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Kester L, de Barbanson B, Lyubimova A, Chen LT, van der Schrier V, Alemany A, Mooijman D, Peterson-Maduro J, Drost J, de Ridder J, van Oudenaarden A. Integration of multiple lineage measurements from the same cell reconstructs parallel tumor evolution. CELL GENOMICS 2022; 2:100096. [PMID: 36778661 PMCID: PMC9903660 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Organoid evolution models complemented with integrated single-cell sequencing technology provide a powerful platform to characterize intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) and tumor evolution. Here, we conduct a parallel evolution experiment to mimic the tumor evolution process by evolving a colon cancer organoid model over 100 generations, spanning 6 months in time. We use single-cell whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in combination with viral lineage tracing at 12 time points to simultaneously monitor clone size, CNV states, SNV states, and viral lineage barcodes for 1,641 single cells. We integrate these measurements to construct clonal evolution trees with high resolution. We characterize the order of events in which chromosomal aberrations occur and identify aberrations that recur multiple times within the same tumor sub-population. We observe recurrent sequential loss of chromosome 4 after loss of chromosome 18 in four unique tumor clones. SNVs and CNVs identified in our organoid experiments are also frequently reported in colorectal carcinoma samples, and out of 334 patients with chromosome 18 loss in a Memorial Sloan Kettering colorectal cancer cohort, 99 (29.6%) also harbor chromosome 4 loss. Our study reconstructs tumor evolution in a colon cancer organoid model at high resolution, demonstrating an approach to identify potentially clinically relevant genomic aberrations in tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Kester
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Buys de Barbanson
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands,Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Lyubimova
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Li-Ting Chen
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands,Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Valérie van der Schrier
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Alemany
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dylan Mooijman
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Josi Peterson-Maduro
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jarno Drost
- Oncode Institute, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Ridder
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands,Corresponding author
| | - Alexander van Oudenaarden
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands,Corresponding author
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Teng JJ, Zhao WJ, Zhang XL, Zhao DK, Qiu XY, Chen XD, Yang L. Downregulation of promoter methylation gene PRDM5 contributes to the development of tumor proliferation and predicts poor prognosis in gastric cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:6921-6930. [PMID: 34659579 PMCID: PMC8518008 DOI: 10.7150/jca.59998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Epigenetic aberrations of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), particularly DNA methylation, are frequently involved in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC). Previous studies have shown that PRDM5 is methylated and silenced in GC. However, the role of PRDM5 in GC progression has not been explored. Methods: The expression and epigenetic alterations of PRDM5 in GC were analyzed in public datasets. The mRNA and protein expression of PRDM5 in fresh tissues were detected by semi-quantitative PCR and Western blot. And expression of PRDM5 in gastric paracarcinoma and carcinoma tissues from 162 patients was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and assessed the association with different clinicopathological features. The prognostic value of PRDM5 in GC patients was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier plotter. We also studied promoter region methylation of PRDM5 in GC by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). The effects of PRDM5 on cell proliferation and migration were conducted by functional experiments in vitro. Results: The expression of PRDM5 was downregulated in GC, and that was associated with poor survival and tumor progression. And PRDM5 expression was found to be an independent prognostic factor for GC. We also found that the methylation of PRDM5 promoter was closely related to the histopathological types and the progression of tumors through the public relations database. In vitro, ectopical expression of PRDM5 inhibited the growth of tumor cells, while knockdown of PRDM5 increased the proliferation and migration of tumor cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that PRDM5 may be a novel TSG methylated in GC that plays important roles in GC development. And we found PRDM5 as a potential survival biomarker for GC, especially in well differentiated GC. PRDM5 expression was significantly correlated with tumor stage and histological type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Teng
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, No.30 Tongyang North Road, Nantong 226361, China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhao
- Cancer Research Center Nantong, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong
| | - Xun-Lei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, No.30 Tongyang North Road, Nantong 226361, China
| | - Da-Kun Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, No.30 Tongyang North Road, Nantong 226361, China
| | - Xin-Yue Qiu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, No.30 Tongyang North Road, Nantong 226361, China
| | - Xu-Dong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, No.30 Tongyang North Road, Nantong 226361, China
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Peng Z, Gong Y, Liang X. Role of FAT1 in health and disease. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:398. [PMID: 33777221 PMCID: PMC7988705 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
FAT atypical cadherin 1 (FAT1), which encodes a protocadherin, is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human cancer. Over the past 20 years, the role of FAT1 in tissue growth and in the development of diseases has been extensively studied. There is definitive evidence that FAT1 serves a substantial role in the maintenance of organs and development, and its expression appears to be tissue-specific. FAT1 activates a variety of signaling pathways through protein-protein interactions, including the Wnt/β-catenin, Hippo and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, which affect cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Abnormal FAT1 expression may lead to the development of tumors and may affect prognosis. Therefore, FAT1 may have potential in tumor therapy. The structural and functional changes mediated by FAT1, its tissue distribution and changes in FAT1 expression in human diseases are described in the present review, which provides further insight for understanding the role of FAT1 in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Peng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yanyu Gong
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiu Liang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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Szewczyk K. Typical numerical alterations in genome identified by array CGH analysis in neuroblastoma tumors. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2021019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
<abstract><sec>
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>The clinical variability in the course of neuroblastoma (NB) is closely linked to diverse genetic changes acquired by tumor cells. Rapid NB progression is associated with oncogene MYCN amplification (MNA) and segmental chromosomal aberrations (SCA). Alternatively, numerical chromosomal alterations (NCA) have positive impact on treatment. So far, no studies have been undertaken to identify NCA that may group NB patients. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify NCA typical for NB.</p>
</sec><sec>
<title>Materials and methods</title>
<p>Copy number alterations in NB tumor genome (fresh samples N = 94; formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens N = 66) were analyzed with a pangenomic array CGH technique.</p>
</sec><sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>The profile with NCA was observed in 72 (45%) cases, NCA+SCA in 37 (23%), normal in 35 (22%) and MNA in 16 (10%). Samples with NCA were characterized by whole chromosome gains: 17, 7, 6 (78%, 65%, 51%, respectively) and copy loss of chromosome 14 (57%). Similarly to NCA, patients with a combined NCA and SCA profile were also characterized by gain of whole chromosome 17 and 7 (35% both) and loss of chromosome 14 (38%), but with lower frequency. In the combined NCA and SCA profiles, typical NB changes such as deletion 1p36 (27%) and gain 17q (41%) were observed, as well as deletion 11q (24%). The same alterations were detected in MNA samples (44%, 44%, 19%, respectively). A difference was found in spanning 11q deletion between MNA and NCA+SCA subgroup, which may suggest new prognostic markers in NB. In MNA subgroup specific NCA was not indicated.</p>
</sec><sec>
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>The hypothesis that NCA in NB tumors are more frequent in younger children with good prognosis was confirmed. To gain new insights into the pathogenesis of NB and to establish molecular targets for diagnosis and therapy, candidate genes in the altered chromosomal regions must be investigated.</p>
</sec></abstract>
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Griess B, Klinkebiel D, Kueh A, Desler M, Cowan K, Fitzgerald M, Teoh-Fitzgerald M. Association ofSOD3 promoter DNA methylation with its down-regulation in breast carcinomas. Epigenetics 2020; 15:1325-1335. [PMID: 32508251 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1777666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) is a secreted antioxidant enzyme that regulates reactive oxygen species in the microenvironment. It is also a potential tumour suppressor gene that is significantly downregulated in breast cancer. We have previously shown that its mRNA expression is inversely correlated with relapse free survival in breast cancer patients. This study aimed to investigate the correlation of SOD3 promoter DNA methylation with its expression in different molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma. We found that SOD3 expression was significantly reduced in breast carcinoma samples compared to normal tissues with the lowest levels observed in Luminal B subtype. Pyrosequencing analysis showed significant increase in methylation levels in the SOD3 promoter region (-108 and -19 from the TSS) in tumours vs normal tissues (53.6% vs 25.2%). The highest degree of correlation between methylation and SOD3 expression levels was observed in Luminal B subtype (Spearman's R = -0.540, P < 0.00093). In this subtype, the -78 CpG position is the most significantly methylated site. The Spearman's coefficient analysis also indicated the most significant correlation of DNA methylation at this site with SOD3 gene expression levels in tumours vs. normal tissues (R = -0.5816, P < 6.9E-12). Moreover, copy number variation analysis of TCGA database revealed that the more aggressive Triple Negative and Her2+ subtypes had higher levels of SOD3 gene deletion. The predominantly down-regulated expression pattern of SOD3 and the various genetic and epigenetic deregulations of its expression suggest that loss of this antioxidant promotes an advantageous tumour-promoting microenvironment in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Griess
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David Klinkebiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Alice Kueh
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michelle Desler
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kenneth Cowan
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Matthew Fitzgerald
- College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Melissa Teoh-Fitzgerald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE, USA
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Griess B, Tom E, Domann F, Teoh-Fitzgerald M. Extracellular superoxide dismutase and its role in cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:464-479. [PMID: 28842347 PMCID: PMC5685559 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increasingly recognized as critical determinants of cellular signaling and a strict balance of ROS levels must be maintained to ensure proper cellular function and survival. Notably, ROS is increased in cancer cells. The superoxide dismutase family plays an essential physiological role in mitigating deleterious effects of ROS. Due to the compartmentalization of ROS signaling, EcSOD, the only superoxide dismutase in the extracellular space, has unique characteristics and functions in cellular signal transduction. In comparison to the other two intracellular SODs, EcSOD is a relatively new comer in terms of its tumor suppressive role in cancer and the mechanisms involved are less well understood. Nevertheless, the degree of differential expression of this extracellular antioxidant in cancer versus normal cells/tissues is more pronounced and prevalent than the other SODs. A significant association of low EcSOD expression with reduced cancer patient survival further suggests that loss of extracellular redox regulation promotes a conducive microenvironment that favors cancer progression. The vast array of mechanisms reported in mediating deregulation of EcSOD expression, function, and cellular distribution also supports that loss of this extracellular antioxidant provides a selective advantage to cancer cells. Moreover, overexpression of EcSOD inhibits tumor growth and metastasis, indicating a role as a tumor suppressor. This review focuses on the current understanding of the mechanisms of deregulation and tumor suppressive function of EcSOD in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Griess
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Buffett Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Eric Tom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Buffett Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Frederick Domann
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA 52242, United States
| | - Melissa Teoh-Fitzgerald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Buffett Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Brittle cornea syndrome (BCS) is a rare autosomal recessive connective tissue disease characterized by variable combinations of corneal thinning and fragility, corneal ruptures either spontaneously or after minor trauma, blue sclerae, keratoconus, keratoglobus, and high myopia. So far, mutations in 2 genes, PRDM5 and ZNF469, have been associated with BCS. The purpose of this study is to describe novel mutations in the PRDM5 gene in patients with BCS. METHODS AND RESULTS Using homozygosity mapping with single-nucleotide polymorphism markers followed by whole-exome sequencing, we identified a novel homozygous splice site variant (c.93+5G>A) in the PRDM5 gene in a consanguineous Pakistani family with 4 affected individuals. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis from lymphocyte-derived RNA failed to reveal any exon skipping because of this splice site variant. A homozygous variant (c.11T>G; p.Gln4Pro) in SEC24D also segregated with the disease in this particular family. One previously known mutation (c.974del; p.Cys325LeufsX2) was identified in a sporadic patient with BCS from Serbia. CONCLUSIONS The current study revealed a novel mutation in the PRDM5 gene in a BCS family and recurrent mutation in a sporadic BCS patient. A variant in the SEC24D gene also segregated in the BCS family, although its role in the disease remains unclear.
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Upregulation of PRDM5 Is Associated with Astrocyte Proliferation and Neuronal Apoptosis Caused by Lipopolysaccharide. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:146-57. [PMID: 27074744 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Gu F, Ma Y, Zhang J, Qin F, Fu L. Function of Slit/Robo signaling in breast cancer. Front Med 2015; 9:431-6. [PMID: 26542734 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-015-0416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Slit and Robo are considered tumor suppressors because they are frequently inactivated in various tumor tissue. These genes are closely correlated with CpG hypermethylation in their promoters. The Slit/Robo signaling pathway is reportedly involved in breast cancer development and metastasis. Overexpression of Slit/ Robo induces its tumor suppressive effects possibly by inactivating the β-catenin/LEF/TCF and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways or by altering β-catenin/E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, loss of Slit proteins or their Robo receptors upregulates the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling axis in human breast carcinoma. In addition, this pathway regulates the distant migration of breast cancer cells not only by mediating the phosphorylation of the downstream molecules of CXCL12/CXCR4 and srGAPs, such as PI3K/ Src, RAFTK/ Pyk2, and CDC42, but also by regulating the activities of MAP kinases. This review includes recent studies on the functions of Slit/Robo signaling in breast cancer and its molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yongjie Ma
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Fengxia Qin
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Li Fu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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Li PL, Zhang X, Wang LL, Du LT, Yang YM, Li J, Wang CX. MicroRNA-218 is a prognostic indicator in colorectal cancer and enhances 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis by targeting BIRC5. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:1484-93. [PMID: 26442524 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One major reason for the failure of advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment is the occurrence of chemoresistance to fluoropyrimidine (FU)-based chemotherapy. Various reports showed that ectopic expression and function of microRNAs (miRNAs) played key roles to mediate apoptosis at the post-transcriptional level. To further explore the possible mechanisms, we evaluated the prognostic effect of miR-218 in patients with CRC receiving 5-FU-based treatment and investigated the proapoptotic role of miR-218 in vitro. Primary tumour specimens and adjacent non-tumour sites were used to determine miR-218 expression distribution and explore its potential prognostic value in response to 5-FU-based treatment in patients with CRC. HCT116 and HT29 cells were transfected with precursor miR-218 or negative control, followed by assays to investigate its influence on apoptosis, cell proliferation and pathways involved in molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance to 5-FU. Results showed that high miR-218 expression was associated with positive response to firstline 5-FU treatment in CRC patients. MiR-218 promoted apoptosis, inhibited cell proliferation and caused cell cycle arrest in CRC cells by suppressing BIRC5 expression. Furthermore, miR-218 enhanced 5-FU cytotoxicity in CRC cells by suppressing the 5-FU targeted enzyme, thymidylate synthase (TS). In conclusion, we demonstrated that high miR-218 expression had a positive prognostic value in 5-FU-based treatments for CRC patients and discovered a novel mechanism mediated by miR-218 to promote apoptosis and to function synergistically with 5-FU to promote chemosensitivity by suppressing BIRC5 and TS in CRC. These suggest the unique potential of miR-218 as a novel candidate for developing miR-218-based therapeutic strategies in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Long Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua West Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua West Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong province, China
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua West Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong province, China
| | - Lu-Tao Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua West Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong province, China
| | - Yong-Mei Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua West Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong province, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua West Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong province, China
| | - Chuan-Xin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua West Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong province, China
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Jao TM, Tsai MH, Lio HY, Weng WT, Chen CC, Tzeng ST, Chang CY, Lai YC, Yen SJ, Yu SL, Yang YC. Protocadherin 10 suppresses tumorigenesis and metastasis in colorectal cancer and its genetic loss predicts adverse prognosis. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2593-603. [PMID: 24740680 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protocadherin 10 (PCDH10), a novel tumor suppressor gene in human cancers, is located in a common deleted region at chromosome 4q28 in colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to ascertain the genetic loss of PCDH10 and its clinical relevance in CRC and to explore the tumor suppressor function of PCDH10. The genetic deletion of PCDH10 was determined in 171 pairs of primary tumors and corresponding normal mucosae by loss of heterozygosity study. In total, 53 carcinomas were positive for allelic loss of PCDH10. The genetic aberration was significantly associated with tumor progression and distant metastasis (p = 0.021 and p = 0.018, respectively) and was an independent predictor of poor survival for CRC patients (p = 0.005). Expression of PCDH10 gene was silenced or markedly down-regulated in all of 12 CRC cell lines tested and in 41 of 53 colorectal carcinomas compared with their matched normal mucosae. Ectopic expression of PCDH10 suppressed cancer cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, migration and invasion in vitro. Subcutaneous injection of PCDH10-expressing CRC cells into SCID mice revealed the reduction of tumor growth compared with that observed in mock-inoculated mice. Furthermore, through intrasplenic implantation, the re-expression of PCDH10 in silenced cells restrained liver metastasis and improved survival in SCID mice. In conclusion, PCDH10 is a pivotal tumor suppressor in CRC, and the loss of its function promotes not only tumor progression but also liver metastasis. In addition, the genetic deletion of PCDH10 represents an adverse prognostic marker for the survival of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ming Jao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ha GH, Kim JL, Breuer EKY. TACC3 is essential for EGF-mediated EMT in cervical cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70353. [PMID: 23936413 PMCID: PMC3731346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The third member of transforming acidic coiled-coil protein (TACC) family, TACC3, has been shown to be an important player in the regulation of centrosome/microtubule dynamics during mitosis and found to be deregulated in a variety of human malignancies. Our previous studies have suggested that TACC3 may be involved in cervical cancer progression and chemoresistance, and its overexpression can induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) signal transduction pathways. However, the upstream mechanisms of TACC3-mediated EMT and its functional/clinical importance in human cervical cancer remain elusive. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to be a potent inducer of EMT in cervical cancer and associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. In this study, we found that TACC3 is overexpressed in cervical cancer and can be induced upon EGF stimulation. The induction of TACC3 by EGF is dependent on the tyrosine kinase activity of the EGF receptor (EGFR). Intriguingly, depletion of TACC3 abolishes EGF-mediated EMT, suggesting that TACC3 is required for EGF/EGFR-driven EMT process. Moreover, Snail, a key player in EGF-mediated EMT, is found to be correlated with the expression of TACC3 in cervical cancer. Collectively, our study highlights a novel function for TACC3 in EGF-mediated EMT process and suggests that targeting of TACC3 may be an attractive strategy to treat cervical cancers driven by EGF/EGFR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hyoung Ha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jung-Lye Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eun-Kyoung Yim Breuer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tzeng ST, Tsai MH, Chen CL, Lee JX, Jao TM, Yu SL, Yen SJ, Yang YC. NDST4 is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene at chromosome 4q26 and its genetic loss predicts adverse prognosis in colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67040. [PMID: 23825612 PMCID: PMC3692540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genomic deletion at tumor suppressor loci is a common genetic aberration in human cancers. The study aimed to explore candidate tumor suppressor genes at chromosome 4q25-q28.2 and to delineate novel prognostic biomarkers associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods Deletion mapping of chromosome 4q25-q28.2 was conducted in 114 sporadic CRC by loss of heterozygosity study with 11 microsatellite markers. A novel candidate tumor suppressor gene, namely NDST4, was identified at 4q26. Gene expression of NDST4 was investigated in 52 pairs of primary CRC tissues by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Allelic loss of NDST4 gene was further determined in 174 colorectal carcinomas by loss of heterozygosity analysis, and then was assessed for clinical relevance. Results One minimal deletion region was delineated between D4S2297 and D4S2303 loci at 4q26, where NDST4 was the only gene that had markedly been downregulated in CRC tumors. By laser capture microdissection, NDST4 RNA expression was demonstrated in colonic epithelial cells, but was undetectable in tumor cells. In total, 30 (57.7%) of 52 colorectal carcinomas showed a dramatic reduction in NDST4 gene expression compared with matched normal mucosae. The genetic loss of NDST4 was significantly associated with advanced pathological stage (P = 0.039) and poorer overall survival of patients (P = 0.036). Conclusions NDST4 gene is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene in human cancer, and the loss of its function might be involved in CRC progression. In addition, the loss of heterozygosity assay, which was established to determine the allelic loss of NDST4 gene, could be a cost-effective tool for providing a useful biomarker of adverse prognosis in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Tai Tzeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Long Chen
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Municipal Wan Fang Hospital and Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Xing Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Jao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Liang Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sou-Jhy Yen
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chien Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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di Martino E, Taylor CF, Roulson JA, Knowles MA. An integrated genomic, transcriptional and protein investigation of FGFRL1 as a putative 4p16.3 deletion target in bladder cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 52:860-71. [PMID: 23775577 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome arm 4p is a common event in bladder and other malignancies. At least three distinct regions of deletion have been identified, but the deletion targets have so far remained elusive. In this study, we have identified a novel region of deletion mapping to 4p16.3 spanning 0-2.1 Mb, in 15% of bladder tumors and 24% of bladder cancer cell lines. FGFRL1, which maps within this region, was investigated as putative deletion target. The retained FGFRL1 allele was not mutated in cell lines and tumors with LOH, although in patients heterozygous for the rs4647930 functional polymorphism, the common allele was preferentially lost in tumor tissue. Epigenetic silencing of the retained allele was also excluded as levels of FGFRL1 mRNA and protein were similar in cell lines and tumors with and without 4p16.3 loss. However, while FGFRL1 protein was moderately expressed in all layers of the normal bladder epithelium, the majority of tumors showed areas of downregulation. Overall, average FGFRL1 protein expression was significantly lower in bladder tumors compared to normal tissue, but downregulation was independent from 4p16.3 LOH status, FGFR3 mutation, and tumor grade and stage. In conclusion, although we found no evidence supporting a "two-hit" inactivation of FGFRL1 in bladder carcinogenesis, the effect of heterozygous deletion coupled with functional polymorphisms, and the role of post-transcriptional downregulation deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica di Martino
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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15
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Sadeqzadeh E, de Bock CE, Thorne RF. Sleeping giants: emerging roles for the fat cadherins in health and disease. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:190-221. [PMID: 23720094 DOI: 10.1002/med.21286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate Fat cadherins comprise a small gene family of four members, Fat1-Fat4, all closely related in structure to Drosophila ft and ft2. Over the past decade, knock-out mouse studies, genetic manipulation, and large sequencing projects has aided our understanding of the function of vertebrate Fat cadherins in tissue development and disease. The majority of studies of this family have focused on Fat1, with evidence now showing it can bind enable (ENA)/Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), β-catenin and Atrophin proteins to influence cell polarity and motility; HOMER-1 and HOMER-3 proteins to regulate actin accumulation in neuronal synapses; and scribble to influence the Hippo signaling pathway. Fat2 and Fat3 can regulate cell migration in a tissue specific manner and Fat4 appears to influence both planar cell polarity and Hippo signaling recapitulating the activity of Drosophila ft. Knowledge about the exact downstream signaling pathways activated by each family member remains in its infancy, but it is becoming clearer that they have tissue specific and redundant roles in development and may be lost or gained in cancer. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on understanding the role of the Fat cadherin family, integrating the current knowledge of molecular interactions and tissue distributions, together with the accumulating evidence of their changed expression in human disease. The latter is now beginning to promote interest in these molecules as both biomarkers and new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sadeqzadeh
- Cancer Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
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Beggs AD, Jones A, Shepherd N, Arnaout A, Finlayson C, Abulafi AM, Morton DG, Matthews GM, Hodgson SV, Tomlinson IPM. Loss of expression and promoter methylation of SLIT2 are associated with sessile serrated adenoma formation. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003488. [PMID: 23671423 PMCID: PMC3649993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serrated adenomas form a distinct subtype of colorectal pre-malignant lesions that may progress to malignancy along a different molecular pathway than the conventional adenoma-carcinoma pathway. Previous studies have hypothesised that BRAF mutation and promoter hypermethylation plays a role, but the evidence for this is not robust. We aimed to carry out a whole-genome loss of heterozygosity analysis, followed by targeted promoter methylation and expression analysis to identify potential pathways in serrated adenomas. An initial panel of 9 sessile serrated adenomas (SSA) and one TSA were analysed using Illumina Goldengate HumanLinkage panel arrays to ascertain regions of loss of heterozygosity. This was verified via molecular inversion probe analysis and microsatellite analysis of a further 32 samples. Methylation analysis of genes of interest was carried out using methylation specific PCR (verified by pyrosequencing) and immunohistochemistry used to correlate loss of expression of genes of interest. All experiments used adenoma samples and normal tissue samples as control. SSA samples were found on whole-genome analysis to have consistent loss of heterozygosity at 4p15.1-4p15.31, which was not found in the sole TSA, adenomas, or normal tissues. Genes of interest in this region were PDCH7 and SLIT2, and combined MSP/IHC analysis of these genes revealed significant loss of SLIT2 expression associated with promoter methylation of SLIT2. Loss of expression of SLIT2 by promoter hypermethylation and loss of heterozygosity events is significantly associated with serrated adenoma development, and SLIT2 may represent a epimutated tumour suppressor gene according to the Knudson "two hit" hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Beggs
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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17
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He X, Dong Y, Wu CW, Zhao Z, Ng SSM, Chan FKL, Sung JJY, Yu J. MicroRNA-218 inhibits cell cycle progression and promotes apoptosis in colon cancer by downregulating BMI1 polycomb ring finger oncogene. Mol Med 2013; 18:1491-8. [PMID: 23255074 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated miRNAs participate in colorectal carcinogenesis. In this study, miR-218 was found to be downregulated in human colorectal cancer (CRC) by miRNA profile assay. miR-218 was silenced or downregulated in all five colon cancer cells (Caco2, HT29, SW620, HCT116 and LoVo) relative to normal colon tissues. miR-218 expression was significantly lower in 46 CRC tumor tissues compared with their adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.001). Potential target genes of miR-218 were predicted and BMI1 polycomb ring finger oncogene (BMI-1), a polycomb ring finger oncogene, was identified as one of the potential targets. Upregulation of BMI-1 was detected in CRC tumors compared with adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.001) and in all five colon cancer cell lines. Transfection of miR-218 in colon cancer cell lines (HCT116, HT29) significantly reduced luciferase activity of the wild-type construct of BMI-1 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) (P < 0.001), whereas this effect was not seen in the construct with mutant BMI-1 3'UTR, indicating a direct and specific interaction of miR-218 with BMI-1. Ectopic expression of miR-218 in HCT116 and HT29 cells suppressed BMI-1 mRNA and protein expression. In addition, miR-218 suppressed protein expression of BMI-1 downstream targets of cyclin-dependent kinase 4, a cell cycle regulator, while upregulating protein expression of p53. We further revealed that miR-218 induced apoptosis (P < 0.01), inhibited cell proliferation (P < 0.05) and promoted cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase (P < 0.01). In conclusion, miR-218 plays a pivotal role in CRC development through inhibiting cell proliferation and cycle progression and promoting apoptosis by downregulating BMI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi He
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Ha GH, Park JS, Breuer EKY. TACC3 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the activation of PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling pathways. Cancer Lett 2013; 332:63-73. [PMID: 23348690 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3 (TACC3) is a member of the TACC family, essential for mitotic spindle dynamics and centrosome integrity during mitosis. Mounting evidence suggests that deregulation of TACC3 is associated with various types of human cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which TACC3 contributes to the development of cancer remain largely unknown. Here, we propose a novel mechanism by which TACC3 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). By modulating the expression of TACC3, we found that overexpression of TACC3 leads to changes in cell morphology, proliferation, transforming capability, migratory/invasive behavior as well as the expression of EMT-related markers. Moreover, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) signaling pathways are critical for TACC3-mediated EMT process. Notably, depletion of TACC3 is sufficient to suppress EMT phenotype. Collectively, our findings identify TACC3 as a driver of tumorigenesis as well as an inducer of oncogenic EMT and highlight its overexpression as a potential therapeutic target for preventing EMT-associated tumor progression and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hyoung Ha
- Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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19
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Shu XS, Geng H, Li L, Ying J, Ma C, Wang Y, Poon FF, Wang X, Ying Y, Yeo W, Srivastava G, Tsao SW, Yu J, Sung JJY, Huang S, Chan ATC, Tao Q. The epigenetic modifier PRDM5 functions as a tumor suppressor through modulating WNT/β-catenin signaling and is frequently silenced in multiple tumors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27346. [PMID: 22087297 PMCID: PMC3210799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PRDM (PRDI-BF1 and RIZ domain containing) proteins are zinc finger proteins involved in multiple cellular regulations by acting as epigenetic modifiers. We studied a recently identified PRDM member PRDM5 for its epigenetic abnormality and tumor suppressive functions in multiple tumorigeneses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that PRDM5 was broadly expressed in human normal tissues, but frequently silenced or downregulated in multiple carcinoma cell lines due to promoter CpG methylation, including 80% (4/5) nasopharyngeal, 44% (8/18) esophageal, 76% (13/17) gastric, 50% (2/4) cervical, and 25% (3/12) hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, but not in any immortalized normal epithelial cell lines. PRDM5 expression could be restored by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine demethylation treatment in silenced cell lines. PRDM5 methylation was frequently detected by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) in multiple primary tumors, including 93% (43/46) nasopharyngeal, 58% (25/43) esophageal, 88% (37/42) gastric and 63% (29/46) hepatocellular tumors. PRDM5 was further found a stress-responsive gene, but its response was impaired when the promoter was methylated. Ectopic PRDM5 expression significantly inhibited tumor cell clonogenicity, accompanied by the inhibition of TCF/β-catenin-dependent transcription and downregulation of CDK4, TWIST1 and MDM2 oncogenes, while knocking down of PRDM5 expression lead to increased cell proliferation. ChIP assay showed that PRDM5 bound to its target gene promoters and suppressed their transcription. An inverse correlation between the expression of PRDM5 and activated β-catenin was also observed in cell lines. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE PRDM5 functions as a tumor suppressor at least partially through antagonizing aberrant WNT/β-catenin signaling and oncogene expression. Frequent epigenetic silencing of PRDM5 is involved in multiple tumorigeneses, which could serve as a tumor biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-sheng Shu
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua Geng
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianming Ying
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Shandong University School of Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fan Fong Poon
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Ying
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong, China
| | - Winnie Yeo
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Sai Wah Tsao
- Department of Anatomy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph J. Y. Sung
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Anthony T. C. Chan
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong, China
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Aytes A, Molleví DG, Martinez-Iniesta M, Nadal M, Vidal A, Morales A, Salazar R, Capellà G, Villanueva A. Stromal interaction molecule 2 (STIM2) is frequently overexpressed in colorectal tumors and confers a tumor cell growth suppressor phenotype. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51:746-53. [PMID: 22125164 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Allelic imbalances at chromosome 4p have been largely documented in many different tumor types. In colorectal cancer, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 4p15 has been associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor patient outcome, however no target genes in the region have been identified to date. Since stromal interaction molecule 2 (STIM2) is located at 4p15.2 and has been proposed as a candidate gene for this region in glioblastoma multiforme, we aimed at investigating the role of STIM2 in colorectal cancer. We studied STIM2 transcript expression levels in a collection of xenografted primary colorectal tumors (n = 20) and a well-annotated tumor series of colorectal cancer (n = 140). We observed an overexpression of STIM2 in 63.5% of the cases that was associated with a less invasive phenotype. In vitro and in vivo functional studies with colon cancer cell lines revealed that overexpression of STIM2 reduced cell proliferation and tumor growth, respectively. Our work presents several lines of evidence indicating that STIM2 overexpression is a frequent trait in colorectal cancer that results in cell growth suppression, certifying that even in the absence of somatic genetic or epigenetic alterations, recurrent regions of LOH should still be considered a hallmark for the presence of relevant genes for tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Aytes
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Català d'Oncologia-Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Genomic profiling of prostate cancers from African American men. Neoplasia 2009; 11:305-12. [PMID: 19242612 DOI: 10.1593/neo.81530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 01/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African American (AA) men have a higher incidence and significantly higher mortality rates from prostate cancer than white men, but the biological basis for these differences are poorly understood. Few studies have been carried out to determine whether there are areas of allelic loss or gain in prostate cancers from AA men that are overrepresented in or specific to this group. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer in AA men, we have analyzed 20 prostate cancers from AA men with high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays to detect genomic copy number alterations. We identified 17 regions showing significant loss and 4 regions with significant gains. Most of these regions had been linked to prostate cancer by previous studies of copy number alterations of predominantly white patients.We identified a novel region of loss at 4p16.3, which has been shown to be lost in breast, colon, and bladder cancers. Comparison of our primary tumors with tumors from white patients from a previously published cohort with similar pathological characteristics showed higher frequency of loss of at numerous loci including 6q13-22, 8p21, 13q13-14, and 16q11-24 and gains of 7p21 and 8q24, all of which had higher frequencies in metastatic lesions in this previously published cohort. Thus, the clinically localized cancers from AA men more closely resembled metastatic cancers from white men. This difference may in part explain the more aggressive clinical behavior of prostate cancer in AA men.
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Kim MY, Yim SH, Kwon MS, Kim TM, Shin SH, Kang HM, Lee C, Chung YJ. Recurrent genomic alterations with impact on survival in colorectal cancer identified by genome-wide array comparative genomic hybridization. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:1913-24. [PMID: 17087931 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although genetic aspects of tumorigenesis in colorectal cancer (CRC) have been well studied, reliable biomarkers predicting prognosis are scarce. We aimed to identify recurrently altered genomic regions (RAR) in CRC with high resolution, to investigate their implications on survival and to explore novel cancer-related genes in prognosis-associated RARs. METHODS A 1-Mb resolution microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) was applied to 59 CRCs. RARs, defined as genomic alterations, detected in more than 10 cases were identified and analyzed for their association with survival. Expression levels of genes in prognosis-associated RARs were examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Twenty-seven RARs were identified. Eleven high-level amplifications and 2 homozygous deletions also were detected, but they were not as common as RARs. Multivariate analysis revealed RAR-L1 (loss on 1p36; hazard ratio = 8.15, P = .002) and RAR-L20 (loss on 21q22; hazard ratio = 3.53, P = .034) are independent indicators of poor prognosis. Expression of CAMTA1, located in RAR-L1, was reduced frequently in CRCs, and low CAMTA1 expression was associated significantly with poor prognosis, which indicates that CAMTA1 may play a role as a tumor suppressor in CRC. Five pairs of RARs were correlated significantly to each other and 3 pairs share genes involved in the same biological functions, suggesting possible collaborative roles in tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS We identified recurrent genomic changes in 59 CRCs. RARs could be more important in sporadic tumors where the effect of genomic changes on tumorigenesis is relatively smaller than in familial cancer. Our results and analysis strategy will be helpful to elucidate pathogenesis of CRCs or to develop biomarkers for predicting prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Socho-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Al-Mulla F, AlFadhli S, Al-Hakim AH, Going JJ, Bitar MS. Metastatic recurrence of early-stage colorectal cancer is linked to loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 4 and 14q. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:624-30. [PMID: 16731603 PMCID: PMC1860407 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.033167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prognostic value for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosomes 4 and 14q in early-stage colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS A total of 70, largely microsatellite stable, tumours and their corresponding normal mucosa were subjected to microdissection and analysed for LOH at chromosomes 4 and 14q by using 13 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. LOH was correlated with the survival of the patients, using univariate, multivariate and Kaplan-Meier's survival curves. RESULT LOH at D4S2935, D4S1579 and D4S1595 on chromosome 4 was significantly associated with metastatic recurrence of early-stage CRC. For chromosome arm 14q, two minimal regions of deletion were associated with metastatic recurrence and mapped to neighbouring markers D14S275/D14S49 at 14q12-13 and D14S65/D14S250 at 14q32. High-level loss (loss of five to eight of the informative microsatellite markers) on both chromosomes 4 and 14q, to be an independent prognostic indicator in early-stage CRC was shown by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Determining the LOH of chromosomes 4 and 14q and their extent in primary tumours of patients with early-stage CRC may constitute a molecular signature of metastatic recurrence. This may be achieved if new finding sheds light on the treatment of this subgroup of patients that have been largely ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Pathology Unit, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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Sterian A, Kan T, Berki AT, Mori Y, Olaru A, Schulmann K, Sato F, Wang S, Paun B, Cai K, Hamilton JP, Abraham JM, Meltzer SJ. Mutational and LOH analyses of the chromosome 4q region in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Oncology 2006; 70:168-72. [PMID: 16837775 DOI: 10.1159/000094444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 01/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mortality due to esophageal adenocarcinoma has risen markedly, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this carcinogenesis are still incompletely understood. Findings from loss of heterozygosity (LOH) studies have suggested that the long arm of chromosome 4 might harbor tumor suppressor genes relevant to esophageal adenocarcinoma. METHODS We performed LOH analysis of 4q in esophageal adenocarcinomas. Regions of LOH were further evaluated by studying two candidate tumor suppressor genes, hCDC4 and CARF, located within them. RESULTS 54% of the adenocarcinomas examined showed allelic deletion. LOH was observed in 53, 40, 32, 38, and 27% of tumors at positions D4S1554 (the locus of CARF), D4S1572, D4S1548, D4S2934, and D4S3021, respectively. An area of allelic deletion (spanning 3 million bases) was identified at 4q31.1-3 in 37% of tumors. This region harbors a candidate tumor suppressor gene: hCDC4. However, sequencing of the coding regions of CARF and hCDC4 at 4q35 and 4q31, respectively, did not identify mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate frequent LOH in esophageal adenocarcinoma at several loci including a novel area of allelic deletion at 4q31.1-3. The results imply that mutational or other alterations at these loci may be involved in the pathogenesis of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Candidate tumor suppressor genes located within these regions merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Sterian
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Kleivi K, Teixeira MR, Eknaes M, Diep CB, Jakobsen KS, Hamelin R, Lothe RA. Genome signatures of colon carcinoma cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 155:119-31. [PMID: 15571797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In cancer biology, cell lines are often used instead of primary tumors because of their widespread availability and close reflection of the in vivo state. Cancer is a genetic disease, commonly caused by small- and large-scale DNA rearrangements. Therefore, it is essential to know the genomic profiles of tumor cell lines to enable their correct and efficient use as experimental tools. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the genomic profiles of 20 colon cancer cell lines combining conventional karyotyping (G-banding), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH). Major differences between the microsatellite instability (MSI) and chromosome instability (CIN) cell lines are shown; the CIN cell lines exhibited complex karyotypes involving many chromosomes (mean: 8.5 copy number changes), whereas the MSI cell lines showed considerably fewer aberrations (mean: 2.6). The 3 techniques complement each other to provide a detailed picture of the numerical and structural chromosomal changes that characterize cancer cells. Therefore, 7 of the cell lines (Colo320, EB, Fri, IS2, IS3, SW480, and V9P) are here completely karyotyped for the first time and, among these, 5 have not previously been cytogenetically described. By hierarchical cluster analysis, we show that the cell lines are representative models for primary carcinomas at the genome level. We also present the genomic profiles of an experimental model for tumor progression, including 3 cell lines (IS1, IS2, and IS3) established from a primary carcinoma, its corresponding liver- and peritoneal metastasis from the same patient. To address the question of clonality, we compared the genome of 3 common cell lines grown in 2 laboratories. Finally, we compared all our results with previously published CGH data and karyotypes of colorectal cell lines. In conclusion, the large variation in genetic complexity of the cell lines highlights the importance of a comprehensive reference of genomic profiles for investigators engaged in functional studies using these research tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Kleivi
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Ullernschauseen 70, Oslo N-0310, Norway
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26
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Backsch C, Rudolph B, Kühne-Heid R, Kalscheuer V, Bartsch O, Jansen L, Beer K, Meyer B, Schneider A, Dürst M. A region on human chromosome 4 (q35.1→qter) induces senescence in cell hybrids and is involved in cervical carcinogenesis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 43:260-72. [PMID: 15838843 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 are known to play a major role in cervical carcinogenesis. Additional genetic alterations are required for the development and progression of cervical cancer. Previously, we showed that the introduction of an entire human chromosome 4 into HPV-immortalized cells by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) can induce senescence in cell hybrids. In the present study, we established eight new murine donor cell lines harboring different fragments of the human chromosome 4. These were tested for their ability to induce senescence by MMCT into HPV16-immortalized keratinocytes (HPK II) and cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa). By exclusion, we could identify a region for a putative senescence gene or genes at 4q35.1-->qter. Further evidence that this locus may be involved in cervical carcinogenesis was obtained by studying sections of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN2/3) and cervical cancers from 87 women using a combination of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (I-FISH) and microsatellite PCR. I-FISH indicated copy number loss at 4q34-->qter. Microsatellite analysis showed that loss of one or more alleles at chromosome 4 was more frequent in the cervical carcinomas than in the CINs. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) affected four areas, D4S412 (4p16.3), D4S2394 (4q28.2), D4S3041 (4q32.3), and D4S408 (4q35.1), and was highest at D4S408. LOH at terminal 4q has been reported previously for cervical carcinomas and other human malignancies. This is the first report associating allelic loss at 4q34-->qter with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical carcinoma, and the first experimental evidence that this locus or these loci can induce senescence in cervical carcinoma cells and HPV16-immortalized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Backsch
- Gynäkologische Molekularbiologie, Abteilung Frauenheilkunde, Frauenklinik der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany
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27
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Zhang L, Gjoerup O, Roberts TM. The serine/threonine kinase cyclin G-associated kinase regulates epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:10296-301. [PMID: 15240878 PMCID: PMC478566 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403175101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK) is a serine/threonine kinase that features high homology outside its kinase domain with auxilin. Like auxilin, GAK has been shown to be a cofactor for uncoating clathrin vesicles in vitro. We investigated epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor-mediated signaling in cells, in which GAK is down-regulated by small hairpin RNAs. Here, we report that down-regulation of GAK by small hairpin RNA has two pronounced effects on EGF receptor signaling: (i) the levels of receptor expression and tyrosine kinase activity go up by >50-fold; and (ii) the spectrum of downstream signaling is significantly changed. One very obvious result is a large increase in the levels of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 and Akt. These two effects of GAK down-regulation result from, at least in part, alterations in receptor trafficking, the most striking of which is the persistence of EGF receptor in altered cellular compartment along with activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5. The alterations resulting from GAK down-regulation can have distinctive biological consequences: In CV1P cells, down-regulation of GAK results in outgrowth of cells in soft agar, raising the possibility that loss of GAK function may promote tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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28
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Alcock HE, Stephenson TJ, Royds JA, Hammond DW. Analysis of colorectal tumor progression by microdissection and comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 37:369-80. [PMID: 12800148 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This investigation aimed to identify patterns of copy number change in colorectal tumor progression from adenoma to liver metastasis. Fifty-three microdissected sub-regions from 17 cases of colorectal cancer were assigned to one of six histopathologically defined categories: coexisting adenoma, tumor above the muscularis layer, tumor within the muscularis layer, tumor extending through the bowel wall to serosal fat, lymph node metastasis, and liver metastasis. Microdissected samples were treated by a microwave processing step and then used as templates for universal PCR amplification. PCR products were fluorophore labeled and subjected to comparative genomic hybridization. Copy number changes were found in all samples, and every chromosome arm (excluding acrocentric short arms) was affected. More losses than gains were detected, but there were no significant differences between the numbers of changes seen in each category. Each individual sample revealed unique changes, additional to those shared within each case. The most frequently observed gains were of X and 12q. The most common losses were of 8p, 16p, 9p, 15q, 18q, and 10q. Nominally significant associations were observed between metastatic tumor and loss of 12q24.1 or 10p13-14, non-metastatic tumor and loss of 8q24.1, tumor extending to serosal fat and loss of 6q24-25 or gain of 4q11-13, tumor extending to serosal fat and metastatic lesions and loss of 4q32-34 or 22q11-12, and adenoma and loss of 15q24. Loss of 4q32-34 remained highly significant after correction for multiple testing. Adenoma was the only category not to show loss of 17p. These data reveal a genetically heterogeneous picture of tumor progression, with a small number of changes associated with advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Alcock
- Institute for Cancer Studies, Division of Genomic Medicine, University Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Sharathkumar A, Kirby M, Freedman M, Abdelhaleem M, Chitayat D, Teshima IE, Dror Y. Malignant hematological disorders in children with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 119A:194-9. [PMID: 12749063 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a rare chromosomal disorder attributable to a deletion at the short arm of chromosome 4. This syndrome is associated with characteristic facial appearance, multiple congenital abnormalities, mental retardation, feeding difficulties and failure to thrive. We report two girls with WHS who developed myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). According to the "Category, Cytology, Cytogenetic (CCC)"classification of childhood MDS, patient 1 had refractory cytopenia with ring sideroblasts at the age of 6 years, while patient 2 had refractory cytopenia with dysplasia at the age of 5-1/2 years. Patient 1 progressed to refractory cytopenia with excess blasts within a year, while patient 2 progressed to acute lymphoblastic leukemia within 1 month of presentation. It is possible that allelic loss of a tumor suppressor gene such as WHSC1 and/or FGFR3 from the deleted segment 4p16.3 plays a critical role in the process of malignant transformation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of severe hematological complications like MDS and leukemia in children with WHS and may be an important genetic model for understanding malignant hematological transformation. This report also underscores the importance of evaluating children with WHS for hematopoietic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sharathkumar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology The Hospital for Sick Children, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Beder LB, Gunduz M, Ouchida M, Fukushima K, Gunduz E, Ito S, Sakai A, Nagai N, Nishizaki K, Shimizu K. Genome-wide analyses on loss of heterozygosity in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. J Transl Med 2003; 83:99-105. [PMID: 12533690 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000047489.26246.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a frequent malignancy with a poor survival rate. Identifying the tumor suppressor gene (TSG) loci by genomic studies is an important step to uncover the molecular mechanisms involved in HNSCC pathogenesis. We therefore performed comprehensive analyses on loss of heterozygosity (LOH) using a genome-wide panel of 191 microsatellite markers in 22 HNSCC samples. We found 53 markers with significantly high LOH (>30%) on 21 chromosomal arms; the highest values of those were observed on 3p, 9p, 13q, 15q, and 17p, corresponding to D3S2432 (67%), D9S921-D9S925 (67%) and GATA62F03 (86%), D13S1493 (60%), D15S211 (62%), and D17S1353 (88%), respectively. Fifteen hot spots of LOH were defined in 13 chromosomal arms: 2q22-23, 4p15.2, 4q24-25, 5q31, 8p23, 9p23-24, 9q31.3, 9q34.2, 10q21, 11q21-22.3, 14q11-13, 14q22.3, 17p13, 18q11, and 19q12 as loci reported previously in HNSCCs. Furthermore, we identified five novel hot spots of LOH on three chromosomal arms in HNSCC at 2q33 (D2S1384), 2q37 (D2S125), 8q12-13 (D8S1136), 8q24 (D8S1128), and 15q21 (D15S211). In conclusion, our comprehensive allelotype analyses have unveiled and confirmed a total of 20 possible TSG loci that could be involved in the development of HNSCC. These results provide useful clues for identification of putative TSGs involved in HNSCC by fine mapping of the suspected regions and subsequent analysis for functional genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levent Bekir Beder
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama University, Shikata-cho, Okayama, Japan
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MacLachlan TK, El-Deiry WS. Apoptotic threshold is lowered by p53 transactivation of caspase-6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:9492-7. [PMID: 12089322 PMCID: PMC123168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.132241599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how a cell's apoptotic threshold is controlled after exposure to chemotherapy, although the p53 tumor suppressor has been implicated. We identified executioner caspase-6 as a transcriptional target of p53. The mechanism involves DNA binding by p53 to the third intron of the caspase-6 gene and transactivation. A p53-dependent increase in procaspase-6 protein level allows for an increase in caspase-6 activity and caspase-6-specific Lamin A cleavage in response to Adriamycin exposure. Specific inhibition of caspase-6 blocks cell death in a manner that correlates with caspase-6 mRNA induction by p53 and enhances long-term survival in response to a p53-mediated apoptotic signal. Caspase-6 is an executioner caspase found directly regulated by p53, and the most downstream component of the death pathway controlled by p53. The induction of caspase-6 expression lowers the cell death threshold in response to apoptotic signals that activate caspase-6. Our results provide a potential mechanism of lowering the death threshold, which could be important for chemosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K MacLachlan
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Cell Cycle Regulation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Gu W, Wevers A, Schröder H, Grzeschik KH, Derst C, Brodtkorb E, de Vos R, Steinlein OK. The LGI1 gene involved in lateral temporal lobe epilepsy belongs to a new subfamily of leucine-rich repeat proteins. FEBS Lett 2002; 519:71-6. [PMID: 12023020 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently mutations in the LGI1 (leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1) gene have been found in human temporal lobe epilepsy. We have now identified three formerly unknown LGI-like genes. Hydropathy plots and pattern analysis showed that LGI genes encode proteins with large extra- and intracellular domains connected by a single transmembrane region. Sequence analysis demonstrated that LGI1, LGI2, LGI3, and LGI4 form a distinct subfamily when compared to other leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins. In silico mapping and radiation hybrid experiments assigned LGI2, LGI3, and LGI4 to different chromosomal regions (4p15.2, 8p21.3, 19q13.11), some of which have been implicated in epileptogenesis and/or tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Child
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/genetics
- Female
- Frontal Lobe/cytology
- Frontal Lobe/metabolism
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Leucine/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Nerve Tissue Proteins
- Organ Specificity
- Phylogeny
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Radiation Hybrid Mapping
- Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Temporal Lobe/cytology
- Temporal Lobe/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Gu
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, Wilhelmstrasse 31, Bonn, Germany
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