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Cuenca-Escalona J, Flórez-Grau G, van den Dries K, Cambi A, de Vries IJM. PGE2-EP4 signaling steers cDC2 maturation toward the induction of suppressive T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350770. [PMID: 38088451 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) shape adaptive immunity in response to environmental cues such as cytokines or lipid mediators, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In cancer, tumors are known to establish an enriched PGE2 microenvironment. Tumor-derived PGE2 primes regulatory features across immune cells, including DCs, facilitating tumor progression. PGE2 shapes DC function by providing signaling via its two so-called E-prostanoid receptors (EPs) EP2 and EP4. Although studies with monocyte-derived DCs have shown the importance of PGE2 signaling, the role of PGE2-EP2/EP4 on conventional DCs type 2 (cDC2s), is still poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the function of EP2 and EP4 using specific EP antagonists on human cDC2s. Our results show that EP2 and EP4 exhibit different functions in cDC2s, with EP4 modulating the upregulation of activation markers (CD80, CD86, CD83, MHC class II) and the production of IL-10 and IL-23. Furthermore, PGE2-EP4 boosts CCR type 7-based migration as well as a higher T-cell expansion capacity, characterized by the enrichment of suppressive rather than pro-inflammatory T-cell populations. Our findings are relevant to further understanding the role of EP receptors in cDC2s, underscoring the benefit of targeting the PGE2-EP2/4 axis for therapeutic purposes in diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cuenca-Escalona
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, Nijmegen, 6525GA, the Netherlands
| | - Georgina Flórez-Grau
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, Nijmegen, 6525GA, the Netherlands
| | - Koen van den Dries
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, Nijmegen, 6525GA, the Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, Nijmegen, 6525GA, the Netherlands
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, Nijmegen, 6525GA, the Netherlands
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2
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Corminboeuf O, Diethelm S, Zumbrunn C, Lyothier I, Niggli N, Gnerre C, Jeay S, Lehembre F, Boss C. Design of Dual EP2/EP4 Antagonists through Scaffold Merging of Selective Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300606. [PMID: 37983645 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a key role in various stages of cancer. PGE2 signals through the EP2 and the EP4 receptors, promoting tumorigenesis, metastasis, and/or immune suppression. Dual inhibition of both the EP2 and the EP4 receptors has the potential to counteract the effect of PGE2 and to result in antitumor efficacy. We herein disclose for the first time the structure of dual EP2/EP4 antagonists. By merging the scaffolds of EP2 selective and EP4 selective inhibitors, we generated a new chemical series of compounds blocking both receptors with comparable potency. In vitro and in vivo profiling suggests that the newly identified compounds are promising lead structures for further development into dual EP2/EP4 antagonists for use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Corminboeuf
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Diethelm
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Zumbrunn
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Lyothier
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Nadja Niggli
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Carmela Gnerre
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Jeay
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - François Lehembre
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
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3
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Lin YB, Xu BH. N6-methyladenosine Methyltransferase METTL3 Enhances PTGER2 Expression to Increase Ovarian Cancer Stemness and Chemoresistance. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2023; 28:199. [PMID: 37796697 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2809199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is the second leading cause of gynecologic cancer-associated deaths. Cancer stemness and chemoresistance are responsible for ovarian cancer metastasis and the poor prognosis of patients. In this study, we determined the function of N6-methyladenine (m6A) RNA methylation and prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2) in ovarian cancer progression. METHODS The m6A RNA methylation-associated PTGER2 in ovarian cancer was identified using bioinformatics analysis. The role of PTGER2 in ovarian cancer was elucidated in cell lines and clinical samples with cellular and molecular experiments. RESULTS In this investigation, bioinformatics analysis based on a public cancer database was used to elucidate the impact of m6A modification on the prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer. Moreover, PTGER2 was identified as a potential oncogene associated with the distant metastasis of ovarian cancer and poor patient prognosis. Interestingly, PTGER2 expression was experimentally shown to be enhanced by N6-adenosine-methyltransferase 70 kDa subunit (METTL3)-mediated m6A modification. In addition, PTGER2 enhanced cancer stem cell self-renewal properties, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and DNA damage repair, thus potentiating cell stemness, therapy resistance to carboplatin, proliferation, and metastasis of ovarian cancer. Importantly, PTGER2 expression in clinical samples was associated with distant metastasis, predicted poor patient prognosis, and independently served as a prognostic predictor in ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our work defines PTGER2 as an oncogene and reveals that PTGER2 is a prognostic predictor and novel therapeutic target for the management of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bin Lin
- Department of Gynecology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, 350014 Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ben-Hua Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 350001 Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Imaging and Precision Radiotherapy for Tumors (Fujian Medical University), 350001 Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Clinical Research Center for Radiology and Radiotherapy of Fujian Province (Digestive, Hematological and Breast Malignancies), 350001 Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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4
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Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX1 and COX2) derived endogenous ligand prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) triggers several physiological and pathological conditions. It mediates signaling through four G-protein coupled receptors, EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. Among these, EP2 is expressed throughout the body including the brain and uterus. The functional role of EP2 has been extensively studied using EP2 gene knockout mice, cellular models, and selective small molecule agonists and antagonists for this receptor. The efficacy data from in vitro and in vivo animal models indicate that EP2 receptor is a major proinflammatory mediator with deleterious functions in a variety of diseases suggesting a path forward for EP2 inhibitors as the next generation of selective anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative agents. Interestingly in certain diseases, EP2 action is beneficial; therefore, EP2 agonists seem to be clinically useful. Here, we highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and potential threats (SWOT analysis) for targeting EP2 receptor for therapeutic development for a variety of unmet clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical
Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Varvel NH, Amaradhi R, Espinosa-Garcia C, Duddy S, Franklin R, Banik A, Alemán-Ruiz C, Blackmer-Raynolds L, Wang W, Honore T, Ganesh T, Dingledine R. Preclinical development of an EP2 antagonist for post-seizure cognitive deficits. Neuropharmacology 2023; 224:109356. [PMID: 36460083 PMCID: PMC9894535 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive comorbidities can substantially reduce quality of life in people with epilepsy. Inflammation is a component of all chronic diseases including epilepsy, as well as acute events like status epilepticus (SE). Neuroinflammation is the consequence of several broad signaling cascades including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-associated pathways. Activation of the EP2 receptor for prostaglandin E2 appears responsible for blood-brain barrier leakage and much of the inflammatory reaction, neuronal injury and cognitive deficit that follows seizure-provoked COX-2 induction in brain. Here we show that brief exposure of mice to TG11-77, a potent, selective, orally available and brain permeant EP2 antagonist, eliminates the profound cognitive deficit in Y-maze performance after SE and reduces delayed mortality and microgliosis, with a minimum effective i.p. dose (as free base) of 8.8 mg/kg. All in vitro studies required to submit an investigational new drug (IND) application for TG11-77 have been completed, and non-GLP dose range-finding toxicology in the rat identified no overt, organ or histopathology signs of toxicity after 7 days of oral administration at 1000 mg/kg/day. Plasma exposure in the rat was dose-linear between 15 and 1000 mg/kg dosing. TG11-77 thus appears poised to continue development towards the initial clinical test of the hypothesis that EP2 receptor modulation after SE can provide the first preventive treatment for one of the chief comorbidities of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Varvel
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Radhika Amaradhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Claudia Espinosa-Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Steven Duddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Ronald Franklin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Avijit Banik
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Carlos Alemán-Ruiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Lisa Blackmer-Raynolds
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Tage Honore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia.
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia.
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Maeda T, Sekiguchi F, Mitani K, Yamagata R, Tsubota M, Yoshida S, Kawabata A. Opioid modulation of T-type Ca 2+ channel-dependent neuritogenesis/neurite outgrowth through the prostaglandin E 2/EP 4 receptor/protein kinase A pathway in mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 639:142-149. [PMID: 36493557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Irregular regeneration or inappropriate remodeling of the axons of the primary afferent neurons after peripheral nerve trauma could be associated with the development of neuropathic pain. We analyzed the molecular mechanisms for the neuritogenesis and neurite outgrowth caused by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, and evaluated their opioid modulation. PGE2 in combination with IBMX, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, caused neuritogenesis/neurite outgrowth in DRG cells, an effect abolished by a prostanoid EP4, but not EP2, receptor antagonist, and inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase or protein kinase A (PKA). Blockers of T-type Ca2+ channels (T-channels), that are responsible for window currents involving the sustained low-level Ca2+ entry at voltages near the resting membrane potentials and can be functionally upregulated by PKA, inhibited the neuritogenesis/neurite outgrowth caused by PGE2/IBMX or dibutylyl cyclic AMP, a PKA activator, in DRG neurons, an inhibitory effect mimicked by ZnCl2 and ascorbic acid that block Cav3.2, but not Cav3.1 or Cav3.3, T-channels. Morphine and DAMGO, μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists, suppressed the neuritogenesis and/or neurite outgrowth induced by PGE2/IBMX in DRG neurons and also DRG neuron-like ND7/23 cells, an effect reversed by naloxone or β-funaltrexamine, a selective MOR antagonist. Our data suggest that the EP4 receptor/PKA/Cav3.2 pathway is involved in the PGE2-induced neuritogenesis/neurite outgrowth in DRG neurons, which can be suppressed by MOR stimulation. We propose that MOR agonists including morphine in the early phase after peripheral nerve trauma might delay the axonal regeneration of the primary afferent neurons but prevent the development of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Maeda
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Fumiko Sekiguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Mitani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamagata
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Maho Tsubota
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yoshida
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Atsufumi Kawabata
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
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Estúa-Acosta GA, Buentello-Volante B, Magaña-Guerrero FS, Flores JEA, Vivanco-Rojas O, Castro-Salas I, Zarco-Ávila K, García-Mejía MA, Garfias Y. Human Amniotic Membrane Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Synthesized PGE 2 Exerts an Immunomodulatory Effect on Neutrophil Extracellular Trap in a PAD-4-Dependent Pathway through EP2 and EP4. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182831. [PMID: 36139406 PMCID: PMC9496826 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells (hAM-MSC) secrete a myriad of components with immunosuppressive activities. In the present research, we aimed to describe the effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secreted by hAM-MSCs on neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release and to characterize the role of its receptors (EP2/EP4) in PAD-4 and NFκB activity in neutrophils. Human peripheral blood neutrophils were ionomycin-stimulated in the presence of hAM-MSC conditioned medium (CM) treated or not with the selective PGE2 inhibitor MF-63, PGE2, EP2/EP4 agonists, and the selective PAD-4 inhibitor GSK-484. NET release, PAD-4, and NFκB activation were analyzed. Ionomycin induced NET release, which was inhibited in the presence of hAM-MSC-CM, while CM from hAM-MSCs treated with MF-63 prevented NET release inhibition. PGE2 and EP2/EP4 agonists, and GSK-484 inhibited NET release. EP2/EP4 agonists and GSK-484 inhibited H3-citrullination but did not affect PAD-4 protein expression. Finally, PGE2 and EP2/EP4 agonists and GSK-484 increased NFκB phosphorylation. Taken together, these results suggest that hAM-MSC exert their immunomodulatory activities through PGE2, inhibiting NET release in a PAD-4-dependent pathway. This research proposes a new mechanism by which hAM-MSC exert their activities when modulating the innate immune response and inhibiting NET release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Buentello-Volante
- Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Fátima Sofía Magaña-Guerrero
- Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - José Eduardo-Aguayo Flores
- Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Oscar Vivanco-Rojas
- Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Ilse Castro-Salas
- Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Karla Zarco-Ávila
- Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Mariana A. García-Mejía
- Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Yonathan Garfias
- Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence: or
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8
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Gong Z, Li Q, Shi J, Wei J, Li P, Chang CH, Shultz LD, Ren G. Lung fibroblasts facilitate pre-metastatic niche formation by remodeling the local immune microenvironment. Immunity 2022; 55:1483-1500.e9. [PMID: 35908547 PMCID: PMC9830653 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Primary tumors are drivers of pre-metastatic niche formation, but the coordination by the secondary organ toward metastatic dissemination is underappreciated. Here, by single-cell RNA sequencing and immunofluorescence, we identified a population of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2)-expressing adventitial fibroblasts that remodeled the lung immune microenvironment. At steady state, fibroblasts in the lungs produced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which drove dysfunctional dendritic cells (DCs) and suppressive monocytes. This lung-intrinsic stromal program was propagated by tumor-associated inflammation, particularly the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β, supporting a pre-metastatic niche. Genetic ablation of Ptgs2 (encoding COX-2) in fibroblasts was sufficient to reverse the immune-suppressive phenotypes of lung-resident myeloid cells, resulting in heightened immune activation and diminished lung metastasis in multiple breast cancer models. Moreover, the anti-metastatic activity of DC-based therapy and PD-1 blockade was improved by fibroblast-specific Ptgs2 deletion or dual inhibition of PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4. Collectively, lung-resident fibroblasts reshape the local immune landscape to facilitate breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gong
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Qing Li
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Jiayuan Shi
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Jian Wei
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Peishan Li
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | | | - Guangwen Ren
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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9
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Crittenden S, Goepp M, Pollock J, Robb CT, Smyth DJ, Zhou Y, Andrews R, Tyrrell V, Gkikas K, Adima A, O'Connor RA, Davies L, Li XF, Yao HX, Ho GT, Zheng X, Mair A, Vermeren S, Qian BZ, Mole DJ, Gerasimidis K, Schwarze JKJ, Breyer RM, Arends MJ, O'Donnell VB, Iredale JP, Anderton SM, Narumiya S, Maizels RM, Rossi AG, Howie SE, Yao C. Prostaglandin E 2 promotes intestinal inflammation via inhibiting microbiota-dependent regulatory T cells. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabd7954. [PMID: 33579710 PMCID: PMC7880593 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd7954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota fundamentally regulates intestinal homeostasis and disease partially through mechanisms that involve modulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), yet how the microbiota-Treg cross-talk is physiologically controlled is incompletely defined. Here, we report that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a well-known mediator of inflammation, inhibits mucosal Tregs in a manner depending on the gut microbiota. PGE2 through its receptor EP4 diminishes Treg-favorable commensal microbiota. Transfer of the gut microbiota that was modified by PGE2-EP4 signaling modulates mucosal Treg responses and exacerbates intestinal inflammation. Mechanistically, PGE2-modified microbiota regulates intestinal mononuclear phagocytes and type I interferon signaling. Depletion of mononuclear phagocytes or deficiency of type I interferon receptor diminishes PGE2-dependent Treg inhibition. Together, our findings provide emergent evidence that PGE2-mediated disruption of microbiota-Treg communication fosters intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Crittenden
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Marie Goepp
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jolinda Pollock
- SRUC Veterinary Services, Scotland's Rural College, Easter Bush Estate EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Calum T Robb
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Danielle J Smyth
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - You Zhou
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Robert Andrews
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Victoria Tyrrell
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Konstantinos Gkikas
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Alexander Adima
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard A O'Connor
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Luke Davies
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Xue-Feng Li
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Hatti X Yao
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Gwo-Tzer Ho
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Xiaozhong Zheng
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Amil Mair
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sonja Vermeren
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Bin-Zhi Qian
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Damian J Mole
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Konstantinos Gerasimidis
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Jürgen K J Schwarze
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard M Breyer
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark J Arends
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - John P Iredale
- Senate House, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Alliance Laboratory for Advanced Medical Research and Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sarah E Howie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Chengcan Yao
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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10
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Abstract
Stimulation of murine macrophages with corn silk induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 with secretion of PGE2. Expression of COX-2 was inhibited by pyrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), and increased DNA binding by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), indicating that COX-2 induction proceeds also via the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. A specific inhibitor of COX-2 decreased the expression level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) stimulated by corn silk. PGE2 elevated the expression level of iNOS, probably via EP2 and EP4 receptors on the surface of the macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung A Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Korea
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11
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Olsen Hult LT, Kleiveland CR, Fosnes K, Jacobsen M, Lea T. EP receptor expression in human intestinal epithelium and localization relative to the stem cell zone of the crypts. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26816. [PMID: 22046368 PMCID: PMC3201980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence for PGE2 affecting intestinal epithelial proliferation. PGE2 is also reported to be involved in the regulation of growth and differentiation in adult stem cells, both effects mediated by binding to EP-receptors. We have used the Lgr5 as a marker to scrutinize EP-receptor and COX expression in human intestinal epithelial cells with focus on the stem cell area of the crypts. Normal tissue from ileum and colon, but also duodenal biopsies from patients with untreated celiac disease, were investigated by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. The combination of fresh flash-frozen tissue and laser microdissection made it possible to isolate RNA from the epithelial cell layer, only. In the small intestine, Lgr5 labels cells are in the +4 position, while in the colon, Lgr5 positive cells are localized to the crypt bottoms. Epithelial crypt cells of normal small intestine expressed neither EP-receptor mRNA nor COX1/2. However, crypt cells in tissue from patients with untreated celiac disease expressed EP2/4 receptor and COX1 mRNA. In the colon, the situation was different. Epithelial crypt cells from normal colon were found to express EP2/4 receptor and COX1/2 transcripts. Thus, there are distinct differences between normal human small intestine and colon with regard to expression of EP2/4 receptors and COX1/2. In normal colon tissue, PGE2-mediated signaling through EP-receptors 2/4 could be involved in regulation of growth and differentiation of the epithelium, while the lack of EP-receptor expression in the small intestinal tissue exclude the possibility of a direct effect of PGE2 on the crypt epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Th. Olsen Hult
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Charlotte R. Kleiveland
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Kjetil Fosnes
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Morten Jacobsen
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
- Ostfold Hospital, Fredrikstad, Norway
| | - Tor Lea
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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12
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Wang P, Zhu F, Lee NH, Konstantopoulos K. Shear-induced interleukin-6 synthesis in chondrocytes: roles of E prostanoid (EP) 2 and EP3 in cAMP/protein kinase A- and PI3-K/Akt-dependent NF-kappaB activation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24793-804. [PMID: 20516073 PMCID: PMC2915715 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.110320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical overloading of cartilage producing hydrostatic stress, tensile strain, and fluid flow can adversely affect chondrocyte function and precipitate osteoarthritis (OA). Application of high fluid shear stress to chondrocytes recapitulates the earmarks of OA, as evidenced by the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, matrix degradation, and chondrocyte apoptosis. Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin (PG) E(2), and interleukin (IL)-6 have been reported in OA cartilage in vivo, and in shear-activated chondrocytes in vitro. Although PGE(2) positively regulates IL-6 synthesis in chondrocytes, the underlying signaling pathway of shear-induced IL-6 expression remains unknown. Using the human T/C-28a2 chondrocyte cell line as a model system, we demonstrate that COX-2-derived PGE(2) signals via up-regulation of E prostanoid (EP) 2 and down-regulation of EP3 receptors to raise intracellular cAMP, and activate protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt pathways. PKA and PI3-K/Akt transactivate the NF-kappaB p65 subunit via phosphorylation at Ser-276 and Ser-536, respectively. Binding of p65 to the IL-6 promoter elicits IL-6 synthesis in sheared chondrocytes. Selective knockdown of EP2 or ectopic expression of EP3 blocks PKA- and PI3-K/Akt-dependent p65 activation and markedly diminishes shear-induced IL-6 expression. Similar inhibitory effects on IL-6 synthesis were observed by inhibiting PKA, PI3-K, or NF-kappaB using pharmacological and/or genetic interventions. Reconstructing the signaling network regulating shear-induced IL-6 expression in chondrocytes may provide insights for developing therapeutic strategies for arthritic disorders and for culturing artificial cartilage in bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Fei Zhu
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Norman H. Lee
- the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20037
| | - Konstantinos Konstantopoulos
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Johns Hopkins Physical Science in Oncology Center, and
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 and
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13
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Miao L, Shi J, Wang CY, Zhu Y, Du X, Jiao H, Mo Z, Klocker H, Lee C, Zhang J. Estrogen receptor-related receptor alpha mediates up-regulation of aromatase expression by prostaglandin E2 in prostate stromal cells. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:1175-86. [PMID: 20351196 PMCID: PMC5417478 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-related receptor alpha (ERRalpha) is an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors. ERRalpha is highly expressed in the prostate, especially in prostate stromal cells. However, little is known about the regulation and function of ERRalpha, which may contribute to the progression of prostatic diseases. We previously found that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) up-regulated the expression of aromatase in prostate stromal cells. Here we show that PGE2 also up-regulates the expression of ERRalpha, which, as a transcription factor, further mediates the regulatory effects of PGE2 on the expression of aromatase. ERRalpha expression was up-regulated by PGE2 in prostate stromal cell line WPMY-1, which was mediated mainly through the protein kinase A signaling pathway by PGE2 receptor EP2. Suppression of ERRalpha activity by chlordane (an antagonist of ERRalpha) or small interfering RNA knockdown of ERRalpha blocked the increase of expression and promoter activity of aromatase induced by PGE2. Overexpression of ERRalpha significantly increased aromatase expression and promoter activity, which were further augmented by PGE2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that ERRalpha directly bound to the aromatase promoter in vivo, and PGE2 enhanced the recruitment of ERRalpha and promoted transcriptional regulatory effects on aromatase expression in WPMY-1. 17Beta-estradiol concentration in WPMY-1 medium was up-regulated by ERRalpha expression, and that was further increased by PGE2. Our results provided evidence that ERRalpha contributed to local estrogen production by up-regulating aromatase expression in response to PGE2 and provided further insights into the potential role of ERRalpha in estrogen-related prostatic diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Aromatase/genetics
- Aromatase/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chlordan/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Estradiol/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Male
- Models, Biological
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Prostate/cytology
- Prostate/drug effects
- Prostate/metabolism
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Stromal Cells/drug effects
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Miao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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14
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Rego EB, Inubushi T, Kawazoe A, Tanimoto K, Miyauchi M, Tanaka E, Takata T, Tanne K. Ultrasound stimulation induces PGE(2) synthesis promoting cementoblastic differentiation through EP2/EP4 receptor pathway. Ultrasound Med Biol 2010; 36:907-915. [PMID: 20447753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to provide insights into how ultrasound treatment (US) can affect the regenerative response of cementum by evaluating the role of prostaglandin E(2) induced by ultrasound stimulation on cementoblastic differentiation. The mouse cementoblast cell line OCCM-30 was exposed to low-intensity ultrasound and the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production were quantified. The role of the US-induced PGE(2) in mineralization was examined using COX-2 inhibitor and prostaglandin receptors (EP-receptors) agonists and antagonists. In addition, gene expression of differentiation markers related to mineral metabolism was evaluated. Ultrasound significantly enhanced COX-2 mRNA expression and PGE(2) production. PGE(2) induced by US mediated mineral nodule formation, whereas COX-2 inhibitor treatment eliminated the enhancement of mineralization induced by US stimulation. Mineral deposition was also inhibited by treatment with EP2 or EP4 antagonist. Moreover, up-regulation of differentiation markers induced by US was suppressed by treatment with COX-2 inhibitor. The present findings provide evidence that US stimulation has a positive effect on mineralization ability of cementoblasts through the activation of EP2/EP4 pathway, suggesting that US can be a promising therapeutic tool for cementum repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Braga Rego
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan.
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15
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Muto A, Nishibe T, Miyauchi Y, Kondo Y, Yamamoto Y, Dardik A, Shigematsu H. Prostaglandin receptors EP2 and IP are detectable in atherosclerotic arteries and plaques. INT ANGIOL 2010; 29:43-48. [PMID: 20357748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM Prostaglandin (PG) receptor agonists are frequently used for the pharmacological treatment of arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO). In particular, the PG receptors EP2 and IP stimulate vasodilation and inhibit platelet aggregation, biological processes thought to be protective against ASO and important for physiological homeostasis. However it is uncertain whether EP2 and IP exist in diseased arteries, or what their distribution within the artery might be. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of these PG receptors in patients with severe ASO to determine the potential application of stimulation of these receptors as targets for pharmacological treatment. METHODS We collected segments of atherosclerotic femoral arteries during femoropopliteal bypass surgery and determined the expression levels of EP2 and IP receptors by western blotting. Immunofluorescence was used to observe receptor localization. RESULTS Findings of western blotting showed an increased Cox-2 expression in patients with ASO. The EP2 as well as IP receptors were each induced approximately 3-fold in comparison to normal samples. The expression of these receptors was increased in the intimal layer as well as the medial layer; their expression was also detectable within the atherosclerotic plaque. CONCLUSION We observed induction of the PG receptors EP2 and IP in atherosclerotic femoral arteries in the arterial intima, medial layer, as well as the associated atherosclerotic plaque. These results suggest that receptor-selective PG agonists specifically target atherosclerotic arteries and therefore, may find potential application in the pharmacological management of patients with ASO.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muto
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Baba Y, Nosho K, Shima K, Goessling W, Chan AT, Ng K, Chan JA, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Ogino S. PTGER2 overexpression in colorectal cancer is associated with microsatellite instability, independent of CpG island methylator phenotype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:822-31. [PMID: 20200425 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2, the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee-approved official symbol for cycloxygenase-2, COX-2) and its enzymatic product prostaglandin E2 have critical roles in inflammation and carcinogenesis through the G protein-coupled receptor PTGER2 (EP2). The PTGS2 (COX-2) pathway is a promising target for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. PTGS2 (COX-2) expression in colon cancer has been inversely associated with survival as well as tumoral microsatellite instability (MSI) and the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). However, the prognostic significance of PTGER2 expression or its relationship with MSI, CIMP, LINE-1 hypomethylation, or PTGS2 (COX-2) remains uncertain. METHODS Using the database of 516 colorectal cancers in two prospective cohort studies with clinical outcome data, we detected PTGER2 overexpression in 169 (33%) tumors by immunohistochemistry. We analyzed MSI using 10 microsatellite markers; CIMP by MethyLight (real-time methylation-specific PCR) on an eight-marker panel [CACNA1G, CDKN2A (p16), CRABP1, IGF2, MLH1, NEUROG1, RUNX3 and SOCS1]; BRAF, KRAS, PIK3CA, and methylation in LINE-1 by Pyrosequencing; and CTNNB1 (beta-catenin) and TP53 (p53) by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS PTGER2 overexpression was positively associated with the mucinous component (P = 0.0016), signet ring cells (P = 0.0024), CIMP-high (P = 0.0023), and MSI-high (P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, the significant relationship between PTGER2 and MSI-high persisted (adjusted odds ratio, 2.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.69-4.72; P < 0.0001). PTGER2 was not significantly associated with PTGS2 (COX-2), TP53, or CTNNB1 expression, patient survival, or prognosis. CONCLUSION PTGER2 overexpression is associated with MSI-high in colorectal cancer. IMPACT Our data imply potential roles of inflammatory reaction by PTGER2 upregulation in carcinogenic process to MSI-high colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-FarberCancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Chuang PC, Lin YJ, Wu MH, Wing LYC, Shoji Y, Tsai SJ. Inhibition of CD36-dependent phagocytosis by prostaglandin E2 contributes to the development of endometriosis. Am J Pathol 2010; 176:850-60. [PMID: 20035060 PMCID: PMC2808090 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction in macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of aberrant cells that undergo retrograde transport to the peritoneal cavity is considered an important factor in the development of endometriosis. However, the mechanisms responsible for the loss of function of macrophages remain largely unknown. Herein, we report that prostaglandin (PG) E(2), via the EP2 receptor-dependent signaling pathway, inhibits the expression of CD36 in peritoneal macrophages, resulting in reduced phagocytic ability. PGE(2)-mediated inhibition of macrophage phagocytic capability was restored by ectopic expression of CD36. Treatment with PGE(2) inhibited CD36-dependent phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages and increased the number and size of endometriotic lesions in mice. In contrast, blockade of PGE(2) production by cyclooxygenase inhibitors enhanced the phagocytic ability of peritoneal macrophages and reduced endometriotic lesion formation. Taken together, our findings reveal a potential mechanism of immune dysfunction during endometriosis development and may contribute to the design of an effective prevention/treatment regimen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD36 Antigens/genetics
- CD36 Antigens/metabolism
- CD36 Antigens/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/physiology
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Endometriosis/chemically induced
- Endometriosis/etiology
- Endometriosis/genetics
- Endometriosis/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Peritoneal Diseases/chemically induced
- Peritoneal Diseases/etiology
- Peritoneal Diseases/genetics
- Peritoneal Diseases/metabolism
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Phagocytosis/genetics
- Phagocytosis/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chin Chuang
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 701, Taiwan, Republic of China
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18
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Rahnama'i MS, van Koeveringe GA, Essers PB, de Wachter SGG, de Vente J, van Kerrebroeck PE, Gillespie JI. Prostaglandin receptor EP1 and EP2 site in guinea pig bladder urothelium and lamina propria. J Urol 2010; 183:1241-7. [PMID: 20096878 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Urothelium has 2 main functions. It is a barrier to urine and has a sensory role. In response to stretch urothelium releases various substances that modulate afferent nerve activity. Recent data on the localization of cyclooxygenase type 1, the enzyme responsible for prostaglandin production, suggests that prostaglandin may have complex local action. MATERIALS AND METHODS The bladders of 7 guinea pigs were stained for prostaglandin receptors type 1 and 2, and costained for vimentin and cyclooxygenase I. RESULTS Prostaglandin receptor type 1 staining was seen in urothelial cells and in the suburothelium. Urothelial staining, which was often punctuate and weak, was detected in all urothelial cell layers, including suburothelial cells. In contrast, strong prostaglandin receptor type 2 staining was seen in the urothelium and in suburothelial cells. Cyclooxygenase I was absent in interstitial cells and umbrella cells with the highest concentration in the basal cell layer. CONCLUSIONS Interstitial cells express prostaglandin receptor types 1 and 2, indicating that they can respond to prostaglandin. Umbrella cells do not express cyclooxygenase I. Cyclooxygenase I was present in basal urothelial cells, making them a possible site of prostaglandin synthesis. Thus, prostaglandin produced by urothelium may target prostaglandin receptor types 1 and 2 in the urothelium and suburothelium. Therefore prostaglandin is hypothesized to have a role in signal regulation in the bladder wall.
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19
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Abstract
CONTEXT The formation of primordial follicles occurs during fetal life yet is critical to the determination of adult female fertility. Prior to this stage, germ cells proliferate, enter meiosis, and associate with somatic cells. Growth and survival factors implicated in these processes include activin A (INHBA), the neurotrophins BDNF and NT4 (NTF5), and MCL1. The prostaglandins have pleiotrophic roles in reproduction, notably in ovulation and implantation, but there are no data regarding roles for prostaglandins in human fetal ovarian development. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate a possible role for prostaglandin (PG) E(2) in human fetal ovary development. DESIGN In vitro analysis of ovarian development between 8 and 20 wk gestation was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The expression patterns of PG synthesis enzymes and the PGE(2) receptors EP2 and EP4 in the ovary were assessed, and downstream effects of PGE(2) on gene expression were analyzed. RESULTS Ovarian germ cells express the PG synthetic enzymes COX2 and PTGES as well as the EP2 and EP4 receptors, whereas COX1 is expressed by ovarian somatic cells. Treatment in vitro with PGE(2) increased the expression of BDNF mRNA 1.7 +/- 0.16-fold (P = 0.004); INHBA mRNA, 2.1 +/- 0.51-fold (P = 0.04); and MCL1 mRNA, 1.15 +/- 0.06-fold (P = 0.04), but not that of OCT4, DAZL, VASA, NTF5, or SMAD3. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate novel roles for PGE(2) in the regulation of germ cell development in the human ovary and show that these effects may be mediated by the regulation of factors including BDNF, activin A, and MCL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A L Bayne
- Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, University of Edinburgh Centre for Reproductive Biology, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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20
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Minamizaki T, Yoshiko Y, Kozai K, Aubin JE, Maeda N. EP2 and EP4 receptors differentially mediate MAPK pathways underlying anabolic actions of prostaglandin E2 on bone formation in rat calvaria cell cultures. Bone 2009; 44:1177-85. [PMID: 19233324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Of the four prostaglandin (PG) E receptor subtypes (EP1-EP4), EP2 and EP4 have been proposed to mediate the anabolic action of PGE(2) on bone formation but comparative evaluation studies of EPs on bone formation do not necessarily share a common mechanism, implying that their additional features including downstream MAPK pathways may be beneficial to resolve this issue. We systematically assessed the roles of EPs in the rat calvaria (RC) cell culture model by using four selective EP agonists (EPAs). Consistent with relative expression levels of the respective receptors, multiple phenotypic traits of bone formation in vitro, including proliferation of nodule-associated cells, osteoblast marker expression and mineralized nodule formation were upregulated not only by PGE(2) but equally by EP2A and EP4A, but not by EP1A and EP3A. EP2A and EP4A were effective when cells were treated chronically or pulse-treated during nascent nodule formation. EP2A and EP4A equally stimulated the endogenous PGE(2) production, while EP2A caused a greater increase in cAMP production and c-Fos gene expression compared to EP4A. EP2A and EP4A activated predominantly p38 MAPK and ERK respectively, while c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was equally activated by both agonists. SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) blocked the PGE(2) effect on mineralized nodule formation, while U0126 (ERK inhibitor) and dicumarol (JNK inhibitor) were less effective. PGE(2)-dependent phosphorylation of the MAPKs was affected not only by protein kinase (PK)A and PKC inhibitors but also by adenylate cyclase and PKC activators. Co-treatment of RC cells with EP2A or EP4A and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)2, whose effects on bone nodule formation is known to be, in part, mediated through the PKA and p38 MAPK pathways, resulted in an additive effect on mineralized nodule formation. Further, PGE(2), EP2A and EP4A did not increase BMP2/4 mRNA levels in RC cells, and EP2-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was not eliminated by Noggin. These results suggest that, in the RC cell model, the anabolic actions of PGE(2) on mineralized nodule formation are mediated at least in part by activation of the EP2 and EP4 receptor subtype-specific MAPK pathways, independently of BMP signaling, in cells associated with nascent bone nodules.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Osteogenesis/drug effects
- Oxytocics/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Skull/cytology
- Skull/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Minamizaki
- Department of Oral Growth and Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
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21
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Okano M, Fujiwara T, Haruna T, Kariya S, Makihara S, Higaki T, Nishizaki K. Prostaglandin E(2) suppresses staphylococcal enterotoxin-induced eosinophilia-associated cellular responses dominantly through an E-prostanoid 2-mediated pathway in nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:868-74.e13. [PMID: 19254809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent investigations have revealed that staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), COX metabolism, or both might participate in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic airway diseases, such as chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether COX metabolism, especially prostaglandin (PG) E(2), plays a significant role in SE-induced cellular responses in nasal polyps. METHODS Dispersed nasal polyp cells (DNPCs) were prepared from nasal polyps by means of enzymatic digestion. DNPCs were cultured with SEB in the presence or absence of COX inhibitors (diclofenac and indomethacin) for 72 hours; then the levels of IL-5, IL-13, RANTES, and eotaxin in the supernatants were measured. The effect of PGE(2) on SEB-induced responses by diclofenac-treated DNPCs was examined, especially in terms of receptor specificity. RESULTS DNPCs produced significant amounts of IL-5, IL-13, and RANTES in response to SEB. COX inhibitors significantly increased the production of these cytokines. The degree of local eosinophilia was significantly and positively correlated with the changes in IL-5 production induced by diclofenac treatment. PGE(2) significantly and dose-dependently inhibited SEB-induced IL-5, IL-13, and RANTES production by diclofenac-treated DNPCs. E-prostanoid (EP) 2 receptor-selective agonist strongly inhibited the production of all 3 cytokines. EP3 and EP4 receptor-selective agonists partially suppressed these responses, whereas EP1 receptor-selective agonist did not. Interestingly, all of the combined treatments with 2 of the 4 EP receptor-selective agonists significantly inhibited the SEB-induced responses by diclofenac-treated DNPCs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PGE(2) inhibits the pathogenesis of SEB-induced eosinophilic inflammation primarily through the EP2-mediated pathway in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Okano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Savonenko A, Munoz P, Melnikova T, Wang Q, Liang X, Breyer RM, Montine TJ, Kirkwood A, Andreasson K. Impaired cognition, sensorimotor gating, and hippocampal long-term depression in mice lacking the prostaglandin E2 EP2 receptor. Exp Neurol 2009; 217:63-73. [PMID: 19416671 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a neuronal immediate early gene that is regulated by N-methyl d aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity. COX-2 enzymatic activity catalyzes the first committed step in prostaglandin synthesis. Recent studies demonstrate an emerging role for the downstream PGE(2) EP2 receptor in diverse models of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and a significant function in models of neurological disease including cerebral ischemia, Familial Alzheimer's disease, and Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Little is known, however, about the normal function of the EP2 receptor in behavior and cognition. Here we report that deletion of the EP2 receptor leads to significant cognitive deficits in standard tests of fear and social memory. EP2-/- mice also demonstrated impaired prepulse inhibition (PPI) and heightened anxiety, but normal startle reactivity, exploratory behavior, and spatial reference memory. This complex behavioral phenotype of EP2-/- mice was associated with a deficit in long-term depression (LTD) in hippocampus. Our findings suggest that PGE(2) signaling via the EP2 receptors plays an important role in cognitive and emotional behaviors that recapitulate some aspects of human psychopathology related to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Savonenko
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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23
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Gabler C, Odau S, Muller K, Schon J, Bondzio A, Einspanier R. Exploring cumulus-oocyte-complex-oviductal cell interactions: gene profiling in the bovine oviduct. J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 59 Suppl 9:29-42. [PMID: 19261969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is present in the bovine oviduct and may play an important role in muscle contraction or as survival factor providing the optimal environment for fertilization and the early embryo. The aim of the present study was to investigate the estrous cycle-dependent changes and local distributions of PGE(2) receptors (EP) and members of the trefoil factor (TFF)-family in the bovine oviduct using real-time RT-PCR. A co-cultivation system of cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COC) with primary oviductal cells was screened for the mRNA expression pattern of selected factors. An oviductal primary cell culture was used for investigating effects of estradiol on signal transduction pathways. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed significant higher expression of EP2 and EP4 in the pre-ovulatory phase compared with the luteal phase. TFF3 mRNAwas expressed during the estrous cycle with highest level in the post-ovulatory phase showing higher expression levels in the isthmus compared with the ampulla. A different mRNA expression pattern was observed for factors involved in extracellular matrix formation in co-cultured oviductal cells compared to untreated controls. In vitro, NF-kappaB was found activated after estradiol treatment. These results suggest that a fine-tuned PGE(2) signal transduction pathway may support fertilization, early embryonic development and gamete transport in the bovine oviduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gabler
- Institute of Veterinary-Biochemistry, Freie Universitat Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Su Y, Huang X, Raskovalova T, Zacharia L, Lokshin A, Jackson E, Gorelik E. Cooperation of adenosine and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in amplification of cAMP-PKA signaling and immunosuppression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1611-23. [PMID: 18327580 PMCID: PMC11030951 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We hypothesize that adenosine and PGE2 could have a complementary immunosuppressive effect that is mediated via common cAMP-PKA signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS To test this hypothesis, the effect of adenosine and PGE2 on the cytotoxic activity and cytokine production of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells was investigated. RESULTS PGE2 and adenosine inhibited LAK cells cytotoxic activity and production of INF-gamma, GM-CSF and TNF-alpha. In combination they showed substantially higher inhibition than each modality used alone. Using agonists and antagonists specific for PGE2 and adenosine receptors we found that cooperation of PGE2 and adenosine in their inhibitory effects are mediated via EP2 and A2A receptors, respectively. LAK cells have 35-fold higher expression of EP2 than A2A. Combined PGE2 and adenosine treatment resulted in augmentation of cAMP production, PKA activity, CREB phosphorylation and inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. Wortmannin and LY294002 enhanced the suppressive effects of adenosine and PGE2. In contrast, Rp-8-Br-cAMPS, an inhibitor of PKA type I blocked their immunosuppressive effects, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of PGE2 and adenosine are mediated via common pathway with activation of cAMP-PKA and inhibition of Akt. CONCLUSION In comparison to other immunosuppressive molecules (TGF-beta and IL-10), adenosine and PGE2 are unique in their ability to inhibit the executive function of highly cytotoxic cells. High intratumor levels of adenosine and PGE2 could protect tumor from immune-mediated destruction by inactivation of the tumor infiltrating functionally active immune cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/immunology
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oxytocics/pharmacology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Tatiana Raskovalova
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Lefteris Zacharia
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Anna Lokshin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Edwin Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Elieser Gorelik
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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25
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Szczeklik W, Sanak M, Rostoff P, Piwowarska W, Jakiela B, Szczeklik A. Common polymorphisms of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 receptor and increased risk for acute coronary syndrome in coronary artery disease. Thromb Haemost 2008; 100:893-898. [PMID: 18989535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The arachidonic acid metabolites participate in development of coronary artery disease (CAD) and the plaque's instability. We assessed two common genetic polymorphisms: of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (COX2.8473, rs5275) and prostaglandin EP2 receptor gene (uS5, rs708494) in patients with CAD. Out of 1,368 patients screened by coronary arteriography, two groups fulfilled the entry criteria and were studied: stable coronary disease (sCAD, n = 125) and acute coronary syndromes (ACS, n = 63). They did not differ in the main characteristics. All patients were on aspirin at least seven days prior to the study. In 70 control subjects, the same genotypes were ascertained, expression of cyclooxygenases in peripheral blood monocytes was assessed by flow cytometry, and in-vitro biosynthesis of PGE(2) was measured by mass spectrometry. COX-2 CC homozygotes (variant allele), were more common, while EP2 GG homozygotes (wild-type) were less common in ACS (p = 0.03 and p = 0.017) than in the sCAD group. A combined genotype characterized by the presence of the wild-type COX2.8743T allele and the wild type homozygous EP2uS5 genotype (TT or CT | GG) decreased risk ratio of ACS in CAD patients (relative risk 0.41; 95% confidence interval 0.21-0.81). COX-2 polymorphism in control subjects did not affect the enzyme expression or PGE(2) production by peripheral blood monocytes, but production of PGE(2) increased by 40.1% in the subjects homozygous for EP2 receptor allele uS5A following lipopolysaccharide stimulation. In conclusion, the combined COX-2 (COX2.8473) and the EP2 receptor (uS5) genotypes seem to influence CAD stability, but in peripheral blood monocytes only EP2 receptor modulates PGE(2) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Szczeklik
- Jagiellonian University, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, ul. Skawinska 8, 31 - 066 Kraków, Poland
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26
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Carrasco E, Werner P, Casper D. Prostaglandin receptor EP2 protects dopaminergic neurons against 6-OHDA-mediated low oxidative stress. Neurosci Lett 2008; 441:44-9. [PMID: 18597941 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) selectively die in Parkinson's disease (PD), but it is unclear how and why this occurs. Recent findings implicate prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and two of its four receptors, namely EP1 and EP2, as mediators of degenerative and protective events in situations of acute and chronic neuronal death. EP1 activation can exacerbate excitotoxic damage in stroke models and our recent study showed that EP1 activation may explain the selective sensitivity of dopaminergic neurons to oxidative stress. Conversely, EP2 activation may be neuroprotective, although toxic effects have also been demonstrated. Here we investigated if and how EP2 activation might alter the survival of dopaminergic neurons following selective low-level oxidative injury evoked by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in primary neuronal cultures prepared from embryonic rat midbrain. We found that cultured dopaminergic neurons displayed EP2 receptors. Butaprost, a selective EP2 agonist, significantly reduced 6-OHDA neurotoxicity. EP2 receptors are coupled to stimulatory G-proteins (Gs), which activate adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP synthesis, which then activates protein kinase A (PKA). Both dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin reduced dopaminergic cell loss after 6-OHDA exposure. Conversely, KT5720 and H-89, two structurally distinct high-affinity PKA inhibitors, abolished the protective effect of butaprost, implicating cAMP-dependent PKA activity in the neuroprotection by EP2 activation. Finally, we show that melanized dopaminergic neurons in the human SN express EP2. This pathway warrants consideration as a neuroprotective strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilce Carrasco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Montefiore Medical Center, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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27
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Kwok AHY, Wang Y, Wang CY, Leung FC. Molecular cloning and characterization of chicken prostaglandin E receptor subtypes 2 and 4 (EP2 and EP4). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 157:99-106. [PMID: 18486942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is an important chemical mediator responsible for regulation of many vital physiological processes. Four receptor subtypes have been identified to mediate its biological actions. Among these subtypes, prostaglandin E receptor subtypes 2 and 4 (EP(2) and EP(4)), both coupled to cAMP-protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA) signaling pathway, are proposed to play crucial roles under both physiological and pathological conditions. Though both receptors were extensively studied in mammals, little is known about their functionality and expression in non-mammalian species including chicken. In present study, the full-length cDNAs for chicken EP(2) and EP(4) receptors were first cloned from adult chicken ovary and testis, respectively. Chicken EP(2) is 356 amino acids in length and shows high amino acid identity to that of human (61%), mouse (63%), and rat (61%). On the other hand, the full-length cDNA of EP(4) gene encodes a precursor of 475 amino acids with a high degree of amino acid identity to that of mammals, including human (87%), mouse (86%), rat (84%), dog (85%), and cattle (83%), and a comparatively lower sequence identity to zebrafish (52%). RT-PCR assays revealed that EP(2) mRNA was expressed in all tissues examined including the oviduct, while EP(4) expression was detected only in a few tissues. Using the pGL3-CRE-luciferase reporter system, we also demonstrated that PGE(2) could induce luciferase activity in DF-1 cells expressing EP(2) and EP(4) in dose-dependent manners (EC(50): <1 nM), confirming that both receptors could be activated by PGE(2) and functionally coupled to the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. Together, our study establishes a molecular basis to understand the physiological roles of PGE(2) in target tissues of chicken.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Chickens/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Ovary/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/classification
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Testis/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ho Yan Kwok
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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28
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Yuan A, Steigen SE, Goll R, Vonen B, Husbekk A, Cui G, Florholmen J. Dendritic cell infiltration pattern along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. APMIS 2008; 116:445-456. [PMID: 18754318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the dendritic cell (DC) functional index cytokine interleukin-12 was significantly decreased in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) tissues. In this study, the DC infiltration pattern and the density of mature DCs (mDCs; labeled by anti-CD83 and anti-CD208) and immature DCs (iDCs; labeled by anti-CD1alpha) were characterized using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in tissue samples from 23 patients with CRC, 33 patients with colorectal adenoma (CRA), and 19 healthy controls. In addition, the DC function inhibitor cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the downstream signal molecule prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and related receptors EP2/EP4 were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and double immunofluorescence staining. The IHC analyses revealed changed densities of mDCs and iDCs in the tumor microenvironment; in CRA and CRC, the density of mDCs was decreased, but the density of iDCs was gradually increased. Furthermore, the distribution patterns of DCs were also altered. In CRA, mDCs were abundantly distributed in the subepithelial stroma of the adenomatous mass. In CRC, the distribution of mDCs in the tumor stroma was not homogeneous, and mDCs residing in the stroma at invading edges were more frequently found compared with in the intratumoral stroma (P<0.05). Increased iDCs were found in the intratumoral mass in CRC, and some infiltrated into the malignant epithelium. By quantitative real-time PCR, a gradually increased level of COX-2 mRNA was demonstrated in the local tissues along the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, and double immunofluorescence staining showed a colocalization of PGE2 receptors EP2/EP4 with mDCs in the stroma of CRC. In conclusion, our current findings revealed an altered DC infiltration pattern along the adenoma-carcinoma sequence; gradually increased COX-2 expression might contribute to the DC functional defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aping Yuan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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29
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Nagano T, Kimura SH, Takemura M. Prostaglandin E2 reduces extracellular ATP-induced migration in cultured rat microglia. Brain Res 2008; 1221:1-5. [PMID: 18565497 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with 100 microM adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for 120 min augmented migration of cultured rat microglia by about 4-fold. This augmentation was effectively reduced by 0.1-10 microM prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). PGE(2)-mediated reduction was reversed by the EP2 antagonist AH6809 at 10 microM. The EP2 agonist butaprost also reduced ATP-induced migration at 10 microM, whereas the EP1 agonist 17-phenyl trinor PGE(2), the EP3 agonist sulprostone, and the EP4 agonist PGE(1) alcohol all had no effect at 10 microM. In addition, ATP-induced migration was reduced by the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin at 100 microM, whereas the adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 reversed the effect of PGE(2) on ATP-induced migration at 100 microM. Over the same experimental duration, PGE(2), butaprost, and forskolin had little effect on cell viability. These findings indicate that ATP-induced microglial migration is reduced by PGE(2) through EP2 and adenylate cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nagano
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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30
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Pakrasi PL, Jain AK. Cyclooxygenase-2 derived PGE2 and PGI2 play an important role via EP2 and PPARdelta receptors in early steps of oil induced decidualization in mice. Placenta 2008; 29:523-30. [PMID: 18407349 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells (decidualization) is prerequisite for blastocyst implantation. Different prostanoids are shown to be involved in the cascade of events found in implantation and decidualization. Previous reports described that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) derived prostacyclin (PGI2) plays an important role via peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPARdelta) nuclear receptor in implantation and decidualization. Herein, we investigated the role of COX2 derived PGE2 and PGI2 and examined the protein expression and regulation of COX1, COX2, membrane-bound prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES-1), prostaglandin I synthase (PGIS), PGE2 receptor (EP2) and PPARdelta in hormone primed oil infused uterine horn as well as in non-infused uterine horn (control horn). Our results show that selective COX2 inhibitor (Nimesulide) inhibits decidualization while COX1 inhibitor (SC560) does not affect decidualization. COX2, mPGES-1, PGIS, EP2 and PPARdelta immunostaining are strongly observed at 24 h and 48 h in oil-induced horn and than significantly reduced at 72 h and 120 h and absent in non-infused horn. However COX1 immunostaining is observed in infused as well as in non-infused horn. Our immunohistochemical studies corroborated well with follow up western blotting of the same proteins. PGE2 and PGI2 products were also elevated at 24h and 48 h after oil induction in infused horn in comparison to control horn. Our data suggest that COX2 derived both PGE2 and PGI2 mediate its function via EP2 and PPARdelta receptors in early steps of decidualization in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Pakrasi
- Embryo Physiology Laboratory, Center of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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31
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Fischer DP, Hutchinson JA, Farrar D, O'Donovan PJ, Woodward DF, Marshall KM. Loss of prostaglandin F2alpha, but not thromboxane, responsiveness in pregnant human myometrium during labour. J Endocrinol 2008; 197:171-9. [PMID: 18372243 DOI: 10.1677/joe-07-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PG) E2, PGF2alpha and thromboxane (TX) mediate uterine contractility by targeting prostonoid EP, FP and TP receptors respectively. The aim of this study was to elucidate the function of these receptors in isolated human myometrium taken at term gestation prior to and following labour onset. Lower segment myometrial strips were immersed in organ baths in oxygenated Krebs' solution at 37 degrees C and connected to isometric force transducers. After equilibration, spontaneous activity and concentration responses to PGE2, PGF2alpha and U46619 (a stable TX mimetic) were measured as area under the curve and expressed as a percentage of the final contraction induced by hypotonic shock. Results were expressed as arithmetic means+/-s.e.m. and analysed using two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc test. Myometrium excised at late gestation displayed the greatest spontaneous activity compared with the tissues taken during labour (P<0.001). Excitation evoked by PGF2alpha (P<0.01) and PGE2 at 10(-5) mol/l were attenuated after labour onset. U46619 consistently stimulated concentration-dependent contractions (P<0.001) and selective antagonists confirmed TP-mediated effects. The maintained responses to TX indicate crucial roles for TP receptors in the muscular tonus of the parturient uterus. This receptor and its secondary messenger system represent effective myometrial targets for tocolytic agents in both pregnancy and labour-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah P Fischer
- School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
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32
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Liang X, Wu L, Wang Q, Hand T, Bilak M, McCullough L, Andreasson K. Function of COX-2 and prostaglandins in neurological disease. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 33:94-9. [PMID: 17901552 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-007-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Induction of COX-2 expression and enzymatic activity promotes neuronal injury in a number of models of neurological disease. Inhibition of COX-2 activity, either genetically or pharmacologically, has been shown to be neuroprotective in rodent models of stroke, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Inhibition of COX activity with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduces inflammation and amyloid accumulation in murine transgenic models of Familial Alzheimer's disease, and the use of NSAIDs decreases the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in healthy aging populations. COX-mediated neuronal injury is presumed be due to downstream effects of one or more prostaglandin products including PGE2, PGD2, PGF2alpha, PGI2 (prostacylin) and TXA2 (thromboxane) that effect cellular changes through activation of specific prostaglandin receptor subtypes and second messenger systems. In this proceeding, we review recent data demonstrating effects of prostaglandin signaling on neuronal viability that are paradoxically protective, when taken in the context that COX-2 induces neuronal injury in the setting of excitotoxicity. Conversely, in the context of an inflammatory stimulus, the EP2 receptor enhances neuronal injury. These findings argue for an additional level of complexity in the prostaglandin response in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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33
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Subbaramaiah K, Hudis C, Chang SH, Hla T, Dannenberg AJ. EP2 and EP4 receptors regulate aromatase expression in human adipocytes and breast cancer cells. Evidence of a BRCA1 and p300 exchange. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:3433-3444. [PMID: 18083712 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705409200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 aromatase (aromatase), a product of the CYP19 gene, catalyzes the synthesis of estrogens from androgens. Because aromatase-dependent estrogen biosynthesis has been linked to hormone-dependent breast carcinogenesis, it is important to elucidate the mechanisms that regulate CYP19 gene expression. The main objective of this study was to identify the receptors (EP) for prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) that mediate the induction of CYP19 transcription in human adipocytes and breast cancer cells. Treatment with PGE(2) induced aromatase, an effect that was mimicked by either EP(2) or EP(4) agonists. Antagonists of EP(2) or EP(4) or small interference RNA-mediated down-regulation of these receptors suppressed PGE(2)-mediated induction of aromatase. PGE(2) via EP(2) and EP(4) stimulated the cAMP-->protein kinase A pathway resulting in enhanced interaction between P-CREB, p300, and the aromatase promoter I.3/II. Overexpressing a mutant form of p300 that lacks histone acetyltransferase activity suppressed PGE(2)-mediated induction of aromatase promoter activity. PGE(2) via EP(2) and EP(4) also caused a reduction in both the amounts of BRCA1 and the interaction between BRCA1 and the aromatase promoter I.3/II. Activation of the aromatase promoter by PGE(2) was suppressed by overexpressing wild-type BRCA1. Silencing of EP(2) or EP(4) also blocked PGE(2)-mediated induction of the progesterone receptor, a prototypic estrogen-response gene. In a mouse model, overexpressing COX-2 in the mammary gland, a known inducer of PGE(2) synthesis, led to increased aromatase mRNA and activity and reduced amounts of BRCA1; these effects were reversed by knocking out EP(2). Taken together, these results suggest that PGE(2) via EP(2) and EP(4) activates the cAMP-->PKA-->CREB pathway leading to enhanced CYP19 transcription and increased aromatase activity. Reciprocal changes in the interaction between BRCA1, p300, and the aromatase promoter I.3/II contributed to the inductive effects of PGE(2).
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes/enzymology
- Adipocytes/metabolism
- Animals
- Aromatase/biosynthesis
- Aromatase/genetics
- BRCA1 Protein/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- E1A-Associated p300 Protein/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotha Subbaramaiah
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065.
| | - Clifford Hudis
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Sung-Hee Chang
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3501
| | - Timothy Hla
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3501
| | - Andrew J Dannenberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
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Terry KK, Lebel WS, Riccardi KA, Grasser WA, Thompson DD, Paralkar VM. Effects of gestational age on prostaglandin EP receptor expression and functional involvement during in vitro contraction of the guinea pig uterus. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 78:3-10. [PMID: 18036799 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) exerts diverse biological effects through four G-protein-coupled cell surface receptor subtypes, EP1-4. This study's objective was to characterize EP1-4 receptor mRNA expression within pregnant guinea pig myometrium during early implantation stage (gestation day [GD] 6) and late stage gestation (GD 50) and evaluate in vitro contractile activity of receptor subtype selective agonists. Using RT-PCR, qualitative gene expression patterns of EP2, EP3, and EP4 mRNA were detected in the myometrium and remained unchanged between the gestational ages. EP1 mRNA remained undetected in pregnant tissue. In vitro contractile activity was evaluated in GD 6 and GD 50 myometrium using vehicle and EP agonists PGE(2), 17-phenyl trinor PGE(2), sulprostone, misoprostol, and CP-533,536. All spasmogens in pregnant myometrium were EP1/EP3 selective agonists, though likely acting via EP3 receptors in this test model. CP-533,536--a highly selective EP2 receptor agonist--and the vehicle failed to induce myometrial contraction at both gestational ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Terry
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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35
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Wang X, Klein RD. Prostaglandin E2 induces vascular endothelial growth factor secretion in prostate cancer cells through EP2 receptor-mediated cAMP pathway. Mol Carcinog 2007; 46:912-23. [PMID: 17427962 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been shown to induce expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other signaling molecules in several cancers. PGE2 elicits its functions though four G-protein coupled membrane receptors (EP1-4). In this study, we investigated the role of EP receptors in PGE2-induced molecular events in prostate cancer cells. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that PC-3 cells express a substantially higher level of EP2 and moderately higher EP4 than DU145 and LNCaP cells. LNCaP cells had virtually no detectable EP2 mRNA. EP1 and EP3 mRNAs were not detected in these cells. Treatment of prostate cancer cells with PGE2 (1 nM-10 microM) increased both VEGF secretion and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production. Levels of induction in PC-3 cells were greater than in DU145 and LNCaP cells. The selective EP2 agonist CAY10399 also significantly increased VEGF secretion and cAMP production in PC-3 cells, but not in DU145 and LNCaP cells. Moreover, PGE2 and CAY10399 increased mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase (MAPK/Erk) and Akt phosphorylation in PC-3 and DU145 cells, but not in LNCaP cells. However, neither the MAPK/Erk inhibitor U0126 nor the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 abolished PGE2-induced VEGF secretion in PC-3 cells. We further demonstrated that the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin and the cAMP anologue 8-bromo-cAMP mimicked the effects of PGE2 on VEGF secretion in PC-3 cells. Meanwhile, the adenylate cyclase inhibitor 2'5'-dideoxyadenosine, at concentrations that inhibited PGE2-induced cAMP, significantly blocked PGE2-induced VEGF secretion in PC-3 cells. We conclude that PGE2-induced VEGF secretion in prostate cancer cells is mediated through EP2-, and possibly EP4-, dependent cAMP signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingya Wang
- The Ohio State University, Department of Human Nutrition and the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, Campbell Hall, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Park HW, Shin ES, Lee JE, Kim SH, Kim SS, Chang YS, Kim YK, Min KU, Kim YY, Cho SH. Association between genetic variations in prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype EP3 gene (Ptger3) and asthma in the Korean population. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:1609-15. [PMID: 17877755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent investigations suggest that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is important in the pathogenesis of not only aspirin-intolerant asthma but also asthma unrelated to aspirin intolerance. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of variations in the gene coding PGE2 receptor subtype EP1-4 (Ptger1-4) on the risk of asthma in the Korean population. METHODS Nineteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected after re-sequencing Ptger1-4 and were genotyped in 480 asthmatics and 140 healthy controls, who were randomly recruited. RESULTS By logistic regression analyses controlling for age and sex, 1388T>C in Ptger3 was found to be significantly associated with asthma [P=0.002, odds ratio (95% confidence interval)=0.63 (0.46-0.85) in the allele model], and this remained significant after applying the Bonferroni correction. In terms of haplotype, the frequency of the C-C-A-A haplotype in Ptger3 was significantly lower in asthmatics than in healthy controls (P=0.004). Moreover, the prevalence of this haplotype was significantly lower in moderate-to-severe asthmatics than in mild asthmatics (P=0.045; mild vs. moderate and P=0.034; mild vs. severe). However, no association was found between any genetic variation in Ptger1, Ptger2, or Ptger4 and asthma. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that genetic variations in Ptger3 are significantly associated with the risk and severity of asthma in the Korean population.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions/genetics
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Asthma/genetics
- Female
- Gene Frequency
- Genotype
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- Korea
- Linkage Disequilibrium
- Logistic Models
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Odds Ratio
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Sex Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- H-W Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Chandras C, Harris TE, López Bernal A, Abayasekara DRE, Michael AE. PTGER1 and PTGER2 receptors mediate regulation of progesterone synthesis and type 1 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity by prostaglandin E2 in human granulosa lutein cells. J Endocrinol 2007; 194:595-602. [PMID: 17761898 PMCID: PMC2040272 DOI: 10.1677/joe-07-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In luteinizing granulosa cells, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) can exert luteotrophic actions, apparently via the cAMP signalling pathway. In addition to stimulating progesterone synthesis, PGE(2) can also stimulate oxidation of the physiological glucocorticoid, cortisol, to its inactive metabolite, cortisone, by the type 1 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11betaHSD1) enzyme in human granulosa-lutein cells. Having previously shown these human ovarian cells to express functional G-protein coupled, E-series prostaglandin (PTGER)1, PTGER2 and PTGER4 receptors, the aim of this study was to delineate the roles of PTGER1 and PTGER2 receptors in mediating the effects of PGE(2) on steroidogenesis and cortisol metabolism in human granulosa-lutein cells. PGE(2)-stimulated concentration-dependent increases in both progesterone production and cAMP accumulation (by 1.9 +/- 0.1- and 18.7 +/- 6.8-fold respectively at 3000 nM PGE(2)). While a selective PTGER1 antagonist, SC19220, could partially inhibit the steroidogenic response to PGE(2) (by 55.9 +/- 4.1% at 1000 nM PGE(2)), co-treatment with AH6809, a mixed PTGER1/PTGER2 receptor antagonist, completely abolished the stimulation of progesterone synthesis at all tested concentrations of PGE(2) and suppressed the stimulation of cAMP accumulation. Both PGE(2) and butaprost (a preferential PTGER2 receptor agonist) stimulated concentration-dependent increases in cortisol oxidation by 11betaHSD1 (by 42.5 +/- 3.1 and 40.0 +/- 3.0% respectively, at PGE(2) and butaprost concentrations of 1000 nM). Co-treatment with SC19220 enhanced the ability of both PGE(2) and butaprost to stimulate 11betaHSD1 activity (by 30.2 +/- 0.2 and 30.5 +/- 0.6% respectively), whereas co-treatment with AH6809 completely abolished the 11betaHSD1 responses to PGE(2) and butaprost. These findings implicate the PTGER2 receptor-cAMP signalling pathway in the stimulation of progesterone production and 11betaHSD1 activity by PGE(2) in human granulosa-lutein cells.
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MESH Headings
- 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1/metabolism
- Alprostadil/analogs & derivatives
- Alprostadil/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cortisone/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11H)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Humans
- Hydrocortisone/metabolism
- Luteal Cells/drug effects
- Luteal Cells/metabolism
- Progesterone/biosynthesis
- Prostaglandin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Prostaglandins E, Synthetic/pharmacology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Xanthones/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chandras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College LondonRowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PFUK
- Department of Veterinary Basic Science, Royal Veterinary CollegeRoyal College Street, London NW1 0TUUK
| | - T E Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College LondonRowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PFUK
- Department of Veterinary Basic Science, Royal Veterinary CollegeRoyal College Street, London NW1 0TUUK
| | - A López Bernal
- Department of Clinical Science at South Bristol (Obstetrics and Gynaecology), University of BristolDorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NYUK
| | - D R E Abayasekara
- Department of Veterinary Basic Science, Royal Veterinary CollegeRoyal College Street, London NW1 0TUUK
| | - A E Michael
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College LondonRowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PFUK
- Division of Clinical Developmental Sciences, Academic Section of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Centre for Developmental and Endocrine Signalling, St George's University of LondonCranmer Terrace Tooting, London SW17 0REUK
- (Requests for offprints should be addressed to A E Michael; )
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Mori A, Saito M, Sakamoto K, Narita M, Nakahara T, Ishii K. Stimulation of prostanoid IP and EP2 receptors dilates retinal arterioles and increases retinal and choroidal blood flow in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 570:135-41. [PMID: 17628525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of vasodilatory prostaglandins (prostacyclin and prostaglandin E(2)) and selective agonists for prostanoid EP(2) and EP(4) receptor on the diameters of retinal blood vessels and fundus (retinal/choroidal) blood flow in rats. Male Wistar rats (8- to 10-week-old) were treated with tetrodotoxin (50 microg/kg, i.v.) to eliminate any nerve activity and prevent movement of the eye and infused with a mixture solution of norepinephrine and epinephrine (1:9) to maintain adequate systemic circulation under artificial ventilation. Fundus images were captured with a digital camera that was equipped with the special objective lens for small animals, and the diameters of retinal arterioles and venules were measured on a personal computer. Fundus blood flow was estimated using a laser Doppler flowmetry. Intravenous infusions of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E(2) dilated retinal blood vessels, increased fundus blood flow and decreased systemic blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of vasodilatory prostaglandins on retinal arterioles were greater than those on retinal venules. Similarly, a prostanoid EP(2) receptor agonist (ONO-AE1-259-01) dilated retinal blood vessels, and increased fundus blood flow and decreased systemic blood pressure. However, a prostanoid EP(4) receptor agonist (ONO-AE1-329) failed to increase fundus blood flow, despite its comparable depressor response with those to vasodilatory prostaglandins and the prostanoid EP(2) receptor agonist. The responses to forskolin, an activator of adenylyl cyclase, were very similar to those to prostacyclin and the prostanoid EP(2) receptor agonist. These results suggest that prostacyclin and prostaglandin E(2) act as vasodilators in retinal and choroidal circulation, and prostanoid IP and EP(2) receptors play an important role in the regulation of ocular hemodynamics in rats.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/analogs & derivatives
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Epoprostenol/pharmacology
- Male
- Methyl Ethers/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Epoprostenol
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Regional Blood Flow/drug effects
- Retina/drug effects
- Retina/physiology
- Retinal Artery/anatomy & histology
- Retinal Artery/drug effects
- Retinal Artery/physiology
- Retinal Vein/anatomy & histology
- Retinal Vein/drug effects
- Retinal Vein/physiology
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Mori
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Elberg G, Elberg D, Lewis TV, Guruswamy S, Chen L, Logan CJ, Chan MD, Turman MA. EP2 receptor mediates PGE2-induced cystogenesis of human renal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F1622-32. [PMID: 17728378 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00036.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by formation of cysts from tubular epithelial cells. Previous studies indicate that secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) into cyst fluid and production of cAMP underlie cyst expansion. However, the mechanism by which PGE2 directly stimulates cAMP formation and modulates cystogenesis is still unclear, because the particular E-prostanoid (EP) receptor mediating the PGE2 effect has not been characterized. Our goal is to define the PGE2 receptor subtype involved in ADPKD. We used a three-dimensional cell-culture system of human epithelial cells from normal and ADPKD kidneys in primary cultures to demonstrate that PGE2 induces cyst formation. Biochemical evidence gathered by using real-time RT-PCR mRNA analysis and immunodetection indicate the presence of EP2 receptor in cystic epithelial cells in ADPKD kidney. Pharmacological evidence obtained by using PGE2-selective analogs further demonstrates that EP2 mediates cAMP formation and cystogenesis. Functional evidence for a role of EP2 receptor in mediating cAMP signaling was also provided by inhibiting EP2 receptor expression with transfection of small interfering RNA in cystic epithelial cells. Our results indicate that PGE2 produced in cyst fluid binds to adjacent EP2 receptors located on the apical side of cysts and stimulates EP2 receptor expression. PGE2 binding to EP2 receptor leads to cAMP signaling and cystogenesis by a mechanism that involves protection of cystic epithelial cells from apoptosis. The role of EP2 receptor in mediating the PGE2 effect on stimulating cyst formation may have direct pharmacological implications for the treatment of polycystic kidney disease.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Cyclic AMP/biosynthesis
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Kidney/metabolism
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/etiology
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/metabolism
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/pathology
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/physiopathology
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Signal Transduction
- Spheroids, Cellular
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Elberg
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 N. E. 13th St., 2B2309, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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40
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Brouxhon S, Kyrkanides S, O'Banion MK, Johnson R, Pearce DA, Centola GM, Miller JNH, McGrath KH, Erdle B, Scott G, Schneider S, VanBuskirk J, Pentland AP. Sequential Down-regulation of E-Cadherin with Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression: Loss of E-Cadherin via a Prostaglandin E2-EP2–Dependent Posttranslational Mechanism. Cancer Res 2007; 67:7654-64. [PMID: 17699770 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of skin cancer is on the rise, with over 1 million new cases yearly. Although it is known that squamous cell cancers (SCC) are caused by UV light, the mechanism(s) involved remains poorly understood. In vitro studies with epithelial cells or reports examining malignant skin lesions suggest that loss of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts may contribute to SCCs. Other studies show a pivotal role for cyclooxygenase-dependent prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis in this process. Using chronically UV-irradiated SKH-1 mice, we show a sequential loss of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts as lesions progress from dysplasia to SCCs. This E-cadherin down-regulation was also evident after acute UV exposure in vivo. In both chronic and acute UV injury, E-cadherin levels declined at a time when epidermal PGE2 synthesis was enhanced. Inhibition of PGE2 synthesis by indomethacin in vitro, targeted deletion of EP2 in primary mouse keratinocyte (PMK) cultures or deletion of the EP2 receptor in vivo abrogated this UV-induced E-cadherin down-regulation. In contrast, addition of PGE2 or the EP2 receptor agonist butaprost to PMK produced a dose- and time-dependent decrease in E-cadherin. We also show that UV irradiation, via the PGE2-EP2 signaling pathway, may initiate tumorigenesis in keratinocytes by down-regulating E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts through its mobilization away from the cell membrane, internalization into the cytoplasm, and shuttling through the lysosome and proteasome degradation pathways. Further understanding of how UV-PGE2-EP2 down-regulates E-cadherin may lead to novel chemopreventative strategies for the treatment of skin and other epithelial cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cadherins/biosynthesis
- Cadherins/deficiency
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Growth Processes/physiology
- Dinoprostone/biosynthesis
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Down-Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Hairless
- Mice, Knockout
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Skin Neoplasms/etiology
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Ultraviolet Rays
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Brouxhon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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Gustafsson A, Hansson E, Kressner U, Nordgren S, Andersson M, Wang W, Lönnroth C, Lundholm K. EP1-4 subtype, COX and PPAR gamma receptor expression in colorectal cancer in prediction of disease-specific mortality. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:232-40. [PMID: 17290397 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The importance of prostaglandins in tumor growth and progression is well recognized, including antineoplastic activities by cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors. Variation in treatment response to COX inhibition has questioned differences in expression of cell surface and nuclear membrane receptors among tumors with different disease progression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether EP(1-4) subtype, PPAR gamma receptor and COX-1/COX-2 expression in colorectal cancer are related to tumor-specific mortality. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to demonstrate expression and protein appearance in tumor tissue compared with normal colon tissue. EP(1) and EP(2) subtype receptor protein was highly present in tumor cells, EP(3) occurred occasionally and EP(4) was not visible. PPAR gamma, EP(2) and EP(4) mRNA were significantly higher in normal colon tissue compared with tumor tissue, without any distinct relationship to Dukes A-D tumor stage. Multivariate analyses indicated that increased tumor tissue EP(2) and COX-2 expression predicted poor survival (p<0.001). COX-1 expression was significantly higher than COX-2 expression in normal colon tissue. Average COX-2 mRNA was not increased in tumor tissue compared with normal colon. However, most tumor cells stained positive for COX-2 protein, which was low or undetectable in normal mucosa cells. COX-1 protein was preferentially visible in stroma. EP(1-4) subtype receptor mRNAs were generally positively correlated to both COX-1 and COX-2 in tumor tissue, but not in normal colon. Our results imply that both prostaglandin production (COX-2) and signaling via EP(1-4) subtype receptors, particularly EP(2), predict disease-specific mortality in colorectal cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Cyclooxygenase 1/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 1/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- PPAR gamma/genetics
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Gustafsson
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Metabolic Research Laboratory at Lundberg Laboratory for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Kreutzer M, Fauti T, Kaddatz K, Seifart C, Neubauer A, Schweer H, Kömhoff M, Müller-Brüsselbach S, Müller R. Specific components of prostanoid-signaling pathways are present in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2007; 18:497-501. [PMID: 17611676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we measured prostanoid synthesis and the expression of genes associated with prostanoid signaling in human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines and in primary human tumors. Consistent with the proposed growth promoting role of PGE2, we found that NSCLC cell lines frequently co-expressed the genes encoding cyclooxygenase-2 and the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors EP1, 2 and 4 concomitant with the synthesis of PGE2. In contrast, NSCLC cells did not synthesize appreciable amounts of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), lacked PGI2 synthase (PGIS) and did not express the gene coding for the PGI2 receptor IP at detectable levels. In agreement with this finding, PGIS mRNA levels were dramatically diminished in primary human tumor samples as compared to matched normal lung tissue. Finally, thromboxane A2 (TxA2) was synthesized in NSCLC cell lines, but transcription of the gene coding for the TxA2 receptor TP was not observed in these cells. In marked contrast, lung fibroblasts synthesized all three prostanoids and their receptors at high levels. While the observed expression patterns were consistent with the existence of autocrine/paracrine PGE2 signaling loops in NSCLC cells, PGI2- and TxA2-mediated signals may play a role in tumor stroma cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Epoprostenol/metabolism
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mass Spectrometry/methods
- Mice
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Prostaglandins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/genetics
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Thromboxane A2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Kreutzer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps University, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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Sato M, Nakayama T, Soma M, Aoi N, Kosuge K, Haketa A, Izumi Y, Matsumoto K, Sato N, Kokubun S. Association between prostaglandin E2 receptor gene and essential hypertension. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2007; 77:15-20. [PMID: 17644362 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential hypertension (EH) is a complex multifactorial polygenic disorder that is thought to result from an interaction between an individual's genetic makeup and various environmental factors. In the kidney, prostaglandins (PGs) are important mediators of vascular tone and salt and water homeostasis, and are involved in the mediation and/or modulation of hormonal action. In previous studies, mice deficient in the prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)) EP2 receptor had resting systolic blood pressure (BP) that was significantly lower than that of wild-type controls. The BP of those mice increased when they were put on a high-salt diet, suggesting that the EP2 receptor is involved in sodium handling by the kidney. In the present study, we investigated the association between EH and nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding the prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype EP2 (PTGER2). METHODS We selected three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the human PTGER2 gene (rs1254601, rs2075797, and rs17197), and we performed a genetic association study of 266 EH patients and 253 age-matched normotensive (NT) controls. RESULTS There was no significant difference in overall distribution of genotypes or alleles of any of the SNP between the EH and NT groups. However, among men, the A/A type of the SNP rs17197 (rs17197, A/G in 3'UTR) was significantly more frequent in EH subjects than in NT subjects (P=0.041). CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that rs17197 is useful as a genetic marker of EH in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikano Sato
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Advanced Medical Science, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Li M, Thompson DD, Paralkar VM. Prostaglandin E(2) receptors in bone formation. Int Orthop 2007; 31:767-72. [PMID: 17593365 PMCID: PMC2266676 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-007-0406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins, PGE(2) in particular, have diverse actions on various organs, including inflammation, bone healing, bone formation, embryo implantation, induction of labour and vasodilatation, among others. However, systemic side effects have limited their clinical utility. The pharmacological activities of PGE(2) are mediated through four G protein-coupled receptor subtypes, EP1-EP4. Recent studies have shown that EP2 and EP4 receptors play important roles in regulating bone formation and resorption. EP2 and EP4 receptor-selective agonists have been shown to stimulate local or systemic bone formation, augment bone mass and accelerate the healing of fractures or bone defects in animal models upon local or systemic administration, thus, potentially offering new therapeutic options for enhancing bone formation and bone repair in humans. This review will focus on the studies related to bone formation and bone healing in the EP receptor knockout (KO) mice and the EP2 or EP4 receptor-selective agonist treated animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Li
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Mail Stop 8118W-208, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - D. D. Thompson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Mail Stop 6025-A4235, New London, CT 06320 USA
| | - V. M. Paralkar
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Mail Stop 8118W-208, Groton, CT 06340 USA
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Burelout C, Thibault N, Harbour D, Naccache PH, Bourgoin SG. The PGE2-induced inhibition of the PLD activation pathway stimulated by fMLP in human neutrophils is mediated by PKA at the PI3-Kgamma level. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:730-41. [PMID: 17631865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an eicosanoid that modulates inflammation, inhibits several chemoattractant-elicited functions in neutrophils such as chemotaxis, production of superoxide anions, adhesion, secretion of cytotoxic enzymes and synthesis of leukotriene B4. We previously reported that PGE2 inhibits the fMLP signaling pathway that leads to PLD activation through suppression of PI3-Kgamma activity and the decreased recruitment to membranes of PLD activation factors, PKC, Rho and Arf-GTPases. This effect is mediated via the EP2 receptors known to raise cAMP in cells. The inhibition of most fMLP-induced functional responses by PGE2 via EP2 receptors is mediated by PKA, except the chemotactic response. We have investigated the role of PKA in the EP2-mediated inhibition of the PLD activation pathway. H-89, a selective PKA pharmacological inhibitor suppressed the inhibitory effects of PGE2 at all stages of the PLD pathway activated by fMLP, i.e. PLD activity, translocation to membranes of PKCalpha, Rho and Arf-GTPases, calcium influx, tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins and finally translocation of p110gamma catalytic subunit of PI3-K to membranes. However, neither PLD nor PI3-Kgamma was substrate of PKA. These data provide evidence that PGE2-stimulated PKA activity regulates the PLD pathway stimulated by fMLP at the level of PI3-Kgamma and that the inhibition of PI3-Kgamma activation by PKA is a complex mechanism that remains to be completely elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Burelout
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie-Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Département d'Anatomie-Physiologie, Québec, Canada
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46
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Meisdalen K, Dajani OF, Christoffersen T, Sandnes D. Prostaglandins Enhance Epidermal Growth Factor-Induced DNA Synthesis in Hepatocytes by Stimulation of E Prostanoid 3 and F Prostanoid Receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:1044-50. [PMID: 17567965 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.121277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins stimulate hepatocyte proliferation in vivo and in vitro. We have examined the role of E prostanoid (EP) and F prostanoid receptors (FP) in enhancing the growth-stimulatory effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in cultured hepatocytes. The EP2 receptor agonist butaprost had no significant effect on EGF-induced DNA synthesis. EP1 receptor-selective antagonists did not affect the enhancement by prostaglandin E(2) of EGF-stimulated DNA synthesis. Sulprostone, misoprostol, and fluprostenol strongly enhanced DNA synthesis and inhibited glucagon-stimulated cAMP accumulation, indicating that they all activated EP3 receptors. Sulprostone and fluprostenol, and to a lesser extent misoprostol, stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphates. The effects of fluprostenol and sulprostone on phospholipase C (PLC) were inhibited by the FP receptor antagonist AL-8810 [9 alpha, 15R-dihydroxy-11 beta-fluoro-15-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl)-16,17,18,19,20-pentanor-prosta-5Z, 13E-dien-1-oic acid], indicating that this effect was mediated by FP receptors. Inhibition of protein kinase C with GF109203X [2-[1-(3-dimetylaminopropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-maleimide] resulted in a partial reduction of the growth stimulation induced by fluprostenol, indicating a minor role of FP receptors. Combining fluprostenol with misoprostol, but not with sulprostone, resulted in partially additive effects on DNA synthesis, suggesting that both EP3 and FP receptors are involved. Combining sulprostone with misoprostol did not result in additive effects on DNA synthesis, suggesting that EP4 receptors were not involved. We conclude that, although a minor effect is exerted by FP receptors, the growth-stimulatory effects of prostaglandins in rat hepatocytes are mediated mainly by EP3 receptors. We have found no evidence of EP1 receptor involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Meisdalen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1057 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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47
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Fujino H, Chen XB, Regan JW, Murayama T. Indomethacin decreases EP2 prostanoid receptor expression in colon cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:568-73. [PMID: 17555711 PMCID: PMC2674506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can decrease the risk of colorectal cancer; however, it has not been established if this effect is solely through their ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX). In this study the effects of indomethacin, a potent NSAID and nonselective COX inhibitor, was examined in LS174T human colon cancer cells. These cells were found to express EP2 prostanoid receptors, but not the EP1, EP3 or EP4 subtypes. Pretreatment of LS174T cells with indomethacin produced a complete inhibition of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) stimulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) formation in a dose dependent manner with an IC(50) of 21 microM. Interestingly, the inhibition of PGE(2)-stimulated cAMP formation by indomethacin was accompanied by a decrease in EP2 mRNA expression and by a decrease in the whole cell specific binding of [(3)H]PGE(2). Thus, treatment of LS174T cells with indomethacin causes a down regulation of EP2 prostanoid receptors expression that may be independent of COX inhibition.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP/biosynthesis
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Indomethacin/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Fujino
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
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48
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Sugino Y, Misawa A, Inoue J, Kitagawa M, Hosoi H, Sugimoto T, Imoto I, Inazawa J. Epigenetic silencing of prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2) is associated with progression of neuroblastomas. Oncogene 2007; 26:7401-13. [PMID: 17533365 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified a cluster of prostanoid receptor genes, prostaglandin D2 receptor (PTGDR) and prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2), as possible targets for DNA methylation in advanced types of neuroblastoma (NB) using bacterial artificial chromosome array-based methylated CpG island amplification method. Among them, in this study, we found that PTGER2 was frequently silenced in NB cell lines, especially in those with MYCN amplification, through epigenetic mechanisms. In NB cell lines, DNA methylation pattern within a part of CpG island was inversely correlated with PTGER2 expression, and histone H3 and H4 deacetylation and histone H3 lysine 9 methylation within the putative promoter region were more directly correlated with silencing of this gene. Methylation of PTGER2 was observed more frequently in advanced-type of primary NBs compared with early-stage tumors. Growth of NB cells lacking endogenous PTGER2 expression was inhibited by restoration of the gene product by transient and stable transfection. A PTGER2-selective agonist, butaprost, increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level, inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis of NB cells stably expressing exogenous PTGER2. 8-Bromo-cAMP also inhibited growth of NB cells lacking PTGER2 expression, but not cells expressing this gene. Taken together, it is suggested that NB cells may lose responsiveness to PTGER2-mediated growth inhibition/apoptosis through epigenetic silencing of PTGER2 and/or disruption of downstream cAMP-dependent pathway during the neuroblastomagenesis.
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MESH Headings
- 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/pharmacology
- Alprostadil/analogs & derivatives
- Alprostadil/pharmacology
- Cell Growth Processes/drug effects
- Cell Growth Processes/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- CpG Islands
- DNA Methylation
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Disease Progression
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Neuroblastoma/genetics
- Neuroblastoma/metabolism
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sugino
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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49
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Xiao Y, Araldi GL, Zhao Z, Brugger N, Karra S, Fischer D, Palmer E. Discovery of novel prostaglandin analogs of PGE2 as potent and selective EP2 and EP4 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4323-7. [PMID: 17531488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Analogs of PGE(2) with introduction of diene groups at the omega-side chain have been synthesized and evaluated for their binding affinity for EP(2) and EP(4) receptors. An optimized analog (compound 9b) showed high potency and selectivity for the EP(4) receptor over other known receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Xiao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, EMD Serono Research Institute, Inc., Rockland, MA 02370, USA.
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50
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Wehbrink D, Hässig M, Ritter N, Zerbe H, Bleul U, Boos A. Immunohistochemical demonstration of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin receptors EP2 and FP expression in the bovine intercaruncular uterine wall around term. Anim Reprod Sci 2007; 106:241-54. [PMID: 17574782 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
During parturition, uterine-derived prostaglandins (PG) play an outstanding role regarding the functional elimination of the corpus luteum and the promotion of uterine contraction. The rate-limiting enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), highly regulated in a cell-type and localization specific manner throughout pregnancy, is involved in uterine prostanoid production. Prostaglandins exert their effects via G-protein-coupled receptors. Distribution and cellular localization of these receptors are decisive factors for prostaglandin-mediated actions. Since both COX-2 and PG receptors have only been assessed during pregnancy in the cow, these parameters were localized immunohistochemically near term to evaluate their specific role at parturition. Thus, during two periods, segments of the intercaruncular uterine wall were collected from cows at slaughter being eight and nine months pregnant, from cattle during caesarean section, and after spontaneous calving. Results reveal that COX-2 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of surface epithelial cells with a high expression in animals with induced parturition. The enzyme could also be found in lower concentrations within the glandular epithelium without any effect of gestational time or labour. In contrast to relaxant prostaglandin E receptor type 2 (EP2), not showing any change in all tissue layers observed, contractile prostaglandin F(2alpha) receptor (FP) was modulated during the peripartal period revealing a peak expression in animals with induced parturition. FP was localized in surface and glandular epithelial cells as well as in endometrial stroma and myometrial smooth muscle cells. Our study indicates that labour and induction of parturition may have an effect on amounts of immunohistochemically detectable COX-2 and FP. EP2 remains rather unchanged during the peripartal period. COX-2 and FP thus contribute via changes in amount and distribution to mechanisms associated with parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wehbrink
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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