1
|
Ren W, Hua M, Cao F, Zeng W. The Sympathetic-Immune Milieu in Metabolic Health and Diseases: Insights from Pancreas, Liver, Intestine, and Adipose Tissues. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306128. [PMID: 38039489 PMCID: PMC10885671 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic innervation plays a crucial role in maintaining energy balance and contributes to metabolic pathophysiology. Recent evidence has begun to uncover the innervation landscape of sympathetic projections and sheds light on their important functions in metabolic activities. Additionally, the immune system has long been studied for its essential roles in metabolic health and diseases. In this review, the aim is to provide an overview of the current research progress on the sympathetic regulation of key metabolic organs, including the pancreas, liver, intestine, and adipose tissues. In particular, efforts are made to highlight the critical roles of the peripheral nervous system and its potential interplay with immune components. Overall, it is hoped to underscore the importance of studying metabolic organs from a comprehensive and interconnected perspective, which will provide valuable insights into the complex mechanisms underlying metabolic regulation and may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenran Ren
- Institute for Immunology and School of MedicineTsinghua Universityand Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesBeijing100084China
| | - Meng Hua
- Institute for Immunology and School of MedicineTsinghua Universityand Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesBeijing100084China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of NeurosurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhou563000China
| | - Wenwen Zeng
- Institute for Immunology and School of MedicineTsinghua Universityand Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesBeijing100084China
- SXMU‐Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier MedicineTaiyuan030001China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic DiseasesBeijing100084China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu T, Li J, Li Q, Liang Y, Gao J, Meng Z, Li P, Yao M, Gu J, Tu H, Gan Y. Environmental eustress promotes liver regeneration through the sympathetic regulation of type 1 innate lymphoid cells to increase IL-22 in mice. Hepatology 2023; 78:136-149. [PMID: 36631003 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The liver has the unique ability of regeneration, which is extremely important for restoring homeostasis after liver injury. Although clinical observations have revealed an association between psychological stress and the liver, whether stress has a causal influence on the liver regeneration remains markedly less defined. APPROACH AND RESULTS Rearing rodents in an enriched environment (EE) can induce eustress or positive psychological stress. Herein, EE-induced eustress was found to significantly enhance the ability of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy or carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury based on the more rapid restoration of liver/body weight ratio and the significantly increased number of proliferating hepatocytes in EE mice. Mechanistically, the cytokine array revealed that IL-22 was markedly increased in the regenerating liver in response to EE. Blockade of IL-22 signaling abrogated the enhanced liver regeneration induced by EE. Group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), including type 1 ILCs (ILC1s), have been identified as the major sources of IL-22 in the regenerating liver. EE housing led to a rapid accumulation of hepatic ILC1s after partial hepatectomy and the EE-induced enhancement of liver regeneration and elevation of IL-22 was nearly eliminated in ILC1-deficient Tbx21-/- mice. Chemical sympathectomy or blockade of β-adrenergic signaling also abolished the effect of EE on ILC1s and attenuated the enhanced liver regeneration of EE-housed mice. CONCLUSION The study findings support the brain-liver axis and suggest that environment-induced eustress promotes liver regeneration through the sympathetic nerve/ILC1/IL-22 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyang Gu
- Center for Liver Transplantation, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Transplantation, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Komatsu S, Kido M, Tanaka M, Kuramitsu K, Tsugawa D, Awazu M, Gon H, Yanagimoto H, Toyama H, Fukumoto T. Clinical Significance of Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with Extrahepatic Metastases. Dig Surg 2020; 37:411-419. [PMID: 32454487 DOI: 10.1159/000507436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with extrahepatic metastases who can undergo hepatectomy. METHODS A total of 32 patients who underwent hepatectomy for HCC with extrahepatic metastases, including lymph node and/or distant metastases were recruited for this study. RESULTS Fourteen patients had lymph node metastasis only, 16 had distant metastasis only, and 2 had both metastasis types during preoperative diagnosis. The 3-year overall survival (OS) rate of all patients was 17.9%, and the median survival time (MST) was 11.8 months. Univariate analysis revealed that intrahepatic maximal tumor size, intrahepatic tumor number, and intrahepatic tumor control after hepatectomy were significant factors influencing OS (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that independent risk factors for OS were intrahepatic maximal tumor size and intrahepatic tumor number (p < 0.05). The MST and 3-year OS rate of patients with maximal tumor size <100 mm and intrahepatic tumor number ≤2 were 39.0 months and 51.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Hepatectomy is not recommended for HCC patients with extrahepatic metastasis with ≥3 intrahepatic tumors, even when all intrahepatic tumors can be eliminated via hepatectomy. Aggressive surgery may be justified for HCC patients with ≤2 intrahepatic tumors and maximal tumor size <100 mm, irrespective of vascular invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Komatsu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan,
| | - Masahiro Kido
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Motofumi Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kaori Kuramitsu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsugawa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahide Awazu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Gon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yanagimoto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hirochika Toyama
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takumi Fukumoto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Watanabe M, Kainuma E, Tomiyama C. Repetitive Manual Acupuncture Increases Markers of Innate Immunity in Mice Subjected to Restraint Stress. Acupunct Med 2018; 33:312-8. [DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2014-010660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the effects of repetitive manual acupuncture treatment on acute stress in mice and to explore its impact on the immune system. Methods Thirty-six mice were randomly allocated to one of four groups: control, acupuncture, stress and acupuncture+stress (n=9 each). Mice in the two acupuncture groups were given daily acupuncture treatment superficially (to skin depth) at CV6, CV12 and bilateral ST25, LR14, GB20, GB21, BL10, BL11, BL13, BL14, BL19, BL23 and BL25 for 7 days. On the eighth day mice in the stress and acupuncture+stress groups were exposed to acute stress for 2 h by confinement in a 50 mL centrifuge tube. Body temperature, blood glucose, the number and subpopulation ratios of leucocytes in the liver, spleen and thymus, natural killer (NK) cell percentage cytotoxicity and serum corticosterone and interferon gamma IFNγ were quantified. Results Mice exposed to stress (irrespective of acupuncture treatment) exhibited hypothermia and hyperglycaemia. However, the increase in glucose level was mitigated by repetitive acupuncture treatment (p<0.05). Percentage cytotoxicity and the level of corticosterone were significantly increased after stress but were unaffected by acupuncture. IFNγ levels did not differ between the groups. Hepatic innate immunity in the liver appeared to be stimulated by repetitive acupuncture treatment as proportions of extrathymic T cells, NK cells and NKT cells in the liver were greatest in the acupuncture+stress group and significantly increased relative to the control group. Conclusions Repetitive manual acupuncture mitigated stress-induced hyperglycaemia and enhanced markers of innate immunity in the liver within the range of normal homoeostasis. As long as acupuncture stimuli were appropriately applied, they did not appear to be stressful to the mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Watanabe
- Department of Medical Informatics, Niigata University Medical & Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kainuma
- The House of Kainuma Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Oriental Medical Center Group.(Kainuma Shinkyu-in), Murakami, Niigata, Japan
| | - Chikako Tomiyama
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Activation of natural killer T cells contributes to triptolide-induced liver injury in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1847-1854. [PMID: 30013034 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is the main active ingredient of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f, which has attracted great interest due to its promising efficacy for autoimmune diseases and tumors. However, severe adverse reactions, especially hepatotoxicity, have restricted its approval in the market. In the present study we explored the role of hepatic natural killer T (NKT) cells in the pathogenesis of TP-induced liver injury in mice. TP (600 μg/kg/day, i.g.) was administered to female mice for 1, 3, or 5 days. We found that administration of TP dose-dependently induced hepatotoxicity, evidenced by the body weight reduction, elevated serum ALT and AST levels, as well as significant histopathological changes in the livers. However, the mice were resistant to the development of TP-induced liver injury when their NKT cells were depleted by injection of anti-NK1.1 mAb (200 μg, i.p.) on days -2 and -1 before TP administration. We further revealed that TP administration activated NKT cells, dominantly releasing Th1 cytokine IFN-γ, recruiting neutrophils and macrophages, and leading to liver damage. After anti-NK1.1 injection, however, the mice mainly secreted Th2 cytokine IL-4 in the livers and exhibited a significantly lower percentage of hepatic infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages upon TP challenge. The activation of NKT cells was associated with the upregulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. Collectively, these results demonstrate a novel role of NKT cells contributing to the mechanisms of TP-induced liver injury. More importantly, the regulation of NKT cells may promote effective measures that control drug-induced liver injury.
Collapse
|
6
|
Xue R, Zhang H, Pan J, Du Z, Zhou W, Zhang Z, Tian Z, Zhou R, Bai L. Peripheral Dopamine Controlled by Gut Microbes Inhibits Invariant Natural Killer T Cell-Mediated Hepatitis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2398. [PMID: 30386344 PMCID: PMC6199378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters have been shown to regulate immune responses, and thereby are critically related to autoimmune diseases. Here we showed that depletion of dopaminergic neurons significantly promoted activation of hepatic iNKT cells and augmented concanavalin A (Con A)-induced liver injury. The suppressive effect of dopamine on iNKT cells was mediated by D1-like receptor-PKA pathway. Clearance of gut microbiota by antibiotic cocktail reduced synthesis of dopamine in intestines and exacerbated liver damage, and that could be restored by recovery of gut microbiota or replenishment of D1-like receptor agonist. Our results demonstrate that peripheral dopamine controlled by gut microbes inhibits IL4 and IFNγ production in iNKT cells and suppresses iNKT cell-mediated hepatitis. Together, we propose a gut microbe-nervous system-immune system regulatory axis in modulating autoimmune hepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rufeng Xue
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiwei Du
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, Department of Biophysics and Neurobiology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, Department of Biophysics and Neurobiology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Rongbin Zhou
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei, China
| | - Li Bai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liver regeneration microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma for prevention and therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:1805-1813. [PMID: 27655683 PMCID: PMC5352100 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on liver cancer prevention and treatment has mainly focused on the liver cancer cells themselves. Currently, liver cancers are no longer viewed as only collections of genetically altered cells but as aberrant organs with a plastic stroma, matrix, and vasculature. Improving the microenvironment of the liver to promote liver regeneration and repair by affecting immune function, inflammation and vasculature can regulate the dynamic imbalance between normal liver regeneration and repair and abnormal liver regeneration, thus improving the microenvironment of liver regeneration for the prevention and treatment of liver cancer. This review addresses the basic theory of the liver regeneration microenvironment, including the latest findings on immunity, inflammation and vasculature. Attention is given to the potential design of molecular targets in the microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In an effort to improve the liver regeneration microenvironment of HCC, researchers have extensively utilized the enhancement of immunity, anti-inflammation and the vasculature niche, which are discussed in detail in this review. In addition, the authors summarize the latest pro-fibrotic transition characteristics of the vascular niche and review potential cell therapies for liver disease.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hepatectomy leads to loss of TRAIL-expressing liver NK cells via downregulation of the CXCL9-CXCR3 axis in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186997. [PMID: 29088306 PMCID: PMC5663402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver-resident natural killer (NK) cells express TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a critical molecule for NK cell-mediated tumor cell killing. We previously reported that TRAIL expression in liver NK cells decreases markedly after hepatectomy; however, the mechanism underlying this drastic alteration remains unknown. In this study, we assessed the role of chemokine signaling in liver-resident NK cells during the perioperative period of hepatectomy. The expression levels of various chemokine receptors on liver-resident NK cells and their associations with TRAIL expression were analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of various intrahepatic chemokines/cytokines was analyzed after 70% hepatectomy in mice by quantitative RT-PCR and flow cytometry. We further investigated whether polyinosinic—polycytidylic acid (poly I:C)-induced NK cell activation could ameliorate TRAIL expression in the liver after 70% hepatectomy in CXCR3-/- and wild-type mice. TRAIL+ NK cells strongly and exclusively expressed CXCR3, and the expression of its ligand CXCL9 was significantly decreased in the liver after hepatectomy. The kinetics of hepatic CXCL9 expression resembled the changes in hepatic TRAIL+ NK cells after hepatectomy. Among liver-resident mononuclear cells, CXCL9 was predominantly secreted by macrophages in response to interferon-γ stimulation. Although the administration of poly I:C, an inducer of interferon-γ, increased hepatic CXCL9 levels in both CXCR3-/- and wild-type mice even after hepatectomy, only wild-type mice exhibited the recovery of TRAIL expression on NK cells. Partial hepatectomy remarkably reduced the proportion of TRAIL-expressing NK cells in the liver via the downregulation of the CXCL9–CXCR3 axis in mice. These findings extend our knowledge of the factors contributing to hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after hepatectomy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Komatsu S, Kido M, Asari S, Toyama H, Ajiki T, Demizu Y, Terashima K, Okimoto T, Sasaki R, Fukumoto T. Particle radiotherapy, a novel external radiation therapy, versus liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma accompanied with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus: A matched-pair analysis. Surgery 2017; 162:1241-1249. [PMID: 29031927 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma accompanied with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus carries a dismal prognosis, and the feasibility of local treatment has remained controversial. The present study aimed to compare the outcomes of particle radiotherapy and liver resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. METHODS Thirty-one and 19 patients, respectively, underwent particle radiotherapy and liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. A matched-pair analysis was undertaken to compare the short- and long-term outcomes according to tumor stage determined using the tumor-node-metastasis classification. RESULTS Both stages IIIB and IV (IVA and IVB) patients were well-matched for 12 factors, including treatment policy and patient and tumor characteristics. The median survival time of matched patients with stage IIIB tumors in the particle radiotherapy group was greater than that in the liver resection group (748 vs 272 days, P = .029), whereas no significant difference was observed in the median survival times of patients with stage IV tumors (239 vs 311 days, respectively). There were significantly fewer treatment-related complications of grade 3 or greater in the particle radiotherapy group (0%) than in the liver resection group (26%). CONCLUSION Particle radiotherapy is potentially preferable in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with stage IIIB inferior vena cava tumor thrombus and at least equal in efficiency to liver resection in those with stage IV disease, while causing significantly fewer complications. Considering the relatively high survival and low invasiveness of particle radiotherapy when compared to liver resection, this approach may represent a novel treatment modality for hepatocellular carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Komatsu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kido
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sadaki Asari
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hirochika Toyama
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ajiki
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Demizu
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, Tatsuno, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Terashima
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, Tatsuno, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Okimoto
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, Tatsuno, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Sasaki
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takumi Fukumoto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ben Ya'acov A, Meir H, Zolotaryova L, Ilan Y, Shteyer E. Impaired liver regeneration is associated with reduced cyclin B1 in natural killer T cell-deficient mice. BMC Gastroenterol 2017; 17:44. [PMID: 28330461 PMCID: PMC5363052 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-017-0600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been shown that the proportion of natural killer T cells is markedly elevated during liver regeneration and their activation under different conditions can modulate this process. As natural killer T cells and liver injury are central in liver regeneration, elucidating their role is important. Methods The aim of the current study is to explore the role of natural killer T cells in impaired liver regeneration. Concanvalin A was injected 4 days before partial hepatectomy to natural killer T cells- deficient mice or to anti CD1d1-treated mice. Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were used to measure hepatocytes proliferation. Expression of hepatic cyclin B1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were evaluated by Western Blot and liver injury was assessed by ALT and histology. Results Natural killer T cells- deficient or mice injected with anti CD1d antibodies exhibited reduced liver regeneration. These mice were considerably resistant to ConA-induced liver injury. In the absence of NKT cells hepatic proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin B1 decreased in mice injected with Concanvalin A before partial hepatectomy. This was accompanied with reduced serum interleukin-6 levels. Conclusions Natural killer T cells play an important role in liver regeneration, which is associated with cyclin B1 and interleukin-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ami Ben Ya'acov
- Liver Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Hadar Meir
- Liver Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lydia Zolotaryova
- Liver Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Liver Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Shteyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jörger AK, Liu L, Fehlner K, Weisser T, Cheng Z, Lu M, Höchst B, Bolzer A, Wang B, Hartmann D, Assfalg V, Sunami Y, Schlitter AM, Friess H, Hüser N, Laschinger M. Impact of NKT Cells and LFA-1 on Liver Regeneration under Subseptic Conditions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168001. [PMID: 27977747 PMCID: PMC5158001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of the immune system in terms of subseptic conditions during liver regeneration is of paramount clinical importance. However, little is known about molecular mechanisms and their mediators that control hepatocyte proliferation. We sought to determine the functional role of immune cells, especially NKT cells, in response to partial hepatectomy (PH), and to uncover the impact of the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) on liver regeneration in a subseptic setting. Methods Wild-type (WT) and LFA-1-/- mice underwent a 2/3 PH and low-dose lipopolysaccharid (LPS) application. Hepatocyte proliferation, immune cell infiltration, and cytokine profile in the liver parenchyma were determined. Results Low-dose LPS application after PH results in a significant delay of liver regeneration between 48h and 72h, which is associated with a reduced number of CD3+ cells within the regenerating liver. In absence of LFA-1, an impaired regenerative capacity was observed under low-dose LPS application. Analysis of different leukocyte subpopulations showed less CD3+NK1.1+ NKT cells in the liver parenchyma of LFA-1-/- mice after PH and LPS application compared to WT controls, while CD3-NK1.1+ NK cells markedly increased. Concordantly with this observation, lower levels of NKT cell related cytokines IL-12 and IL-23 were expressed in the regenerating liver of LFA-1-/- mice, while the expression of NK cell-associated CCL5 and IL-10 was increased compared to WT mice. Conclusion A subseptic situation negatively alters hepatocyte proliferation. Within this scenario, we suggest an important impact of NKT cells and postulate a critical function for LFA-1 during processes of liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Jörger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Fehlner
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Weisser
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhangjun Cheng
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Miao Lu
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Höchst
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Baocai Wang
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Hartmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Assfalg
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yoshiaki Sunami
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Norbert Hüser
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Melanie Laschinger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wen X, Huan H, Wang X, Chen X, Wu L, Zhang Y, Liu W, Bie P, Xia F. Sympathetic neurotransmitters promote the process of recellularization in decellularized liver matrix via activating the IL-6/Stat3 pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:065007. [PMID: 27811394 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/6/065007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recellularized liver, as an approach for hepatic tissue engineering, is an effective alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation for end-stage hepatic failure. When compared with normal liver, recellularized liver has a disparity in hepatocyte viability and function, owing to the difficulty of fully simulating the microenvironment of liver. Although the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is considered an important constituent of liver function, few studies have examined the effect of the SNS on hepatic tissue engineering. It is imperative to explore the regulation of the SNS on a tissue-like configuration to obtain an intact recellularized liver with better hepatic function. We have observed that various subtypes of adrenergic receptors (ARs) are expressed on the hepatocyte membrane. Salbutamol, an agonist of β2-AR, promoted cell proliferation, albumin secretion and urea synthesis in the recellularized liver. Cytokines were screened in isoprenaline/salbutamol-treated recellularized liver, and the expression of IL-6 was significantly increased. Isoprenaline or salbutamol especially promoted the expression of Stat 3 and phosphorylated Stat 3, contributing to the activation of IL-6/Stat 3 signalling in promoting hepatocyte proliferation and recellularized liver function. This study suggests that activation of β2-AR accelerated hepatocyte proliferation and improved recellularized liver function by mediating the IL-6/Stat 3 signalling pathway, indicating that nervous system regulation may be an essential component contributing to the complexity of recellularized liver in tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Wen
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, Peoples's Republic of China. General Surgery Center, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610083, Peoples's Republic of China. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fahrner R, Dondorf F, Ardelt M, Settmacher U, Rauchfuss F. Role of NK, NKT cells and macrophages in liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6135-6144. [PMID: 27468206 PMCID: PMC4945975 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i27.6135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation has become the treatment of choice for acute or chronic liver disease. Because the liver acts as an innate immunity-dominant organ, there are immunological differences between the liver and other organs. The specific features of hepatic natural killer (NK), NKT and Kupffer cells and their role in the mechanism of liver transplant rejection, tolerance and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury are discussed in this review.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The liver is an organ that has the largest amount of natural killer T(NKT) cells, which play critical roles in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. In this article, the authors summarize recent findings about the roles of NKT cells in liver injury, inflammation, fibrosis, regeneration and cancer. In brief, NKT cells accelerate liver injury by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and directly killing hepatocytes. NKT cells are involved in complex roles in liver fibrogenesis. For instance, NKT cells inhibit liver fibrosis via suppressing hepatic stellate cell activation and can also promote liver fibrosis via enhancing liver inflammation and injury. Inactivated or weakly activated NKT cells play a minimal role in controlling liver regeneration, whilst activated NKT cells have an inhibitory effect on liver regeneration. In liver cancer, NKT cells play both pro-tumor and anti-tumor roles in controlling tumor progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mouse CD11b+Kupffer Cells Recruited from Bone Marrow Accelerate Liver Regeneration after Partial Hepatectomy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136774. [PMID: 26333171 PMCID: PMC4557907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF and Fas/FasL are vital components, not only in hepatocyte injury, but are also required for hepatocyte regeneration. Liver F4/80+Kupffer cells are classified into two subsets; resident radio-resistant CD68+cells with phagocytic and bactericidal activity, and recruited radio-sensitive CD11b+cells with cytokine-producing capacity. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of these Kupffer cells in the liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PHx) in mice. The proportion of Kupffer cell subsets in the remnant liver was examined in C57BL/6 mice by flow cytometry after PHx. To examine the role of CD11b+Kupffer cells/Mφ, mice were depleted of these cells before PHx by non-lethal 5 Gy irradiation with or without bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or the injection of a CCR2 (MCP-1 receptor) antagonist, and liver regeneration was evaluated. Although the proportion of CD68+Kupffer cells did not significantly change after PHx, the proportion of CD11b+Kupffer cells/Mφ and their FasL expression was greatly increased at three days after PHx, when the hepatocytes vigorously proliferate. Serum TNF and MCP-1 levels peaked one day after PHx. Irradiation eliminated the CD11b+Kupffer cells/Mφ for approximately two weeks in the liver, while CD68+Kupffer cells, NK cells and NKT cells remained, and hepatocyte regeneration was retarded. However, BMT partially restored CD11b+Kupffer cells/Mφ and recovered the liver regeneration. Furthermore, CCR2 antagonist treatment decreased the CD11b+Kupffer cells/Mφ and significantly inhibited liver regeneration. The CD11b+Kupffer cells/Mφ recruited from bone marrow by the MCP-1 produced by CD68+Kupffer cells play a pivotal role in liver regeneration via the TNF/FasL/Fas pathway after PHx.
Collapse
|
16
|
Liew PX, Kubes P. Intravital imaging - dynamic insights into natural killer T cell biology. Front Immunol 2015; 6:240. [PMID: 26042123 PMCID: PMC4438604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells were first recognized more than two decades ago as a separate and distinct lymphocyte lineage that modulates an expansive range of immune responses. As innate immune cells, NKT cells are activated early during inflammation and infection, and can subsequently stimulate or suppress the ensuing immune response. As a result, researchers hope to harness the immunomodulatory properties of NKT cells to treat a variety of diseases. However, many questions still remain unanswered regarding the biology of NKT cells, including how these cells traffic from the thymus to peripheral organs and how they play such contrasting roles in different immune responses and diseases. In this new era of intravital fluorescence microscopy, we are now able to employ this powerful tool to provide quantitative and dynamic insights into NKT cell biology including cellular dynamics, patrolling, and immunoregulatory functions with exquisite resolution. This review will highlight and discuss recent studies that use intravital imaging to understand the spectrum of NKT cell behavior in a variety of animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xiong Liew
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB , Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yin S, Wang H, Bertola A, Feng D, Xu MJ, Wang Y, Gao B. Activation of invariant natural killer T cells impedes liver regeneration by way of both IFN-γ- and IL-4-dependent mechanisms. Hepatology 2014; 60:1356-66. [PMID: 24623351 PMCID: PMC4190674 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a major subset of lymphocytes found in the liver. These cells mediate various functions, including hepatic injury, fibrogenesis, and carcinogenesis. However, the function of iNKT cells in liver regeneration remains unclear. In the present study, partial hepatectomy (PHx) was used to study liver regeneration. α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a specific ligand for iNKT cells, was used to induce iNKT cell activation. After PHx, two strains of iNKT cell-deficient mice, CD1d(-/-) and Jα281(-/-) mice, showed normal liver regeneration. Injection of α-GalCer before or after PHx, which rapidly stimulated interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-4 production by iNKT cells, markedly inhibited liver regeneration. In vitro treatment with IFN-γ inhibited hepatocyte proliferation. In agreement with this in vitro finding, genetic disruption of IFN-γ or its downstream signaling molecule signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 significantly abolished the α-GalCer-mediated inhibition of liver regeneration. In vitro exposure to IL-4 did not affect hepatocyte proliferation, but surprisingly, genetic ablation of IL-4 or its downstream signaling molecule STAT6 partially eliminated the inhibitory effect of α-GalCer on liver regeneration. Further studies revealed that IL-4 contributed to α-GalCer-induced iNKT cell expansion and IFN-γ production, thereby inhibiting liver regeneration. CONCLUSION iNKT cells play a minor role in controlling liver regeneration after PHx under healthy conditions. Activation of iNKT cells by α-GalCer induces the production of IFN-γ, which directly inhibits liver regeneration, and IL-4, which indirectly attenuates liver regeneration by stimulating iNKT cell expansion and IFN-γ production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yin
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Provincial Hospitalof Anhui Medical University
| | - Hua Wang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Adeline Bertola
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ming-jiang Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Corresponding author: Bin Gao, M.D., Ph.D., Laboratory of Liver Diseases, NIAAA/NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892., Tel: 301-443-3998;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ohashi K, Yoshimoto T, Kosaka H, Hirano T, Iimuro Y, Nakanishi K, Fujimoto J. Interferon γ and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 regulate adhesion formation after partial hepatectomy. Br J Surg 2014; 101:398-407. [PMID: 24536011 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of intra-abdominal adhesions has not been studied extensively. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying adhesion formation in a murine model and in patients undergoing hepatectomy. METHODS Partial hepatectomy was performed using bipolar forceps in mice. Wild-type mice, antibodies to CD4 and interferon (IFN) γ, IFN-γ, natural killer T (NKT) cells and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) 1 knockout (KO) mice were used. Recombinant hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was tested for its ability to prevent adhesions. Liver specimens were obtained during surgery from patients undergoing hepatectomy. Adhesion formation was evaluated using a scoring system that ranged from 0 (no adhesions) to 5 (severe adhesions). Levels of IFN-γ and PAI-1 mRNA, and protein concentration of PAI-I were measured, and fluorescence immunostaining was performed. RESULTS Adhesion formation depended on IFN-γ produced by NKT cells, and NKT KO mice developed few adhesions (mean(s.d.) 1·7(0·3) versus 4·6(0·4) in wild-type mice; P = 0·037). In wild-type mice, the level of PAI-1 mRNA increased after hepatectomy, followed by a decrease in the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) mRNA level. Adhesion formation was inhibited completely in PAI-1 KO mice (0(0) versus 4·1(0·8) in wild-type mice; P = 0·002). HGF inhibited formation of abdominal adhesions after hepatectomy by reducing IFN-γ and PAI-1 levels, and increasing tPA levels compared with those in mice treated with phosphate-buffered saline (P < 0·001, P = 0·002 and P = 0·035 respectively). In human liver specimens, NKT cells accumulated in the liver after hepatectomy, and PAI-1 expression was increased 5·25-fold (P = 0·030). CONCLUSION IFN-γ is a key molecule for abdominal adhesion formation after hepatectomy, acting via the reciprocal balance of PAI-1 and tPA. This molecular mechanism may also regulate adhesion formation in patients following hepatectomy. HGF inhibited formation of adhesions by regulating IFN-γ and PAI-1, suggesting that it may be an important target for prevention of adhesions after hepatectomy. SURGICAL RELEVANCE: Postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions can be asymptomatic or cause significant morbidity and mortality. Adhesion formation after hepatectomy has not been studied extensively. In the present study, the molecular mechanisms underlying intra-abdominal adhesions after hepatectomy were investigated in a murine model and in patients. Interferon (IFN) γ produced by natural killer T cells is a key molecule for adhesion formation after hepatectomy in mice, acting via the reciprocal balance between plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) 1 and tissue plasminogen activator, the pivotal factors in fibrinolytic activity. This mechanism was also involved in the regulation of adhesions in human tissue samples. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) strongly inhibited adhesion formation by regulating IFN-γ and PAI-1. These results indicate that IFN-γ and PAI-1 are possible therapeutic targets, and HGF could prevent postoperative adhesion formation after hepatectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ohashi
- Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ma Z, Liu Y, Zhou X, Yu HL, Li MQ, Tomiyama-Miyaji C, Abo T, Bai XF. Research on stress-induced apoptosis of natural killer cells and the alteration of their killing activity in mouse liver. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:6258-6264. [PMID: 24115824 PMCID: PMC3787357 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i37.6258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the stress-induced apoptosis of natural killer (NK) cells and the changes in their killing activity in mouse livers.
METHODS: A restraint stress model was established in mice. Flow cytometry was employed to measure the percentage of NK cells and the changes in their absolute number in mouse liver. The cytotoxicity of hepatic and splenic NK cells was assessed against YAC-1 target cells via a 4 h 51Cr-release assay.
RESULTS: The restraint stress stimulation induced the apoptosis of NK cells in the liver and the spleen, which decreased the cell number. The number and percentage of NK cells in the spleen decreased. However, the number of NK cells in the liver decreased, whereas the percentage of NK cells was significantly increased. The apoptosis of NK cells increased gradually with prolonged stress time, and the macrophage-1 (Mac-1)+ NK cells were more susceptible to apoptosis than Mac-1- NK cells. Large numbers of Mac-1- NK cells in the liver, which are more resistant to stress-induced apoptosis, were observed than the Mac-1- NK cells in the spleen. The stress stimulation diminished the killing activity of NK cells in the spleen was significantly decreased, but the retention of numerous Mac-1- NK cells in the liver maintained the killing ability.
CONCLUSION: Significant stress-induced apoptosis was observed among Mac-1+ NK cells, but not Mac-1- NK cells in the mouse liver. Stress stimulation markedly decreased the killing activity of NK cells in the spleen but remained unchanged in the liver.
Collapse
|
20
|
Besnard A, Julien B, Gonzales E, Tordjmann T. Innate immunity, purinergic system, and liver regeneration: a trip in complexity. Hepatology 2013; 57:1688-90. [PMID: 23390033 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
21
|
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells were first recognized more than two decades ago as a distinct lymphocyte lineage that regulates a broad range of immune responses. The activation of NKT cells paradoxically can lead to either suppression or stimulation of immune responses, but despite this uncertainty, many investigators are hopeful that immune therapies can be developed based on NKT cell modulation. To date, the biology of NKT cells is not well characterized and details of their development have only just started to emerge. It remains unclear how NKT cells migrate from the thymus to the peripheral organs and tissues, and in turn play such diverse roles from one type of immune response to another. Despite this, recent advances in intravital microscopy represent a powerful tool for revealing new insights into NKT cellular dynamics, their patrolling and immunoregulatory functions, which could not have been gained by non-microscopy means. Indeed, imaging has revolutionized the way we visualize with exceptional resolution the cells of the immune system. Instead of seeking a comprehensive review of NKT cell biology, this review attempts to highlight some of the recent studies that use in vivo imaging technologies to address NKT cell responses in a variety of animal models.
Collapse
|
22
|
Horras CJ, Lamb CL, King AL, Hanley JR, Mitchell KA. Consequences of TCDD treatment on intra-hepatic lymphocytes during liver regeneration. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:359-67. [PMID: 22530936 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.664577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates a physiological role for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in regulating hepatocyte cell cycle progression. Previous studies have used a murine model of liver regeneration to show that exposure to the potent exogenous AhR ligand, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), suppresses hepatocyte proliferation in vivo. Based on recent reports that natural killer (NK) cells negatively regulate liver regeneration, coupled with the well-established immunomodulatory effects of TCDD, it was hypothesized that alterations in lymphocyte activation contribute to the suppression of liver regeneration in TCDD-treated mice. To test this, mice were treated with TCDD (20 μg/kg) 1 day prior to 70% partial hepatectomy (PH), in which two-thirds of the liver was surgically resected. Lymphocytes were collected from the remnant liver and analyzed by flow cytometry. Whereas exposure to TCDD did not alter the number of NK cells or CD3(+) T-cells recovered from the regenerating liver, it reduced the percentage and number of intra-hepatic NKT cells 42 h after PH. With regard to lymphocyte activation, TCDD treatment transiently increased CD69 expression on NK and NKT cells 12 h after PH, but had no effect on intracellular levels of IFNγ in NK, NKT, or CD3(+) T-cells. To determine the relevance of NK cells to the suppression of liver regeneration by TCDD, mice were treated with anti-Asialo GM-1 (ASGM-1) antibody to deplete NK cells prior to TCDD treatment and PH, and hepatocyte proliferation was measured using bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Exposure to TCDD was found to inhibit hepatocyte proliferation in the regenerating liver of NK cell-depleted mice and control mice to the same extent. Hence, it is unlikely that enhanced numbers or increased activation of NK cells contribute to the suppression of liver regeneration in TCDD-treated mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Horras
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725-1515, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li M, Bai X, Wang X. Mac-1 negative NK cells constitute the predominant subset in the livers of mice transvenously injected with tumor cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:337-45. [PMID: 22242603 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.606275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated age-related differences in hepatic natural killer (NK) cell phenotypes in juvenile (2-week-old) and adult (8-week-old) C57BL/6(B6) mice, and determined NK cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis in tumor inoculated mice. Juvenile mice had a preponderance of Mac-1(-) NK cells that exhibited significantly higher cytotoxicity levels. The Mac-1(-) NK cell population was the predominant subset in the liver of mice inoculated with the CMT-93 mouse rectum carcinoma cell line, which paralleled a dramatic decrease in the numbers of Mac-1(+) NK cells. The decrease in Mac-1(+) NK cells was driven by an apoptotic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
DeAngelis RA, Markiewski MM, Kourtzelis I, Rafail S, Syriga M, Sandor A, Maurya MR, Gupta S, Subramaniam S, Lambris JD. A complement-IL-4 regulatory circuit controls liver regeneration. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:641-8. [PMID: 22184721 PMCID: PMC3253144 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of IL-4 in liver regeneration has not yet been recognized. In this article, we show that IL-4, produced by NKT cells that accumulate in regenerating livers after partial hepatectomy, contributes to this process by regulating the activation of complement after liver resection in mice. The mechanism of this regulation was associated with the maintenance of an appropriate level of IgM in mouse blood, because IgM deposited in liver parenchyma most likely initiated complement activation during liver regeneration. By controlling complement activation, IL-4 regulated the induction of IL-6, thereby influencing a key pathway involved in regenerating liver cell proliferation and survival. Furthermore, the secretion of IL-4 was controlled by complement through the recruitment of NKT cells to regenerating livers. Our study thus reveals the existence of a regulatory feedback mechanism involving complement and IL-4 that controls liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. DeAngelis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maciej M. Markiewski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Immunotherapeutic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX, USA
| | - Ioannis Kourtzelis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stavros Rafail
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Syriga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mano R. Maurya
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shakti Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John D. Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wong CHY, Jenne CN, Lee WY, Léger C, Kubes P. Functional innervation of hepatic iNKT cells is immunosuppressive following stroke. Science 2011; 334:101-5. [PMID: 21921158 DOI: 10.1126/science.1210301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Systemic immunosuppression has been associated with stroke for many years, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that stroke induced profound behavioral changes in hepatic invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in mice. Unexpectedly, these effects were mediated by a noradrenergic neurotransmitter rather than a CD1d ligand or other well-characterized danger signals. Blockade of this innervation was protective in wild-type mice after stroke but had no effect in mice deficient in iNKT cells. Selective immunomodulation of iNKT cells with a specific activator (α-galactosylceramide) promoted proinflammatory cytokine production and prevented infections after stroke. Our results therefore identify a molecular mechanism that leads to immunosuppression after stroke and suggest an attractive potential therapeutic alternative to antibiotics, namely, immunomodulation of iNKT cells to prevent stroke-associated infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connie H Y Wong
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Duwaerts CC, Gregory SH. Targeting the diverse immunological functions expressed by hepatic NKT cells. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:973-88. [PMID: 21564001 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.584874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NKT cells comprise approximately 30% of the hepatic lymphoid population in mice (∼ 50% in humans). Most mouse hepatic NKT cells [invariant (i)NKT cells] express T cell receptors, composed of invariant Vα14Jα18 chains. Unlike conventional T cells, iNKT cells recognize glycolipids presented in association with MHC class Ib (CD1d) molecules. Purportedly, iNKT cells serve key functions in several immunological events; the nature of these is often unclear. The consequences of hepatic iNKT cell activation can be beneficial or detrimental. α-Galactosylceramide stimulates the production of IFN-γ and IL-4. The reciprocal suppression exhibited by these cytokines limits the potential therapeutic value of α-galactosylceramide. Efforts are ongoing to develop α-galactosylceramide analogs that modulate iNKT cell activity and selectively promote IFN-γ or IL-4. AREAS COVERED An overview of hepatic iNKT cells and their purported role in liver disease. Efforts to develop therapeutic agents that promote their beneficial contributions. EXPERT OPINION While a growing body of literature documents the differential effects of α-GalCer analogs on IFN-γ and IL-4 production, the effects of these analogs on other iNKT cell activities remain to be determined. An exhaustive examination of the effects of these analogs on inflammation and liver injury in animal models remains prior to considering their utility in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Duwaerts
- Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Department of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Martin-Murphy BV, Holt MP, Ju C. The role of damage associated molecular pattern molecules in acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Toxicol Lett 2009; 192:387-94. [PMID: 19931603 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The idiosyncratic nature, severity and poor diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) make these reactions a major safety issue during drug development, as well as the most common cause for the withdrawal of drugs from the pharmaceutical market. Elucidation of the underlying mechanism(s) is necessary for identifying predisposing factors and developing strategies in the treatment and prevention of DILI. Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used over the counter therapeutic that is known to be effective and safe at therapeutic doses. However, in overdose situations fatal and non-fatal hepatic necrosis can result. Evidence suggests that the chemically reactive metabolite of the drug initiates hepatocyte damage and that inflammatory innate immune responses also occur within the liver, leading to the exacerbation and progression of tissue injury. Here we investigate whether following APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) damaged hepatocytes release "danger" signals or damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, which induce pro-inflammatory activation of hepatic macrophages, further contributing to the progression of liver injury. Our study demonstrated a clear activation of Kupffer cells following early exposure to APAP (1h). Activation of a murine macrophage cell line, RAW cells, was also observed following treatment with liver perfusate from APAP-treated mice, or with culture supernatant of APAP-challenged hepatocytes. Moreover, in these media, the DAMP molecules, heat-shock protein-70 (HSP-70) and high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) were detected. Overall, these findings reveal that DAMP molecules released from damaged and necrotic hepatocytes may serve as a crucial link between the initial hepatocyte damage and the activation of innate immune cells following APAP-exposure, and that DAMPs may represent a potential therapeutic target for AILI.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kainuma E, Watanabe M, Tomiyama-Miyaji C, Inoue M, Kuwano Y, Ren H, Abo T. Association of glucocorticoid with stress-induced modulation of body temperature, blood glucose and innate immunity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:1459-68. [PMID: 19493627 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
To know the details of the mechanism on stress-associated responses, attention was first focused on body temperature and blood glucose after stress. Mice were exposed to restraint stress for 6 h. Under this condition, hypothermia (39 degrees C --> 33 degrees C) and hyperglycemia (150 mg/dl --> 350 mg/dl) were induced. Reflecting a stress-associated response, an increase of serum corticosterone (200 ng/ml --> up to 600 ng/ml) was observed. It was examined whether an administration of glucocorticoid induced a similar response. An injection of hydrocortisone (5.0 and 10.0 mg/mouse) simultaneously induced hypothermia and hyperglycemia. The effect on immunoparameters by an injection of hydrocortisone was examined. Although immunosuppression was seen as thymic atrophy and a decrease in the proportion of B cells in the liver, extrathymic T cells and NKT cells were found to be stress-resistant lymphocyte populations, especially in the liver. HSP70 mRNA was indicated to increase in the adrenal glands in response to the hydrocortisone injection. All these responses, including hypothermia, hyperglycemia and immunomodulation, induced by the hydrocortisone injection were suppressed by pre-administration of a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (RU-486). These results suggest that glucocorticoid is one of the important mediators of the stress-associated responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Kainuma
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gao B, Radaeva S, Park O. Liver natural killer and natural killer T cells: immunobiology and emerging roles in liver diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:513-28. [PMID: 19542050 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0309135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lymphocytes are enriched in NK and NKT cells that play important roles in antiviral and antitumor defenses and in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. In this review, we discuss the differential distribution of NK and NKT cells in mouse, rat, and human livers, the ultrastructural similarities and differences between liver NK and NKT cells, and the regulation of liver NK and NKT cells in a variety of murine liver injury models. We also summarize recent findings about the role of NK and NKT cells in liver injury, fibrosis, and repair. In general, NK and NKT cells accelerate liver injury by producing proinflammatory cytokines and killing hepatocytes. NK cells inhibit liver fibrosis via killing early-activated and senescent-activated stellate cells and producing IFN-gamma. In regulating liver fibrosis, NKT cells appear to be less important than NK cells as a result of hepatic NKT cell tolerance. NK cells inhibit liver regeneration by producing IFN-gamma and killing hepatocytes; however, the role of NK cells on the proliferation of liver progenitor cells and the role of NKT cells in liver regeneration have been controversial. The emerging roles of NK/NKT cells in chronic human liver disease will also be discussed.Understanding the role of NK and NKT cells in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease may help us design better therapies to treat patients with this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gao
- Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bhowmick S, Singh A, Flavell RA, Clark RB, O'Rourke J, Cone RE. The sympathetic nervous system modulates CD4(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells via a TGF-beta-dependent mechanism. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:1275-83. [PMID: 19741161 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0209107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)FoxP3(+) Tregs are essential mediators of the peripheral immune response to self-antigens. Accordingly, the homeostatic regulation of Treg activity and number would impact on the immune response to both self- and non-self antigens. Because the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) interacts chemically and physically with the central and peripheral immune system and exerts a direct influence on antigen-presenting cells and effector lymphocytes, we have investigated the effect of chemical ablation of the SNS on the number and function of peripheral Treg. Removal of murine peripheral sympathetic innervation by 6-hydroxydopamine induced an increase in splenic and lymph node CD4(+)FoxP3(+) Tregs by a TGF-beta-dependent mechanism. Further, this increase in Tregs coincides with an inhibition of the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Our results demonstrate that the SNS is an important contributor to the maintenance of peripheral Treg and TGF-beta acts as a bridge between the immune system and the nervous system. Neurological events mediated by the SNS, such as a stress response, may affect the number of T cells that regulate an immune response. Additionally, targeting Tregs via the SNS may be a novel approach to the prevention or treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourojit Bhowmick
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rudich N, Zamir G, Pappo O, Shlomai Z, Faroja M, Weiss ID, Wald H, Galun E, Peled A, Wald O. Focal liver necrosis appears early after partial hepatectomy and is dependent on T cells and antigen delivery from the gut. Liver Int 2009; 29:1273-84. [PMID: 19538448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Progressive liver failure may develop following removal of a large part of the liver or transplantation of a small for size liver graft. The pathophysiology of this clinical syndrome is only partially understood. METHODS We assessed liver damage and hepatocyte 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation following partial hepatectomy (PH) in C57BL/6, BALB/C and immune-deficient mice. Hepatic lymphocyte subpopulations were characterized. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment and bowel decontamination determined the role of gut antigens. RESULTS Discrete, round necrotic lesions were observed as early as 2 h following 70%, but not 30% PH. In immune competent mice the extent of hepatocyte necrosis inversely correlated with BrdU incorporation. T, natural killer and natural killer T cells were recruited to the liver early after PH; however, only T-cell depletion abrogated hepatic necrosis. Hepatic injury was significantly reduced in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice undergoing PH, while BrdU incorporation was not affected. Liver injury was augmented by LPS injection and reduced by gut decontamination. CONCLUSIONS A distinct pattern of early focal hepatic necrosis is observed following extensive PH in mice. T cells infiltrating the liver immediately after PH and gut-derived antigens are indispensable for the observed liver necrosis and may thus provide therapeutic targets to ameliorate liver damage following PH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noam Rudich
- Laboratory for Surgical Research, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Wintermeyer P, Cheng CW, Gehring S, Hoffman BL, Holub M, Brossay L, Gregory SH. Invariant natural killer T cells suppress the neutrophil inflammatory response in a mouse model of cholestatic liver damage. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:1048-59. [PMID: 19056387 PMCID: PMC2654188 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS NK1.1(+) TCRalphabeta(int) CD1-restricted T (NKT) cells are a unique subset of T lymphocytes that are believed to have an immunoregulatory role in a wide range of diseases. Most mouse NKT cells express a T-cell receptor that contains an invariant Valpha14Jalpha18 chain and recognizes antigenic glycolipids presented in association with major histocompatibility complex class Ib (CD1d) molecules. These invariant NKT (iNKT) cells have been implicated in cholestatic liver injury. METHODS We examined the role of iNKT cells in liver injury associated with biliary obstruction in mice with ligations of the common bile duct. RESULTS The number of activated iNKT cells increased markedly in the livers of mice following bile duct ligation. Plasma alanine aminotransferase levels, an indicator of liver injury, were significantly higher in iNKT cell-deficient (Jalpha18(-/-)) mice compared with wild-type mice following bile duct ligation. Photo image analysis of histologic sections confirmed that more damage was present in the livers of Jalpha18(-/-) mice; liver damage correlated with increases in keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) production as well as neutrophil sequestration. Liver injury was significantly reduced in Jalpha18(-/-) mice treated with anti-KC and anti-MIP-2 or rendered neutrophil deficient before bile duct ligation. Similarly, Jalpha18(-/-) mice that were injected with iNKT cells before bile duct ligation exhibited significant decreases in neutrophil accumulation and liver damage. CONCLUSIONS These data document the role of iNKT cells in suppressing the neutrophil proinflammatory response and neutrophil-dependent cholestatic liver damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wintermeyer
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Chao-Wen Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Stephan Gehring
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Beth L. Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Martin Holub
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Stephen H. Gregory
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
TUMANOV ALEXEIV, KOROLEVA EKATERINAP, CHRISTIANSEN PETERA, KHAN MEHTABA, RUDDY MATTHEWJ, BURNETTE BYRON, PAPA SALVATORE, FRANZOSO GUIDO, NEDOSPASOV SERGEIA, FU YANGXIN, ANDERS ROBERTA. T cell-derived lymphotoxin regulates liver regeneration. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:694-704.e4. [PMID: 18952083 PMCID: PMC3060763 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The ability of the liver to regenerate hepatic mass is essential to withstanding liver injury. The process of liver regeneration is tightly regulated by distinct signaling cascades involving components of the innate immune system, cytokines, and growth factors. However, the role of the adaptive immune system in regulation of liver regeneration is not well-defined. The role of adaptive immune system in liver regeneration was investigated in lymphocyte-deficient mice and in conditional lymphotoxin-deficient mice. METHODS A model of liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy was used, followed by examination of liver pathology, survival, DNA synthesis, and cytokine expression. RESULTS We found that mice deficient in T cells show a reduced capacity for liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy. Furthermore, surface lymphotoxin, provided by T cells, is critical for liver regeneration. Mice specifically deficient in T-cell lymphotoxin had increased liver damage and a reduced capacity to initiate DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy. Transfer of splenocytes from wild-type but not lymphotoxin-deficient mice improved liver regeneration in T cell-deficient mice. We found that an agonistic antibody against the lymphotoxin beta receptor was able to facilitate liver regeneration by reducing liver injury, increasing interleukin-6 production, hepatocyte DNA synthesis, and survival of lymphocyte-deficient (Rag) mice after partial hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS The adaptive immune system directly regulates liver regeneration via a T cell-derived lymphotoxin axis, and pharmacological stimulation of lymphotoxin beta receptor might represent a novel therapeutic approach to improve liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ALEXEI V. TUMANOV
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - MEHTAB A. KHAN
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Pathology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - MATTHEW J. RUDDY
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - BYRON BURNETTE
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - SALVATORE PAPA
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - GUIDO FRANZOSO
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - SERGEI A. NEDOSPASOV
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia,Rheumatism Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - YANG-XIN FU
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, Illinois,Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Pathology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - ROBERT A. ANDERS
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, Illinois,Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Pathology, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shen J, Ren H, Tomiyama-Miyaji C, Watanabe M, Kainuma E, Inoue M, Kuwano Y, Abo T. Resistance and augmentation of innate immunity in mice exposed to starvation. Cell Immunol 2009; 259:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
36
|
Abstract
The etiology and immunologic states of autoimmune diseases have mainly been discussed without consideration of extrathymic T cells, which exist in the liver, intestine, and excretion glands. Because extrathymic T cells are autoreactive and are often simultaneously activated along with autoantibody-producing B-1 cells, these extrathymic T cells and B-1 cells should be introduced when considering the immunologic states of autoimmune diseases. The immunologic states of autoimmune diseases resemble those of aging, chronic GVH disease, and malarial infection. Namely, under all these conditions, conventional T and B cells are rather suppressed concomitant with thymic atrophy or involution. In contrast, extrathymic T cells and B-1 cells are inversely activated at this time. These facts suggest that the immunologic states of autoimmune diseases should be reevaluated by introducing the concept of extrathymic T cells and autoantibody-producing B-1 cells, which might be primordial lymphocytes in phylogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Abo
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lin XM, Liu YB, Zhou F, Wu YL, Chen L, Fang HQ. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:1353-7. [PMID: 18322947 PMCID: PMC2693681 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) and evaluate its significance in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in vivo.
METHODS: Male SD rats underwent 70% partial hepatectomy. The remaining liver and spleen tissue samples were collected at indicated time points after hepatectomy. TACE expression was investigated by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and serial section immunostaining.
RESULTS: Expression of TACE in liver and spleen tissues after partial hepatectomy was a time-dependent alteration, reaching a maximal level between 24 and 48 h and remaining elevated for more than 168 h. TACE protein was localized to mononuclear cells (MNC), which infiltrated the liver from the spleen after hepatectomy. The kinetics of TACE expression was in accordance with the number of TACE-staining MNCs and synchronized with those of transforming growth factor-α (TGFα). In addition, TACE-staining MNC partially overlapped with CD3+ T lymphocytes.
CONCLUSION: TACE may be involved in liver regeneration by pathway mediated with TGFα-EGFR in the cell-cycle progressive phase in vivo. TACE production and effect by paracrine may be a pathway of involvement in liver regeneration for the activated CD3+ T lymphocytes.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The innate immune system represents a critical first line of host response to infectious, injurious and inflammatory insults. NKT cells (natural killer T-cells) are an important, but relatively poorly understood, component of the innate immune response. Moreover, NKT cells are enriched within the liver, suggesting that within the hepatic compartment NKT cells probably fulfil important roles in the modulation of the immune response to infection or injury. NKT cells are characterized by their rapid activation and secretion of large amounts of numerous types of cytokines, including those within the Th1-type, Th2-type and Th17-type groups, which in turn can interact with a multitude of other cell types within the liver. In addition, NKT cells are capable of participating in a wide array of effector functions with regards to other cell types via NKT cell-surface-molecule expression [e.g. FASL (FAS ligand) and CD40L (CD40 ligand)] and the release of mediators (e.g. perforin and granzyme) contained in cellular granules, which in turn can activate or destroy other cells (i.e. immune or parenchymal cells) within the liver. Given the huge scope of potential actions that can be mediated by NKT cells, it has become increasingly apparent that NKT cells may fulfil both beneficial (e.g. clearance of virally infected cells) and harmful (e.g. induction of autoimmunity) roles in the setting of liver disease. This review will outline the possible roles which may be played by NKT cells in the setting of specific liver diseases or conditions, and will discuss the NKT cell in the context of its role as either a ‘friend’ or a ‘foe’ with respect to the outcome of these liver disorders.
Collapse
|
39
|
Watanabe M, Tomiyama-Miyaji C, Kainuma E, Inoue M, Kuwano Y, Ren H, Shen J, Abo T. Role of α-adrenergic stimulus in stress-induced modulation of body temperature, blood glucose and innate immunity. Immunol Lett 2008; 115:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
40
|
Nakashima S, Katano Y, Nakano I, Hirooka Y, Ito A, Ishigami M, Hayashi K, Honda T, Goto H. Changes in circulating cytokine levels and lymphocyte subsets in healthy liver donors after partial hepatectomy. Hepatol Res 2007; 37:878-84. [PMID: 17584192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Studies of animal models have determined that liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy is mediated by a various cytokines. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the levels of these cytokines and subsets of circulating lymphocytes in healthy humans after partial hepatectomy. METHODS Four individuals underwent partial hepatectomy for living-related donor liver transplantation. We also evaluated for comparison, three patients with myoma uteri who underwent hysterectomy. Blood samples were obtained before surgery and on postoperative days (PD) 1, 3, and 7. Serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor, interleukin (IL)-6, -10, and plasma levels of transforming growth factor beta were measured. RESULTS Increased circulating levels of hepatocyte growth factor and transforming growth factor beta were observedafter hepatectomy. The levels of IL-6 and IL-10 peaked on PD 1. Circulating white blood cell counts increased remarkably, whereas lymphocyte count decreased particularly on PD 1 and 3. CD4/CD8 and T-helper cell (Th)1/Th2 ratios were still decreased on PD 7. The percentage of natural killer cells was increased on PD 1. Partial hepatectomy in healthy humans leads not only to decreased lymphocyte counts, but also to remarkable changes in lymphocyte subsets. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that immune suppression after partial hepatectomy involves decreases in CD4(+) helper T cells, particularly Th1 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayori Nakashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bakács T, Mehrishi JN, Szabados T, Varga L, Szabó M, Tusnády G. T Cells Survey the Stability of the Self: A Testable Hypothesis on the Homeostatic Role of TCR-MHC Interactions. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 144:171-82. [PMID: 17541288 DOI: 10.1159/000103282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the lifetime of an individual, every single gene will have undergone mutation on about 10(10) separate occasions. Nevertheless, cancer occurs mainly with advancing age. Here, we hypothesize that the evolutionary pressure driving the creation of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire was primarily the homeostatic surveillance of the genome. The subtly variable T cells may in fact constitute an evolutionary link between the invariable innate and hypervariable B cell systems. The new model is based on the homeostatic role of T cells, suggesting that molecular complementarity between the positively selected TCR and the self peptide-presenting major histocompatibility complex molecules establishes and regulates homeostasis, strictly limiting variations of its components. Notwithstanding, the 'homeostatic role of T cells' model offers a more realistic explanation as to how a naïve clonal immune system can cope with the much faster replicating pathogens, despite a limited repertoire that is capable of facing only a small fraction of the vast antigenic universe at a time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Bakács
- Department of Probability, Alfred Rényi Institute of Mathematics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wahl C, Bochtler P, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J. Type I IFN-producing CD4 Valpha14i NKT cells facilitate priming of IL-10-producing CD8 T cells by hepatocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2083-93. [PMID: 17277112 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Upon entering the liver CD8 T cells encounter large numbers of NKT cells patrolling the hepatocyte (HC) surface facing the perisinusoidal space. We asked whether hepatic NKT cells modulate the priming of CD8 T cells by HC. Hepatic (alpha-galactosyl-ceramide-loaded CD1d dimer binding) NKT cells produce predominantly IL-4 when stimulated with glycolipid-presenting HC but predominantly IFN-gamma when stimulated with glycolipid-presenting dendritic cells. These NKT cells prime naive CD8 T cells to a (K(b)-presented) peptide ligand if they simultaneously recognize a CD1d-binding glycolipid presented to them on the surface of the responding CD8 T cells that they prime. No IL-10-producing CD8 T cells are detected if these T cells are primed by either HC or NKT cells. In contrast, IL-10 is produced by HC-primed CD8 T cells if IFN-beta-producing NKT cells are coactivated by the same HC presenting a glycolipid (in the context of CD1d) and an antigenic peptide (in the context of K(b)). Hence, IL-10-producing CD8 T cells are generated in a type I IFN-dependent manner if the three cell types (CD8 T cells, NKT cells, and ligand-presenting HC) specifically and closely interact. IL-10-producing CD8 T cells generated under these conditions down-modulate IL-2 (and proliferative) responses of naive CD4 or CD8 T cells primed by DC. If in close proximity, NKT cells can thus locally modulate the phenotype of CD8 T cells during their priming by HC thereby limiting the local activation of proinflammatory immune effector cells and protecting the liver against immune injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wahl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ohira M, Ohdan H, Mitsuta H, Ishiyama K, Tanaka Y, Igarashi Y, Asahara T. Adoptive transfer of TRAIL-expressing natural killer cells prevents recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after partial hepatectomy. Transplantation 2007; 82:1712-9. [PMID: 17198265 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000250935.41034.2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antitumor activity of the liver natural killer (NK) cells reportedly decreases after partial hepatectomy, suggesting that patients with such depressed immune status are susceptible to the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We hypothesize that adoptive immunotherapy using activated NK cells can be a novel strategy to improve the depressed immune status in patients with HCC after hepatectomy or partial liver transplantation. In the present study, we have tested this hypothesis by using a mouse model. METHODS Intraportal injection of 1-5 x 10(6) Hepa1-6 cells (hepatoma cell line) did not result in liver metastases in untreated B6 mice, but led to the growth of liver metastases after extensive partial hepatectomy. Utilizing this murine HCC metastasis model, we investigated the antitumor activity of both remnant liver and exogenously transferred NK cells. RESULTS The anti-HCC activity of liver NK cells significantly decreased after partial hepatectomy. The expression of CD69 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) on liver NK cells was temporarily downregulated. The adoptive transfer of NK cells, including a TRAIL-expressing fraction, extracted from the liver perfusates of poly I:C-stimulated B6 mice inhibited the growth of liver metastasis in B6 or (B6xBALB/c) F1 (B6CF1) mice that underwent hepatectomy and received intraportal Hepa1-6 injection. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that adoptive immunotherapy using activated NK cells extracted from normal liver perfusates may be a novel technique for reconstituting the depressed immune status in cases of living donor liver transplantation involving HCC patients, recipients of a partial liver graft.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/surgery
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Hepatectomy
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Killer Cells, Natural/chemistry
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/transplantation
- Lectins, C-Type
- Liver/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/surgery
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/analysis
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ohira
- Department of Surgery, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
DeAngelis RA, Markiewski MM, Lambris JD. Liver regeneration: a link to inflammation through complement. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 586:17-34. [PMID: 16893062 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-34134-x_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A DeAngelis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nakashima H, Inui T, Habu Y, Kinoshita M, Nagao S, Kawaguchi A, Miura S, Shinomiya N, Yagita H, Seki S. Activation of mouse natural killer T cells accelerates liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:1573-83. [PMID: 17064698 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Activation of natural killer T cells with the synthetic ligand alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) induced hepatotoxicity through the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and Fas-ligand-mediated pathway in aged mice. The aim of this study was to elucidate how alpha-GalCer-activated natural killer T cells function in hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration in partially hepatectomized (PHx) mice. METHODS Mice were injected with alpha-GalCer at 36 hours after 70% PHx. Hepatocyte mitosis was evaluated by either mitotic figures or proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining. The role of TNF and Fas-ligand in hepatocyte mitosis also was assessed. RESULTS In PHx mice injected with alpha-GalCer, hepatocyte mitosis was greatly enhanced at 44 hours after surgery and the increase was more obvious in aged mice than in young mice. The expression of both TNF receptor 1 and Fas-ligand in liver natural killer T cells tended to increase after alpha-GalCer injection in PHx mice. Treatment of mice with anti-NK1.1 Ab 3 days before and just after hepatectomy greatly inhibited the effect of alpha-GalCer on hepatocyte mitosis and liver regeneration. Furthermore, pretreatment of PHx mice with either anti-TNF Ab or anti-FasL Ab 1 hour before alpha-GalCer injection mostly abrogated the increase in hepatocyte proliferation. alpha-GalCer injection did not accelerate hepatocyte proliferation in Fas-mutated lpr mice after PHx. CD1d-/- mice without alpha-GalCer injection showed decreased hepatocyte mitosis after PHx. CONCLUSIONS Activated natural killer T cells help hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration after PHx via the TNF and Fas/Fas-ligand-mediated pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nakashima
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kawamura H, Govindarajan S, Aswad F, Machida K, Lai MMC, Sung VMH, Dennert G. HCV core expression in hepatocytes protects against autoimmune liver injury and promotes liver regeneration in mice. Hepatology 2006; 44:936-44. [PMID: 17006910 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes acute and chronic liver disease often leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Numerous studies have shown that despite induction of virus specific immunity, a curative response is often not attained; this has led to the hypothesis that HCV genes modulate immunity, thereby enabling chronic infections. This study examined the effects on immune-mediated liver injury in transgenic mice expressing core protein throughout the body and bone marrow chimeras expressing core protein in either the lymphoid compartment or liver parenchyma. Presence of core protein in the liver parenchyma but not in lymphoid cells protects from autoimmune hepatitis induced by mitogen concanavalin A (ConA). Consistent with this observation, core transgenic hepatocytes are relatively resistant to death induced by anti-Fas antibody and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). This protective effect is associated with preferential activation of signal transducer and activation of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) versus STAT1 in livers of ConA-injected animals. In agreement with this effect of core protein on the Janus kinase (JAK)-STAT signaling pathway, transgenic mice accelerate liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy but are not protected from hepatocyte death. In conclusion, HCV core inhibits STAT1 and stimulates STAT3 activation, which protects infected hepatocytes from attack by the cell-mediated immune system and promotes their proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kawamura
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Suzuki A, McCall S, Choi SS, Sicklick JK, Huang J, Qi Y, Zdanowicz M, Camp T, Li YX, Diehl AM. Interleukin-15 increases hepatic regenerative activity. J Hepatol 2006; 45:410-8. [PMID: 16781000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is expressed in many organs. It generally inhibits apoptosis and increases cellular proliferation and differentiation. However, IL-15's roles in liver are unknown. We aimed to determine if IL-15 influences hepatic integrity and regenerative activity. METHODS Expression of IL-15 and its receptors was evaluated in several liver injury models, primary hepatocytes, and two liver cell lines. Effects of IL-15 on viability, proliferation, and apoptosis were assessed in cultured liver cells, and also in the livers of healthy mice. RESULTS IL-15 and its receptors are expressed constitutively in healthy livers, and ligand expression is induced in injured livers. Cultured primary hepatocytes and liver cell lines express IL-15 and its receptors. Administration of IL-15 has minimal effects on cultured liver cells, but significantly up-regulates oval cell accumulation, cyclin mRNA expression, and mature hepatocyte replication in healthy mice. These effects are associated with focal hepatic inflammation and increased expression of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, but not with increased cell death or aminotransferase release. CONCLUSIONS IL-15 expression increases during liver injury and IL-15 treatment induces a wound healing-type response in healthy adult mice. These findings suggest that IL-15 may contribute to regenerative activity in damaged liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Margalit M, Shalev Z, Pappo O, Sklair-Levy M, Alper R, Gomori M, Engelhardt D, Rabbani E, Ilan Y. Glucocerebroside ameliorates the metabolic syndrome in OB/OB mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:105-10. [PMID: 16815870 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.104950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebroside (GC) is a naturally occurring glycolipid that may alter natural killer T (NKT) cell function. To determine the effect of GC on the metabolic derangements and immune profile in leptin-deficient mice, Ob/Ob mice were treated by daily injections of GC for 8 weeks and followed for various metabolic and immunological parameters. Marked amelioration of the metabolic alterations characteristic of leptin-deficient mice was observed in GC-treated animals compared with controls. A significant decrease in liver size and hepatic fat content were observed in GC-treated mice. Near-normalization of glucose tolerance and decreased serum triglyceride levels were observed. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of peripheral and intrahepatic lymphocytes revealed a 1.6-fold increase of the peripheral/intrahepatic NKT lymphocyte ratio. A 33% decrease of serum interferon-gamma level and a 2.6-fold increase of serum interleukin 10 level were noted in GC-treated mice. Immune modulation by GC may have a role in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and other immune-mediated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Margalit
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel IL-91120
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Elinav E, Pappo O, Sklair-Levy M, Margalit M, Shibolet O, Gomori M, Alper R, Thalenfeld B, Engelhardt D, Rabbani E, Ilan Y. Adoptive transfer of regulatory NKT lymphocytes ameliorates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and glucose intolerance in ob/ob mice and is associated with intrahepatic CD8 trapping. J Pathol 2006; 209:121-8. [PMID: 16482497 DOI: 10.1002/path.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adoptive transfer of regulatory natural killer T (NKT) lymphocytes on the metabolic disorder in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice, which feature depletion and defective function of NKT and CD4 lymphocytes. Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice were subjected to transplantation of 1 x 10(6) of either ob/ob or wild-type-derived NKT lymphocytes, or to transplantation of either ob/ob or wild-type-derived splenocytes. The effect on hepatic fat content was measured by magnetic resonance imaging (signal intensity index) and histology, using the steatohepatitis grading scale. The degree of glucose intolerance was measured by an oral glucose tolerance test (GTT). Adoptive transfer of wild-type or ob/ob-derived regulatory NKT cells led to a 12% decrease in hepatic fat content. A significant histological shift from macrosteatosis to microsteatosis was observed. Marked improvement in the GTT was noted in wild-type or ob/ob-derived NKT recipients. Metabolic effects were associated with a significant decrease in peripheral and intrahepatic CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratios. Intrahepatic CD8 trapping was observed in all responders. Serum interleukin 10 levels decreased significantly. In conclusion, adoptive transfer of a relatively small number of regulatory NKT lymphocytes into ob/ob mice results in a significant reduction in hepatic fat content, a shift from macro to microsteatosis, and significant improvement in glucose intolerance. These effects were associated with decreased peripheral and intrahepatic CD4/CD8 ratios and decreased interleukin 10 levels. The results further support a role for regulatory NKT lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the leptin-deficient murine model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Elinav
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|