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van den Bosch MHJ, Blom AB, van der Kraan PM. Inflammation in osteoarthritis: Our view on its presence and involvement in disease development over the years. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2024; 32:355-364. [PMID: 38142733 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation, both locally in the joint and systemic, is nowadays considered among the mechanisms involved in osteoarthritis (OA). However, this concept has not always been generally accepted. In fact, for long OA has been described as a relatively simple degeneration of articular cartilage as the result of wear and tear only. In this narrative review, we present what our understanding of OA was at the time of the inaugural release of Osteoarthritis and Cartilage about 30 years ago and discuss a set of pivotal papers that changed our view on the role of inflammation in OA development. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the current view on the involvement of inflammation in OA. Next, we use the example of transforming growth factor-β signaling to show how inflammation might influence processes in the joint in a manner that is beyond the simple interaction of ligand and receptor leading to the release of inflammatory and catabolic mediators. Finally, we discuss our view on what should be done in the future to bring the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arjen B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Stassen RHMJ, van den Akker GGH, Surtel DAM, Housmans BAC, Cremers A, Caron MMJ, Smagul A, Peffers MJ, van Rhijn LW, Welting TJM. Unravelling the Basic Calcium Phosphate crystal-dependent chondrocyte protein secretome; a role for TGF-β signaling. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023; 31:1035-1046. [PMID: 37075856 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Basic Calcium Phosphate (BCP) crystals play an active role in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, the cellular consequences remain largely unknown. Therefore, we characterized for the first time the changes in the protein secretome of human OA articular chondrocytes as a result of BCP stimulation using two unbiased proteomic analysis methods. METHOD Isolated human OA articular chondrocytes were stimulated with BCP crystals and examined by Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) after twenty-four and forty-eight hours. Forty-eight hours conditioned media were analyzed by label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and an antibody array. The activity of BCP dependent Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) signaling was analyzed by RT-qPCR and luciferase reporter assays. The molecular consequences regarding BCP-dependent TGF-β signaling on BCP-dependent Interleukin 6 (IL-6) were investigated using specific pathway inhibitors. RESULTS Synthesized BCP crystals induced IL-6 expression and secretion upon stimulation of human articular chondrocytes. Concomitant induction of catabolic gene expression was observed. Analysis of conditioned media revealed a complex and diverse response with a large number of proteins involved in TGF-β signaling, both in activation of latent TGF-β and TGF-β superfamily members, which were increased compared to non-stimulated OA chondrocytes. Activity of this BCP driven TGF-β signaling was confirmed by increased activity of expression of TGF-β target genes and luciferase reporters. Inhibition of BCP driven TGF-β signaling resulted in decreased IL-6 expression and secretion with a moderate effect on catabolic gene expression. CONCLUSION BCP crystal stimulation resulted in a complex and diverse chondrocyte protein secretome response. An important role for BCP-dependent TGF-β signaling was identified in development of a pro-inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H M J Stassen
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - G G H van den Akker
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - D A M Surtel
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - B A C Housmans
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Cremers
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M M J Caron
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Smagul
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - M J Peffers
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - L W van Rhijn
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T J M Welting
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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3
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Schwab A, Bertrand J. Are basic calcium phosphate crystals the driver of inflammation in osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023; 31:1001-1002. [PMID: 37236298 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schwab
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Experimental Orthopedics, University Orthopedic Clinic, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- Experimental Orthopedics, University Orthopedic Clinic, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germanyretain-->
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Bernabei I, So A, Busso N, Nasi S. Cartilage calcification in osteoarthritis: mechanisms and clinical relevance. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:10-27. [PMID: 36509917 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pathological calcification of cartilage is a hallmark of osteoarthritis (OA). Calcification can be observed both at the cartilage surface and in its deeper layers. The formation of calcium-containing crystals, typically basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPP) crystals, is an active, highly regulated and complex biological process that is initiated by chondrocytes and modified by genetic factors, dysregulated mitophagy or apoptosis, inflammation and the activation of specific cellular-signalling pathways. The links between OA and BCP deposition are stronger than those observed between OA and CPP deposition. Here, we review the molecular processes involved in cartilage calcification in OA and summarize the effects of calcium crystals on chondrocytes, synovial fibroblasts, macrophages and bone cells. Finally, we highlight therapeutic pathways leading to decreased joint calcification and potential new drugs that could treat not only OA but also other diseases associated with pathological calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bernabei
- Service of Rheumatology, Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander So
- Service of Rheumatology, Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Nathalie Busso
- Service of Rheumatology, Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Nasi
- Service of Rheumatology, Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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The Gasotransmitter Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2S) Prevents Pathologic Calcification (PC) in Cartilage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091433. [PMID: 34573065 PMCID: PMC8471338 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathologic calcification (PC) is a painful and disabling condition whereby calcium-containing crystals deposit in tissues that do not physiologically calcify: cartilage, tendons, muscle, vessels and skin. In cartilage, compression and inflammation triggered by PC leads to cartilage degradation typical of osteoarthritis (OA). The PC process is poorly understood and treatments able to target the underlying mechanisms of the disease are lacking. Here we show a crucial role of the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and, in particular, of the H2S-producing enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), in regulating PC in cartilage. Cse deficiency (Cse KO mice) exacerbated calcification in both surgically-induced (menisectomy) and spontaneous (aging) murine models of cartilage PC, and augmented PC was closely associated with cartilage degradation (OA). On the contrary, Cse overexpression (Cse tg mice) protected from these features. In vitro, Cse KO chondrocytes showed increased calcification, potentially via enhanced alkaline phosphatase (Alpl) expression and activity and increased IL-6 production. The opposite results were obtained in Cse tg chondrocytes. In cartilage samples from patients with OA, CSE expression inversely correlated with the degree of tissue calcification and disease severity. Increased cartilage degradation in murine and human tissues lacking or expressing low CSE levels may be accounted for by dysregulated catabolism. We found higher levels of matrix-degrading metalloproteases Mmp-3 and -13 in Cse KO chondrocytes, whereas the opposite results were obtained in Cse tg cells. Finally, by high-throughput screening, we identified a novel small molecule CSE positive allosteric modulator (PAM), and demonstrated that it was able to increase cellular H2S production, and decrease murine and human chondrocyte calcification and IL-6 secretion. Together, these data implicate impaired CSE-dependent H2S production by chondrocytes in the etiology of cartilage PC and worsening of secondary outcomes (OA). In this context, enhancing CSE expression and/or activity in chondrocytes could represent a potential strategy to inhibit PC.
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Osteoarthritis-associated basic calcium phosphate crystals alter immune cell metabolism and promote M1 macrophage polarization. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:603-612. [PMID: 31730805 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A number of studies have demonstrated that molecules called 'alarmins' or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), contribute to inflammatory processes in the OA joint. Metabolic reprogramming of immune cells, including macrophages, is emerging as a prominent player in determining immune cell phenotype and function. The aim of this study was to investigate if basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals which are OA-associated DAMPs, impact on macrophage phenotype and metabolism. METHODS Human monocyte derived macrophages were treated with BCP crystals and expression of M1 (CXCL9, CXCL10) and M2 (MRC1, CCL13)-associated markers was assessed by real-time PCR while surface maturation marker (CD40, CD80 & CD86) expression was assessed by flow cytometry. BCP induced metabolic changes were assessed by Seahorse analysis and glycolytic marker expression (hexokinase 2(HK2), Glut1 and HIF1α) was examined using real-time PCR and immunoblotting. RESULTS Treatment with BCP crystals upregulated mRNA levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 while concomitantly downregulating expression of CCL13 and MRC1. Furthermore, BCP-treated macrophages enhanced surface expression of the maturation makers, CD40, CD80 and CD86. BCP-treated cells also exhibited a shift towards glycolysis as evidenced by an increased ECAR/OCR ratio and enhanced expression of the glycolytic markers, HK2, Glut1 and HIF1α. Finally, BCP-induced macrophage activation and alarmin expression was reduced in the presence of the glycolytic inhibitor, 2-DG. CONCLUSIONS This study not only provides further insight into how OA-associated DAMPs impact on immune cell function, but also highlights metabolic reprogramming as a potential therapeutic target for calcium crystal-related arthropathies.
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Yan JF, Qin WP, Xiao BC, Wan QQ, Tay FR, Niu LN, Jiao K. Pathological calcification in osteoarthritis: an outcome or a disease initiator? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:960-985. [PMID: 32207559 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the progression of osteoarthritis, pathological calcification in the affected joint is an important feature. The role of these crystallites in the pathogenesis and progression of osteoarthritis is controversial; it remains unclear whether they act as a disease initiator or are present as a result of joint damage. Recent studies reported that the molecular mechanisms regulating physiological calcification of skeletal tissues are similar to those regulating pathological or ectopic calcification of soft tissues. Pathological calcification takes place when the equilibrium is disrupted. Calcium phosphate crystallites are identified in most affected joints and the presence of these crystallites is closely correlated with the extent of joint destruction. These observations suggest that pathological calcification is most likely to be a disease initiator instead of an outcome of osteoarthritis progression. Inhibiting pathological crystallite deposition within joint tissues therefore represents a potential therapeutic target in the management of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fei Yan
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Wen-Pin Qin
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Bo-Cheng Xiao
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Qian-Qian Wan
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Department of Endodontics, College of Graduate Studies, Augusta University, 1430, John Wesley Gilbert Drive, Augusta, GA, 30912, U.S.A
| | - Li-Na Niu
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
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8
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Avcioglu G, Özbek Ipteç B, Akcan G, Görgün B, Fidan K, Carhan A, Yilmaz G, Kozaci LD. Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D 3 on TNF-α induced inflammation in human chondrocytes and SW1353 cells: a possible role for toll-like receptors. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 464:131-142. [PMID: 31734843 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate anti-inflammatory and chondro-protective effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 in human chondrocytes and SW1353 cells via investigating expressions of MMPs, TIMPs, VDR, and intracellular signalling pathway mediators such as TLR-2 and -4. The HC and SW1353 cells were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 at 10, 100, and 1000 nM concentrations in the absence/presence of TNF-α (20 ng/mL) for 48 h. The mRNA expressions of MMP-1, -2, -3, -9, and -13, TIMP-1 and -2, VDR, TLR-2 and -4 in HC and SW1353 cells were detected by qPCR after treatments. The cytotoxicity and cell proliferation analyses were assessed by LDH and WST-1 assay, respectively. Protein levels of MMPs, TIMPs, and VDR were analysed by immunocytochemistry and ELISA methods. TNF-α markedly increased cytotoxicity for 24, 48, 72 h (p < 0.05) and vitamin D treatment was shown to diminish the cytotoxic effect of TNF-α. Cell proliferations increased by Vitamin D in a dose-dependent manner. mRNA expressions of MMP-1, -2, -3, -9, and -13, TLR-2 and -4 genes decreased with 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment (p < 0.05). VDR, TIMP-1 and -2 levels elevated after TNF-α exposure compared with the control group in HC cells (p < 0.05). Protein expression levels were determined using Western blotting, ELISA and immunocytochemistry. 1,25(OH)2D3 via binding to VDR, reversed the effects of TNF-α by inhibiting TLR-2 and 4. Decreased levels of VDR, TIMP-1 and -2 after TNF-α treatment were elevated by 1,25(OH)2D3 proportional with increasing 1,25(OH)2D3 doses. 1,25(OH)2D3 and TNF-α co-treatment decreased MMP-1, -2, -3, -9, and -13 levels were after TNF-α exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Avcioglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Betül Özbek Ipteç
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülben Akcan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Büsra Görgün
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kübra Fidan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Carhan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulsen Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Leyla Didem Kozaci
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
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9
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Abstract
The most common types of calcium-containing crystals that are associated with joint and periarticular disorders are calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPP) and basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals. Several diverse but difficult-to-treat acute and chronic arthropathies and other clinical syndromes are associated with the deposition of these crystals. Although the pathogenic mechanism of calcium crystal deposition is partially understood, much remains to be investigated, as no drug is available to prevent crystal deposition, permit crystal dissolution or specifically target the pathogenic effects that result in the clinical manifestations. In this Review, the main clinical manifestations of CPP and BCP crystal deposition are discussed, along with the biological effects of these crystals, current therapeutic approaches and future directions in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine M McCarthy
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Aisling Dunne
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Sun Y, Roberts A, Mauerhan DR, Cox M, Hanley EN. Biological effects and osteoarthritic disease-modifying activity of small molecule CM-01. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:309-317. [PMID: 28544002 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphocitrate inhibits cartilage degeneration, however, the prospect of phosphocitrate as an oral disease modifying drug might be limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological effects and disease-modifying activity of a phosphocitrate "analog," CM-01 (Carolinas Molecule-01), and test the hypothesis that CM-01 is a disease modifying drug for osteoarthritis therapy. The effects of CM-01 on calcium crystal-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and interleukin-1 beta, cell-mediated calcification and production of proteoglycan by chondrocytes were examined in cell cultures. Disease-modifying activity was examined using Hartley guinea pig model of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Cartilage degeneration in untreated and CM-01 treated guinea pigs was examined with Indian ink and Safranin-O-fast green. Levels of matrix metalloproteinase-13, ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 5, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5, and cyclooxygenase 2 were examined with immunostaining. CM-01 inhibited crystal-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and interleukin-1β, reduced cell-mediated calcification, and stimulated the production of proteoglycan by chondrocytes. In Hartley guinea pigs, CM-01 not only reduced damages in articular surface but also reduced resorption of calcified zone cartilage. The reduction in cartilage degeneration was accompanied by decreased levels of matrix metalloproteinase-13, ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 5, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 and cyclooxygenase 2. These findings confirmed that CM-01 is a promising candidate to be tested as an oral drug for human OA therapy. CM-01 exerted its disease-modifying activity on osteoarthritis, in part, by inhibiting the production of matrix-degrading enzymes and a molecular program resembling the endochondral pathway of ossification. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:309-317, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28232
| | - Andrea Roberts
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28232
| | - David R Mauerhan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28232
| | - Michael Cox
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28232
| | - Edward N Hanley
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28232
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11
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Cunningham CC, Corr EM, McCarthy GM, Dunne A. Intra-articular basic calcium phosphate and monosodium urate crystals inhibit anti-osteoclastogenic cytokine signalling. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:2141-2152. [PMID: 27426968 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and monosodium urate (MSU) crystals are particulates with potent pro-inflammatory effects, associated with osteoarthritis (OA) and gout, respectively. Bone erosion, due to increased osteoclastogenesis, is a hallmark of both arthropathies and results in severe joint destruction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of these endogenous particulates on anti-osteoclastogenic cytokine signalling. METHODS Human osteoclast precursors (OcP) were treated with BCP and MSU crystals prior to stimulation with Interleukin (IL-6) or Interferon (IFN-γ) and the effect on Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)-3 and STAT-1 activation in addition to Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) activation was examined by immunoblotting. Crystal-induced suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) protein and SH-2 containing tyrosine phosphatase (SHP) expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the presence and absence of MAPK inhibitors. RESULTS Pre-treatment with BCP or MSU crystals for 1 h inhibited IL-6-induced STAT-3 activation in human OcP, while pre-treatment for 3 h inhibited IFN-γ-induced STAT-1 activation. Both crystals activated p38 and extracellular signal-regulated (ERK) MAPKs with BCP crystals also activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Inhibition of p38 counteracted the inhibitory effect of BCP and MSU crystals and restored STAT-3 phosphorylation. In contrast, STAT-1 phosphorylation was not restored by MAPK inhibition. Finally, both crystals potently induced the expression of SOCS-3 in a MAPK dependent manner, while BCP crystals also induced expression of SHP-1 and SHP-2. CONCLUSION This study provides further insight into the pathogenic effects of endogenous particulates in joint arthropathies and demonstrates how they may contribute to bone erosion via the inhibition of anti-osteoclastogenic cytokine signalling. Potential targets to overcome these effects include p38 MAPK, SOCS-3 and SHP phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - E M Corr
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - G M McCarthy
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland.
| | - A Dunne
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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12
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Rosenthal AK, Ryan LM. Nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic management of CPP crystal arthritis and BCP arthropathy and periarticular syndromes. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2014; 40:343-56. [PMID: 24703351 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calcium crystal arthritis is often unrecognized, poorly managed, and few effective therapies are available. The most common types of calcium crystals causing musculoskeletal syndromes are calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) and basic calcium phosphate (BCP). Associated syndromes have different clinical presentations and divergent management strategies. Acute CPP arthritis is treated similarly to acute gouty arthritis, whereas chronic CPP and BCP arthropathy may respond to strategies used for osteoarthritis. Calcific tendonitis is treated with a variety of interventions designed to dissolve BCP crystals. A better understanding of the causes and larger well-planned trials of current therapies will lead to improved care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K Rosenthal
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Zablocki VA Medical Center and The Medical College of Wisconsin, FEOB 4th Floor, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Lawrence M Ryan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Zablocki VA Medical Center and The Medical College of Wisconsin, FEOB 4th Floor, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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13
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Khoshniat S, Bourgine A, Julien M, Petit M, Pilet P, Rouillon T, Masson M, Gatius M, Weiss P, Guicheux J, Beck L. Phosphate-dependent stimulation of MGP and OPN expression in osteoblasts via the ERK1/2 pathway is modulated by calcium. Bone 2011; 48:894-902. [PMID: 21147284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) acts as a signaling molecule in bone-forming cells, affecting cell functions and gene expression. Particularly, Pi stimulates the expression of mineralization-associated genes such as matrix gla protein (MGP) and osteopontin (OPN) through the ERK1/2 pathway. With respect to the presence of elevated extracellular calcium and Pi levels during bone remodeling, we questioned whether calcium might play a role in the Pi-dependent effects in osteoblasts. We first showed by Western blot and real-time PCR that the concomitant presence of 10 mM Pi and 1.8 mM calcium is required to stimulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation and MGP/OPN genes expression. The mechanisms involved in the cellular effects of calcium in the presence of Pi were subsequently examined. Firstly, the use of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) agonist gadolinium and the G-protein inhibitor pertussis toxin enabled us to determine that a CaSR mechanism is not involved in the Pi and calcium mediated cellular effects. By transmission electron microscopy, we next demonstrated that adding 10mM Pi to the culture medium containing 1.8mM calcium led to the formation calcium phosphate precipitates (CaPp). Moreover, treatment of osteoblasts with exogenous pre-synthesized CaPp stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation and MGP/OPN genes expression. In spite of high extracellular calcium and Pi concentrations, this stimulation was blunted in the presence of phosphocitrate, an inhibitor of crystal formation. Finally, we showed that despite that CaPp are not endocytosed, their effect on ERK1/2 phosphorylation and MGP/OPN genes expression were dependent on lipid rafts integrity. In summary, we showed that calcium is required for Pi-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation and regulation of mineralization-associated genes in osteoblasts and that its effect could originate from extracellular-related effects of CaPp that are dependent on the integrity of lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khoshniat
- Group STEP Skeletal Tissue Engineering and Physiopathology, Centre for Osteoarticular and Dental Tissue Engineering (LIOAD), INSERM, U791, Nantes, F-44042, France
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Umlauf D, Frank S, Pap T, Bertrand J. Cartilage biology, pathology, and repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:4197-211. [PMID: 20734104 PMCID: PMC11115553 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is one of the most common forms of musculoskeletal disease and the most prominent type of arthritis encountered in all countries. Although great efforts have been made to investigate cartilage biology and osteoarthritis pathology, the treatment has lagged behind that of other arthritides, as there is a lack of effective disease-modifying therapies. Numerous approaches for dealing with cartilage degradation have been tried, but enjoyed very little success to develop approved OA treatments with not only symptomatic improvement but also structure-modifying effect. In this review we discuss the most recent findings regarding the regulation of cartilage biology and pathology and highlight their potential therapeutic values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Umlauf
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine IEMM, University Hospital Muenster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Svetlana Frank
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine IEMM, University Hospital Muenster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Pap
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine IEMM, University Hospital Muenster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine IEMM, University Hospital Muenster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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McCarthy GM, Cheung HS. Point: Hydroxyapatite crystal deposition is intimately involved in the pathogenesis and progression of human osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2009; 11:141-7. [PMID: 19296887 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-009-0020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cause of osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis, is most likely multifactorial. No drug exists to slow the progression or reverse OA disease progression. Ample data support a key role of calcium-containing crystals, such as hydroxyapatite, in OA pathogenesis. The presence of these crystals, far higher in OA than in any other form of arthritis, correlates with the degree of radiographic degeneration. Calcium-containing crystals have potent biologic effects in vitro that emphasize their pathogenic potential. OA-associated matrix and chondrocyte alterations play an intimate role in the crystal deposition process. A major difficulty has been the lack of a simple technique for crystal identification in affected joints. Enhanced effort is needed to establish calcium-containing crystals as a therapeutic target in OA, as current data suggest an intimate association in its pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine M McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, University College Dublin and Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles St, Dublin 7, Ireland
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Chefetz I, Kohno K, Izumi H, Uitto J, Richard G, Sprecher E. GALNT3, a gene associated with hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis, is transcriptionally regulated by extracellular phosphate and modulates matrix metalloproteinase activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2009; 1792:61-7. [PMID: 18976705 PMCID: PMC3169302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GALNT3 encodes UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-d-galactosamine: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferarase 3 (ppGalNacT3), a glycosyltransferase which has been suggested to prevent proteolysis of FGF23, a potent phosphaturic protein. Accordingly, loss-of-function mutations in GALNT3 cause hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis (HFTC), a rare autosomal recessive disorder manifesting with increased kidney reabsorption of phosphate, resulting in severe hyperphosphatemia and widespread ectopic calcifications. Although these findings definitely attribute a role to ppGalNacT3 in the regulation of phosphate homeostasis, little is currently known about the factors regulating GALNT3 expression. In addition, the effect of decreased GALNT3 expression in peripheral tissues has not been explored so far. In the present study, we demonstrate that GALNT3 expression is under the regulation of a number of factors known to be associated with phosphate homeostasis, including inorganic phosphate itself, calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). In addition, we show that decreased GALNT3 expression in human skin fibroblasts leads to increased expression of FGF7 and of matrix metalloproteinases, which have been previously implicated in the pathogenesis of ectopic calcification. Thus, the present data suggest that ppGalNacT3 may play a role in peripheral tissues of potential relevance to the pathogenesis of disorders of phosphate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Chefetz
- Laboratory of Molecular Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Center for Translational Genetics, Rappaport Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Haifa, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kimitoshi Kohno
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroto Izumi
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gabriele Richard
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- GeneDx, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Laboratory of Molecular Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Center for Translational Genetics, Rappaport Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Haifa, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Molloy ES, Morgan MP, Doherty GA, McDonnell B, Hilliard M, O'Byrne J, Fitzgerald DJ, McCarthy GM. Mechanism of basic calcium phosphate crystal-stimulated cyclo-oxygenase-1 up-regulation in osteoarthritic synovial fibroblasts. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47:965-71. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Molloy ES, Morgan MP, McDonnell B, O'Byrne J, McCarthy GM. BCP crystals increase prostacyclin production and upregulate the prostacyclin receptor in OA synovial fibroblasts: potential effects on mPGES1 and MMP-13. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15:414-20. [PMID: 17123841 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential involvement of prostacyclin in basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystal-induced responses in osteoarthritic synovial fibroblasts (OASF). METHODS OASF grown in culture were stimulated with BCP crystals. Prostacyclin production was measured by enzyme immunoassay. Expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Expression of prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) and the prostacyclin (IP) receptor was measured. The effects of iloprost, a prostacyclin analogue, on expression of genes implicated in osteoarthritis such as microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase 1 (mPGES1) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were also studied. FPT inhibitor II, a farnesyl transferase inhibitor, was used to antagonize iloprost-induced responses. RESULTS BCP crystal stimulation led to a five-fold increase in prostacyclin production in OASF compared to untreated cells. This induction was attenuated by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and COX-1 inhibition at 4 and 32h, respectively. PGIS and IP receptor transcripts were constitutively expressed in OASF. BCP crystals upregulated IP receptor expression two-fold. While iloprost diminished BCP crystal-stimulated IP receptor upregulation, the inhibitory effect of iloprost was blocked by the farnesyl transferase inhibitor. In addition, iloprost upregulated mPGES1 and downregulated MMP-13 expression in BCP crystal-stimulated OASF, effects that were not influenced by the farnesyl transferase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS These data showed for the first time that BCP crystals can increase prostacyclin production and upregulate expression of the IP receptor in OASF. The potential of prostacyclin to influence BCP crystal-stimulated responses was supported by the effects of iloprost on the expression of the IP receptor, mPGES1 and MMP-13. These data demonstrate the potential involvement of prostacyclin in BCP crystal-associated osteoarthritis (OA) and suggest that inhibition of PG synthesis with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may have both deleterious and beneficial effects in BCP crystal-associated OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Molloy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, and National Orthopaedic Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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Major ML, Cheung HS, Misra RP. Basic calcium phosphate crystals activate c-fos expression through a Ras/ERK dependent signaling mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 355:654-60. [PMID: 17307136 PMCID: PMC1855205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Diseases caused by calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) and basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals occur frequently in osteoarthritic joints. Both crystals induce mitogenesis, metalloproteinase synthesis and secretion by fibroblasts and chondrocytes, promoting degradation of articular tissue. We investigated the mechanism by which BCP activates the c-fos proto-oncogene, which has been shown to activate various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We demonstrate that BCP crystals induce c-fos expression primarily through a Ras/ERK-dependent signaling mechanism targeting two highly conserved regulatory binding sites, the serum response element (SRE) and the cAMP response element (CRE). These results establish a calcium crystal induced, calcium/calmodulin independent, signaling pathway in which BCP crystals activate Ras/MAPK, which can directly target an SRF-containing transcription factor complex, to induce fibroblasts to secrete metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herman S. Cheung
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101
| | - Ravi P. Misra
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel. # 414-456-8433, Fax # 414-456-6510, Internet:
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21
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Molloy ES, McCarthy GM. Calcium crystal deposition diseases: update on pathogenesis and manifestations. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2006; 32:383-400, vii. [PMID: 16716885 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals are the most common types of pathologic calcium-containing crystals. Although these crystals long have been associated with a variety of rheumatic syndromes, recent evidence implicates BCP crystals in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and atherosclerosis. Although understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in generating these pathologic effects has been advanced significantly in recent years, they still are understood incompletely. Such advances are essential to the ongoing search for effective therapies for crystal-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Molloy
- Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, A50 Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Basic calcium phosphate crystals have long been associated with rheumatic syndromes. Although an understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in generating these pathological effects has been significantly advanced in recent years, it is still incomplete. RECENT FINDINGS Basic calcium phosphate crystals have been shown to increase prostaglandin E(2) production in human fibroblasts, mediated by the induction of both cyclooxygenases 1 and 2. Basic calcium phosphate crystals have also been found to upregulate IL-1beta in fibroblasts and chondrocytes. The upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and stimulation of nitric oxide production in chondrocytes by octacalcium phosphate crystals has been demonstrated. The involvement of protein kinase C isoforms in basic calcium phosphate crystal-mediated matrix metalloproteinase 1 and 3 expression in human fibroblasts has been clarified. Two pathways are involved: protein kinase Calpha mediates the calcium-dependent pathway, whereas protein kinase Cmu activates the extracellular-regulated kinase pathway in a calcium-independent cascade. In addition, basic calcium phosphate crystals activate the transcription factor Egr-1, an effect that may contribute to the mitogenic effect of these crystals on fibroblasts. SUMMARY Recent findings have emphasized the potential for basic calcium phosphate crystals to stimulate the production of a variety of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E(2), nitric oxide, IL-1beta and matrix metalloproteinases, and have helped to elucidate the mechanisms of these effects. Such advances are essential for the ongoing search for effective therapies for basic calcium phosphate crystal-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn S Molloy
- Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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van Waveren C, Sun Y, Cheung HS, Moraes CT. Oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction modulates expression of extracellular matrix--remodeling genes and invasion. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:409-18. [PMID: 16221732 PMCID: PMC2778475 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of recent studies suggest that mitochondrial function is a player in tumor development and progression. In this study, we have used gene expression arrays to examine transcriptional differences between oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-competent and OXPHOS-impaired human osteosarcoma cells. Genes associated with extracellular matrix remodeling, including members of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of the MMP (TIMP) family, urokinase plasminogen activator and its inhibitor plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI1), and CTGF and CYR61 (members of the Cysteine-rich 61, Connective Tissue Growth Factor and Nephroblastoma-overexpressed (CCN) gene family of growth regulators), were among the ones significantly altered in the OXPHOS-deficient cells. These changes were confirmed by RT-PCR and promoter reporter assays. Alterations at the protein level for some of these factors were also observed, though at a lower magnitude, with the exception of TIMP1, where a marked change in steady-state levels of the protein was observed after induction of OXPHOS dysfunction. Repopulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-less cells with wild-type mtDNA reduced matrigel invasion, whereas repopulation with a mutated mtDNA did not. Taken together our data suggests that OXPHOS dysfunction modulates the invasive phenotype by transcriptional regulation of genes coding for members of the MMP/TIMP system, urokinase plasminogen activator/plasminogen-activator inhibitor I and CCN proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina van Waveren
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yubo Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Herman S. Cheung
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Carlos T. Moraes
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA. Tel: +1 305 243 5858; Fax: +1 305 243 3914;
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Ea HK, Uzan B, Rey C, Lioté F. Octacalcium phosphate crystals directly stimulate expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase through p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases in articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R915-26. [PMID: 16207333 PMCID: PMC1257419 DOI: 10.1186/ar1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals, including hydroxyapatite, octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and carbonate-apatite, have been associated with severe osteoarthritis and several degenerative arthropathies. Most studies have considered the chondrocyte to be a bystander in the pathogenesis of calcium crystal deposition disease, assuming that synovial cell cytokines were the only triggers of chondrocyte activation. In the present study we identified direct activation of articular chondrocytes by OCP crystals, which are the BCP crystals with the greatest potential for inducing inflammation. OCP crystals induced nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mRNA expression by isolated articular chondrocytes and cartilage fragments, in a dose-dependent manner and with variations over time. OCP crystals also induced IL-1β mRNA expression. Using pharmacological and cytokine inhibitors, we observed that OCP crystals induced NO production and inducible NOS mRNA activation were regulated at both the transcriptional and the translational levels; were independent from IL-1β gene activation; and involved p38 and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, as further confirmed by OCP crystal-induced p38 and JNK MAPK phosphorylation. Taken together, our data suggest that the transcriptional inducible NOS response to OCP crystals involved both the p38 and the JNK MAPK pathways, probably under the control of activator protein-1. NO, a major mediator of cartilage degradation, can be directly produced by BCP crystals in chondrocytes. Together with synovial activation, this direct mechanism may be important in the pathogenesis of destructive arthropathies triggered by microcrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Korng Ea
- INSERM U606, Centre Viggo Petersen, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Uzan
- INSERM U606, Centre Viggo Petersen, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Lioté
- INSERM U606, Centre Viggo Petersen, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7, UFR Saint-Louis Lariboisière, Paris, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Calcium-containing crystals can cause the degeneration of articular tissues in two separate pathways. In the direct pathway, crystals directly induce synoviocytes to proliferate and produce metalloproteinases and prostaglandins. The other pathway, the paracrine pathway, involves the interaction between crystals and macrophages/monocytes, which leads to the synthesis and release of cytokines, which can reinforce the action of crystals on synoviocytes and/or induce chondrocytes to secrete enzymes and which eventually causes the degeneration of articular tissues. The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent findings of the biologic effect of these crystals. RECENT FINDINGS In the past few years, major advances in the understanding of the biologic effect of crystals and the signal transduction pathway of crystal-induced cell activation offer a unique opportunity to examine the role of crystal in osteoarthritis and cartilage degeneration. SUMMARY Evidence for a causal role of crystals in cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis is primarily inferential and is based on correlative data. Clinical observations indicate that exaggerated and uniquely distributed cartilage degeneration is associated with these deposits. Measurements of putative markers of cartilage breakdown suggest that these crystals magnify the degenerative process. Studies have shown two potential mechanisms by which crystals cause degeneration. These involve the stimulation of mitogenesis in synovial fibroblasts and the secretion of metalloproteinases by cells that subject these crystals to phagocytosis. New information on how crystals form and how they exert their biologic effects will help in the design of an effective therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman S Cheung
- Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
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Umekawa T, Byer K, Uemura H, Khan SR. Diphenyleneiodium (DPI) reduces oxalate ion- and calcium oxalate monohydrate and brushite crystal-induced upregulation of MCP-1 in NRK 52E cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20:870-8. [PMID: 15755756 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfh750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our earlier studies have demonstrated upregulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in NRK52E rat renal epithelial cells by exposure to oxalate (Ox) ions and crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) or the brushite (Br) form of calcium phosphate. The upregulation was mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study was performed to investigate whether NADPH oxidase is involved in ROS production. METHODS Confluent cultures of NRK52E cells were exposed to Ox ions or COM and Br crystals. They were exposed for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h for isolation of MCP-1 mRNA and 24 h for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the secretion of protein into the culture medium. We also investigated the effect of free radical scavenger, catalase, and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodium (DPI) chloride, on the Ox- and crystal-induced expression of MCP-1 mRNA and protein. The transcription of MCP-1 mRNA in the cells was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Hydrogen peroxide and 8-isoprostane were measured to investigate the involvement of ROS. RESULTS Exposure of NRK52E cells to Ox ions as well as the crystals resulted in increased expression of MCP-1 mRNA and production of the chemoattractant. Treatment with catalase reduced the Ox- and crystal-induced expression of both MCP-1 mRNA and protein. DPI reduced the crystal-induced gene expression and protein production but not Ox-induced gene expression and protein production. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to Ox ions, and COM and Br crystals stimulates a ROS-mediated increase in MCP-1 mRNA expression and protein production. Reduction in ROS production, lipid peroxidation, low-density lipoprotein release, and inducible MCP-1 gene and protein in the presence of DPI indicates an involvement of NADPH oxidase in the production of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Umekawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Box 100275, Gainesville, FL 32610-0275, USA
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Reuben PM, Sun Y, Cheung HS. Basic Calcium Phosphate Crystals Activate p44/42 MAPK Signal Transduction Pathway via Protein Kinase Cμ in Human Fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:35719-25. [PMID: 15190081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403406200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals are common in osteoarthritis, the crystal-induced signal transduction pathways in human fibroblasts have not been fully comprehended. We have previously demonstrated that the induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 1 and 3 by BCP crystals follows both the calcium-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) pathway and the calcium-independent p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p44/42 MAPK) pathway. Although we showed that the calcium-dependent PKC pathway was characterized by calcium-dependent PKCalpha, here we show that the calcium-independent p44/42 MAPK pathway is mediated by calcium-independent PKCmicro. Inhibition of PKCmicro synthesis and activity by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and H-89 (N-(2-[p-bromocinnamylamino]ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide), respectively, results in the inhibition of p44/42 MAPK activation, thus demonstrating that p44/42 MAPK activity is dependent upon PKCmicro. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting also show that inhibition of PKCmicro results in the inhibition of MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA and protein expression as a result of p44/42 MAPK inhibition. These results now lead us to the conclusion that BCP crystal activation of human fibroblasts follows two pathways: 1) the calcium-dependent PKC pathway characterized by PKCalpha and 2) the calcium-independent p44/42 MAPK pathway mediated by PKCmicro, which operate independently leading to an increase in mitogenesis and MMP synthesis and ultimately complementing each other for the efficient regulation of cellular responses to BCP crystal stimulation of human fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Reuben
- Research Service & Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, Florida 33125, USA
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Abstract
Basic calcium phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, and monosodium urate crystals are the most common types of crystals associated with human disease. Although there is a well-established association between these crystals and various forms of joint disease, recent evidence points to an association of basic calcium phosphate crystals with breast cancer and atherosclerosis. Crystal-induced tissue damage is affected by degradative proteases, cytokines, chemokines, and prostanoids produced by cells stimulated by crystals. In the case of basic calcium phosphate and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals, these responses are augmented by the cellular proliferation that results from their induction of mitogenesis. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in generating these pathologic effects has been significantly advanced in recent years. Such advances are essential to the ongoing search for more effective therapies for crystal-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn S Molloy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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O'Shea FD, McCarthy GM. Basic calcium phosphate deposition in the joint: a potential therapeutic target in osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004; 16:273-8. [PMID: 15103257 DOI: 10.1097/00002281-200405000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Basic calcium phosphate crystals are responsible for a number of clinical syndromes. The study of basic calcium phosphate crystal deposition diseases has been hindered by a lack of readily available, accurate, diagnostic tests. Recent data have provided further understanding of the mechanisms by which basic calcium phosphate crystals induce inflammation and degeneration within the joint, as well as their potential role in other conditions such as cancer and atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS New information on the effects of basic calcium phosphate crystals on matrix metalloproteinases and mitogenesis further supports a role for basic calcium phosphate crystals in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Phosphocitrate remains the most promising of the potential therapeutic agents, which could antagonize the effects of basic calcium phosphate crystals, although other therapies have also been examined. SUMMARY Further work is needed to clarify the exact role basic calcium phosphate crystals play in the development of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finbar D O'Shea
- Department of Rheumatology, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Ohana E, Segal D, Palty R, Ton-That D, Moran A, Sensi SL, Weiss JH, Hershfinkel M, Sekler I. A Sodium Zinc Exchange Mechanism Is Mediating Extrusion of Zinc in Mammalian Cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:4278-84. [PMID: 14581475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309229200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc influx, driven by a steep inward electrochemical gradient, plays a fundamental role in zinc signaling and in pathophysiologies linked to intracellular accumulation of toxic zinc. Yet, the cellular transport mechanisms that actively generate or maintain the transmembrane gradients are not well understood. We monitored Na+-dependent Zn2+ transport in HEK293 cells and cortical neurons, using fluorescent imaging. Treatment of the HEK293 cells with CaPO4 precipitates induced Na+-dependent Zn2+ extrusion, against a 500-fold transmembrane zinc gradient, or zinc influx upon reversal of Na+ gradient, thus indicating that Na+/Zn2+ exchange is catalyzing active Zn2+ transport. Depletion of intracellular ATP did not inhibit the Na+-dependent Zn2+ extrusion, consistent with a mechanism involving a secondary active transporter. Inhibitors of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger failed to inhibit Na+-dependent Zn2+ efflux. In addition, zinc transport was unchanged in HEK293 cells heterologously expressing functional cardiac or neuronal Na+/Ca2+ exchangers, thus indicating that the Na+/Zn2+ exchange activity is not mediated by the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. Sodium-dependent zinc exchange, facilitating the removal of intracellular zinc, was also monitored in neurons. To our knowledge, the Na+/Zn2+ exchanger described here is the first example of a mammalian transport mechanism capable of Na+-dependent active extrusion of zinc. Such mechanism is likely to play an important role, not only in generating the transmembrane zinc gradients, but also in protecting cells from the potentially toxic effects of permeation of this ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Ohana
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Halverson PB. Crystal deposition disease of the shoulder (including calcific tendonitis and milwaukee shoulder syndrome). Curr Rheumatol Rep 2003; 5:244-7. [PMID: 12744818 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-003-0074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcific tendinitis of the shoulder is a dynamic process. Osteopontin is present in cells surrounding tendon calcifications. Resorption is probably mediated by cathepsin K-containing multinucleated giant cells. Rotator cuff tears are associated with an inflammatory response based on the presence of interleukin-1 and a proliferative synovitis. Metalloproteinases are found in the synovial fluids of patients with rotator cuff tears. Some patients with large rotator cuff tears progress to a severe destructive arthropathy characterized by large joint effusions, which are noninflammatory but contain basic calcium phosphate crystals. These crystals stimulate metalloproteinase production in vitro and also suppress metalloproteinase inhibitor production. Mutations in the ank gene result in decreased extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate in murine progressive ankylosis, and increased extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate in some cases of familial chondrocalcinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Halverson
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Abstract
Basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals include partially carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite, octacalcium phosphate, and tricalcium phosphate. They may form deposits, which are frequently asymptomatic but may give rise to a number of clinical syndromes including calcific periarthritis, Milwaukee shoulder syndrome, and osteoarthritis, in and around joints. Recent data suggest that magnesium whitlockite, another form of BCP, may play a pathologic role in arthritis. Data from the past year have provided further understanding of the mechanisms by which BCP crystals induce inflammation and degeneration. There remains no specific treatment to modify the effects of BCP crystals. Although potential drugs are being identified as the complex pathophysiology of BCP crystals is unraveled, much work remains to be done in order to translate research advances to date into tangible clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn S Molloy
- Department of Rheumatology, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
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Pay S, Terkeltaub R. Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and hydroxyapatite crystal deposition in the joint: new developments relevant to the clinician. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2003; 5:235-43. [PMID: 12744817 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-003-0073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The major types of crystals containing calcium, which causes arthropathy and periarticular disease, are calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and basic calcium phosphates, including hydroxyapatite. Exciting advances include the identification of mutations in the gene ANKH associated with disordered inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) transport in some kindred with familial chondrocalcinosis linked to chromosome 5p. In addition, central basic mechanisms governing cartilage calcification and their relationship to aging and osteoarthritis have now been elucidated. These include the role of plasma cell glycoprotein-1, the PPi-generating ecto-enzyme, in chondrocalcinosis and the linkage of low- grade inflammation to expression and activation of two cartilage-expressed transglutaminase isoenzymes with direct calcification-stimulating activity. This review discusses clinically pertinent new information on pathogenesis. The authors also address, in detail, current diagnostic and therapeutic issues pertaining to calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and hydroxyapatite crystal deposition in the joint, as well as possible therapeutic directions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Pay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Gulhane Military Medical School, Etlik Ankara, Turkey.
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Abstract
The association of crystal deposition with osteoarthritis and joint destruction is well established. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms whereby calcium crystals contribute to cartilage damage are highlighted in this review. In vitro studies have shown that when calcium-containing crystals come in contact with cells they cause an influx in Ca 2+ concentration and activation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases. This is followed by induction of proto-oncogenes (c- fos, c- jun ) and induction of the nuclear transcription factors activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB, which in turn lead to crystal-induced modulation of normal gene expression. Some of the downstream effects known to date include increased mitogenesis, up-regulation of members of the matrix metalloproteinase family, down-regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and -2 in fibroblasts, induction of neutrophil chemotactic chemokines such as interleukin-8, activation and degranulation of neutrophils, and inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis. Because no known drug prevents or treats the consequences of basic calcium phosphate crystal deposition, an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to crystal-induced joint degeneration is essential to the development of a rational approach to target the consequences of crystal deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Morgan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Reuben PM, Brogley MA, Sun Y, Cheung HS. Molecular mechanism of the induction of metalloproteinases 1 and 3 in human fibroblasts by basic calcium phosphate crystals. Role of calcium-dependent protein kinase C alpha. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:15190-8. [PMID: 11836255 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200278200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial fluid basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals are common in osteoarthritis and are often associated with destructive arthropathies involving cartilage degeneration. These crystals are mitogenic and induce oncogene expression and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) synthesis and secretion in human fibroblasts. To date, BCP crystal-elicited signal transduction pathways have not been completely studied. Because protein kinase C (PKC) is known to play an important role in signal transduction, we investigated the participation of this pathway in the BCP crystal induction of MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA and protein expressions in human fibroblasts. Using reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Northern and Western blotting techniques, we show here that BCP crystal stimulation of MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA and protein expressions in human fibroblasts is dependent upon the calcium-dependent PKC signal transduction pathway and that the PKC alpha isozyme is specifically involved in the pathway. We have previously shown that BCP crystal induction of MMP-1 and MMP-3 is also dependent on the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p44/42 MAPK) signal transduction pathway. We now show that these two pathways operate independently and seem to complement each other. This leads to our hypothesis that the two pathways initially function independently, ultimately leading to an increase in mitogenesis and MMP synthesis, and may converge downstream of PKC and p44/42 MAPK to mediate BCP crystal-induced cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Reuben
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
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