISA levels, was an independent predictor of dialysis-free survival (adjusted HR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.21-2.82; P = 0.005), and showed an insignificant trend of predicting kidney event-free survival (adjusted HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.94-1.95; P = 0.10). Urinary podocin level by ELISA had a modest correlation with the rate of kidney function decline (r = 0.238, P = 0.01) but did not predict dialysis-free survival. Limitations Small sample size; lack of serial measurement. Conclusions Intrarenal podocalyxin level, but not its urinary level, was an independent predictor of dialysis-free survival, whereas urinary podocin level by ELISA correlated with the rate of kidney function decline. Although intrarenal podocalyxin level has prognostic value, it may not be suitable for routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Zeng
- Carol & Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Winston Wing-Shing Fung
- Carol & Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gordon Chun-Kau Chan
- Carol & Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jack Kit-Chung Ng
- Carol & Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai-Ming Chow
- Carol & Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheuk-Chun Szeto
- Carol & Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (LiHS), Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,Address for Correspondence: Cheuk-Chun Szeto, MD, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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16
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Yamamoto K, Okabe M, Tanaka K, Yokoo T, Pastan I, Araoka T, Osafune K, Udagawa T, Koizumi M, Matsusaka T. Podocytes are lost from glomeruli before completing apoptosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F515-F526. [PMID: 36049065 PMCID: PMC9602714 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00080.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although apoptosis of podocytes has been widely reported in in vitro studies, it has been less frequently and less definitively documented in in vivo situations. To investigate this discrepancy, we analyzed the dying process of podocytes in vitro and in vivo using LMB2, a human (h)CD25-directed immunotoxin. LMB2 induced cell death within 2 days in 56.8 ± 13.6% of cultured podocytes expressing hCD25 in a caspase-3, Bak1, and Bax-dependent manner. LMB2 induced typical apoptotic features, including TUNEL staining and fragmented nuclei without lactate dehydrogenase leakage. In vivo, LMB2 effectively eliminated hCD25-expressing podocytes in NEP25 mice. Podocytes injured by LMB2 were occasionally stained for cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved lamin A but never for TUNEL. Urinary sediment contained TUNEL-positive podocytes. To examine the effect of glomerular filtration, we performed unilateral ureteral obstruction in NEP25 mice treated with LMB2 1 day before euthanasia. In the obstructed kidney, glomeruli contained significantly more cleaved lamin A-positive podocytes than those in the contralateral kidney (50.1 ± 5.4% vs. 29.3 ± 4.1%, P < 0.001). To further examine the dying process without glomerular filtration, we treated kidney organoids generated from nephron progenitor cells of NEP25 mice with LMB2. Podocytes showed TUNEL staining and nuclear fragmentation. These results indicate that on activation of apoptotic caspases, podocytes are detached and lost in the urine before nuclear fragmentation and that the physical force of glomerular filtration facilitates detachment. This phenomenon may be the reason why definitive apoptosis is not observed in podocytes in vivo.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This report clarifies why morphologically definitive apoptosis is not observed in podocytes in vivo. When caspase-3 is activated in podocytes, these cells are immediately detached from the glomerulus and lost in the urine before DNA fragmentation occurs. Detachment is facilitated by glomerular filtration. This phenomenon explains why podocytes in vivo rarely show TUNEL staining and never apoptotic bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Yamamoto
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okabe
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Keiko Tanaka
- Department of Basic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Toshikazu Araoka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Udagawa
- Department of Basic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masahiro Koizumi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Department of Basic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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17
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Effects of Genistein on Common Kidney Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183768. [PMID: 36145144 PMCID: PMC9506319 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genistein is a naturally occurring phytoestrogen (soy or soybean products) that is classified as an isoflavone, and its structure is similar to that of endogenous estrogens; therefore, genistein can exert an estrogen-like effect via estrogen receptors. Additionally, genistein is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which enables it to block abnormal cell growth and proliferation signals through the inhibition of tyrosine kinase. Genistein is also an angiogenesis inhibitor and an antioxidant. Genistein has effects on kidney cells, some of the kidney’s physiological functions, and a variety of kidney diseases. First, genistein exerts a protective effect on normal cells by reducing the inflammatory response, inhibiting apoptosis, inhibiting oxidative stress, inhibiting remodeling, etc., but after cell injury, the protective effect of genistein decreases or even has the opposite effect. Second, genistein can regulate renin intake to maintain blood pressure balance, regulate calcium uptake to regulate Ca2+ and Pi balances, and reduce vasodilation to promote diuresis. Third, genistein has beneficial effects on a variety of kidney diseases (including acute kidney disease, kidney cancer, and different chronic kidney diseases), such as reducing symptoms, delaying disease progression, and improving prognosis. Therefore, this paper reviews animal and human studies on the protective effects of genistein on the kidney in vivo and in vitro to provide a reference for clinical research in the future.
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18
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Pippin JW, Kaverina N, Wang Y, Eng DG, Zeng Y, Tran U, Loretz CJ, Chang A, Akilesh S, Poudel C, Perry HS, O’Connor C, Vaughan JC, Bitzer M, Wessely O, Shankland SJ. Upregulated PD-1 signaling antagonizes glomerular health in aged kidneys and disease. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e156250. [PMID: 35968783 PMCID: PMC9374384 DOI: 10.1172/jci156250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
With an aging population, kidney health becomes an important medical and socioeconomic factor. Kidney aging mechanisms are not well understood. We previously showed that podocytes isolated from aged mice exhibit increased expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) surface receptor and its 2 ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2). PDCD1 transcript increased with age in microdissected human glomeruli, which correlated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher segmental glomerulosclerosis and vascular arterial intima-to-lumen ratio. In vitro studies in podocytes demonstrated a critical role for PD-1 signaling in cell survival and in the induction of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype. To prove PD-1 signaling was critical to podocyte aging, aged mice were injected with anti-PD-1 antibody. Treatment significantly improved the aging phenotype in both kidney and liver. In the glomerulus, it increased the life span of podocytes, but not that of parietal epithelial, mesangial, or endothelial cells. Transcriptomic and immunohistochemistry studies demonstrated that anti-PD-1 antibody treatment improved the health span of podocytes. Administering the same anti-PD-1 antibody to young mice with experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) lowered proteinuria and improved podocyte number. These results suggest a critical contribution of increased PD-1 signaling toward both kidney and liver aging and in FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuliang Wang
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, and
| | | | - Yuting Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Uyen Tran
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shreeram Akilesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chetan Poudel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hannah S. Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Joshua C. Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and
| | - Markus Bitzer
- Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Stuart J. Shankland
- Division of Nephrology
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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19
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Protective effects of rituximab on puromycin-induced apoptosis, loss of adhesion and cytoskeletal alterations in human podocytes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12297. [PMID: 35853959 PMCID: PMC9296604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16333-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are highly specialized cells playing a key role in the filtration function of the kidney. A damaged podocyte ultrastructure is associated with a reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and accompanied with a loss of adhesion to the glomerular basement membrane leading to proteinuria in many forms of glomerular diseases, e.g. nephrotic syndrome. If the first-line therapy with glucocorticoids fails, alternative immunosuppressive agents are used, which are known to have the potential to stabilize the actin cytoskeleton. A new option for preventing relapses in steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome is the monoclonal antibody rituximab, which, in addition to its B-cell depleting effect, is assumed to have direct effects on podocytes. We here provide data on the non-immunological off-target effects of the immunosuppressant rituximab on podocyte structure and dynamics in an in vitro puromycin aminonucleoside model of podocyte injury. A conditionally immortalized human podocyte cell line was used. Differentiated podocytes were treated with puromycin aminonucleoside and rituximab. Our studies focussed on analyzing the structure of the actin cytoskeleton, cellular adhesion and apoptosis using immunofluorescence staining and protein biochemistry methods. Treatment with rituximab resulted in a stabilization of podocyte actin stress fibers in the puromycin aminonucleoside model, leading to an improvement in cell adhesion. A lower apoptosis rate was observed after parallel treatment with puromycin aminonucleoside and rituximab visualized by reduced nuclear fragmentation. Consistent with this data, Western-blot analyses demonstrated that rituximab directly affects the caspase pathways by inhibiting the activation of Caspases-8, -9 and -3, suggesting that rituximab may inhibit apoptosis. In conclusion, our results indicate an important role of the immunosuppressant rituximab in terms of stability and morphogenesis of podocytes, involving apoptosis pathways. This could help to improve therapeutical concepts for patients with proteinuria mediated by diseased podocytes.
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20
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Li F, Fang Y, Zhuang Q, Cheng M, Moronge D, Jue H, Meyuhas O, Ding X, Zhang Z, Chen JK, Wu H. Blocking ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation inhibits podocyte hypertrophy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2022; 102:121-135. [PMID: 35483522 PMCID: PMC10711420 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) phosphorylation mediates the hypertrophic growth of kidney proximal tubule cells. However, the role of rpS6 phosphorylation in podocyte hypertrophy and podocyte loss during the pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) remains undefined. Here, we examined rpS6 phosphorylation levels in kidney biopsy specimens from patients with FSGS and in podocytes from mouse kidneys with Adriamycin-induced FSGS. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches in the mouse model of FSGS, we investigated the role of rpS6 phosphorylation in podocyte hypertrophy and loss during development and progression of FSGS. Phosphorylated rpS6 was found to be markedly increased in the podocytes of patients with FSGS and Adriamycin-induced FSGS mice. Genetic deletion of the Tuberous sclerosis 1 gene in kidney glomerular podocytes activated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling to rpS6 phosphorylation, resulting in podocyte hypertrophy and pathologic features similar to those of patients with FSGS including podocyte loss, leading to segmental glomerulosclerosis. Since protein phosphatase 1 is known to negatively regulate rpS6 phosphorylation, treatment with an inhibitor increased phospho-rpS6 levels, promoted podocyte hypertrophy and exacerbated formation of FSGS lesions. Importantly, blocking rpS6 phosphorylation (either by generating congenic rpS6 knock-in mice expressing non-phosphorylatable rpS6 or by inhibiting ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1-mediated rpS6 phosphorylation with an inhibitor) significantly blunted podocyte hypertrophy, inhibited podocyte loss, and attenuated formation of FSGS lesions. Thus, our study provides genetic and pharmacologic evidence indicating that specifically targeting rpS6 phosphorylation can attenuate the development of FSGS lesions by inhibiting podocyte hypertrophy and associated podocyte depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yili Fang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyuan Zhuang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meichu Cheng
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Desmond Moronge
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hao Jue
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Oded Meyuhas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian-Kang Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Kostovska I, Trajkovska KT, Topuzovska S, Cekovska S, Labudovic D, Kostovski O, Spasovski G. Nephrinuria and podocytopathies. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 108:1-36. [PMID: 35659057 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of nephrin in 1998 has launched a new era in glomerular diseases research, emphasizing its crucial role in the structure and function of the glomerular filtration barrier. In the past 20 years, substantial advances have been made in understanding podocyte structure and function as well as the discovery of several podocyte-related proteins including nephrin. The glomerular filtration barrier is comprised of podocytes, the glomerular basement membrane and endothelial cells. Podocytes, with their specialized slit diaphragm, form the essential backbone of the glomerular filtration barrier. Nephrin is a crucial structural and functional feature of the slit diaphragm that prevents plasma protein, blood cell and macromolecule leakage into the urine. Podocyte damage results in nephrin release. Podocytopathies are kidney diseases in which podocyte damage drives proteinuria, i.e., nephrotic syndrome. Many kidney diseases involve podocytopathy including congenital nephrotic syndrome of Finnish type, diffuse mesangial sclerosis, minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, collapsing glomerulonephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy and preeclampsia. Recently, urinary nephrin measurement has become important in the early detection of podocytopathies. In this chapter, we elaborate the main structural and functional features of nephrin as a podocyte-specific protein, pathomechanisms of podocytopathies which result in nephrinuria, highlight the most commonly used methods for detecting urinary nephrin and investigate the diagnostic, prognostic and potential therapeutic relevance of urinary nephrin in primary and secondary proteinuric kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kostovska
- Department of Medical and Experimental Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia.
| | - Katerina Tosheska Trajkovska
- Department of Medical and Experimental Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Sonja Topuzovska
- Department of Medical and Experimental Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Svetlana Cekovska
- Department of Medical and Experimental Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Danica Labudovic
- Department of Medical and Experimental Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Ognen Kostovski
- University Clinic of Abdominal Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Goce Spasovski
- University Clinic of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
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22
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Raja A, Zelikoff JT, Jaimes EA. A contemporary review of nephrotoxicity and e-cigarette use. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2022.100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Kalejaiye TD, Bhattacharya R, Burt MA, Travieso T, Okafor AE, Mou X, Blasi M, Musah S. SARS-CoV-2 Employ BSG/CD147 and ACE2 Receptors to Directly Infect Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Kidney Podocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:855340. [PMID: 35517495 PMCID: PMC9065256 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.855340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has resulted in over 5.9 million deaths worldwide. While cells in the respiratory system are the initial target of SARS-CoV-2, there is mounting evidence that COVID-19 is a multi-organ disease. Still, the direct affinity of SARS-CoV-2 for cells in other organs such as the kidneys, which are often targeted in severe COVID-19, remains poorly understood. We employed a human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived model to investigate the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 for kidney glomerular podocytes, and examined the expression of host factors for binding and processing of the virus. We studied cellular uptake of the live SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as a pseudotyped virus. Infection of podocytes with live SARS-CoV-2 or spike-pseudotyped lentiviral particles revealed cellular uptake even at low multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.01. We found that direct infection of human iPS cell-derived podocytes by SARS-CoV-2 virus can cause cell death and podocyte foot process retraction, a hallmark of podocytopathies and progressive glomerular diseases including collapsing glomerulopathy observed in patients with severe COVID-19 disease. We identified BSG/CD147 and ACE2 receptors as key mediators of spike binding activity in human iPS cell-derived podocytes. These results show that SARS-CoV-2 can infect kidney glomerular podocytes in vitro via multiple binding interactions and partners, which may underlie the high affinity of SARS-CoV-2 for kidney tissues. This stem cell-derived model is potentially useful for kidney-specific antiviral drug screening and mechanistic studies of COVID-19 organotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titilola D. Kalejaiye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rohan Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Morgan A. Burt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tatianna Travieso
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Arinze E. Okafor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xingrui Mou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Maria Blasi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Samira Musah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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24
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Li ZH, Guo XY, Quan XY, Yang C, Liu ZJ, Su HY, An N, Liu HF. The Role of Parietal Epithelial Cells in the Pathogenesis of Podocytopathy. Front Physiol 2022; 13:832772. [PMID: 35360248 PMCID: PMC8963495 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.832772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytopathy is the most common feature of glomerular disorder characterized by podocyte injury- or dysfunction-induced excessive proteinuria, which ultimately develops into glomerulosclerosis and results in persistent loss of renal function. Due to the lack of self-renewal ability of podocytes, mild podocyte depletion triggers replacement and repair processes mostly driven by stem cells or resident parietal epithelial cells (PECs). In contrast, when podocyte recovery fails, activated PECs contribute to the establishment of glomerular lesions. Increasing evidence suggests that PECs, more than just bystanders, have a crucial role in various podocytopathies, including minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, and lupus podocytopathy. In this review, we attempt to dissect the diverse role of PECs in the pathogenesis of podocytopathy based on currently available information.
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25
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Lee HK, Jang YJ, Na SW, Kim HY, Han BH, Lee YJ, Lee HS, Yoon JJ, Kang DG. Sinkihwan-gamibang ameliorates puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic syndrome. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:177-184. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Ravaglia F, Melica ME, Angelotti ML, De Chiara L, Romagnani P, Lasagni L. The Pathology Lesion Patterns of Podocytopathies: How and why? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:838272. [PMID: 35281116 PMCID: PMC8907833 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.838272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytopathies are a group of proteinuric glomerular disorders driven by primary podocyte injury that are associated with a set of lesion patterns observed on kidney biopsy, i.e., minimal changes, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, diffuse mesangial sclerosis and collapsing glomerulopathy. These unspecific lesion patterns have long been considered as independent disease entities. By contrast, recent evidence from genetics and experimental studies demonstrated that they represent signs of repeated injury and repair attempts. These ongoing processes depend on the type, length, and severity of podocyte injury, as well as on the ability of parietal epithelial cells to drive repair. In this review, we discuss the main pathology patterns of podocytopathies with a focus on the cellular and molecular response of podocytes and parietal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Elena Melica
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Angelotti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Letizia De Chiara
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Nephrology Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Lasagni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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27
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Purohit S, Piani F, Ordoñez FA, de Lucas-Collantes C, Bauer C, Cara-Fuentes G. Molecular Mechanisms of Proteinuria in Minimal Change Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:761600. [PMID: 35004732 PMCID: PMC8733331 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.761600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal change disease (MCD) is the most common type of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in childhood and represents about 15% cases in adults. It is characterized by massive proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia, and podocyte foot process effacement on electron microscopy. Clinical and experimental studies have shown an association between MCD and immune dysregulation. Given the lack of inflammatory changes or immunocomplex deposits in the kidney tissue, MCD has been traditionally thought to be mediated by an unknown circulating factor(s), probably released by T cells that directly target podocytes leading to podocyte ultrastructural changes and proteinuria. Not surprisingly, research efforts have focused on the role of T cells and podocytes in the disease process. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of the disease remains a mystery. More recently, B cells have been postulated as an important player in the disease either by activating T cells or by releasing circulating autoantibodies against podocyte targets. There are also few reports of endothelial injury in MCD, but whether glomerular endothelial cells play a role in the disease remains unexplored. Genome-wide association studies are providing insights into the genetic susceptibility to develop the disease and found a link between MCD and certain human haplotype antigen variants. Altogether, these findings emphasize the complex interplay between the immune system, glomerular cells, and the genome, raising the possibility of distinct underlying triggers and/or mechanisms of proteinuria among patients with MCD. The heterogeneity of the disease and the lack of good animal models of MCD remain major obstacles in the understanding of MCD. In this study, we will review the most relevant candidate mediators and mechanisms of proteinuria involved in MCD and the current models of MCD-like injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrey Purohit
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Federica Piani
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Medicine and Surgery Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Flor A Ordoñez
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Colin Bauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Gabriel Cara-Fuentes
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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28
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Cirillo L, Lugli G, Raglianti V, Ravaglia F, Buti E, Landini S, Becherucci F. OUP accepted manuscript. Clin Kidney J 2022; 15:2006-2019. [PMID: 36325008 PMCID: PMC9613436 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytopathies are glomerular disorders in which podocyte injury drives proteinuria and progressive kidney disease. They encompass a broad spectrum of aetiologies, resulting in pathological pictures of minimal-changes, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, diffuse mesangial sclerosis or collapsing glomerulopathy. Despite improvement in classifying podocytopathies as a distinct group of disorders, the histological definition fails to capture the relevant biological heterogeneity underlying each case, manifesting as extensive variability in disease progression and response to therapies. Increasing evidence suggests that podocytopathies can result from a single causative factor or a combination of multiple genetic and/or environmental risk factors with different relative contributions, identifying complex physiopathological mechanisms. Consequently, the diagnosis can still be challenging. In recent years, significant advances in genetic, microscopy and biological techniques revolutionized our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying podocytopathies, pushing nephrologists to integrate innovative information with more conventional data obtained from kidney biopsy in the diagnostic workflow. In this review, we will summarize current approaches in the diagnosis of podocytopathies, focusing on strategies aimed at elucidating the aetiology underlying the histological picture. We will provide several examples of an integrative view of traditional concepts and new data in patients with suspected podocytopathies, along with a perspective on how a reclassification could help to improve not only diagnostic pathways and therapeutic strategies, but also the management of disease recurrence after kidney transplantation. In the future, the advantages of precision medicine will probably allow diagnostic trajectories to be increasingly focused, maximizing therapeutic results and long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Cirillo
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Lugli
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Elisa Buti
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Samuela Landini
- Medical Genetics Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
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29
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Kalejaiye TD, Bhattacharya R, Burt MA, Travieso T, Okafor AE, Mou X, Blasi M, Musah S. BSG/CD147 and ACE2 receptors facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection of human iPS cell-derived kidney podocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34816259 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.16.468893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. The disease has caused more than 5.1 million deaths worldwide. While cells in the respiratory system are frequently the initial target for SARS-CoV-2, clinical studies suggest that COVID-19 can become a multi-organ disease in the most severe cases. Still, the direct affinity of SARS-CoV-2 for cells in other organs such as the kidneys, which are often affected in severe COVID-19, remains poorly understood. METHOD In this study, we employed a human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived model to investigate the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 for kidney glomerular podocytes. We studied uptake of the live SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as pseudotyped viral particles by human iPS cell derived podocytes using qPCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence. Global gene expression and qPCR analyses revealed that human iPS cell-derived podocytes express many host factor genes (including ACE2, BSG/CD147, PLS3, ACTR3, DOCK7, TMPRSS2, CTSL CD209, and CD33) associated with SARS-CoV-2 binding and viral processing. RESULT Infection of podocytes with live SARS-CoV-2 or spike-pseudotyped lentiviral particles revealed viral uptake by the cells at low Multiplicity of Infection (MOI of 0.01) as confirmed by RNA quantification and immunofluorescence studies. Our results also indicate that direct infection of human iPS cell-derived podocytes by SARS-CoV-2 virus can cause cell death and podocyte foot process retraction, a hallmark of podocytopathies and progressive glomerular diseases including collapsing glomerulopathy observed in patients with severe COVID-19 disease. Additionally, antibody blocking experiments identified BSG/CD147 and ACE2 receptors as key mediators of spike binding activity in human iPS cell-derived podocytes. CONCLUSION These results show that SARS-CoV-2 can infect kidney glomerular podocytes in vitro . These results also show that the uptake of SARS-CoV-2 by kidney podocytes occurs via multiple binding interactions and partners, which may underlie the high affinity of SARS-CoV-2 for kidney tissues. This stem cell-derived model is potentially useful for kidney-specific antiviral drug screening and mechanistic studies of COVID-19 organotropism. SIGNIFICANT STATEMENT Many patients with COVID19 disease exhibit multiorgan complications, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection can extend beyond the respiratory system. Acute kidney injury is a common COVID-19 complication contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. Still, SARS-Cov-2 affinity for specialized kidney cells remain less clear. By leveraging our protocol for stem cell differentiation, we show that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect kidney glomerular podocytes by using multiple Spike-binding proteins including ACE2 and BSG/CD147. Our results also indicate that infection by SARS-CoV-2 virus can cause podocyte cell death and foot process effacement, a hallmark of podocytopathies including collapsing glomerulopathy observed in patients with severe COVID-19 disease. This stem cell-derived model is potentially useful for kidney-specific antiviral drug screening and mechanistic studies of COVID-19 organotropism.
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30
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Fukuda A, Minakawa A, Sato Y, Shibata H, Hara M, Fujimoto S. Excretion Patterns of Urinary Sediment and Supernatant Podocyte Biomarkers in Patients with CKD. KIDNEY360 2021; 3:63-73. [PMID: 35368571 PMCID: PMC8967611 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0004772021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Podocyte depletion causes glomerulosclerosis, and persistent podocyte loss drives progression to ESKD. Urinary sediment podocin (u-sed Pod) mRNA excretion and urinary supernatant podocalyxin (u-sup PCX) protein have been used to monitor disease activity in glomerular diseases. However, the differences in these markers among pathologies have not been investigated. We examined the roles of these markers in kidney diseases. Methods From January 2013 to March 2016, early morning urine samples were collected from 12 healthy controls and 172 patients with kidney disease (n=15 patients with minor glomerular abnormality with mild proteinuria and/or microscopic hematuria, n=15 with minimal change nephrotic syndrome [MCNS], n=15 with membranous nephropathy [MN], n=60 with IgA nephropathy [IgAN], n=19 with crescentic GN [Cres GN], n=10 with lupus nephritis [LN], and n=38 with other kidney diseases). We examined u-sed Pod mRNA excretion, u-sup PCX protein, and the urinary protein-creatinine ratio (u-PCR). Results u-sed Pod mRNA excretion was significantly correlated with u-sup PCX protein (r=0.37, P<0.001). Both u-sed Pod mRNA excretion and u-sup PCX protein were significantly correlated with u-PCR (r=0.53, P<0.001 and r=0.35, P<0.001, respectively). Interestingly, u-sed Pod mRNA excretion was significantly increased in proliferative-type GN-including IgAN with extracapillary proliferative lesions, Cres GN, and LN class IV-and significantly correlated with the rate of crescent formation, whereas u-sup PCX protein was significantly increased only in those with MN and subepithelial dense deposit-type LN compared with controls. Conclusions Higher u-sed Pod mRNA excretion and u-sup PCX protein were associated with proliferative-type GN, indicating podocyte detachment and subepithelial dense deposit-type GN, respectively. The results suggest that u-sed Pod mRNA excretion and u-sup PCX protein have usefulness for the diagnosis and measurement of disease activity with regard to glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Fukuda
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Akihiro Minakawa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Sato
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shibata
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | | | - Shouichi Fujimoto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Govind D, Becker JU, Miecznikowski J, Rosenberg AZ, Dang J, Tharaux PL, Yacoub R, Thaiss F, Hoyer PF, Manthey D, Lutnick B, Worral AM, Mohammad I, Walavalkar V, Tomaszewski JE, Jen KY, Sarder P. PodoSighter: A Cloud-Based Tool for Label-Free Podocyte Detection in Kidney Whole-Slide Images. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:2795-2813. [PMID: 34479966 PMCID: PMC8806084 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podocyte depletion precedes progressive glomerular damage in several kidney diseases. However, the current standard of visual detection and quantification of podocyte nuclei from brightfield microscopy images is laborious and imprecise. METHODS We have developed PodoSighter, an online cloud-based tool, to automatically identify and quantify podocyte nuclei from giga-pixel brightfield whole-slide images (WSIs) using deep learning. Ground-truth to train the tool used immunohistochemically or immunofluorescence-labeled images from a multi-institutional cohort of 122 histologic sections from mouse, rat, and human kidneys. To demonstrate the generalizability of our tool in investigating podocyte loss in clinically relevant samples, we tested it in rodent models of glomerular diseases, including diabetic kidney disease, crescentic GN, and dose-dependent direct podocyte toxicity and depletion, and in human biopsies from steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and from human autopsy tissues. RESULTS The optimal model yielded high sensitivity/specificity of 0.80/0.80, 0.81/0.86, and 0.80/0.91, in mouse, rat, and human images, respectively, from periodic acid-Schiff-stained WSIs. Furthermore, the podocyte nuclear morphometrics extracted using PodoSighter were informative in identifying diseased glomeruli. We have made PodoSighter freely available to the general public as turnkey plugins in a cloud-based web application for end users. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates an automated computational approach to detect and quantify podocyte nuclei in standard histologically stained WSIs, facilitating podocyte research, and enabling possible future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshana Govind
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jan U. Becker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Avi Z. Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Rabi Yacoub
- Department of Internal Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Friedrich Thaiss
- Third Medical Department of Clinical Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter F. Hoyer
- Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Brendon Lutnick
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Amber M. Worral
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Imtiaz Mohammad
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Vighnesh Walavalkar
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John E. Tomaszewski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kuang-Yu Jen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, California
| | - Pinaki Sarder
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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32
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Shankland SJ, Wang Y, Shaw AS, Vaughan JC, Pippin JW, Wessely O. Podocyte Aging: Why and How Getting Old Matters. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:2697-2713. [PMID: 34716239 PMCID: PMC8806106 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021050614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of healthy aging on the kidney, and how these effects intersect with superimposed diseases, are highly relevant in the context of the population's increasing longevity. Age-associated changes to podocytes, which are terminally differentiated glomerular epithelial cells, adversely affect kidney health. This review discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying podocyte aging, how these mechanisms might be augmented by disease in the aged kidney, and approaches to mitigate progressive damage to podocytes. Furthermore, we address how biologic pathways such as those associated with cellular growth confound aging in humans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrey S. Shaw
- Department of Research Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Joshua C. Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeffrey W. Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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33
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Increasing urinary podocyte mRNA excretion and progressive podocyte loss in kidney contribute to the high risk of long-term renal disease caused by preterm birth. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20650. [PMID: 34667204 PMCID: PMC8526835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte abnormalities are common mechanism driving the progression of glomerular diseases, which account for most chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). However, the role of podocyte in the mechanism of high-risk long-term CKD caused by prematurity has not been well clarified. In present study, urine samples of 86 preterm infants and 32 full-term infants were collected, and podocyte-specific podocin mRNA levels in urine pellet were applied to indicate urinary podocyte mRNA excretion. In addition, in a preterm animal rat model, preterm rats were identified by delivery 2 days early. From the age of 3 weeks-12 months, urine samples were collected to examine podocyte mRNA excretion by measuring podocyte-specific podocin mRNA levels. Kidney samples at the age of 3 weeks, 2 months, and 12 months were collected from 8, 5 and 6 preterm rats and 9, 6 and 8 full-term rats, respectively, to examine podocyte density and podocyte area by measuring the podocyte specific nuclear marker WT-1 and the podocyte specific marker synaptopodin. As results, a more than threefold increase of urinary podocyte-specific podocin mRNA excretion rate was found in preterm infants compared with full-term infants. In addition, there was negative correlation between gestational age at birth and urinary podocin mRNA excretion. In preterm rats, a reduction in the total number of differentiated podocytes in glomeruli and an increased podocyte podocin mRNA excretion rate in urine were detected at the end of kidney differentiation. Moreover, long-term follow-up data in preterm rats showed there was an increased the risk of renal disease indicated by persistent podocyte mRNA loss, proteinuria, and enlarged glomeruli. In conclusion, increasing podocyte mRNA excretion in urine and podocyte loss in kidney led by prematurity drive the progression of long-term abnormal kidney function and could potentially explain the high risk of long-term CKD in preterm infants.
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Wong YH, Wong SH, Wong XT, Yi Yap Q, Yip KY, Wong LZ, Chellappan DK, Bhattamisra SK, Candasamy M. Genetic associated complications of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a review. Panminerva Med 2021; 64:274-288. [PMID: 34609116 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.21.04285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
According to the International Diabetes Federation, the number of adults (age of 20-79) being diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) have increased from 285 million in year 2009 to 463 million in year 2019 which comprises of 95% Type 2 DM patient (T2DM). Research have claimed that genetic predisposition could be one of the factors causing T2DM complications. In addition, T2DMcomplications cause an incremental risk to mortality. Therefore, this article aims to discuss some complications of T2DM in and their genetic association. The complications that are discussed in this article are diabetic nephropathy, diabetes induced cardiovascular disease, diabetic neuropathy, Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) and Alzheimer's disease. According to the information obtained, genes associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN) are gene GABRR1 and ELMO1 that cause injury to glomerular. Replication of genes FRMD3, CARS and MYO16/IRS2 shown to have link with DN. The increase of gene THBS2, NGAL, PIP, TRAF6 polymorphism, ICAM-1 encoded for rs5498 polymorphism and C667T increase susceptibility towards DN in T2DM patient. Genes associated with cardiovascular diseases are Adiponectin gene (ACRP30) and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism gene with ξ2 allele. Haptoglobin (Hp) 1-1 genotype and Mitochondria Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2) plays a role in cardiovascular events. As for genes related to diabetic neuropathy, Janus Kinase (JAK), mutation of SCN9A and TRPA1 gene and destruction of miRNA contribute to pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy among T2DM patients. Expression of cytokine IL-6, IL-10, miR-146a are found to cause diabetic neuropathy. Besides, A1a16Va1 gene polymorphism, an oxidative stress influence was found as one of the gene factors. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is believed to have association with Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1). Over-expression of gene ENPP1, IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokine, ARHGAP22's protein rs3844492 polymorphism and TLR4 heterozygous genotype are contributing to significant pathophysiological process causing DR, while research found increases level of UCP1 gene protects retina cells from oxidative stress. Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) is manifested by slowing in reepithelialisation of keratinocyte, persistence wound inflammation and healing impairment. Reepithelialisation disturbance was caused by E2F3 gene, reduction of Tacl gene encoded substance P causing persistence inflammation while expression of MMp-9 polymorphism contributes to healing impairment. A decrease in HIF-1a gene expression leads to increased risk of pathogenesis, while downregulation of TLR2 increases severity of wound in DFU patients. SNPs alleles has been shown to have significant association between the genetic dispositions of T2DM and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The progression of AD can be due to the change in DNA methylation of CLOCK gene, followed with worsening of AD by APOE4 gene due to dyslipidaemia condition in T2DM patients. Insulin resistance is also a factor that contributes to pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee H Wong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shen H Wong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xiao T Wong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Qiao Yi Yap
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khar Y Yip
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Liang Z Wong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dinesh K Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subrat K Bhattamisra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mayuren Candasamy
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia -
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Basgen JM, Wong JS, Ray J, Nicholas SB, Campbell KN. Podocyte Foot Process Effacement Precedes Albuminuria and Glomerular Hypertrophy in CD2-Associated Protein Deficient Mice. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:745319. [PMID: 34568396 PMCID: PMC8460869 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.745319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Podocyte foot process effacement is a key histologic finding in proteinuric kidney disease. We previously showed that 3-week old CD2AP-deficient mice have significant proteinuria, glomerular hypertrophy and mesangial expansion. The goal of this study is to use morphometry to establish the temporal sequence of podocyte foot process effacement, glomerular volume expansion and albuminuria in Cd2ap−/− mice by measuring these parameters at the 2-week time point. Methods: Wild-type mice age 14 ± 1 days with the Cd2ap gene (WT, N = 5) and mice deficient for Cd2ap (Cd2ap KO, N = 5) were generated. Kidneys were harvested and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and processed for examination by light and electron microscopy. An average of 415.2 (range 268–716) grid points were counted for all the glomeruli, and quantification of glomerular volume from each kidney. Urine was collected the day prior to sacrifice for urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) measurements. Results: There was no difference in albuminuria [median (range) mg/g] between WT [212.2 (177.6–388.4) mg/g] vs. Cd2ap KO mice [203.3 (164.7–910.2) mg/g], P = 0.89; or glomerular volume 68,307[10,931] vs. 66,844[13,022] μm3, p = 0.92. The volume densities of glomerular components of the podocyte, capillary lumen and mesangium were not different for the two groups, P = 0.14, 0.14 and 0.17 respectively. However, foot process width was increased in Cd2ap KO 1128[286] vs. WT [374 ± 42] nm, P = 0.02. Conclusion: Here we show that while 2-week old WT and Cd2ap KO mice have similar levels of albuminuria, glomerular and mesangial volume, Cd2ap KO mice have more extensive podocyte foot process effacement. The data suggests that podocyte injury is the initiating event leading to mesangial expansion and albuminuria in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Basgen
- Department of Research, Stereology and Morphometry Laboratory, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jenny S Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Justina Ray
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Susanne B Nicholas
- Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kirk N Campbell
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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36
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Cara-Fuentes G, Smoyer WE. Biomarkers in pediatric glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:2659-2673. [PMID: 33389089 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular diseases are often chronic or recurring and thus associated with a tremendous physical, psychological, and economic burden. Their etiologies are often unknown, and their pathogeneses are frequently poorly understood. The diagnoses and management of these diseases are therefore based on clinical features, traditional laboratory markers, and, often, kidney pathology. However, the clinical presentation can be highly variable, the kidney pathology may not establish a definitive diagnosis, and the therapeutic responses and resulting clinical outcomes are often unpredictable. To try to address these challenges, significant research efforts have been made over the last decade to identify potential biomarkers that can help clinicians optimize the diagnosis and prognosis at clinical presentation, as well as help predict long-term outcomes. Unfortunately, these efforts have to date only identified a single biomarker for glomerular disease that has been fully validated and developed for widespread clinical use (anti-PLA2R antibodies to diagnose membranous nephropathy). In this manuscript, we review the definitions and development of biomarkers, as well as the current knowledge on both historical and novel candidate biomarkers of glomerular disease, with an emphasis on those associated with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cara-Fuentes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Colorado, 12700 E 19th Ave, R2 building, Room 7420D, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - William E Smoyer
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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37
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Parietal epithelial cell dysfunction in crescentic glomerulonephritis. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:345-354. [PMID: 34453566 PMCID: PMC8523405 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crescentic glomerulonephritis represents a group of kidney diseases characterized by rapid loss of kidney function and the formation of glomerular crescents. While the role of the immune system has been extensively studied in relation to the development of crescents, recent findings show that parietal epithelial cells play a key role in the pathophysiology of crescent formation, even in the absence of immune modulation. This review highlights our current understanding of parietal epithelial cell biology and the reported physiological and pathological roles that these cells play in glomerular lesion formation, especially in the context of crescentic glomerulonephritis.
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38
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Interplay between extracellular matrix components and cellular and molecular mechanisms in kidney fibrosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1999-2029. [PMID: 34427291 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in renal structures. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is observed in glomerular diseases as well as in the regeneration failure of acute kidney injury (AKI). Therefore, finding antifibrotic therapies comprises an intensive research field in Nephrology. Nowadays, ECM is not only considered as a cellular scaffold, but also exerts important cellular functions. In this review, we describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in kidney fibrosis, paying particular attention to ECM components, profibrotic factors and cell-matrix interactions. In response to kidney damage, activation of glomerular and/or tubular cells may induce aberrant phenotypes characterized by overproduction of proinflammatory and profibrotic factors, and thus contribute to CKD progression. Among ECM components, matricellular proteins can regulate cell-ECM interactions, as well as cellular phenotype changes. Regarding kidney fibrosis, one of the most studied matricellular proteins is cellular communication network-2 (CCN2), also called connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), currently considered as a fibrotic marker and a potential therapeutic target. Integrins connect the ECM proteins to the actin cytoskeleton and several downstream signaling pathways that enable cells to respond to external stimuli in a coordinated manner and maintain optimal tissue stiffness. In kidney fibrosis, there is an increase in ECM deposition, lower ECM degradation and ECM proteins cross-linking, leading to an alteration in the tissue mechanical properties and their responses to injurious stimuli. A better understanding of these complex cellular and molecular events could help us to improve the antifibrotic therapies for CKD.
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Butt L, Unnersjö-Jess D, Höhne M, Schermer B, Edwards A, Benzing T. A mathematical estimation of the physical forces driving podocyte detachment. Kidney Int 2021; 100:1054-1062. [PMID: 34332959 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Loss of podocytes, possibly through the detachment of viable cells, is a hallmark of progressive glomerular disease. Podocytes are exposed to considerable physical forces due to pressure and flow resulting in circumferential wall stress and tangential shear stress exerted on the podocyte cell body, which have been proposed to contribute to podocyte depletion. However, estimations of in vivo alterations of physical forces in glomerular disease have been hampered by a lack of quantitative functional and morphological data. Here, we used ultra-resolution data and computational analyses in a mouse model of human disease, hereditary late-onset focal segmental glomerular sclerosis, to calculate increased mechanical stress upon podocyte injury. Transversal shear stress on the lateral walls of the foot processes was prominently increased during the initial stages of podocyte detachment. Thus, our study highlights the importance of targeting glomerular hemodynamics to treat glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Butt
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Unnersjö-Jess
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Höhne
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; CECAD, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Aurelie Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; CECAD, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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40
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Haley KE, Elshani M, Um IH, Bell C, Caie PD, Harrison DJ, Reynolds PA. YAP Translocation Precedes Cytoskeletal Rearrangement in Podocyte Stress Response: A Podometric Investigation of Diabetic Nephropathy. Front Physiol 2021; 12:625762. [PMID: 34335284 PMCID: PMC8320019 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.625762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte loss plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of glomerular disease. However, the mechanisms underlying podocyte damage and loss remain poorly understood. Although detachment of viable cells has been documented in experimental Diabetic Nephropathy, correlations between reduced podocyte density and disease severity have not yet been established. YAP, a mechanosensing protein, has recently been shown to correlate with glomerular disease progression, however, the underlying mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we sought to document podocyte density in Diabetic Nephropathy using an amended podometric methodology, and to investigate the interplay between YAP and cytoskeletal integrity during podocyte injury. Podocyte density was quantified using TLE4 and GLEPP1 multiplexed immunofluorescence. Fourteen Diabetic Nephropathy cases were analyzed for both podocyte density and cytoplasmic translocation of YAP via automated image analysis. We demonstrate a significant decrease in podocyte density in Grade III/IV cases (124.5 per 106 μm3) relative to Grade I/II cases (226 per 106 μm3) (Student's t-test, p < 0.001), and further show that YAP translocation precedes cytoskeletal rearrangement following injury. Based on these findings we hypothesize that a significant decrease in podocyte density in late grade Diabetic Nephropathy may be explained by early cytoplasmic translocation of YAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Haley
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Mustafa Elshani
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom.,Directorate of Laboratory Medicine, Lothian University Hospitals Trust, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - In Hwa Um
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron Bell
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom.,Acute Internal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Caie
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - David J Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom.,Directorate of Laboratory Medicine, Lothian University Hospitals Trust, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Reynolds
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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41
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Fu J, Yi Z, Cai M, Yuan W, Zhang W, Lee K, He JC. Global transcriptomic changes in glomerular endothelial cells in mice with podocyte depletion and glomerulosclerosis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:687. [PMID: 34244474 PMCID: PMC8270962 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes are a key component of the glomerular filtration barrier, and its dysfunction and eventual loss drive glomerular disease progression. Recent research has demonstrated the importance of podocyte cross-talk with other glomerular cells, such as glomerular endothelial cells (GECs), in both glomerular homeostasis and in disease settings. However, how GECs are affected globally by podocyte injury and loss in disease settings remains unclear. Therefore, to characterize the molecular changes occurring in GECs in response to the podocyte loss, we performed the transcriptomic profiling of isolated GECs after diphtheria toxin (DT)-mediated podocyte depletion in transgenic mice with podocyte-specific human DT receptor and endothelial-specific enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) expression. DT administration led to nearly 40% of podocyte loss with the development of glomerulosclerosis. Differential gene expression analysis of isolated GECs in the diseased mice showed significant changes in pathways related to cell adhesion and actin cytoskeleton, proliferation, and angiogenesis, as well as apoptosis and cell death. However, quantification of EYFP + GECs indicated that there was a reduction in GECs in the diseased mice, suggesting that despite the ongoing proliferation, the concomitant injury and the activation of cell death program results in their overall net loss. The upstream regulator analysis strongly indicated the involvement of p53, TGF-β1, and TNF-α as key mediators of the molecular changes occurring in GECs in the diseased mice. Our findings demonstrate significant molecular changes in GECs as a secondary consequence of podocyte loss and provide a valuable resource for further in-depth analysis of potential glomerular cross-talk mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Zhengzi Yi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Minchao Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijie Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyung Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - John Cijiang He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Renal Program, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center at Bronx, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
TRPC3 is a Ca2+-permeable cation channel commonly activated by the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and mechanical distortion of the plasma membrane. TRPC3-mediated Ca2+ influx has been implicated in a variety of signaling processes in both excitable and non-excitable cells. Kidneys play a commanding role in maintaining whole-body homeostasis and setting blood pressure. TRPC3 is expressed abundantly in the renal vasculature and in epithelial cells, where it is well positioned to mediate signaling and transport functions in response to GPCR-dependent endocrine stimuli. In addition, TRPC3 could be activated by mechanical forces resulting from dynamic changes in the renal tubule fluid flow and osmolarity. This review critically analyzes the available published evidence of the physiological roles of TRPC3 in different parts of the kidney and describes the pathophysiological ramifications of TRPC3 ablation. We also speculate how this evidence could be further translated into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Hassanzadeh Khayyat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Viktor N Tomilin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Oleg Zaika
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Oleh Pochynyuk
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX, USA
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43
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Morphology expands understanding of lesions. Kidney Int 2021; 97:627-630. [PMID: 32200853 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Yang W, Chen L, Jhuang Y, Lin Y, Hung P, Ko Y, Tsai M, Lee Y, Hsu L, Yeh C, Hsu H, Huang C. Injection of hybrid 3D spheroids composed of podocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, and vascular endothelial cells into the renal cortex improves kidney function and replenishes glomerular podocytes. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 6:e10212. [PMID: 34027096 PMCID: PMC8126810 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are highly differentiated epithelial cells that are crucial for maintaining the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidney. Podocyte injury followed by depletion is the major cause of pathological progression of kidney diseases. Although cell therapy has been considered a promising alternative approach to kidney transplantation for the treatment of kidney injury, the resultant therapeutic efficacy in terms of improved renal function is limited, possibly owing to significant loss of engrafted cells. Herein, hybrid three-dimensional (3D) cell spheroids composed of podocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, and vascular endothelial cells were designed to mimic the glomerular microenvironment and as a cell delivery vehicle to replenish the podocyte population by cell transplantation. After creating a native glomerulus-like condition, the expression of multiple genes encoding growth factors and basement membrane factors that are strongly associated with podocyte maturation and functionality was significantly enhanced. Our in vivo results demonstrated that intrarenal transplantation of podocytes in the form of hybrid 3D cell spheroids improved engraftment efficiency and replenished glomerular podocytes. Moreover, the proteinuria of the experimental mice with hypertensive nephropathy was effectively reduced. These data clearly demonstrated the potential of hybrid 3D cell spheroids for repairing injured kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Yu Yang
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental ScienceNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Li‐Chi Chen
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Ya‐Ting Jhuang
- Kidney Research Center, Department of NephrologyLinkou Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Jie Lin
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Yu Hung
- Kidney Research Center, Department of NephrologyLinkou Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Ching Ko
- Kidney Research Center, Department of NephrologyLinkou Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Meng‐Yu Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Yun‐Wei Lee
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Li‐Wen Hsu
- Bioresource Collection and Research CenterFood Industry Research and Development InstituteHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Kuang Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental ScienceNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Hsiang‐Hao Hsu
- Kidney Research Center, Department of NephrologyLinkou Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuanTaiwan
- College of Medicine, School of MedicineChang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Chieh‐Cheng Huang
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
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45
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Kim EY, Dryer SE. Effects of TRPC6 Inactivation on Glomerulosclerosis and Renal Fibrosis in Aging Rats. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040856. [PMID: 33918778 PMCID: PMC8070418 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical transient receptor potential 6 (TRPC6) channels have been implicated in familial and acquired forms of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in patients and animal models, as well as in renal fibrosis following ureteral obstruction in mice. Aging also evokes declines in renal function owing to effects on almost every renal compartment in humans and rodents. Here, we have examined the role of TRPC6 in driving inflammation and fibrosis during aging in Sprague-Dawley rats. This was assessed in rats with non-functional TRPC6 channels owing to CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of a portion of the ankyrin repeat domain required for the assembly of functional TRPC6 channels (Trpc6del/del rats). Wild-type littermates (Trpc6wt/wt rats) were used as controls. Animals were evaluated at 2 months and 12 months of age. There was no sign of kidney disease at 2 months of age, regardless of genotype. However, by 12 months of age, all rats examined showed declines in renal function associated with albuminuria, azotemia and increased urine excretion of β2-microglobulin, a marker for proximal tubule pathology. These changes were equally severe in Trpc6wt/wt and Trpc6del/del rats. We also observed age-related increases in renal cortical expression of markers of fibrosis (α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin) and inflammation (NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β), and there was no detectable protective effect of TRPC6 inactivation. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis assessed from histology also appeared equally severe in Trpc6wt/wt and Trpc6del/del rats. By contrast, glomerular pathology, blindly scored from histological sections, suggested a significant protective effect of TRPC6 inactivation, but only within the glomerular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Kim
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
| | - Stuart E. Dryer
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Houston College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-743-2697
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Shirai Y, Miura K, Yokoyama T, Horita S, Nakayama H, Seino H, Ando T, Shiratori A, Yabuuchi T, Kaneko N, Ishiwa S, Ishizuka K, Hara M, Hattori M. Morphologic Analysis of Urinary Podocytes in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:477-486. [PMID: 35369007 PMCID: PMC8785995 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0005612020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of glomerulosclerosis in FSGS is associated with a reduction in podocyte number in the glomerular capillary tufts. Although it has been reported that the number of urinary podocytes in FSGS exceeds that of minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, the nature of events that promote podocyte detachment in FSGS remains elusive. METHODS In this study, we provide detailed, morphologic analysis of the urinary podocytes found in FSGS by examining the size of the urinary podocytes from patients with FSGS, minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, and GN. In addition, in urinary podocytes from patients with FSGS and minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, we analyzed podocyte hypertrophy and mitotic catastrophe using immunostaining of p21 and phospho-ribosomal protein S6. RESULTS The size of the urinary podocytes was strikingly larger in samples obtained from patients with FSGS compared with those with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome and GN (P=0.008). Urinary podocytes from patients with FSGS had a higher frequency of positive immunostaining for p21 (P<0.001) and phospho-ribosomal protein S6 (P=0.02) than those from patients with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome. Characteristic features of mitotic catastrophe were more commonly observed in FSGS than in minimal-change nephrotic syndrome urinary samples (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS We posit that the significant increase in the size of urinary podocytes in FSGS, compared with those in minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, may be explained by hypertrophy and mitotic catastrophe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Shirai
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Miura
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoyama
- Central Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Horita
- Department of Pathology, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seino
- Department of Pathology, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Ando
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Shiratori
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Yabuuchi
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Kaneko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Ishiwa
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyonobu Ishizuka
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Motoshi Hattori
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Jaimes EA, Zhou MS, Siddiqui M, Rezonzew G, Tian R, Seshan SV, Muwonge AN, Wong NJ, Azeloglu EU, Fornoni A, Merscher S, Raij L. Nicotine, smoking, podocytes, and diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F442-F453. [PMID: 33459165 PMCID: PMC7988804 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00194.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. Besides glycemic and blood pressure control, environmental factors such as cigarette smoking (CS) adversely affect the progression of DN. The effects of CS on DN progression have been attributed to combustion-generated molecules without consideration to the role of nicotine (NIC), responsible for the addictive properties of both CS and electronic cigarettes (ECs). Podocytes are essential to preserve the structure and function of the glomerular filtration barrier, and strong evidence indicates that early podocyte loss promotes DN progression. We performed experiments in human podocytes and in a mouse model of diabetes that develops nephropathy resembling human DN. We determined that NIC binding to podocytes in concentrations achieved with CS and ECs activated NADPH oxidase, which sets in motion a dysfunctional molecular network integrated by cyclooxygenase 2, known to induce podocyte injury; downregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase, important for maintaining cellular energy stores and antioxidation; and upregulation of CD36, which increased lipid uptake and promoted apoptosis. In diabetic mice, NIC increased proteinuria, a recognized marker of chronic kidney disease progression, accompanied by reduced glomerular podocyte synaptopodin, a crucial stabilizer of the podocyte cytoskeleton, and increased fibronectin expression. This novel study critically implicates NIC itself as a contributor to DN progression in CS and EC users.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we demonstrate that nicotine increases the production of reactive oxygen species, increases cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and upregulates Cd36 while inducing downregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase. In vivo nicotine increases proteinuria and fibronectin expression in diabetic mice. This study demonstrates that effects of nicotine on podocytes are responsible, at least in part, for the deleterious effects of smoking in the progression of chronic kidney disease, including diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A Jaimes
- Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mohammed Siddiqui
- Renal Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Gabriel Rezonzew
- Renal Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Runxia Tian
- Nephrology Section, Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida
| | - Surya V Seshan
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Alecia N Muwonge
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas J Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Leopoldo Raij
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Makino SI, Shirata N, Oliva Trejo JA, Yamamoto-Nonaka K, Yamada H, Miyake T, Mori K, Nakagawa T, Tashiro Y, Yamashita H, Yanagita M, Takahashi R, Asanuma K. Impairment of Proteasome Function in Podocytes Leads to CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:597-613. [PMID: 33510039 PMCID: PMC7920174 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagy-lysosomal system (APLS) are major intracellular degradation procedures. The importance of the APLS in podocytes is established, but the role of the UPS is not well understood. METHODS To investigate the role of the UPS in podocytes, mice were generated that had deletion of Rpt3 (Rpt3pdKO), which encodes an essential regulatory subunit required for construction of the 26S proteasome and its deubiquitinating function. RESULTS Rpt3pdKO mice showed albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis, leading to CKD. Impairment of proteasome function caused accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and of oxidative modified proteins, and it induced podocyte apoptosis. Although impairment of proteasome function normally induces autophagic activity, the number of autophagosomes was lower in podocytes of Rpt3pdKO mice than in control mice, suggesting the autophagic activity was suppressed in podocytes with impairment of proteasome function. In an in vitro study, antioxidant apocynin and autophagy activator rapamycin suppressed podocyte apoptosis induced by proteasome inhibition. Moreover, rapamycin ameliorated the glomerular injury in the Rpt3pdKO mice. The accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and of oxidative modified proteins, which were detected in the podocytes of Rpt3pdKO mice, is a characteristic feature of aging. An aging marker was increased in the podocytes of Rpt3pdKO mice, suggesting that impairment of proteasome function promoted signs of aging in podocytes. CONCLUSIONS Impairment of proteasome function in podocytes led to CKD, and antioxidants and autophagy activators can be therapeutic agents for age-dependent CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Makino
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naritoshi Shirata
- The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharmaceutical Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | - Juan Alejandro Oliva Trejo
- The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanae Yamamoto-Nonaka
- The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyake
- The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Mori
- The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan,Department of Nephrology, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Department of Nephrology, Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tashiro
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Asanuma
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Glomerular filtrate affects the dynamics of podocyte detachment in a model of diffuse toxic podocytopathy. Kidney Int 2021; 99:1149-1161. [PMID: 33582108 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Podocyte injury and subsequent detachment are hallmarks of progressive glomerulosclerosis. In addition to cell injury, unknown mechanical forces on the injured podocyte may promote detachment. To identify the nature of these mechanical forces, we studied the dynamics of podocyte detachment using sequential ultrastructural geometry analysis by transmission electron microscopy in NEP25, a mouse model of podocytopathy induced by anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38 (LMB2), a fusion protein attached to Pseudomonas exotoxin A, targeting CD25 on podocytes. After LMB2 injection, foot process effacement occurred on day three but detachment commenced on day eight and extended to day ten, reaching toward the urinary pole in clusters. Podocyte detachment was associated with foot process effacement covering over 60% of the glomerular basement membrane length. However, approximately 25% of glomeruli with diffuse (over 80%) foot process effacement showed no detachment. Blocking glomerular filtration via unilateral ureteral obstruction resulted in diffuse foot process effacement but no pseudocysts or detachment, whereas uninephrectomy increased pseudocysts and accelerated detachment, indicating that glomerular filtrate drives podocyte detachment via pseudocyst formation as a forerunner. Additionally, more detachment was observed in juxtamedullary glomeruli than in superficial glomeruli. Thus, glomerular filtrate drives the dynamics of podocyte detachment in this model of podocytopathy. Hence, foot process effacement may be a prerequisite allowing filtrate to generate local mechanical forces that expand the subpodocyte space forming pseudocysts, promote podocyte detachment and subsequent segmental sclerosis.
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50
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Chebotareva N, Bobkova I, Lysenko L, Moiseev S. Urinary Markers of Podocyte Dysfunction in Chronic Glomerulonephritis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1306:81-99. [PMID: 33959907 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63908-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) is a disease with a steady progressive course that involves the development of nephrosclerosis, which is especially evident in clinical courses with incidences of high proteinuria (PU). Currently, proteinuria is considered the main laboratory feature (sign) of CGN activity and progression because proteinuria is closely related to the process of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, which is correlated with the grade of renal insufficiency. The injury to podocytes, which are key components of the filtration barrier, plays a central role in proteinuria development. The detachment of podocytes from the glomerular basement membrane leading to podocytopenia is suggested to induce glomerulosclerosis and hyalinosis with obliteration of capillary loops and the progression of chronic kidney disease. Urinary markers of podocyte dysfunction could serve as useful tools while monitoring the activity and prognosis of CGN. In this chapter, the most important mechanisms of podocyte loss and urinary markers of this process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Chebotareva
- Tareev Clinic, Department of Nephrology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Irina Bobkova
- Tareev Clinic, Department of Nephrology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidia Lysenko
- Tareev Clinic, Department of Nephrology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Moiseev
- Tareev Clinic, Department of Nephrology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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