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Zhao T, Zhong G, Wang Y, Cao R, Song S, Li Y, Wan G, Sun H, Huang M, Bi H, Jiang Y. Pregnane X Receptor Activation in Liver Macrophages Protects against Endotoxin-Induced Liver Injury. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308771. [PMID: 38477509 PMCID: PMC11109625 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Endotoxemia-related acute liver injury has a poor prognosis and high mortality, and macrophage polarization plays a central role in the pathological process. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) serves as a nuclear receptor and xenosensor, safeguarding the liver from toxic stimuli. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of PXR activation on endotoxemic liver injury remain largely unknown. Here, the expression of PXR is reported in human and murine macrophages, and PXR activation modified immunotypes of macrophages. Moreover, PXR activation significantly attenuated endotoxemic liver injury and promoted macrophage M2 polarization. Macrophage depletion by GdCl3 confirmed the essential of macrophages in the beneficial effects observed with PXR activation. The role of PXR in macrophages is further validated using AAV8-F4/80-Pxr shRNA-treated mice; the PXR-mediated hepatoprotection is impaired, and M2 polarization enhancement is blunted. Additionally, treatment with PXR agonists inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced M1 polarization and favored M2 polarization in BMDM, Raw264.7, and THP-1 cells. Further analyses revealed an interaction between PXR and p-STAT6 in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, blocking Pxr or Stat6 abolished the PXR-induced polarization shift. Collectively, macrophage PXR activation attenuated endotoxin-induced liver injury and regulated macrophage polarization through the STAT6 signaling pathway, which provided a potential therapeutic target for managing endotoxemic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Guoping Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Ying Wang
- Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Renjie Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Shaofei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Guohui Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Haiyan Sun
- School of Food and DrugShenzhen Polytechnic UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
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Badamasi IM, Muhammad M, Umar AA, Madugu UAM, Gadanya MA, Aliyu IA, Kabir IM, Umar IA, Johnson O, Stanslas J. Role of the IL8 rs4073 polymorphism in central nervous system toxicity in patients receiving multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. J Bras Pneumol 2024; 50:e20230338. [PMID: 38359298 PMCID: PMC11095930 DOI: 10.36416/1806-3756/e20230338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of the IL8 rs4073 polymorphism in predicting the risk of central nervous system (CNS) toxicity in patients receiving standard pharmacological treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). METHODS A cohort of 85 consenting MDR-TB patients receiving treatment with second-line antituberculosis drugs had their blood samples amplified for the IL8 (rs4073) gene and genotyped. All patients were clinically screened for evidence of treatment toxicity and categorized accordingly. Crude and adjusted associations were assessed. RESULTS The chief complaints fell into the following categories: CNS toxicity; gastrointestinal toxicity; skin toxicity; and eye and ear toxicities. Symptoms of gastrointestinal toxicity were reported by 59% of the patients, and symptoms of CNS toxicity were reported by 42.7%. With regard to the genotypes of IL8 (rs4073), the following were identified: AA, in 64 of the study participants; AT, in 7; and TT, in 11. A significant association was found between the dominant model of inheritance and CNS toxicity for the crude model (p = 0.024; OR = 3.57; 95% CI, 1.18-10.76) and the adjusted model (p = 0.031; OR = 3.92; 95% CI, 1.13-13.58). The AT+TT genotype of IL8 (rs4073) showed a 3.92 times increased risk of CNS toxicity when compared with the AA genotype. CONCLUSIONS The AT+TT genotype has a tendency to be associated with an increased risk of adverse clinical features during MDR-TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mohammed Badamasi
- . Pharmacogenomic Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences - FBMS - College of Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Muktar Muhammad
- . Pharmacogenomic Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences - FBMS - College of Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Aishat Ahmad Umar
- . Pharmacogenomic Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences - FBMS - College of Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Umm-ayman Misbahu Madugu
- . Pharmacogenomic Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences - FBMS - College of Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Muktar Ahmed Gadanya
- . Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Isa Abubakar Aliyu
- . Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences - FAHS - Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Imam Malik Kabir
- . Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences - FAHS - Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim Aliyu Umar
- . Kano State TB and Leprosy Control Program, Kano State Ministry of Health, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Ochigbo Johnson
- . Kano State Infectious Disease Hospital, Kano State Ministry of Health, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Johnson Stanslas
- . Pharmacotherapeutics Lab, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Jaeschke H, Ramachandran A. Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity: Paradigm for Understanding Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:453-478. [PMID: 38265880 PMCID: PMC11131139 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051122-094016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the clinically most relevant drug hepatotoxicity in western countries, and, because of translational relevance of animal models, APAP is mechanistically the most studied drug. This review covers intracellular signaling events starting with drug metabolism and the central role of mitochondrial dysfunction involving oxidant stress and peroxynitrite. Mitochondria-derived endonucleases trigger nuclear DNA fragmentation, the point of no return for cell death. In addition, adaptive mechanisms that limit cell death are discussed including autophagy, mitochondrial morphology changes, and biogenesis. Extensive evidence supports oncotic necrosis as the mode of cell death; however, a partial overlap with signaling events of apoptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis is the basis for controversial discussions. Furthermore, an update on sterile inflammation in injury and repair with activation of Kupffer cells, monocyte-derived macrophages, and neutrophils is provided. Understanding these mechanisms of cell death led to discovery of N-acetylcysteine and recently fomepizole as effective antidotes against APAP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; ,
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; ,
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Roth K, Strickland J, Pant A, Freeborn R, Kennedy R, Rockwell CE, Luyendyk JP, Copple BL. Interleukin-10 disrupts liver repair in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1303921. [PMID: 38094302 PMCID: PMC10716295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1303921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemic levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) are highest in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver failure (ALF) patients with the poorest prognosis. The mechanistic basis for this counterintuitive finding is not known, as induction of IL-10 is hypothesized to temper the pathological effects of immune cell activation. Aberrant production of IL-10 after severe liver injury could conceivably interfere with the beneficial, pro-reparative actions of immune cells, such as monocytes. Methods To test this possibility, we determined whether IL-10 levels are dysregulated in mice with APAP-induced ALF and further evaluated whether aberrant production of IL-10 prevents monocyte recruitment and/or the resolution of necrotic lesions by these cells. Results Our studies demonstrate that in mice challenged with 300 mg/kg acetaminophen (APAP), a hepatotoxic dose of APAP that fails to produce ALF (i.e., APAP-induced acute liver injury; AALI), Ly6Chi monocytes were recruited to the liver and infiltrated the necrotic lesions by 48 hours coincident with the clearance of dead cell debris. At 72 hours, IL-10 was upregulated, culminating in the resolution of hepatic inflammation. By contrast, in mice treated with 600 mg/kg APAP, a dose that produces clinical features of ALF (i.e., APAP-induced ALF; AALF), IL-10 levels were markedly elevated by 24 hours. Early induction of IL-10 was associated with a reduction in the hepatic numbers of Ly6Chi monocytes resulting in the persistence of dead cell debris. Inhibition of IL-10 in AALF mice, beginning at 24 hours after APAP treatment, increased the hepatic numbers of monocytes which coincided with a reduction in the necrotic area. Moreover, pharmacologic elevation of systemic IL-10 levels in AALI mice reduced hepatic myeloid cell numbers and increased the area of necrosis. Discussion Collectively, these results indicate that during ALF, aberrant production of IL-10 disrupts the hepatic recruitment of monocytes, which prevents the clearance of dead cell debris. These are the first studies to document a mechanistic basis for the link between high IL-10 levels and poor outcome in patients with ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jenna Strickland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Asmita Pant
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Robert Freeborn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Rebekah Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Cheryl E. Rockwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - James P. Luyendyk
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Bryan L. Copple
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Guo C, Liu W, Liu Z, Cai J, Yu X, Wang H, Li X, Zuo D, Jiang X, Zhang B, Liu J, Sanyal AJ, Puri P, Zhou H, Wang XY. Scavenger receptor a is a major homeostatic regulator that restrains drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2023; 78:45-57. [PMID: 36632993 PMCID: PMC10410742 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Drug-induced liver injury occurs frequently and can be life threatening. Although drug-induced liver injury is mainly caused by the direct drug cytotoxicity, increasing evidence suggests that the interplay between hepatocytes and immune cells can define this pathogenic process. Here, we interrogate the role of the pattern recognition scavenger receptor A (SRA) for regulating hepatic inflammation and drug-induced liver injury. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using acetaminophen (APAP) or halothane-induced liver injury models, we showed that SRA loss renders mice highly susceptible to drug hepatotoxicity, indicated by the increased mortality and liver pathology. Mechanistic studies revealed that APAP-induced liver injury exaggerated in the absence of SRA was associated with the decreased anti-inflammatory and prosurvival cytokine IL-10 concomitant with excessive hepatic inflammation. The similar correlation between SRA and IL-10 expression was also seen in human following APAP uptake. Bone marrow reconstitution and liposomal clodronate depletion studies established that the hepatoprotective activity of SRA mostly resized in the immune sentinel KCs. Furthermore, SRA-facilitated IL-10 production by KCs in response to injured hepatocytes mitigated activation of the Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated signaling pathway in hepatocytes. In addition, supplemental use of IL-10 with N -acetylcysteine, only approved treatment of APAP overdose, conferred mice improved protection from APAP-induced liver injury. CONCLUSION We identify a novel hepatocyte-extrinsic pathway governed by the immune receptor SRA that maintains liver homeostasis upon drug insult. Giving that drug (ie, APAP) overdose is the leading cause of acute liver failure, targeting this hepatoprotective SRA-IL-10 axis may provide new opportunities to optimize the current management of drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Guo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jinyang Cai
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xiaofei Yu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xixian Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jinze Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Puneet Puri
- Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Xu L, Wang H. A dual role of inflammation in acetaminophen-induced liver injury. LIVER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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Xu Y, Li W, Zhou X, Gao Y, Ding L, Xu L, Mao X, Zhou A, Wang X, Ning X. Integrative Strategy for Investigating the Interactions between STING and Small-Molecule Ligands. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14185-14191. [PMID: 36354159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although small-molecule agonists of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) show significance in activating the immune system, the dynamic process involved in ligands activating STING remains unclear. Herein, we developed a biochemical strategy, integrating computer simulation and a biochemical engineering approach, to reveal the interaction mechanism between STING and 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), an agonist that activates the TANK binding kinase 1-interferon regulatory factor 3 signaling pathway. Specifically, inspired by an analysis of the STING-DMXAA crystal structure, we designed and synthesized DMXAA derivatives to investigate the STING-DMXAA binding model. We identified that the carboxyl moiety of DMXAA was a major pharmacophore responsive to STING activation. In particular, the loss of hydrogen bond interaction between the carboxylic acid of DMXAA and the side chain Thr262 of STING led to STING inhibition. DMXAA N-methyl amide derivative (DNHM) exhibited good inhibitor activity, inhibited STING-mediated interferon production in vitro and in vivo, and effectively attenuated STING-associated inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we provide a new insight into STING-ligand interactions, which may improve the understanding of STING biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurui Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ya Gao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Likang Ding
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005 United States
| | - Le Xu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xianxian Mao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Anwei Zhou
- Department of Physics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xinghai Ning
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Li Q, Chen F, Wang F. The immunological mechanisms and therapeutic potential in drug-induced liver injury: lessons learned from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:187. [PMID: 36414987 PMCID: PMC9682794 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure caused by drug overdose is a significant clinical problem in developed countries. Acetaminophen (APAP), a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug, but its overdose can cause acute liver failure. In addition to APAP-induced direct hepatotoxicity, the intracellular signaling mechanisms of APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) including metabolic activation, mitochondrial oxidant stress and proinflammatory response further affect progression and severity of AILI. Liver inflammation is a result of multiple interactions of cell death molecules, immune cell-derived cytokines and chemokines, as well as damaged cell-released signals which orchestrate hepatic immune cell infiltration. The immunoregulatory interplay of these inflammatory mediators and switching of immune responses during AILI lead to different fate of liver pathology. Thus, better understanding the complex interplay of immune cell subsets in experimental models and defining their functional involvement in disease progression are essential to identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of AILI. Here, this present review aims to systematically elaborate on the underlying immunological mechanisms of AILI, its relevance to immune cells and their effector molecules, and briefly discuss great therapeutic potential based on inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Li
- grid.511083.e0000 0004 7671 2506Division of Gastroenterology, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.628, Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518107 China
| | - Feng Chen
- grid.511083.e0000 0004 7671 2506Division of Gastroenterology, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.628, Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518107 China
| | - Fei Wang
- grid.511083.e0000 0004 7671 2506Division of Gastroenterology, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.628, Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518107 China
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Guo H, Xie M, Liu W, Chen S, Ye B, Yao J, Xiao Z, Zhou C, Zheng M. Inhibition of BTK improved APAP-induced liver injury via suppressing proinflammatory macrophages activation by restoring mitochondrion function. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109036. [PMID: 35850053 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose can cause severe liver injury and APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) is one of the leading causes of acute liver failure (ALF). Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key tyrosine kinase in immune responses, which plays an important role in many inflammatory diseases. However, its effect on AILI is still not clear. Here, we aimed to assess the effect of BTK on AILI and explore its underlying mechanism. METHODS In our study, western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of BTK in AILI. The C57BL/6 mice were used to check the protective effect of BTK inhibition on AILI and the activation of BTK was confirmed in mice macrophages treated with APAP. Immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) detection, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), flow cytometry and western blot were used to determine the role of BTK in mitochondrial dynamics and function of macrophages and the underlying mechanisms in AILI. RESULTS Our results showed that BTK upregulated in AILI. BTK inhibition protected mice from AILI and BTK was activated in mice macrophages in response to APAP. Mechanically, BTK inhibition promoted mitochondrial fusion and restored mitochondrial function through phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCγ2)-reactive oxygen species (ROS)-Optic Atrophy 1(OPA1) pathway in macrophages and finally suppressed the release of proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we found that BTK inhibition protected mice from AILI by restoring the mitochondrial function of macrophages through the improvement of the mitochondrial dynamic imbalance via PLCγ2-ROS-OPA1 signaling pathway, which indicated that BTK might be a potential therapeutic target of AILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Guo
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingjie Xie
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weixia Liu
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiwei Chen
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingjue Ye
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiping Yao
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyun Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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Yang T, Wang H, Wang X, Li J, Jiang L. The Dual Role of Innate Immune Response in Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071057. [PMID: 36101435 PMCID: PMC9312699 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP), a commonly used antipyretic analgesic, is becoming increasingly toxic to the liver, resulting in a high rate of acute hepatic failure in Europe and the United States. Excessive APAP metabolism in the liver develops an APAP-protein adduct, which causes oxidative stress, MPTP opening, and hepatic necrosis. HMGB-1, HSP, nDNA, mtDNA, uric acid, and ATP are DMAPs released during hepatic necrosis. DMAPs attach to TLR4-expressing immune cells such KCs, macrophages, and NK cells, activating them and causing them to secrete cytokines. Immune cells and their secreted cytokines have been demonstrated to have a dual function in acetaminophen-induced liver injury (AILI), with a role in either proinflammation or pro-regeneration, resulting in contradicting findings and some research confusion. Neutrophils, KCs, MoMFs, NK/NKT cells, γδT cells, DCs, and inflammasomes have pivotal roles in AILI. In this review, we summarize the dual role of innate immune cells involved in AILI and illustrate how these cells initiate innate immune responses that lead to persistent inflammation and liver damage. We also discuss the contradictory findings in the literature and possible protocols for better understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms of AILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; (T.Y.); (H.W.); (X.W.)
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, The Zhenjiang Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; (T.Y.); (H.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; (T.Y.); (H.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; (T.Y.); (H.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Longfeng Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; (T.Y.); (H.W.); (X.W.)
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11
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Lin HH, Hsu JY, Tseng CY, Huang XY, Tseng HC, Chen JH. Hepatoprotective Activity of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Seedpod Extract Attenuated Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134030. [PMID: 35807275 PMCID: PMC9268144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim is to investigate the effect of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seedpod extract (LSE) on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. LSE is rich in polyphenols and has potent antioxidant capacity. APAP is a commonly used analgesic, while APAP overdose is the main reason for drug toxicity in the liver. Until now, there has been no in vitro test of LSE in drug-induced hepatotoxicity responses. LSEs were used to evaluate the effect on APAP-induced cytotoxicity, ROS level, apoptotic rate, and molecule mechanisms. The co-treatment of APAP and LSEs elevated the survival rate and decreased intracellular ROS levels on HepG2 cells. LSEs treatment could significantly reduce APAP-induced HepG2 apoptosis assessed by DAPI and Annexin V/PI. The further molecule mechanisms indicated that LSEs decreased Fas/FasL binding and reduced Bax and tBid to restore mitochondrial structure and subsequently suppress downstream apoptosis cascade activation. These declines in COX-2, NF-κB, and iNOS levels were observed in co-treatment APAP and LSEs, which indicated that LSEs could ameliorate APAP-induced inflammation. LSE protected APAP-induced apoptosis by preventing extrinsic, intrinsic, and JNK-mediated pathways. In addition, the restoration of mitochondria and inflammatory suppression in LSEs treatments indicated that LSEs could decrease oxidative stress induced by toxic APAP. Therefore, LSE could be a novel therapeutic option for an antidote against overdose of APAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan;
| | - Jen-Ying Hsu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (C.-Y.T.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Chiao-Yun Tseng
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (C.-Y.T.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Xiao-Yin Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (C.-Y.T.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Hsien-Chun Tseng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.T.); (J.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-4-24730022 (ext. 12195) (J.-H.C.); Fax: +886-4-23248175 (J.-H.C.)
| | - Jing-Hsien Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (C.-Y.T.); (X.-Y.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.T.); (J.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-4-24730022 (ext. 12195) (J.-H.C.); Fax: +886-4-23248175 (J.-H.C.)
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12
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Cai X, Cai H, Wang J, Yang Q, Guan J, Deng J, Chen Z. Molecular pathogenesis of acetaminophen-induced liver injury and its treatment options. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:265-285. [PMID: 35403383 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen, also known as N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP), is commonly used as an antipyretic and analgesic agent. APAP overdose can induce hepatic toxicity, known as acetaminophen-induced liver injury (AILI). However, therapeutic doses of APAP can also induce AILI in patients with excessive alcohol intake or who are fasting. Hence, there is a need to understand the potential pathological mechanisms underlying AILI. In this review, we summarize three main mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AILI: hepatocyte necrosis, sterile inflammation, and hepatocyte regeneration. The relevant factors are elucidated and discussed. For instance, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) protein adducts trigger mitochondrial oxidative/nitrosative stress during hepatocyte necrosis, danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are released to elicit sterile inflammation, and certain growth factors contribute to liver regeneration. Finally, we describe the current potential treatment options for AILI patients and promising novel strategies available to researchers and pharmacists. This review provides a clearer understanding of AILI-related mechanisms to guide drug screening and selection for the clinical treatment of AILI patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Huiqiang Cai
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jun Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jingwen Deng
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China. , .,Department of Pathology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China. ,
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Ortmayr G, Brunnthaler L, Pereyra D, Huber H, Santol J, Rumpf B, Najarnia S, Smoot R, Ammon D, Sorz T, Fritsch F, Schodl M, Voill-Glaninger A, Weitmayr B, Födinger M, Klimpfinger M, Gruenberger T, Assinger A, Mikulits W, Starlinger P. Immunological Aspects of AXL/GAS-6 in the Context of Human Liver Regeneration. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:576-592. [PMID: 34951136 PMCID: PMC8870037 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AXL and its corresponding ligand growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS-6) are critically involved in hepatic immunomodulation and regenerative processes. Pleiotropic inhibitory effects on innate inflammatory responses might essentially involve the shift of macrophage phenotype from a pro-inflammatory M1 to an anti-inflammatory M2. We aimed to assess the relevance of the AXL/GAS-6-pathway in human liver regeneration and, consequently, its association with clinical outcome after hepatic resection. Soluble AXL (sAXL) and GAS-6 levels were analyzed at preoperative and postoperative stages in 154 patients undergoing partial hepatectomy and correlated with clinical outcome. Perioperative dynamics of interleukin (IL)-6, soluble tyrosine-protein kinase MER (sMerTK), soluble CD163 (sCD163), and cytokeratin (CK) 18 were assessed to reflect pathophysiological processes. Preoperatively elevated sAXL and GAS-6 levels predicted postoperative liver dysfunction (area under the curve = 0.721 and 0.722; P < 0.005) and worse clinical outcome. These patients failed to respond with an immediate increase of sAXL and GAS-6 upon induction of liver regeneration. Abolished AXL pathway response resulted in a restricted increase of sCD163, suggesting a disrupted phenotypical switch to regeneratory M2 macrophages. No association with sMerTK was observed. Concomitantly, a distinct association of IL-6 levels with an absent increase of AXL/GAS-6 signaling indicated pronounced postoperative inflammation. This was further supported by increased intrahepatic secondary necrosis as reflected by CK18M65. sAXL and GAS-6 represent not only potent and easily accessible preoperative biomarkers for the postoperative outcome but also AXL/GAS-6 signaling might be of critical relevance in human liver regeneration. Refractory AXL/GAS-6 signaling, due to chronic overactivation/stimulation in the context of underlying liver disease, appears to abolish their immediate release following induction of liver regeneration, causing overwhelming immune activation, presumably via intrahepatic immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Ortmayr
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaGeneral HospitalViennaAustria
| | - Laura Brunnthaler
- Center of Physiology and PharmacologyInstitute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - David Pereyra
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaGeneral HospitalViennaAustria.,Center of Physiology and PharmacologyInstitute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Heidemarie Huber
- Department of Medicine IInstitute of Cancer ResearchComprehensive Cancer CenterMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jonas Santol
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaGeneral HospitalViennaAustria
| | - Benedikt Rumpf
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaGeneral HospitalViennaAustria
| | - Sina Najarnia
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaGeneral HospitalViennaAustria
| | - Rory Smoot
- Department of SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Daphni Ammon
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaGeneral HospitalViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Sorz
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaGeneral HospitalViennaAustria
| | - Fabian Fritsch
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaGeneral HospitalViennaAustria
| | - Michael Schodl
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaGeneral HospitalViennaAustria
| | - Astrid Voill-Glaninger
- Department of Laboratory MedicineViennese Health Network, Clinic LandstraßeViennaAustria
| | - Barbara Weitmayr
- Department of PathologyViennese Health Network, Clinic LandstraßeViennaAustria
| | - Manuela Födinger
- Department of Laboratory MedicineViennese Health NetworkClinic FavoritenViennaAustria
| | - Martin Klimpfinger
- Department of PathologyViennese Health NetworkClinic FavoritenViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Gruenberger
- Department of SurgeryHPB Center, Viennese Health Network, Clinic Favoriten and Sigmund Freud Private UniversityViennaAustria
| | - Alice Assinger
- Center of Physiology and PharmacologyInstitute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Wolfgang Mikulits
- Department of Medicine IInstitute of Cancer ResearchComprehensive Cancer CenterMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Patrick Starlinger
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaGeneral HospitalViennaAustria.,Department of SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
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Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor reprograms macrophages to ameliorate acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury via p38 MAPK pathway. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:100. [PMID: 35110525 PMCID: PMC8810950 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (AILI) is the most frequent cause of acute liver failure; but the underlying mechanisms still remain obscure. Macrophages and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress play an important role in the pathogenesis of AILI. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a newly identified 18-kDa soluble protein, whose expression and secretion are stimulated by ER stress. To investigate the role of myeloid cell MANF in the pathogenesis of AILI, we assayed serum and liver samples from AILI model mice and patients with drug-induced liver injury (DILI). We demonstrated that the levels of MANF were elevated in patients with DILI and in mice with AILI. Moreover, myeloid-specific MANF knockout mice were generated and used. It was observed that a delayed liver recovery from myeloid-specific MANF gene knockout mice following APAP overdose compared to that from wild-type mice. MANF deficiency in myeloid cells resulted in increased infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMFs) but reduced restorative Ly6Clow macrophages after APAP treatment. MANF supplementation increased restorative Ly6Clow macrophages and subsequently alleviated liver injury. Moreover, MANF could enhance IL-10 expression and phagocytosis in macrophages via p38 MAPK pathway. Altogether, MANF seems to be a critical immune modulator in promoting liver repair via reducing and reprogramming MoMFs. MANF perhaps promoted the phenotype conversion of pro-inflammatory MoMFs to pro-restorative Ly6Clow MoMFs via p38 MAPK pathway, particularly through enhancing IL-10 and phagocytosis.
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3'mRNA sequencing reveals pro-regenerative properties of c5ar1 during resolution of murine acetaminophen-induced liver injury. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:10. [PMID: 35087052 PMCID: PMC8795215 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury (ALI) serves as paradigmatic model for drug-induced hepatic injury and regeneration. As major cause of ALI, acetaminophen overdosing is a persistent therapeutic challenge with N-acetylcysteine clinically used to ameliorate parenchymal necrosis. To identify further treatment strategies that serve patients with poor N-acetylcysteine responses, hepatic 3′mRNA sequencing was performed in the initial resolution phase at 24 h/48 h after sublethal overdosing. This approach disclosed 45 genes upregulated (≥5-fold) within this time frame. Focusing on C5aR1, we observed in C5aR1-deficient mice disease aggravation during resolution of intoxication as evidenced by increased liver necrosis and serum alanine aminotransferase. Moreover, decreased hepatocyte compensatory proliferation and increased caspase-3 activation at the surroundings of necrotic cores were detectable in C5aR1-deficient mice. Using a non-hypothesis-driven approach, herein pro-regenerative/-resolving effects of C5aR1 were identified during late acetaminophen-induced ALI. Data concur with protection by the C5a/C5aR1-axis during hepatectomy and emphasize the complex role of inflammation during hepatic regeneration and repair.
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Nguyen NT, Umbaugh DS, Sanchez-Guerrero G, Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. Kupffer cells regulate liver recovery through induction of chemokine receptor CXCR2 on hepatocytes after acetaminophen overdose in mice. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:305-320. [PMID: 34724096 PMCID: PMC8762790 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic, but also a main cause of acute liver injury in the United States and many western countries. APAP hepatotoxicity is associated with a sterile inflammatory response as shown by the infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes. While the contribution of the immune cells to promote liver repair have been demonstrated, the direct interactions between macrophages or neutrophils with hepatocytes to help facilitate hepatocyte proliferation and tissue repair remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between resident macrophages (Kupffer cells) and hepatocytes with a focus on the chemokine receptor CXCR2. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to an APAP overdose (300 mg/kg) and the role of CXCR2 on hepatocytes was investigated using a selective antagonist, SB225002. In addition, clodronate liposomes were used to deplete Kupffer cells to assess changes in CXCR2 expression. Our data showed that CXCR2 was mainly expressed on hepatocytes and it was induced specifically in hepatocytes around the necrotic area 24 h after APAP treatment. Targeting this receptor using an inhibitor caused a delayed liver recovery. Depletion of Kupffer cells significantly prevented CXCR2 induction on hepatocytes. In vitro and in vivo experiments also demonstrated that Kupffer cells regulate CXCR2 expression and pro-regenerative gene expression in surviving hepatocytes through production of IL-10. Thus, Kupffer cells support the transition of hepatocytes around the area of necrosis to a proliferative state through CXCR2 expression.
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17
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Papachristoforou E, Ramachandran P. Macrophages as key regulators of liver health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 368:143-212. [PMID: 35636927 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells and key cellular components of the liver. Hepatic macrophages consist of embryologically-derived resident Kupffer cells (KC), recruited monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and capsular macrophages. Both the diversity and plasticity of hepatic macrophage subsets explain their different functions in the maintenance of hepatic homeostasis and in injury processes in acute and chronic liver diseases. In this review, we assess the evidence for macrophage involvement in regulating both liver health and injury responses in liver diseases including acute liver injury (ALI), chronic liver disease (CLD) (including liver fibrosis) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In healthy livers, KC display critical functions such as phagocytosis, danger signal recognition, cytokine release, antigen processing and the ability to orchestrate immune responses and maintain immunological tolerance. However, in most liver diseases there is a striking hepatic MDM expansion, which orchestrate both disease progression and regression. Single-cell approaches have transformed our understanding of liver macrophage heterogeneity, dynamics, and functions in both human samples and preclinical models. We will further discuss the new insights provided by these approaches and how they are enabling high-fidelity work to specifically identify pathogenic macrophage subpopulations. Given the important role of macrophages in regulating injury responses in a broad range of settings, there is now a huge interest in developing new therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting macrophages. Therefore, we also review the current approaches being used to modulate macrophage function in liver diseases and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting macrophage subpopulations as a novel treatment strategy for patients with liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Papachristoforou
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Ramachandran
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Jaeschke H, Adelusi OB, Akakpo JY, Nguyen NT, Sanchez-Guerrero G, Umbaugh DS, Ding WX, Ramachandran A. Recommendations for the use of the acetaminophen hepatotoxicity model for mechanistic studies and how to avoid common pitfalls. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3740-3755. [PMID: 35024303 PMCID: PMC8727921 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug, which is safe at therapeutic doses but can cause severe liver injury and even liver failure after overdoses. The mouse model of APAP hepatotoxicity recapitulates closely the human pathophysiology. As a result, this clinically relevant model is frequently used to study mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury and even more so to test potential therapeutic interventions. However, the complexity of the model requires a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology to obtain valid results and mechanistic information that is translatable to the clinic. However, many studies using this model are flawed, which jeopardizes the scientific and clinical relevance. The purpose of this review is to provide a framework of the model where mechanistically sound and clinically relevant data can be obtained. The discussion provides insight into the injury mechanisms and how to study it including the critical roles of drug metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, necrotic cell death, autophagy and the sterile inflammatory response. In addition, the most frequently made mistakes when using this model are discussed. Thus, considering these recommendations when studying APAP hepatotoxicity will facilitate the discovery of more clinically relevant interventions.
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Key Words
- AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- ATG, autophagy-related genes
- Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- BSO, buthionine sulfoximine
- CAD, caspase-activated DNase
- CYP, cytochrome P450 enzymes
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide
- Drug metabolism
- EndoG, endonuclease G
- FSP1, ferroptosis suppressing protein 1
- Ferroptosis
- GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, glutathione disulfide
- Gclc, glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
- Gclm, glutamate–cysteine ligase modifier subunit
- HMGB1, high mobility group box protein 1
- HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- Innate immunity
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase
- KEAP1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- LAMP, lysosomal-associated membrane protein
- LC3, light chain 3
- LOOH, lipid hydroperoxides
- LPO, lipid peroxidation
- MAP kinase, mitogen activated protein kinase
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- Mitochondria
- MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1
- NRF2
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SMAC/DIABLO, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI
- TLR, toll like receptor
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- UGT, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Olamide B Adelusi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nga T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Giselle Sanchez-Guerrero
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David S Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Gong L, Liao L, Dai X, Xue X, Peng C, Li Y. The dual role of immune response in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: Implication for immune pharmacological targets. Toxicol Lett 2021; 351:37-52. [PMID: 34454010 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP), one of the most widely used antipyretic and analgesic drugs, principally contributes to drug-induced liver injury when taken at a high dose. APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) results in extensive necrosis of hepatocytes along with the occurrence of multiple intracellular events such as metabolic activation, cell injury, and signaling pathway activation. However, the specific role of the immune response in AILI remains controversial for its complicated regulatory mechanisms. A variety of inflammasomes, immune cells, inflammatory mediators, and signaling transduction pathways are activated in AILI. These immune components play antagonistic roles in aggravating the liver injury or promoting regeneration. Recent experimental studies indicated that natural products showed remarkable therapeutic effects against APAP hepatotoxicity due to their favorable efficacy. Therefore, this study aimed to review the present understanding of the immune response in AILI and attempted to establish ties among a series of inflammatory cascade reactions. Also, the immune molecular mechanisms of natural products in the treatment of AILI were extensively reviewed, thus providing a fundamental basis for exploring the potential pharmacological targets associated with immune interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Li Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xuyang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xinyan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhong J, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Xu C. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Acetaminophen-Related Liver Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies in Vivo. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 17:825-838. [PMID: 34620060 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x16666211007092055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy in acetaminophen-induced liver injury has been investigated in animal experiments, but individual studies with a small sample size cannot be used to draw a clear conclusion. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies to explore the potential of using MSCs in acetaminophen-induced liver injury. METHODS Eight databases were searched for studies reporting the effects of MSCs on acetaminophen hepatoxicity. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal studies was applied to assess the methodological quality. A meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.4 and STATA/SE 16.0 software. RESULTS Eleven studies involving 159 animals were included according to PRISMA statement guidelines. Significant associations were found for MSCs with the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) (standardized mean difference (SMD) - 2.58, p < 0.0001), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (SMD - 1.75, p = 0.001), glutathione (GSH) (SMD 3.7, p < 0.0001), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (SMD 1.86, p = 0.022), interleukin 10 (IL-10) (SMD 5.14, p = 0.0002) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (SMD - 4.48, p = 0.011) compared with those in the control group. The subgroup analysis showed that the tissue source of MSCs significantly affected the therapeutic efficacy (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis results demonstrate that MSCs could be a potential treatment for acetaminophen-related liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou. China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou. China
| | - Jiajun Zhong
- Clinical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou. China
| | - Shuisheng Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou. China
| | - Chengfang Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou. China
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21
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Campana L, Esser H, Huch M, Forbes S. Liver regeneration and inflammation: from fundamental science to clinical applications. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:608-624. [PMID: 34079104 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver regeneration is a complex process involving the crosstalk of multiple cell types, including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, endothelial cells and inflammatory cells. The healthy liver is mitotically quiescent, but following toxic damage or resection the cells can rapidly enter the cell cycle to restore liver mass and function. During this process of regeneration, epithelial and non-parenchymal cells respond in a tightly coordinated fashion. Recent studies have described the interaction between inflammatory cells and a number of other cell types in the liver. In particular, macrophages can support biliary regeneration, contribute to fibrosis remodelling by repressing hepatic stellate cell activation and improve liver regeneration by scavenging dead or dying cells in situ. In this Review, we describe the mechanisms of tissue repair following damage, highlighting the close relationship between inflammation and liver regeneration, and discuss how recent findings can help design novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Campana
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hannah Esser
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stuart Forbes
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Jaeschke H, Akakpo JY, Umbaugh DS, Ramachandran A. Novel Therapeutic Approaches Against Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury and Acute Liver Failure. Toxicol Sci 2021; 174:159-167. [PMID: 31926003 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver injury and acute liver failure caused by acetaminophen (APAP, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, paracetamol) overdose is a significant clinical problem in most western countries. The only clinically approved antidote is N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which promotes the recovery of hepatic GSH. If administered during the metabolism phase, GSH scavenges the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine. More recently, it was shown that NAC can also reconstitute mitochondrial GSH levels and scavenge reactive oxygen/peroxynitrite and can support mitochondrial bioenergetics. However, NAC has side effects and may not be efficacious after high overdoses. Repurposing of additional drugs based on their alternate mechanisms of action could be a promising approach. 4-Methylpyrazole (4MP) was shown to be highly effective against APAP toxicity by inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzymes in mice and humans. In addition, 4MP is a potent c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor expanding its therapeutic window. Calmangafodipir (CMFP) is a SOD mimetic, which is well tolerated in patients and has the potential to be effective after severe overdoses. Other drugs approved for humans such as metformin and methylene blue were shown to be protective in mice at high doses or at human therapeutic doses, respectively. Additional protective strategies such as enhancing antioxidant activities, Nrf2-dependent gene induction and autophagy activation by herbal medicine components are being evaluated. However, at this point, their mechanistic insight is limited, and the doses used are high. More rigorous mechanistic studies are needed to advance these herbal compounds. Nevertheless, based on recent studies, 4-methylpyrazole and calmangafodipir have realistic prospects to become complimentary or even alternative antidotes to NAC for APAP overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - David S Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Nguepi IST, Ngueguim FT, Gounoue RK, Mbatchou A, Dimo T. Curative effects of the aqueous extract of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. gray (Asteraceae) against ethanol induced-hepatotoxicity in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:1137-1143. [PMID: 33561913 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae) is used in Cameroonian traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases amongst which are hepatic disorders. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-diabetic properties have been reported but, there is no scientific information on its hepato-protective effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the curative effects of the Tithonia diversifolia (T. diversifolia) leaves aqueous extract on ethanol induced-hepatotoxicity in rats. METHODS Ethanol 40° (4 g/kg) was administered daily by intragastric gavage for 21 days, and then the extract was administered concomitantly with ethanol for two more weeks. Some biochemical serum and tissue parameters were evaluated. Histopathologic analysis of the liver was carried out. RESULTS The ingestion of ethanol induced a significant reduction of body weight and a significant increase in some markers of hepatic function (Alanine Amino-transferase, Aspartate Amino-transferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl-transferase, total bilirubin and albumin). These alterations were accompanied by a significant increase in the levels of serum triglycerides (p<0.001). Intoxicated animals were also characterized by a significant decrease of reduced glutathione and nitrites concentrations, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities as well as an increase of malondialdehyde levels. The histopathological examination showed vascular congestion, disorganized parenchyma, liver inflammation and dilation of sinusoid. The extract at the doses of 60 and 120 mg/kg reversed ethanol-induced adverse effects. CONCLUSION Our study found that, the aqueous extract of T. diversifolia leaves has hepato-protective activity against ethanol-induced liver damages due partly to its antioxidant effect. This result justifies its empirical use for the treatment of liver problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Stève Tsopmejio Nguepi
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Florence Tsofack Ngueguim
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Raceline Kamkumo Gounoue
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Adolphe Mbatchou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Theophile Dimo
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Protective effect of ISO-1 with inhibition of RIPK3 up-regulation and neutrophilic accumulation on acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Toxicol Lett 2020; 339:51-59. [PMID: 33370591 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Overdose use of acetaminophen (APAP) often occurs a severe liver injury, and its liver injury is lethal in some cases. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is expressed in a variety of cells and has multifunctional roles. However, the role of MIF in APAP-induced liver injury has not been fully investigated. In this study, we investigated whether treatment with (S,R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenil)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1), a MIF inhibitor, protected mice from acute APAP-induced liver injury. Acute liver injury was induced by injection of APAP (300 mg/kg body weight). Mice were treated with a single injection of ISO-1(15 mg/kg body weight) 1 h (h) before APAP administration. Histological, biochemical and molecular analyses were performed in liver of mice 12 h after APAP administration. ISO-1 remarkably improved the histological findings of APAP-induced liver injury in mice. The increases in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) by APAP were inhibited by ISO-1. In addition, ISO-1 reduced the increased number of the myeloperoxidase-staining cells and that of TUNEL-positive staining cells in the liver of mice with APAP-induced liver injury. Up-regulation of hepatic receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK)3 and heat shock protein70 by APAP was suppressed in the liver of mice given ISO-1. These results provide the additional evidence that inhibition of MIF activity may be clinically effective for treatment of acute APAP-induced liver injury.
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Huang D, Gibeley SB, Xu C, Xiao Y, Celik O, Ginsberg HN, Leong KW. Engineering liver microtissues for disease modeling and regenerative medicine. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1909553. [PMID: 33390875 PMCID: PMC7774671 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201909553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The burden of liver diseases is increasing worldwide, accounting for two million deaths annually. In the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in the basic and translational research of liver tissue engineering. Liver microtissues are small, three-dimensional hepatocyte cultures that recapitulate liver physiology and have been used in biomedical research and regenerative medicine. This review summarizes recent advances, challenges, and future directions in liver microtissue research. Cellular engineering approaches are used to sustain primary hepatocytes or produce hepatocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells and other adult tissues. Three-dimensional microtissues are generated by scaffold-free assembly or scaffold-assisted methods such as macroencapsulation, droplet microfluidics, and bioprinting. Optimization of the hepatic microenvironment entails incorporating the appropriate cell composition for enhanced cell-cell interactions and niche-specific signals, and creating scaffolds with desired chemical, mechanical and physical properties. Perfusion-based culture systems such as bioreactors and microfluidic systems are used to achieve efficient exchange of nutrients and soluble factors. Taken together, systematic optimization of liver microtissues is a multidisciplinary effort focused on creating liver cultures and on-chip models with greater structural complexity and physiological relevance for use in liver disease research, therapeutic development, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dantong Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sarah B. Gibeley
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ozgenur Celik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Henry N. Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Zhang X, Guo L, Zhang X, Xu L, Tian Y, Fan Z, Wei H, Zhang J, Ren F. GLT25D2 Is Critical for Inflammatory Immune Response to Promote Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Autophagy Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:01187. [PMID: 33071774 PMCID: PMC7530273 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose induces hepatocyte necrosis and causes liver hepatotoxicity. Currently, the role of galactosyltransferase in APAP-induced liver injury is still unclear. This study assessed the contribution of the GLT25D2 gene, a kind of collagen galactosyltransferase, to the development of APAP-induced liver injury. This study found that the expression of GLT25D2 markedly increased first and then decreased in the liver of mice treated with APAP, however, it downregulated in the liver of APAP overdose-patients compared with normal controls. Knockout of GLT25D2 significantly ameliorated the liver injury, meanwhile, it downregulated the proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and chemokines (CXCL-10, MIG and CXCL-1) levels, however, and upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-22, IL-10) levels. Mechanistic explorations showed that (1) GLT25D2 knockout promoted autophagy pathway; and (2) the GLT25D2 knockout-induced autophagy selected to clear damaged mitochondria in APAP-induced liver injury by mitophagy; and (3) the autophagy intervention by Atg 7 siRNA cancelled liver protection by knockout of GLT25D2 through regulating liver inflammation. In conclusion, our study proves that the upregulated expression of GLT25D2 decreased autophagy contributing to APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by mediating the inflammatory immune regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lele Guo
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangying Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zihao Fan
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongshan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ren
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Akakpo JY, Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. Novel strategies for the treatment of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:1039-1050. [PMID: 32862728 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1817896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the western world. Despite extensive investigations into the mechanisms of cell death, only a single antidote, N-acetylcysteine, is in clinical use. However, there have recently been more efforts made to translate mechanistic insight into identification of therapeutic targets and potential new drugs for this indication. AREAS COVERED After a short review of the key events in the pathophysiology of APAP-induced liver injury and recovery, the pros and cons of targeting individual steps in the pathophysiology as therapeutic targets are discussed. While the re-purposed drug fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole) and the new entity calmangafodipir are most advanced based on the understanding of their mechanism of action, several herbal medicine extracts and their individual components are also considered. EXPERT OPINION Fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole) is safe and has shown efficacy in preclinical models, human hepatocytes and in volunteers against APAP overdose. The safety of calmangafodipir in APAP overdose patients was shown but it lacks solid preclinical efficacy studies. Both drugs require a controlled phase III trial to achieve regulatory approval. All studies of herbal medicine extracts and components suffer from poor experimental design, which questions their clinical utility at this point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS, USA
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Roth K, Strickland J, Copple BL. Regulation of macrophage activation in the liver after acute injury: Role of the fibrinolytic system. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1879-1887. [PMID: 32390699 PMCID: PMC7201151 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i16.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver functions, in part, to prevent exposure of the body to potentially harmful substances ingested in the diet. While it is highly efficient at accomplishing this, it is frequently prone to liver injury due to the biotransformation of xenobiotics into toxic metabolites. To counter this injury, the liver has evolved a unique capacity to rapidly and efficiently repair itself. Successful resolution of acute liver injury relies on hepatic macrophage populations that orchestrate the reparative response. After injury, Kupffer cells, the resident macrophages of the liver, become activated and secrete proinflammatory cytokines. These cytokines recruit other immune cells, including monocyte-derived macrophages, to the liver where they contribute to the repair process. Monocyte-derived macrophages traffic into the necrotic foci where they rapidly phagocytose dead cell debris. Simultaneous with this process, these cells change phenotype from a proinflammatory macrophage to a pro-restorative macrophage that produce pro-mitogenic growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Ultimately this process triggers resolution of inflammation, and along with proliferation of other hepatic cells, restores the liver architecture and function. While the mechanisms regulating specific macrophage functions during repair remain to be elucidated, recent studies indicate a key role for the fibrinolytic system in coordinating macrophage function during repair. In this review, we will highlight the function and role of hepatic macrophages in repair after acute liver injury, and will discuss the role of the fibrinolytic enzyme, plasmin, in regulation of these various processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Jenna Strickland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Bryan L Copple
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
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Omega-3 fatty acids protect against acetaminophen-induced hepatic and renal toxicity in rats through HO-1-Nrf2-BACH1 pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 687:108387. [PMID: 32348741 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although acetaminophen (APAP) is a commonly used analgesic antipyretic drug, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity are common after the overdose. The main mechanism of APAP toxicity is oxidative stress based. Stress may induce the production of heme oxygenase 1 (HO)-1 which is regulated by interleukin (IL)-10 and inhibit the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). HO-1 expression is further regulated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the transcription factor BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1). Drug-induced toxicity can be relieved by several natural products, which are preferred due to their dietary nature and less adverse reactions. Of these natural products, omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids are known for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. However, effects of ω-3fatty acids on APAP-induced hepatic and renal toxicity are not well addressed. We designed this study to test the potential protecting actions of ω-3 fatty acids (270 mg/kg Eicosapentaenoic acid and 180 mg/kg docosahexaenoic acid, orally, for 7 days) in hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by APAP (2 g/kg, once orally on day 7) in rats. Moreover, we focused on the molecular mechanism underlying APAP hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Pre-treatment with ω-3 fatty acids enhanced liver and kidney functions indicated by decreased serum aminotransferases activities and serum creatinine and urea concentrations. These results were further confirmed by histopathological examination. Moreover, ω-3 fatty acids showed antioxidant properties confirmed by decreased malondialdehyde level and increased total antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant Nrf2, its regulators (HO-1 and BACH1) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) were up-regulated by APAP administration as a compensatory mechanism and they were normalized by ω-3 fatty acids. ω-3 fatty acids showed anti-inflammatory actions through down-regulating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ĸB) and its downstream TNF-α. Moreover, Western blot analysis showed that ω-3 fatty acids promoted Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus; BACH1 exit from the nucleus and inhibited NF-ĸB nuclear translocation. These findings suggested the protecting actions of ω-3 fatty acids against APAP-induced hepatic and renal toxicity through regulation of antioxidant Nrf2 and inflammatory NF-ĸB pathways.
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Jaeschke H, Ramachandran A. Mechanisms and pathophysiological significance of sterile inflammation during acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 138:111240. [PMID: 32145352 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic drug, which can cause severe liver injury after an overdose. The intracellular signaling mechanisms of APAP-induced cell death such as reactive metabolite formation, mitochondrial dysfunction and nuclear DNA fragmentation have been extensively studied. Hepatocyte necrosis releases damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) which activate cytokine and chemokine formation in macrophages. These signals activate and recruit neutrophils, monocytes and other leukocytes into the liver. While this sterile inflammatory response removes necrotic cell debris and promotes tissue repair, the capability of leukocytes to also cause tissue injury makes this a controversial topic. This review summarizes the literature on the role of various DAMPs, cytokines and chemokines, and the pathophysiological function of Kupffer cells, neutrophils, monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages, and NK and NKT cells during APAP hepatotoxicity. Careful evaluation of results and experimental designs of studies dealing with the inflammatory response after APAP toxicity provide very limited evidence for aggravation of liver injury but support of the hypothesis that these leukocytes promote tissue repair. In addition, many cytokines and chemokines modulate tissue injury by affecting the intracellular signaling events of cell death rather than toxicity of leukocytes. Reasons for the controversial results in this area are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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García-Román R, Francés R. Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Damage in Hepatic Steatosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 107:1068-1081. [PMID: 31638270 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the most used painkillers is acetaminophen (APAP), which is safe at the right dose. However, several studies have described populations susceptible to APAP-induced liver damage, mainly in livers with steatosis. Thus, clinicians should consider the presence of obesity and other chronic liver diseases like nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) when indicating treatment with APAP. Liver damage from this drug is generated through its metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, which is detoxified with glutathione (GSH). Prior depletion of GSH in steatotic hepatocytes plays a key role in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in people with obesity and NAFLD. The knowledge about the damage to the liver or APAP in susceptible people like the obese and those with NAFLD is of great relevance for the sanitary sector because it would imply strategies of different therapeutic approach in such patients. This paper reviews the role of APAP in liver damage in the presence of obesity, NAFLD, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rubén Francés
- Liver and Intestinal Immunobiology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan Alicante, Spain.,ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation, General University Hospital of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,CIBERehd, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Oztopuz O, Turkon H, Buyuk B, Coskun O, Sehitoglu MH, Ovali MA, Uzun M. Melatonin ameliorates sodium valproate-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:317-325. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Auriculatone Sulfate Effectively Protects Mice Against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203642. [PMID: 31600996 PMCID: PMC6832223 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is very common worldwide and has been widely recognized as the leading cause of drug-induced liver injury in the Western world. In our previous investigation, auriculatone, a natural product firstly obtained from Aster auriculatus, has demonstrated a potent protective effect against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in HL-7702 cells. However, the poor water solubility and low bioavailability restrict its application. Auriculatone sulfate (AS) is a sulfated derivative of auriculatone with highly improved water-solubility. Hepatoprotective effects against APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) showed that intragastric pretreatment with AS at 50 mg/kg almost completely prevented mice against APAP-induced increases of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and ATPase. Histological results showed that AS could protect the liver tissue damage. In addition, AS pretreatment not only significantly retained hepatic malondialdehyde and the activities of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase at normal levels, but also markedly suppressed the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in mouse liver caused by overdose APAP. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that AS obviously attenuated the expression of CD45 and HNE in liver tissue. Further mechanisms of action investigation showed that inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A11 (CYP 3A11) and CYP2E1 enzymatic activities (but not that of CYP1A2) was responsible for APAP bioactivation. In conclusion, AS showed a hepatoprotective effect against AILI through alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation and inhibiting CYP-mediated APAP bioactivation. It may be an effective hepatoprotective agent for AILI and other forms of human liver disease.
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Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the most popular and safe pain medications worldwide. However, due to its wide availability, it is frequently implicated in intentional or unintentional overdoses where it can cause severe liver injury and even acute liver failure (ALF). In fact, APAP toxicity is responsible for 46% of all ALF cases in the United States. Early mechanistic studies in mice demonstrated the formation of a reactive metabolite, which is responsible for hepatic glutathione depletion and initiation of the toxicity. This insight led to the rapid introduction of N-acetylcysteine as a clinical antidote. However, more recently, substantial progress was made in further elucidating the detailed mechanisms of APAP-induced cell death. Mitochondrial protein adducts trigger a mitochondrial oxidant stress, which requires amplification through a MAPK cascade that ultimately results in activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the cytosol and translocation of phospho-JNK to the mitochondria. The enhanced oxidant stress is responsible for the membrane permeability transition pore opening and the membrane potential breakdown. The ensuing matrix swelling causes the release of intermembrane proteins such as endonuclease G, which translocate to the nucleus and induce DNA fragmentation. These pathophysiological signaling mechanisms can be additionally modulated by removing damaged mitochondria by autophagy and replacing them by mitochondrial biogenesis. Importantly, most of the mechanisms have been confirmed in human hepatocytes and indirectly through biomarkers in plasma of APAP overdose patients. The extensive necrosis caused by APAP overdose leads to a sterile inflammatory response. Although recruitment of inflammatory cells is necessary for removal of cell debris in preparation for regeneration, these cells have the potential to aggravate the injury. This review touches on the newest insight into the intracellular mechanisms of APAP-induced cells death and the resulting inflammatory response. Furthermore, it discusses the translation of these findings to humans and the emergence of new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Spinnenhirn V, Demgenski J, Brunner T. Death Receptor Interactions With the Mitochondrial Cell Death Pathway During Immune Cell-, Drug- and Toxin-Induced Liver Damage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:72. [PMID: 31069226 PMCID: PMC6491631 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its extensive vascularization and physiological function as a filter and storage organ, the liver is constantly exposed to infectious and tumorigenic threat, as well as damaging actions of xenobiotics. Detoxification reactions are essential for the excretion of harmful substances, but harbor also the risk of “side effects” leading to dangerous metabolites of otherwise harmless substances, a well known effect during paracetamol overdose. These drugs can have detrimental effects, which often involves the induction of sterile inflammation and activation of the immune system. Therefore, the role of certain immune cells and their effector molecules in the regulation of drug-induced liver damage are of special interest. Hepatocytes are type II cells, and death receptor (DR)-induced cell death (CD) requires amplification via the mitochondrial pathway. However, this important role of the mitochondria and associated CD-regulating signaling complexes appears to be not restricted to DR signaling, but to extend to drug-induced activation of mitochondrial CD pathways. We here discuss the role of members of the TNF family, with a focus on TRAIL, and their interactions with the Bcl-2 family in the crosstalk between the extrinsic and intrinsic CD pathway during xenobiotic-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Spinnenhirn
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Janine Demgenski
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Weston CJ, Zimmermann HW, Adams DH. The Role of Myeloid-Derived Cells in the Progression of Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:893. [PMID: 31068952 PMCID: PMC6491757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of homeostasis and rapid response to tissue damage in the liver is orchestrated by crosstalk between resident and infiltrating inflammatory cells. A crucial role for myeloid cells during hepatic injury and repair has emerged where resident Kupffer cells, circulating monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils control local tissue inflammation and regenerative function to maintain tissue architecture. Studies in humans and rodents have revealed a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells that respond to the local environment by either promoting regeneration or driving the inflammatory processes that can lead to hepatitis, fibrogenesis, and the development of cirrhosis and malignancy. Such plasticity of myeloid cell responses presents unique challenges for therapeutic intervention strategies and a greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms is needed. Here we review the role of myeloid cells in the establishment and progression of liver disease and highlight key pathways that have become the focus for current and future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris John Weston
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - David H Adams
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Beheshti F, Hosseini M, Taheri Sarvtin M, Kamali A, Anaeigoudari A. Protective effect of aminoguanidine against lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity and liver dysfunction in rat. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 44:215-221. [PMID: 30691306 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1561712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria activates macrophages to produce a high level of pro-inflammatory cytokines which is considered as a cause of liver dysfunction. Overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) has been suggested to have a role in hepatic injury. The aim of the present study was to explore the protective effects of aminoguanidine (AG) as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor against LPS -induced liver dysfunction in rat. The animals were divided into five groups: (1) control (2) LPS (3) LPS-AG50, (4) LPS-AG100 and (5) LPS-AG150. LPS (1 mg/kg) was injected for 5 weeks and AG (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg) was administered 30 min before LPS. Drugs were injected intraperitoneally. LPS induced liver dysfunction presented by increasing the serum level of alkaline phosphatase (ALK-P), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Pretreatment with AG restored harmful effects of LPS on liver function. In addition, LPS resulted in hepatotoxicity, accompanied by enhancing the level of interleukin (IL)-6, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites and decreasing the content of total thiol groups and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity. Injection of AG before LPS attenuated LPS-induced hepatotoxicity through decreasing the level of IL-6, MDA and NO metabolites and increasing total thiols and SOD and CAT activity. Considering the protective effect of AG which was seen in the present study, it seems that increased levels of NO due to activation of iNOS has a role in LPS-induced hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farimah Beheshti
- Department of Basic Sciences and Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Taheri Sarvtin
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Ali Kamali
- Faculty of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Akbar Anaeigoudari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
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Woolbright BL, Jaeschke H. Mechanisms of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 4:346-357. [PMID: 30560047 PMCID: PMC6294466 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-018-0147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides a brief overview of mechanisms of inflammatory liver injury and how this applies to drug hepatotoxicity with a particular emphasis on the role of inflammation in acetaminophen-induced liver injury. RECENT FINDINGS Significant progress has been made in the last decade in our understanding of the initiation of sterile inflammation after necrotic cell death by the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and their recognition by toll-like receptors and others on macrophages. These events trigger the formation of cytokines and chemokines directly or with assistance of inflammasome activation thereby activating and recruiting leukocytes including neutrophils and monocyte-derived macrophages into the necrotic areas. Although this sterile inflammatory response is mainly geared towards the removal of necrotic cell debris and preparation of regeneration, there are conditions where these innate immune cells can aggravate the initial injury. The mechanisms and controversial findings of the innate immunity are being discussed in detail. In contrast, drug metabolism and formation of a reactive metabolite that binds to proteins in the absence of extensive cell death, can induce an adaptive immune response, which eventually also results in severe liver injury. However, the initiating event appears to be the formation of protein adducts, which act as haptens to activate an adaptive immune response. Overall, these mechanisms are less well understood. SUMMARY The past decade has revolutionized our understanding of the mechanisms that control the interplay between cell death and innate or adaptive immune responses. This report provides an update on these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Azizi-Malekabadi H, Abareshi A, Beheshti F, Marefati N, Norouzi F, Soukhtanloo M, Hosseini M. The effect of captopril on inflammation-induced liver injury in male rats. TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1517802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Azizi-Malekabadi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azam Abareshi
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Department of Basic Sciences and Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Norouzi
- Department of Physiology, Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences, Esfarayen, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine,
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Markose D, Kirkland P, Ramachandran P, Henderson N. Immune cell regulation of liver regeneration and repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regen.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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42
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Klopčič I, Markovič T, Mlinarič-Raščan I, Sollner Dolenc M. Endocrine disrupting activities and immunomodulatory effects in lymphoblastoid cell lines of diclofenac, 4-hydroxydiclofenac and paracetamol. Toxicol Lett 2018; 294:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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43
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rs1800796 of the IL6 gene is associated with increased risk for anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in Chinese Han children. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 111:71-77. [PMID: 30029918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed the important contribution of the immune response and oxidative stress to the development of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity (ATDH). To investigate whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the cytokine gene interleukin-6 (IL6) and oxidative stress genes xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase (XO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) were associated with susceptibility to ATDH, we performed a case-control study including 41 ATDH cases and 116 ATDH-free controls in Chinese Han children. Significant difference in the allele distribution of rs1800796 in the IL6 gene was observed between the case and control groups, and the G allele of rs1800796 was associated with an increased risk for ATDH (odds ratio: 2.48, 95%CI: 1.40-4.40, P = 0.002). However, no significant difference was observed in the allele and genotype distributions of the other SNPs of the IL6, XO and NOS2 genes between the case and control groups after Bonferroni correction. In addition, no interaction was found between all selected SNPs. These findings indicate that genetic variants of the IL6 gene might contribute to the development of ATDH in the Chinese Han pediatric population.
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44
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Tsuchiya Y, Sakai H, Hirata A, Yanai T. Brazilian green propolis suppresses acetaminophen-induced hepatocellular necrosis by modulating inflammation-related factors in rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2018; 31:275-282. [PMID: 30393431 PMCID: PMC6206282 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2018-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis is a resin-like material produced by honey bees from bud exudates and sap of plants and their own secretions. An ethanol extract of Brazilian green propolis (EEBGP) contains prenylated phenylpropanoids and flavonoids and has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol; APAP) is a typical hepatotoxic drug, and APAP-treated rats are widely used as a model of drug-induced liver injury. Oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions cause APAP-induced hepatocellular necrosis and are also related to expansion of the lesion. In the present study, we investigated the preventive effects of EEBGP on APAP-induced hepatocellular necrosis in rats and the protective mechanism including the expression of antioxidative enzyme genes and inflammation-related genes. A histological analysis revealed that administration 0.3% EEBGP in the diet for seven days reduced centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis with inflammatory cell infiltration induced by oral administration of APAP (800 mg/kg) and significantly reduced the area of necrosis. EEBGP administration did not significantly change the mRNA expression levels of antioxidant enzyme genes in the liver of APAP-treated rats but decreased the mRNA expression of cytokines including Il10 and Il1b, with a significant difference in Il10 expression. In addition, the decrease in the mRNA levels of the Il1b and Il10 genes significantly correlated with the decrease in the percentage of hepatocellular necrosis. These findings suggest that EEBGP could suppress APAP-induced hepatocellular necrosis by modulating cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Tsuchiya
- Nagaragawa Research Center, API Co., Ltd., 692-3 Nagara, Gifu-shi, Gifu 502-0071, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirata
- Division of Animal Experiment, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Tokuma Yanai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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45
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Borude P, Bhushan B, Gunewardena S, Akakpo J, Jaeschke H, Apte U. Pleiotropic Role of p53 in Injury and Liver Regeneration after Acetaminophen Overdose. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1406-1418. [PMID: 29654721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
p53 is the major cellular gatekeeper involved in proliferation, cell death, migration, and homeostasis. The role of p53 in pathogenesis of drug-induced liver injury is unknown. We investigated the role of p53 in liver injury and regeneration after acetaminophen (APAP) overdose, the most common cause of acute liver failure in the Western world. Eight-week-old male wild-type (WT) and p53 knockout (p53KO) mice were treated with 300 mg/kg APAP, and the dynamics of liver injury and regeneration were studied over a time course of 0 to 96 hours. Deletion of p53 resulted in a threefold higher liver injury than in WT mice. Interestingly, despite higher liver injury, p53KO mice recovered similarly as the WT mice because of faster liver regeneration. Deletion of p53 did not affect APAP bioactivation and initiation of injury. Microarray analysis revealed that p53KO mice had disrupted metabolic homeostasis and induced inflammatory and proliferative signaling. p53KO mice showed prolonged steatosis correlating with prolonged liver injury. Initiation of liver regeneration in p53KO mice was delayed, but once initiated, cell cycle was significantly faster than WT mice because of sustained AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. These studies show that p53 plays a pleotropic role after APAP overdose, where it prevents progression of liver injury by maintaining metabolic homeostasis and also regulates initiation of liver regeneration through proliferative signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Borude
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jephte Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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46
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Hirayama D, Iida T, Nakase H. The Phagocytic Function of Macrophage-Enforcing Innate Immunity and Tissue Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:E92. [PMID: 29286292 PMCID: PMC5796042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are effector cells of the innate immune system that phagocytose bacteria and secrete both pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators. In addition, macrophages play an important role in eliminating diseased and damaged cells through their programmed cell death. Generally, macrophages ingest and degrade dead cells, debris, tumor cells, and foreign materials. They promote homeostasis by responding to internal and external changes within the body, not only as phagocytes, but also through trophic, regulatory, and repair functions. Recent studies demonstrated that macrophages differentiate from hematopoietic stem cell-derived monocytes and embryonic yolk sac macrophages. The latter mainly give rise to tissue macrophages. Macrophages exist in all vertebrate tissues and have dual functions in host protection and tissue injury, which are maintained at a fine balance. Tissue macrophages have heterogeneous phenotypes in different tissue environments. In this review, we focused on the phagocytic function of macrophage-enforcing innate immunity and tissue homeostasis for a better understanding of the role of tissue macrophages in several pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hirayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Minami 1-jo Nishi 16-chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Iida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Minami 1-jo Nishi 16-chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Minami 1-jo Nishi 16-chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8543, Japan.
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47
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Freitas RB, Rômulo DN, Bianca GM, Eliziária CS, Murilo SA, Luciano GF, Luciana ML, Maria do Carmo P, Reggiani VG, João Paulo VL. Euterpe edulis extracts positively modulates the redox status and expression of inflammatory mediators. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1360255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. B. Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - D. N. Rômulo
- Department of Cell, Tissue and Developmental Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - G. M. Bianca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - C. S. Eliziária
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - S. A. Murilo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - G. F. Luciano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - M. L. Luciana
- Department of Medical and nursing, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - P. Maria do Carmo
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - V. G. Reggiani
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - V. L. João Paulo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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48
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Orbach SM, Cassin ME, Ehrich MF, Rajagopalan P. Investigating acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in multi-cellular organotypic liver models. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 42:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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49
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He Y, Feng D, Li M, Gao Y, Ramirez T, Cao H, Kim SJ, Yang Y, Cai Y, Ju C, Wang H, Li J, Gao B. Hepatic mitochondrial DNA/Toll-like receptor 9/MicroRNA-223 forms a negative feedback loop to limit neutrophil overactivation and acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in mice. Hepatology 2017; 66:220-234. [PMID: 28295449 PMCID: PMC5481471 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a leading cause of acute liver failure worldwide, in which mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) released by damaged hepatocytes activates neutrophils through binding of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), further aggravating liver injury. Here, we demonstrated that mtDNA/TLR9 also activates a negative feedback pathway through induction of microRNA-223 (miR-223) to limit neutrophil overactivation and liver injury. After injection of APAP in mice, levels of miR-223, the most abundant miRNAs in neutrophils, were highly elevated in neutrophils. Disruption of the miR-223 gene exacerbated APAP-induced hepatic neutrophil infiltration, oxidative stress, and injury and enhanced TLR9 ligand-mediated activation of proinflammatory mediators in neutrophils. An additional deletion of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) gene ameliorated APAP-induced neutrophil infiltration and liver injury in miR-223 knockout mice. In vitro experiments revealed that miR-223-deficient neutrophils were more susceptible to TLR9 agonist-mediated induction of proinflammatory mediators and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, whereas overexpression of miR-223 attenuated these effects in neutrophils. Moreover, inhibition of TLR9 signaling by either treatment with a TLR9 inhibitor or by disruption of TLR9 gene partially, but significantly, suppressed miR-223 expression in neutrophils post-APAP injection. In contrast, activation of TLR9 up-regulated miR-223 expression in neutrophils in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, activation of TLR9 up-regulated miR-223 by enhancing NF-κB binding on miR-223 promoter, whereas miR-223 attenuated TLR9/NF-κB-mediated inflammation by targeting IκB kinase α expression. Collectively, up-regulation of miR-223 plays a key role in terminating the acute neutrophilic response and is a therapeutic target for treatment of APAP-induced liver failure. (Hepatology 2017;66:220-234).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China,Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Man Li
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yanhang Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Teresa Ramirez
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Haixia Cao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seung-Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China,Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China,Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China,Corresponding authors: Bin Gao, M.D., Ph.D., Laboratory of Liver Diseases, NIAAA/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892; Tel: 301-443-3998. ; or Jun Li, M.D., Ph.D., School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China. Tel/fax: +86 551 65161001.
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Corresponding authors: Bin Gao, M.D., Ph.D., Laboratory of Liver Diseases, NIAAA/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892; Tel: 301-443-3998. ; or Jun Li, M.D., Ph.D., School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China. Tel/fax: +86 551 65161001.
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Kim DE, Jang MJ, Kim YR, Lee JY, Cho EB, Kim E, Kim Y, Kim MY, Jeong WI, Kim S, Han YM, Lee SH. Prediction of drug-induced immune-mediated hepatotoxicity using hepatocyte-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Toxicology 2017. [PMID: 28645575 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of liver disease and a key safety factor during drug development. In addition to the initiation events of drug-specific hepatotoxicity, dysregulated immune responses have been proposed as major pathological events of DILI. Thus, there is a need for a reliable cell culture model with which to assess drug-induced immune reactions to predict hepatotoxicity for drug development. To this end, stem cell-derived hepatocytes have shown great potentials. Here we report that hepatocyte-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hES-HLCs) can be used to evaluate drug-induced hepatotoxic immunological events. Treatment with acetaminophen significantly elevated the levels of inflammatory cytokines by hES-HLCs. Moreover, three human immune cell lines, Jurkat, THP-1, and NK92MI, were activated when cultured in conditioned medium obtained from acetaminophen-treated hES-HLCs. To further validate, we tested thiazolidinedione (TZD) class, antidiabetic drugs, including troglitazone withdrawn from the market because of severe idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity. We found that TZD drug treatment to hES-HLCs resulted in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and eventually associated immune cell activation. In summary, our study demonstrates for the first time the potential of hES-HLCs as an in vitro model system for assessment of drug-induced as well as immune-mediated hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Eon Kim
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Biomedical Research Center, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Young Ran Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea; Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 34133, South Korea
| | - Joo-Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Eun Byul Cho
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Eunha Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Yeji Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Won-Il Jeong
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Biomedical Research Center, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Seyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Yong-Mahn Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Seung-Hyo Lee
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Biomedical Research Center, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
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