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Alarkawi D, Bliuc D, Tran T, Ahmed LA, Emaus N, Bjørnerem A, Jørgensen L, Christoffersen T, Eisman JA, Center JR. Impact of osteoporotic fracture type and subsequent fracture on mortality: the Tromsø Study. Osteoporos Int 2020; 31:119-130. [PMID: 31654084 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-019-05174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Less is known about the impact of non-hip non-vertebral fractures (NHNV) on early death. This study demonstrated increased risk of dying following hip and NHNV fractures which was further increased by a subsequent fracture. This highlights the importance of early intervention to prevent both initial and subsequent fractures and improve survival. INTRODUCTION Osteoporotic fractures are a major health concern. Limited evidence exists on their impact on mortality in ageing populations. This study examined the contribution of initial fracture type and subsequent fracture on mortality in a Norwegian population that has one of the highest rates of fractures. METHODS The Tromsø Study is a prospective population-based cohort in Norway. Women and men aged 50+ years were followed from 1994 to 2010. All incident hip and non-hip non-vertebral (NHNV) fractures were registered. NHNV fractures were classified as either proximal or distal. Information on self-reported co-morbidities, lifestyle factors, general health and education level was collected. Multivariable Cox models were used to quantify mortality risk with incident and subsequent fractures analysed as time-dependent variables. RESULTS Of 5214 women and 4620 men, 1549 (30%) and 504 (11%) sustained a fracture, followed by 589 (38%) and 254 (51%) deaths over 10,523 and 2821 person-years, respectively. There were 403 (26%) subsequent fractures in women and 68 (13%) in men. Hip fracture was associated with a two-fold increase in mortality risk (HR 2.05, 95% CI 1.73-2.42 in women and 2.49, 95% CI 2.00-3.11 in men). Proximal NHNV fractures were associated with 49% and 81% increased mortality risk in women and men (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.21-1.84 and 1.81, 95% CI 1.37-2.41), respectively. Distal NHNV fractures were not associated with mortality. Subsequent fracture was associated with 89% and 77% increased mortality risk in women and men (HR 1.89, 95% CI 1.52-2.35 and 1.77, 95% CI 1.16-2.71), respectively. CONCLUSION Hip, proximal NHNV and subsequent fractures were significantly associated with increased mortality risk in the elderly, highlighting the importance of early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Alarkawi
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.
| | - D Bliuc
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - T Tran
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - L A Ahmed
- Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - N Emaus
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - A Bjørnerem
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - L Jørgensen
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - T Christoffersen
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Finnmark Hospital Trust, Hammerfest, Norway
| | - J A Eisman
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Clinical School, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medicine Sydney, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, Australia
| | - J R Center
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Clinical School, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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2
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Thomsen M, Skovlund E, Sorbye H, Bolstad N, Nustad KJ, Glimelius B, Pfeiffer P, Kure EH, Johansen JS, Tveit KM, Christoffersen T, Guren TK. Prognostic role of carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 in metastatic colorectal cancer: a BRAF-mutant subset with high CA 19-9 level and poor outcome. Br J Cancer 2018; 118:1609-1616. [PMID: 29872151 PMCID: PMC6008450 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutation status of RAS and BRAF, as well as serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), are biomarkers used in clinical management of patients with gastrointestinal cancers. This study aimed to examine the prognostic role of these biomarkers in a patient population that started first-line chemotherapy for unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in the NORDIC-VII study. Methods CEA and CA 19-9 were measured in serum samples from 545 patients obtained before the start of chemotherapy. Four hundred and ninety-four patients had detectable levels of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9). RAS (exons 2–4) and BRAF (V600E) mutation status were available from 440 patients. Overall survival (OS) was estimated in patient groups defined by serum CEA or CA 19-9 levels using cut-off values of 5 µg/L and 35 kU/L, respectively, in the total population and in subgroups according to RAS and BRAF mutation status. Results For both CEA and CA 19-9, elevated serum levels were associated with reduced OS in adjusted analyses which included RAS and BRAF mutation status, baseline World Health Organization performance status, and levels of alkaline phosphatase and C-reactive protein. The negative prognostic information provided by an elevated CA 19-9 level was particularly marked in patients with BRAF mutation (hazard ratio = 4.35, interaction P = 0.003, in an adjusted model for OS). Conclusions High baseline serum concentrations of CEA and CA 19-9 provide independent information of impaired prognosis in mCRC. In patients with BRAF-mutant tumours, elevated serum CA 19-9 may identify a subgroup with highly aggressive disease and could contribute to improving therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Thomsen
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Skovlund
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Halfdan Sorbye
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital and Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nils Bolstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Bengt Glimelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Pfeiffer
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Elin H Kure
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia S Johansen
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjell Magne Tveit
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K.G.Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thoralf Christoffersen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tormod Kyrre Guren
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,K.G.Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Hamfjord J, Guren T, Dajani O, Glimelius B, Sorbye H, Pfeiffer P, Christoffersen T, Lingjærde O, Tveit K, Kure E, Pallisgaard N, Spindler K. Total circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) as a prognostic biomarker in metastatic colorectal cancer prior to first-line oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy149.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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4
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Thomsen M, Kersten C, Sorbye H, Skovlund E, Glimelius B, Pfeiffer P, Johansen JS, Kure EH, Ikdahl T, Tveit KM, Christoffersen T, Guren TK. Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein as prognostic biomarkers in metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75013-75022. [PMID: 27738330 PMCID: PMC5342719 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to explore the prognostic significance of IL-6 and markers of systemic inflammatory response (SIR), in particular C-reactive protein (CRP), in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients, in the total study population and according to RAS and BRAF mutation status. RESULTS High levels of pretreatment serum IL-6 or CRP were associated with impaired outcome, in terms of reduced PFS and OS. Patients with low versus high serum IL-6 levels had median OS of 26.0 versus 16.6 months, respectively (P < 0.001). Stratified according to increasing CRP levels, median OS varied from 24.3 months to 12.3 months, (P < 0.001). IL-6 and CRP levels affected overall prognosis also in adjusted analyses. The effect of IL-6 was particularly pronounced in patients with BRAF mutation (interaction P = 0.004). MATERIALS AND METHODS IL-6 and CRP were determined in pre-treatment serum samples from 393 patients included in the NORDIC-VII trial, in which patients with mCRC received first line treatment. The effect of serum IL-6 and CRP on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was estimated. CONCLUSIONS High baseline serum consentrations of IL-6 or CRP were associated with impaired prognosis in mCRC. IL-6 and CRP give independent prognostic information in addition to RAS and BRAF mutation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Thomsen
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Kersten
- Department of Oncology, Southern Hospital Trust, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Halfdan Sorbye
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eva Skovlund
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bengt Glimelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Pfeiffer
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Julia S Johansen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Elin H Kure
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tone Ikdahl
- Akershus University Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway
| | - Kjell Magne Tveit
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thoralf Christoffersen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tormod Kyrre Guren
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Christoffersen T, Emaus N, Dennison E, Furberg AS, Gracia-Marco L, Grimnes G, Nilsen OA, Vlachopoulos D, Winther A, Ahmed LA. The association between childhood fractures and adolescence bone outcomes: a population-based study, the Tromsø Study, Fit Futures. Osteoporos Int 2018; 29:441-450. [PMID: 29147750 PMCID: PMC6124640 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Childhood fracture may predict persistent skeletal fragility, but it may also reflect high physical activity which is beneficial to bone development. We observe a difference in the relationship between previous fracture and bone outcome across physical activity level and sex. Further elaboration on this variation is needed. PURPOSE Childhood fracture may be an early marker of skeletal fragility, or increased levels of physical activity (PA), which are beneficial for bone mineral accrual. This study investigated the association between a previous history of childhood fracture and adolescent bone mineral outcomes by various PA levels. METHODS We recruited 469 girls and 492 boys aged 15-18 years to this study. We assessed PA levels by questionnaire and measured areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at arm, femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), and total body (TB) and calculated bone mineral apparent density (BMAD, g/cm3). Fractures from birth to time of DXA measurements were retrospectively recorded. We analyzed differences among participants with and without fractures using independent sample t test. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the association between fractures and aBMD and BMC measurements according to adolescent PA. RESULTS Girls with and without a previous history of fracture had similar BMC, aBMD, and BMAD at all sites. In multiple regression analyses stratified by physical activity intensity (PAi), there was a significant negative association between fracture and aBMD-TH and BMC-FN yet only in girls reporting low PAi. There was a significant negative association between forearm fractures, BMAD-FN, and BMAD-arm among vigorously active boys. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate a negative association between childhood fractures and aBMD/BMC in adolescent girls reporting low PAi. In boys, such an association appears only in vigorously active participants with a history of forearm fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Christoffersen
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Forskningsparken, Sykehusveien 21, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
- Finnmark Hospital Trust, Alta, Norway.
| | - N Emaus
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Forskningsparken, Sykehusveien 21, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - E Dennison
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton, UK
- Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - A-S Furberg
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - L Gracia-Marco
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - G Grimnes
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - O A Nilsen
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Forskningsparken, Sykehusveien 21, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - D Vlachopoulos
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - A Winther
- Division of Neurosciences, Orthopedics and Rehabilitation Services, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - L A Ahmed
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Forskningsparken, Sykehusveien 21, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
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6
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Aasrum M, Thoresen GH, Christoffersen T, Brusevold IJ. p38 differentially regulates ERK, p21, and mitogenic signalling in two pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:699-707. [PMID: 29380233 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas the p38 MAP kinase has largely been associated with anti-proliferative functions, several observations have indicated that it may also have positive effects on proliferation. In hepatocytes, we have found that p38 has opposing effects on DNA synthesis when activated by EGF and HGF. Here we have studied the function of p38 in EGF- and HGF-induced DNA synthesis in the two pancreatic carcinoma cell lines AsPC-1 and Panc-1. In Panc-1 cells, the MEK inhibitor PD98059 reduced EGF- and HGF-induced DNA synthesis, while the p38 inhibitor SB203580 strongly increased the basal DNA synthesis and reduced expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) p21. In contrast, in AsPC-1 cells, EGF- and HGF-induced DNA synthesis was not significantly reduced by PD98059 but was inhibited by SB203580. Treatment with SB203580 amplified the sustained ERK phosphorylation induced by these growth factors and caused a marked upregulation of the expression of p21, which could be blocked by PD98059. These results suggest that while DNA synthesis in Panc-1 cells is enhanced by ERK and strongly suppressed by p38, in AsPC-1 cells, p38 exerts a pro-mitogenic effect through MEK/ERK-dependent downregulation of p21. Thus, p38 may have suppressive or stimulatory effects on proliferation depending on the cell type, due to differential cross-talk between the p38 and MEK/ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aasrum
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1057, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1057, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thoralf Christoffersen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1057, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild J Brusevold
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Behavioural Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Ødegård J, Sondresen JE, Aasrum M, Tveteraas IH, Guren TK, Christoffersen T, Thoresen GH. Differential effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligands on receptor binding, downstream signalling pathways and DNA synthesis in hepatocytes. Growth Factors 2017; 35:239-248. [PMID: 29582692 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2018.1453506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are responsive to mitogenic effects of several ligands acting via EGFR. Studying primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, we found that, as compared to EGF, HB-EGF had a markedly higher affinity of the EGFR, while AR and TGFα had lower affinity. HB-EGF was also more potent compared to the other growth factors regarding phosphorylation of EGFR, Shc, ERK1/2 and Akt. All ligands induced phosphorylation of ErbB2, indicating receptor heterodimerization. TGFα, despite having much lower receptor affinity, was about equally potent and efficacious as HB-EGF as a stimulator of DNA synthesis. In contrast, EGF had relatively high affinity but markedly lower efficacy in stimulation of DNA synthesis. The results suggest that amplifying and/or inhibitory mechanisms may modulate the mitogenic responses downstream of the initial signalling steps, and that this may affect the effects of the EGFR ligands differentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ødegård
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - J E Sondresen
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - M Aasrum
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - I H Tveteraas
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
- b Department of Pharmacology , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - T K Guren
- c Department of Oncology , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - T Christoffersen
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - G H Thoresen
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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8
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Thomsen M, Guren MG, Skovlund E, Glimelius B, Hjermstad MJ, Johansen JS, Kure E, Sorbye H, Pfeiffer P, Christoffersen T, Guren TK, Tveit KM. Health-related quality of life in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, association with systemic inflammatory response and RAS and BRAF mutation status. Eur J Cancer 2017; 81:26-35. [PMID: 28595137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cetuximab on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the NORDIC-VII trial on metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), and to assess HRQoL in relation to RAS and BRAF mutation status and inflammatory biomarkers. PATIENT AND METHODS HRQoL was assessed using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (QLQ-C30) at baseline, after every fourth cycle of chemotherapy, and at the end of treatment. HRQoL during 12 cycles of chemotherapy was evaluated over time, compared between treatment arms, and assessed for association with tumour mutation status and inflammatory markers. RESULTS QLQ-C30 was completed by 512 patients (90%) before start of treatment. HRQoL variables were well balanced across treatment arms at baseline, and no statistically significant differences during treatment were seen. Patients with BRAF-mutated tumours reported poorer HRQoL at baseline and subsequent time points than patients with RAS-mutated or RAS/BRAF wild-type tumours. Patients with high serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) or C-reactive protein (CRP) had markedly impaired HRQoL compared to patients with normal levels. There was a statistically significant association between reduction in IL-6 and CRP levels and improvement in HRQoL during treatment from baseline to cycle 4. CONCLUSION The addition of cetuximab to chemotherapy did not affect HRQoL in mCRC patients. Patients with BRAF-mutated tumours have both a worse prognosis and a poor HRQoL. The associations between levels of systemic inflammatory markers and reduced HRQoL suggest that the patients might benefit from anti-inflammatory treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Thomsen
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marianne Grønlie Guren
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Skovlund
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bengt Glimelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jensen Hjermstad
- Regional Advisory Unit for Palliative Care, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; European Palliative Care Research Centre, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia S Johansen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Elin Kure
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Halfdan Sorbye
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, and Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Pfeiffer
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thoralf Christoffersen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tormod Kyrre Guren
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjell Magne Tveit
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Tjomsland V, Aasrum M, Christoffersen T, Gladhaug IP. Functional heterogeneity in tumor-derived human pancreatic stellate cells: Differential expression of HGF and implications for mitogenic signaling and migration in pancreatic cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71672-71684. [PMID: 29069737 PMCID: PMC5641080 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic stellate cell (PSC) is the principal cell type of the desmoplastic stroma of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PSCs interact with cancer cells and influence the progression of the disease through a complex network of signaling molecules including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Functional heterogeneity of PSCs within a tumor might conceivably influence tumor progression. We investigated PSC populations isolated from different human PDACs and examined the effects of PSC-conditioned medium on BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. The different PSC populations exhibited a wide range of variation (120-3,000 pg/ml) in their ability to secrete HGF. Media from high-HGF-producing PSCs stimulated phosphorylation of Met, Gab1, and ERK in the cancer cells and induced increases in DNA synthesis and migration which were blocked by the Met inhibitor SU11274, indicating a role of HGF as a mediator. HGF levels produced by PSCs and the effects of PSC media on the cancer cells were increased by IL-1α and inhibited by TGFβ. The functional heterogeneity of PSCs in terms of HGF-mediated tumor-stroma interactions suggests that inhibition of the HGF pathway as a novel treatment approach in PDAC might have different effects in different subsets of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vegard Tjomsland
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monica Aasrum
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thoralf Christoffersen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar P Gladhaug
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Guren TK, Thomsen M, Kure EH, Sorbye H, Glimelius B, Pfeiffer P, Österlund P, Sigurdsson F, Lothe IMB, Dalsgaard AM, Skovlund E, Christoffersen T, Tveit KM. Cetuximab in treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: final survival analyses and extended RAS data from the NORDIC-VII study. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:1271-1278. [PMID: 28399112 PMCID: PMC5482736 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NORDIC-VII study is a randomised phase III trial of cetuximab plus continuous or intermittent fluorouracil, folinic acid, and oxaliplatin (Nordic FLOX) vs FLOX alone in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. The present report presents an updated and final survival analysis with BRAF and extended RAS mutational status, 5 years after the primary analysis. METHODS A total of 566 patients were included in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population of the NORDIC-VII study. Updated survival status was obtained from 176 patients who were alive in the primary survival analyses. Samples from 223 tumours previously found to be KRAS (exon 2) and BRAF (V600E) wild-type, were re-analysed for KRAS (exons 3 and 4) and NRAS (exons 2-4) mutations. RESULTS Including the extended RAS analyses, RAS and BRAF mutational status was available from 457 patients (81% of the ITT population). RAS was mutated in 46% and BRAF in 12% of the tumours. RAS and BRAF, if mutated, were negative prognostic factors. The updated analyses confirmed the finding of the primary report that cetuximab did not provide any additional benefit when added to FLOX in patients with RAS/BRAF wild-type tumours, neither on progression-free nor overall survival. However, the outcomes in a subset of patients, which, after the first eight treatment cycles, received cetuximab alone, suggested a beneficial effect of cetuximab monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Adding cetuximab to Nordic FLOX did not provide any clinical benefit, but the data suggested an effect of cetuximab monotherapy in patients with RAS/BRAF wild-type tumours in the NORDIC-VII cohort. The data were compatible with a negative interaction between cetuximab and the Nordic FLOX chemotherapy backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tormod Kyrre Guren
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Thomsen
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin H Kure
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Halfdan Sorbye
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bengt Glimelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Pfeiffer
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pia Österlund
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Eva Skovlund
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thoralf Christoffersen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjell Magne Tveit
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Gladhaug IP, Skomedal T, Mørland J, Christoffersen T, Osnes JB. Minneord: Johannes Setekleiv. Tidsskriftet 2017; 137:17-0518. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Abstract
Previous studies in rat hepatocytes have shown that the MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and p38 pathways are all involved in the activation of DNA synthesis by EGF and that sustained activation of MEK/ERK is required. Here, we show that although HGF stimulated DNA synthesis and activated signaling in the same manner as EGF, the contribution of the signaling pathways to the induction of DNA synthesis differed. While HGF-induced DNA synthesis was dependent on MEK/ERK, with no significant contribution from PI3K/Akt, p38 suppressed HGF-induced DNA synthesis. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 increased HGF-induced DNA synthesis and enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK. In contrast, SB203580 decreased EGF-induced ERK phosphorylation. This suggests that p38 has distinct effects on DNA synthesis induced by EGF and HGF. Due to differential regulation of signaling through the MEK/ERK pathway, p38 acts as an enhancer of EGF-induced DNA synthesis and as a suppressor of HGF-induced DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aasrum
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ingvild J Brusevold
- b Department of Oral Biology and Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Behavioural Science , Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway , and
| | - Thoralf Christoffersen
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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Tjomsland V, Sandnes D, Pomianowska E, Cizmovic ST, Aasrum M, Brusevold IJ, Christoffersen T, Gladhaug IP. The TGFβ-SMAD3 pathway inhibits IL-1α induced interactions between human pancreatic stellate cells and pancreatic carcinoma cells and restricts cancer cell migration. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:122. [PMID: 27473228 PMCID: PMC4966589 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most abundant cells in the extensive desmoplastic stroma of pancreatic adenocarcinomas are the pancreatic stellate cells, which interact with the carcinoma cells and strongly influence the progression of the cancer. Tumor stroma interactions induced by IL-1α/IL-1R1 signaling have been shown to be involved in pancreatic cancer cell migration. TGFβ and its receptors are overexpressed in pancreatic adenocarcinomas. We aimed at exploring TGFβ and IL-1α signaling and cross-talk in the stellate cell cancer cell interactions regulating pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell migration. METHODS Human pancreatic stellate cells were isolated from surgically resected pancreatic adenocarcinomas and cultured in the presence of TGFβ or pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines. The effects of TGFβ were blocked by inhibitors or amplified by silencing the endogenous inhibitor of SMAD signaling, SMAD7. Pancreatic stellate cell responses to IL-1α or to IL-1α-expressing pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells (BxPC-3) were characterized by their ability to stimulate migration of cancer cells in a 2D migration model. RESULTS In pancreatic stellate cells, IL-1R1 expression was found to be down-regulated by TGFβ and blocking of TGFβ signaling re-established the expression. Endogenous inhibition of TGFβ signaling by SMAD7 was found to correlate with the levels of IL-1R1, indicating a regulatory role of SMAD7 in IL-1R1 expression. Pancreatic stellate cells cultured in the presence of IL-1α or in co-cultures with BxPC-3 cells enhanced the migration of cancer cells. This effect was blocked after treatment of the pancreatic stellate cells with TGFβ. Silencing of stellate cell expression of SMAD7 was found to suppress the levels of IL-1R1 and reduce the stimulatory effects of IL-1α, thus inhibiting the capacity of pancreatic stellate cells to induce cancer cell migration. CONCLUSIONS TGFβ signaling suppressed IL-1α mediated pancreatic stellate cell induced carcinoma cell migration. Depletion of SMAD7 upregulated the effects of TGFβ and reduced the expression of IL-1R1, leading to inhibition of IL-1α induced stellate cell enhancement of carcinoma cell migration. SMAD7 might represent a target for inhibition of IL-1α induced tumor stroma interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vegard Tjomsland
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Dagny Sandnes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ewa Pomianowska
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Monica Aasrum
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild Johnsen Brusevold
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Behavioral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thoralf Christoffersen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar P Gladhaug
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Slørdal L, Christoffersen T. L. Slørdal & T. Christoffersen svarer:. Tidsskriftet 2016; 136:510. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Aasrum M, Tjomsland V, Thoresen GH, De Angelis PM, Christoffersen T, Brusevold IJ. PI3K is required for both basal and LPA-induced DNA synthesis in oral carcinoma cells. J Oral Pathol Med 2015; 45:425-32. [PMID: 26602326 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycerophospholipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is present in most tissues and in high concentrations in saliva, may exert profound effects on oral cancer cells. We have investigated mitogenic signalling induced by LPA in the two oral carcinoma cell lines, D2 and E10, focusing on the role of EGFR transactivation and downstream pathways. METHODS Two oral squamous carcinoma cell lines, D2 and E10, were analysed for effects of LPA on signalling pathways and induction of DNA synthesis. Pathway activation was investigated by examining phosphorylation of signalling proteins and by the use of specific pathway inhibitors. RESULTS The D2 cells had higher levels of activated signalling proteins and higher DNA synthesis activity in the basal condition than E10 cells. EGF did not induce proliferation in D2 cells, whereas LPA induced proliferation in both cell lines, by mechanisms depending on EGFR transactivation. Release of EGFR ligands was involved in basal and LPA-induced proliferation in both D2 and E10 cells. The proliferation in D2 cells was dependent on the PI3K/Akt pathway, but not the MEK/ERK pathway. In E10 cells, the PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK and p38 pathways were all involved in the proliferation. CONCLUSION Transactivation of EGFR is required for LPA-induced DNA synthesis in D2 and E10 cells. Our results also show that although proliferation of oral carcinoma cells is regulated by several pathways, and differentially in E10 and D2 cells, the PI3K pathway has a crucial role in both cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aasrum
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vegard Tjomsland
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paula M De Angelis
- Clinic for Diagnostics and Intervention, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thoralf Christoffersen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild J Brusevold
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oral Biology and Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Behavioural Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Tveteraas IH, Aasrum M, Brusevold IJ, Ødegård J, Christoffersen T, Sandnes D. Lysophosphatidic acid induces both EGFR-dependent and EGFR-independent effects on DNA synthesis and migration in pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:2519-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Aasrum M, Ødegård J, Thoresen GH, Brusevold IJ, Sandnes DL, Christoffersen T. Gab1 amplifies signaling in response to low-intensity stimulation by HGF. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:1177-84. [PMID: 26146811 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinases EGFR and Met induce phosphorylation of the docking protein Gab1, and there is evidence that Gab1 may have a role in the signaling from these receptors. Studying hepatocytes, we previously found that although Gab1 mechanistically interacted in different ways with EGFR and Met, it was involved in mitogenic signaling induced by both EGF and HGF. It has been reported that in EGFR, Gab1 is required particularly at a low dose of EGF. Whether this also applies to HGF/Met signaling has not been investigated. We have studied the role of Gab1 in activation of the Akt and ERK pathways at low- and high-intensity stimulation with EGF and HGF in cultured hepatocytes. In cells where Gab1 was depleted by a specific Gab1-directed siRNA, the EGF-induced phosphorylation of ERK was lowered and HGF-induced phosphorylation of both ERK and Akt was substantially reduced. These effects were more marked at low-dose HGF stimulation. The inhibitory consequence of Gab1 depletion was particularly pronounced for HGF-induced Akt phosphorylation. The results suggest that Gab1 is an important signal amplifier for low-intensity stimulation by HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aasrum
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1057, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - John Ødegård
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1057, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunn Hege Thoresen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1057, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild J Brusevold
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1057, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1052, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Behavioural Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1052, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dagny L Sandnes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1057, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thoralf Christoffersen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1057, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
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Christoffersen T, Nilsen O, Winther A, Furberg AS, Jorde R, Emaus N. Does the amount and degree of physical activity have an impact on bone? The Tromsø study—fit futures. Physiotherapy 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Slørdal L, Christoffersen T. L. Slørdal og T. Christoffersen svarer:. Tidsskriftet 2015; 135:1921. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Brusevold I, Tveteraas I, Aasrum M, Odegård J, Sandnes D, Christoffersen T. 516: Role of LPAR3, PKC and EGFR in LPA-induced cell migration in oral squamous carcinoma cells. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)50459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Brusevold IJ, Tveteraas IH, Aasrum M, Ødegård J, Sandnes DL, Christoffersen T. Role of LPAR3, PKC and EGFR in LPA-induced cell migration in oral squamous carcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:432. [PMID: 24928086 PMCID: PMC4065589 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma is an aggressive neoplasm with serious morbidity and mortality, which typically spreads through local invasive growth. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is involved in a number of biological processes, and may have a role in cancer cell migration and invasiveness. LPA is present in most tissues and can activate cells through six different LPA receptors (LPAR1-6). Although LPA is predominantly promigratory, some of the receptors may have antimigratory effects in certain cells. The signalling mechanisms of LPA are not fully understood, and in oral carcinoma cells the specific receptors and pathways involved in LPA-stimulated migration are unknown. Methods The oral carcinoma cell lines E10, SCC-9, and D2 were investigated. Cell migration was studied in a scratch wound assay, and invasion was demonstrated in organotypic three dimensional co-cultures. Protein and mRNA expression of LPA receptors was studied with Western blotting and qRT-PCR. Activation of signalling proteins was examined with Western blotting and isoelectric focusing, and signalling mechanisms were further explored using pharmacological agents and siRNA directed at specific receptors and pathways. Results LPA stimulated cell migration in the two oral carcinoma cell lines E10 and SCC-9, but was slightly inhibitory in D2. The receptor expression profile and the effects of specific pharmacological antagonist and agonists indicated that LPA-stimulated cell migration was mediated through LPAR3 in E10 and SCC-9. Furthermore, in both these cell lines, the stimulation by LPA was dependent on PKC activity. However, while LPA induced transactivation of EGFR and the stimulated migration was blocked by EGFR inhibitors in E10 cells, LPA did not induce EGFR transactivation in SCC-9 cells. In D2 cells, LPA induced EGFR transactivation, but this was associated with slowing of a very high inherent migration rate in these cells. Conclusion The results demonstrate LPA-stimulated migration in oral carcinoma cells through LPAR3, mediated further by PKC, which acts either in concert with or independently of EGFR transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild J Brusevold
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, and Oslo University Hospital, Blindern, P,O, Box 1057, Oslo N-0316, Norway.
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Pomianowska E, Sandnes D, Grzyb K, Schjølberg AR, Aasrum M, Tveteraas IH, Tjomsland V, Christoffersen T, Gladhaug IP. Inhibitory effects of prostaglandin E2 on collagen synthesis and cell proliferation in human stellate cells from pancreatic head adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:413. [PMID: 24912820 PMCID: PMC4084579 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have described an increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in pancreatic cancer, but the role of COX-2 in tumour development and progression is not clear. The aim of the present study was to examine expression of COX-2 in cancer cells and stromal cells in pancreatic cancer specimens, and to explore the role of PGE2 in pancreatic stellate cell proliferation and collagen synthesis. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence was performed on slides from whole sections of tissue blocks using antibodies against COX-2 and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA). Pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) were isolated from surgically resected tumour tissue by the outgrowth method. Cells were used between passages 4 and 8. Collagen synthesis was determined by [(3)H]-proline incorporation, or by enzyme immunoassay measurement of collagen C-peptide. DNA synthesis was measured by incorporation of [(3)H]-thymidine in DNA. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) was determined by radioimmunoassay. Collagen 1A1 mRNA was determined by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry staining showed COX-2 in pancreatic carcinoma cells, but not in stromal cells. All tumours showed positive staining for αSMA in the fibrotic stroma. Cultured PSC expressed COX-2, which could be further induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β), epidermal growth factor (EGF), thrombin, and PGE2, but not by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ). Indirect coculture with the adenocarcinoma cell line BxPC-3, but not HPAFII or Panc-1, induced COX-2 expression in PSC. Treatment of PSC with PGE2 strongly stimulated cAMP accumulation, mediated by EP2 receptors, and also stimulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Treatment of PSC with PGE2 or forskolin suppressed both TGFβ-stimulated collagen synthesis and PDGF-stimulated DNA synthesis. CONCLUSIONS The present results show that COX-2 is mainly produced in carcinoma cells and suggest that the cancer cells are the main source of PGE2 in pancreatic tumours. PGE2 exerts a suppressive effect on proliferation and fibrogenesis in pancreatic stellate cells. These effects of PGE2 are mediated by the cAMP pathway and suggest a role of EP2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pomianowska
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4956, Nydalen 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dagny Sandnes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Krzysztof Grzyb
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aasa R Schjølberg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monica Aasrum
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingun H Tveteraas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vegard Tjomsland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4956, Nydalen 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thoralf Christoffersen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar P Gladhaug
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4956, Nydalen 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Aasrum M, Ødegård J, Sandnes D, Christoffersen T. The involvement of the docking protein Gab1 in mitogenic signalling induced by EGF and HGF in rat hepatocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1833:3286-3294. [PMID: 24126105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Grb2-associated binder (Gab) family proteins are docking molecules that can interact with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and cytokine receptors and bind several downstream signalling proteins. Studies in several cell types have shown that Gab1 may have a role in signalling mediated by the two RTKs epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) and Met, the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), but the involvement of Gab1 in EGFR and Met signalling has not been directly compared in the same cell. We have studied mechanisms of activation and role in mitogenic signalling of Gab1 in response to EGF and HGF in cultured rat hepatocytes. Gab1, but not Gab2, was expressed in the hepatocytes and was phosphorylated upon stimulation with EGF or HGF. Depletion of Gab1, using siRNA, decreased the ERK and Akt activation, cyclin D1 expression, and DNA synthesis in response to both EGF and HGF. Studies of mechanisms of recruitment to the receptors showed that HGF induced co-precipitation of Gab1 and Met while EGF induced binding of Gab1 to Grb2 but not to EGFR. Gab1 activation in response to both EGF and HGF was dependent on PI3K. While EGF activated Gab1 and Shc equally, within the same concentration range, HGF very potently and almost exclusively activated Gab1, having only a minimal effect on Shc. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that although Gab1 interacts differently with EGFR and Met, it is involved in mitogenic signalling mediated by both these growth factor receptors in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aasrum
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 1057, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - John Ødegård
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 1057, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dagny Sandnes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 1057, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thoralf Christoffersen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 1057, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Tveteraas IH, Müller KM, Aasrum M, Ødegård J, Dajani O, Guren T, Sandnes D, Christoffersen T. Mechanisms involved in PGE2-induced transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in MH1C1 hepatocarcinoma cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2012; 31:72. [PMID: 22967907 PMCID: PMC3542006 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background It is important to understand the mechanisms by which the cells integrate signals from different receptors. Several lines of evidence implicate epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) in the pathophysiology of hepatocarcinomas. Data also suggest a role of prostaglandins in some of these tumours, through their receptors of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. In this study we have investigated mechanisms of interaction between signalling from prostaglandin receptors and EGFR in hepatocarcinoma cells. Methods The rat hepatocarcinoma cell line MH1C1 and normal rat hepatocytes in primary culture were stimulated with EGF or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and in some experiments also PGF2α. DNA synthesis was determined by incorporation of radiolabelled thymidine into DNA, phosphorylation of proteins in signalling pathways was assessed by Western blotting, mRNA expression of prostaglandin receptors was determined using qRT-PCR, accumulation of inositol phosphates was measured by incorporation of radiolabelled inositol, and cAMP was determined by radioimmunoassay. Results In the MH1C1 hepatocarcinoma cells, stimulation with PGE2 or PGF2α caused phosphorylation of the EGFR, Akt, and ERK, which could be blocked by the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib. This did not occur in primary hepatocytes. qRT-PCR revealed expression of EP1, EP4, and FP receptor mRNA in MH1C1 cells. PGE2 stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphates but not cAMP in these cells, suggesting signalling via PLCβ. While pretreatment with EP1 and EP4 receptor antagonists did not inhibit the effect of PGE2, pretreatment with an FP receptor antagonist blocked the phosphorylation of EGFR, Akt and ERK. Further studies suggested that the PGE2-induced signal was mediated via Ca2+ release and not PKC activation, and that it proceeded through Src and shedding of membrane-bound EGFR ligand precursors by proteinases of the ADAM family. Conclusion The results indicate that in MH1C1 cells, unlike normal hepatocytes, PGE2 activates the MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways by transactivation of the EGFR, thus diversifying the GPCR-mediated signal. The data also suggest that the underlying mechanisms in these cells involve FP receptors, PLCβ, Ca2+, Src, and proteinase-mediated release of membrane-associated EGFR ligand(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingun Heiene Tveteraas
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P,O,Box 1057 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Tveit KM, Guren T, Glimelius B, Pfeiffer P, Sorbye H, Pyrhonen S, Sigurdsson F, Kure E, Ikdahl T, Skovlund E, Fokstuen T, Hansen F, Hofsli E, Birkemeyer E, Johnsson A, Starkhammar H, Yilmaz MK, Keldsen N, Erdal AB, Dajani O, Dahl O, Christoffersen T. Phase III trial of cetuximab with continuous or intermittent fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (Nordic FLOX) versus FLOX alone in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: the NORDIC-VII study. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:1755-62. [PMID: 22473155 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.38.0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The NORDIC-VII multicenter phase III trial investigated the efficacy of cetuximab when added to bolus fluorouracil/folinic acid and oxaliplatin (Nordic FLOX), administered continuously or intermittently, in previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The influence of KRAS mutation status on treatment outcome was also investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were randomly assigned to receive either standard Nordic FLOX (arm A), cetuximab and FLOX (arm B), or cetuximab combined with intermittent FLOX (arm C). Primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Overall survival (OS), response rate, R0 resection rate, and safety were secondary end points. RESULTS Of the 571 patients randomly assigned, 566 were evaluable in intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses. KRAS and BRAF mutation analyses were obtained in 498 (88%) and 457 patients (81%), respectively. KRAS mutations were present in 39% of the tumors; 12% of tumors had BRAF mutations. The presence of BRAF mutations was a strong negative prognostic factor. In the ITT population, median PFS was 7.9, 8.3, and 7.3 months for the three arms, respectively (not significantly different). OS was almost identical for the three groups (20.4, 19.7, 20.3 months, respectively), and confirmed response rates were 41%, 49%, and 47%, respectively. In patients with KRAS wild-type tumors, cetuximab did not provide any additional benefit compared with FLOX alone. In patients with KRAS mutations, no significant difference was detected, although a trend toward improved PFS was observed in arm B. The regimens were well tolerated. CONCLUSION Cetuximab did not add significant benefit to the Nordic FLOX regimen in first-line treatment of mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Magne Tveit
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway.
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Ødegård J, Aasrum M, Tveteraas IH, Bharath SP, Sandnes D, Christoffersen T. Role of ErbB2 in the prostaglandin E₂-induced enhancement of the mitogenic response to epidermal growth factor in cultured hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 421:255-60. [PMID: 22503980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.03.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) enhances the mitogenic response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) in hepatocytes, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. We previously observed that PGE(2) upregulates EGF-induced signalling in the MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways in hepatocytes. Other investigations have indicated that ErbB2 enhances the mitogenic effect of EGF in these cells. In the present study we found that treatment with PGE(2) increased ErbB2 and decreased ErbB3 expression at both the mRNA and protein level in cultured rat hepatocytes. Silencing of the ErbB2 expression with specific siRNA blocked the stimulation by PGE(2) and EGF of cyclin D1 expression and DNA synthesis. Both EGF and PGE(2) increased the expression of ERK and Akt, but while the effect of EGF was inhibited by ErbB2-directed siRNA, this did not affect the PGE(2)-induced upregulation of ERK and Akt. These data suggest that PGE(2) can enhance the mitogenic effect of EGF both by increasing ErbB2 expression and by ErbB2-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ødegård
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Brusevold IJ, Aasrum M, Bryne M, Christoffersen T. Migration induced by epidermal and hepatocyte growth factors in oral squamous carcinoma cells in vitro: role of MEK/ERK, p38 and PI-3 kinase/Akt. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 41:547-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Reikvam Å, Landmark K, Osnes JB, Christoffersen T. Minneord. Tidsskriftet 2012. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.11.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Müller KM, Tveteraas IH, Aasrum M, Ødegård J, Dawood M, Dajani O, Christoffersen T, Sandnes DL. Role of protein kinase C and epidermal growth factor receptor signalling in growth stimulation by neurotensin in colon carcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:421. [PMID: 21961726 PMCID: PMC3196723 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurotensin has been found to promote colon carcinogenesis in rats and mice, and proliferation of human colon carcinoma cell lines, but the mechanisms involved are not clear. We have examined signalling pathways activated by neurotensin in colorectal and pancreatic carcinoma cells. Methods Colon carcinoma cell lines HCT116 and HT29 and pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line Panc-1 were cultured and stimulated with neurotensin or epidermal growth factor (EGF). DNA synthesis was determined by incorporation of radiolabelled thymidine into DNA. Levels and phosphorylation of proteins in signalling pathways were assessed by Western blotting. Results Neurotensin stimulated the phosphorylation of both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt in all three cell lines, but apparently did so through different pathways. In Panc-1 cells, neurotensin-induced phosphorylation of ERK, but not Akt, was dependent on protein kinase C (PKC), whereas an inhibitor of the β-isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), TGX221, abolished neurotensin-induced Akt phosphorylation in these cells, and there was no evidence of EGF receptor (EGFR) transactivation. In HT29 cells, in contrast, the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib blocked neurotensin-stimulated phosphorylation of both ERK and Akt, indicating transactivation of EGFR, independently of PKC. In HCT116 cells, neurotensin induced both a PKC-dependent phosphorylation of ERK and a metalloproteinase-mediated transactivation of EGFR that was associated with a gefitinib-sensitive phosphorylation of the downstream adaptor protein Shc. The activation of Akt was also inhibited by gefitinib, but only partly, suggesting a mechanism in addition to EGFR transactivation. Inhibition of PKC blocked neurotensin-induced DNA synthesis in HCT116 cells. Conclusions While acting predominantly through PKC in Panc-1 cells and via EGFR transactivation in HT29 cells, neurotensin used both these pathways in HCT116 cells. In these cells, neurotensin-induced activation of ERK and stimulation of DNA synthesis was PKC-dependent, whereas activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway was mediated by stimulation of metalloproteinases and subsequent transactivation of the EGFR. Thus, the data show that the signalling mechanisms mediating the effects of neurotensin involve multiple pathways and are cell-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Brusevold I, Aasrum M, Tveteraas I, Bryne M, Christoffersen T. 1055 POSTER Signalling Mechanisms Mediating EGF- and HGF-induced Migration in Carcinoma Cells in Vitro. Eur J Cancer 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(11)70698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tveit K, Guren T, Glimelius B, Pfeiffer P, Sorbye H, Pyrhonen S, Kure E, Ikdahl T, Skovlund E, Christoffersen T. Randomized phase III study of 5-fluorouracil/folinate/oxaliplatin given continuously or intermittently with or without cetuximab, as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: The NORDIC VII study (NCT00145314), by the Nordic Colorectal Cancer Biomodulation Group. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.4_suppl.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
365 Background: The role of anti-EGFR therapy in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is not established. In the present study pts were randomized to FLOX or FLOX + cetuximab until progression or FLOX intermittently + cetuximab continuously. Methods: Treatment arm A: Nordic FLOX (q2w): oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2day 1, 5-FU bolus 500 mg/m2 and FA 60 mg/m2 day 1-2; B: FLOX + cetuximab, initial dose 400 mg/m2, then 250 mg/m2/week; C: FLOX for 16 weeks + cetuximab continuously, with FLOX added at progression. Primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Results: Between May 05-Oct 07, 571 pts were randomized, 566 pts evaluable in intention to treat (ITT) analyses. Median age was 61 (24-74). ECOG status: 0=67%, 1=29%, 2=4%. KRAS and BRAF mutation (mut) analyses were obtained in 498 (87%) and 457 pts (81%), respectively. 40% of tumors had KRAS mut, 12% had BRAF mut. Cetuximab combined with Nordic FLOX did not significantly improve RR, PFS or OS compared to FLOX. KRAS mutation was not predictive for cetuximab effect. OS was similar for patients treated with FLOX intermittently and cetuximab continuously as for patients treated until progression. BRAF mutation was a strong negative prognostic factor (median OS 7.6 vs. 20.4 mo). Conclusions: Cetuximab did not add significant benefit to the Nordic FLOX regimen in first-line treatment of mCRC, irrespective of KRAS-mut. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Tveit
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - T. Guren
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - B. Glimelius
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - P. Pfeiffer
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - H. Sorbye
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - S. Pyrhonen
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - E. Kure
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - T. Ikdahl
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - E. Skovlund
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - T. Christoffersen
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Brusevold IJ, Søland TM, Khuu C, Christoffersen T, Bryne M. Nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of Met in oral squamous cell carcinoma and in an organotypic oral cancer model. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118:342-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sandnes D, Muller K, Tveteraas I, Aasrum M, Dawood M, Dajani O, Christoffersen T. 657 Protein kinase C and epidermal growth factor receptor signalling mediate growth stimulation by neurotensin in the colon carcinoma cell line HCT116. EJC Suppl 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(10)71456-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Tveteraas I, Müller K, Dajani O, Guren T, Aasrum M, Ødegård J, Sandnes D, Christoffersen T. 552 Mechanisms of prostaglandin E2-induced transactivation of the EGF receptor in MH1C1 hepatoma cells. EJC Suppl 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(10)71353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Sandnes D, Müller KM, Akhtar K, Johansen EJ, Christoffersen T, Thoresen GH. Induction of LRF-1/ATF3 by vasopressin in hepatocytes: role of MAP kinases. Cell Physiol Biochem 2010; 25:523-32. [PMID: 20332633 DOI: 10.1159/000303056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Liver regeneration factor 1 (LRF-1/ATF3) is an early response gene which is rapidly induced upon partial hepatectomy in rats, and by growth factors and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists in cultured rat hepatocytes. The aim of the present study was to examine the mechanisms involved in induction of LRF-1/ATF3 by the GPCR agonist vasopressin. METHODS Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were treated with vasopressin, TPA, and the Ca2+-elevating agents thapsigargin and A23187. LRF-1/ATF3 mRNA and protein were measured by Northern blot analysis or RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Signalling pathways were examined by immunoblots and kinase assays. RESULTS While elevation of intracellular calcium induced LRF-1/ATF3 expression, treatment with TPA did not. Inhibition of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, or pretreatment with calcium chelators did not affect vasopressin-induced expression of LRF-1/ATF3. Inhibition of each of the MAP kinases ERK1/2, JNK or p38 did not affect vasopressin-induced LRF-1/ATF3 expression. Combined inhibition of JNK and p38, and of ERK1/2 and either JNK or p38 suppressed vasopressin-induced expression of LRF-1/ATF3. CONCLUSION Vasopressin induces LRF-1/ATF3 expression by mechanisms that differ from those activated by Ca2+-elevating agents. The results suggest that partly redundant, complex MAP kinase networks are involved in induction of LRF-1/ATF3 by vasopressin in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagny Sandnes
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Christoffersen T, Guren TK, Spindler KLG, Dahl O, Lønning PE, Gjertsen BT. Cancer therapy targeted at cellular signal transduction mechanisms: Strategies, clinical results, and unresolved issues. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 625:6-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Søland TM, Husvik C, Koppang HS, Boysen M, Sandvik L, Clausen OPF, Christoffersen T, Bryne M. A study of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and COX-2 in early stage (T1-T2) oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 37:535-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Meisdalen K, Dajani OF, Christoffersen T, Sandnes D. Prostaglandins Enhance Epidermal Growth Factor-Induced DNA Synthesis in Hepatocytes by Stimulation of E Prostanoid 3 and F Prostanoid Receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:1044-50. [PMID: 17567965 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.121277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins stimulate hepatocyte proliferation in vivo and in vitro. We have examined the role of E prostanoid (EP) and F prostanoid receptors (FP) in enhancing the growth-stimulatory effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in cultured hepatocytes. The EP2 receptor agonist butaprost had no significant effect on EGF-induced DNA synthesis. EP1 receptor-selective antagonists did not affect the enhancement by prostaglandin E(2) of EGF-stimulated DNA synthesis. Sulprostone, misoprostol, and fluprostenol strongly enhanced DNA synthesis and inhibited glucagon-stimulated cAMP accumulation, indicating that they all activated EP3 receptors. Sulprostone and fluprostenol, and to a lesser extent misoprostol, stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphates. The effects of fluprostenol and sulprostone on phospholipase C (PLC) were inhibited by the FP receptor antagonist AL-8810 [9 alpha, 15R-dihydroxy-11 beta-fluoro-15-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl)-16,17,18,19,20-pentanor-prosta-5Z, 13E-dien-1-oic acid], indicating that this effect was mediated by FP receptors. Inhibition of protein kinase C with GF109203X [2-[1-(3-dimetylaminopropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-maleimide] resulted in a partial reduction of the growth stimulation induced by fluprostenol, indicating a minor role of FP receptors. Combining fluprostenol with misoprostol, but not with sulprostone, resulted in partially additive effects on DNA synthesis, suggesting that both EP3 and FP receptors are involved. Combining sulprostone with misoprostol did not result in additive effects on DNA synthesis, suggesting that EP4 receptors were not involved. We conclude that, although a minor effect is exerted by FP receptors, the growth-stimulatory effects of prostaglandins in rat hepatocytes are mediated mainly by EP3 receptors. We have found no evidence of EP1 receptor involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Meisdalen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1057 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Dajani OF, Meisdalen K, Guren TK, Aasrum M, Tveteraas IH, Lilleby P, Thoresen GH, Sandnes D, Christoffersen T. Prostaglandin E2 upregulates EGF-stimulated signaling in mitogenic pathways involving Akt and ERK in hepatocytes. J Cell Physiol 2007; 214:371-80. [PMID: 17654493 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) such as PGE2 enhance proliferation in many cells, apparently through several distinct mechanisms, including transactivation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) as well as EGFR-independent pathways. In this study we found that in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes PGE2 did not induce phosphorylation of the EGFR, and the EGFR tyrosine kinase blockers gefitinib and AG1478 did not affect PGE2-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2. In contrast, PGE2 elicited EGFR phosphorylation and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor-sensitive ERK phosphorylation in MH1C1 hepatoma cells. These findings suggest that PGE2 elicits EGFR transactivation in MH1C1 cells but not in hepatocytes. Treatment of the hepatocytes with PGE2 at 3 h after plating amplified the stimulatory effect on DNA synthesis of EGF administered at 24 h and advanced and augmented the cyclin D1 expression in response to EGF in hepatocytes. The pretreatment of the hepatocytes with PGE2 resulted in an increase in the magnitude of EGF-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and kinase activity, including an extended duration of the responses, particularly of ERK, to EGF in PGE2-treated cells. Pertussis toxin abolished the ability of PGE2 to enhance the Akt and ERK responses to EGF. The results suggest that in hepatocytes, unlike MH1C1 hepatoma cells, PGE2 does not transactivate the EGFR, but instead acts in synergism with EGF by modulating mitogenic mechanisms downstream of the EGFR. These effects seem to be at least in part G(i) protein-mediated and include upregulation of signaling in the PI3K/Akt and the Ras/ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav F Dajani
- Department of Pharmacology, Rikshospitalet, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Guren TK, Christoffersen T, Thoresen GH, Wisløff F, Dajani O, Tveit KM. [Antineoplastic agents targeting tyrosine kinases]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2005; 125:3115-9. [PMID: 16299568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs that target tyrosine kinases belong to a new class of antineoplastic therapeutics, directed at cellular signalling mechanisms. Notes on the use of these agents and some of the clinical data are discussed in this review. METHODS The article is based on a review of recent literature and the authors' personal experience. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION Receptor tyrosine kinases and intracellular tyrosine kinases regulate cellular events that may be involved in tumour development, such as proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. Some of these agents are established in clinical practice, in particular the small-molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours and the antibody trastuzumab in the treatment of breast cancer. Inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and other tyrosine kinases are either established in clinical practice or under clinical investigation.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Cetuximab
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- Erlotinib Hydrochloride
- Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors/drug therapy
- Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors/enzymology
- Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors/immunology
- Gefitinib
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/enzymology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Piperazines/administration & dosage
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/immunology
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Quinazolines/administration & dosage
- Quinazolines/therapeutic use
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/immunology
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/immunology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Trastuzumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Tormod K Guren
- Farmakologisk institutt, Rikshospitalet, Universitetet i Oslo, Postboks 1057 Blindern, 0316 Oslo.
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Nilssen LS, Dajani O, Christoffersen T, Sandnes D. Sustained diacylglycerol accumulation resulting from prolonged G protein-coupled receptor agonist-induced phosphoinositide breakdown in hepatocytes. J Cell Biochem 2005; 94:389-402. [PMID: 15526278 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Studies in various cells have led to the idea that agonist-stimulated diacylglycerol (DAG) generation results from an early, transient phospholipase C (PLC)-catalyzed phosphoinositide breakdown, while a more sustained elevation of DAG originates from phosphatidylcholine (PC). We have examined this issue further, using cultured rat hepatocytes, and report here that various G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists, including vasopressin (VP), angiotensin II (Ang.II), prostaglandin F2alpha, and norepinephrine (NE), may give rise to a prolonged phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Preincubation of hepatocytes with 1-butanol to prevent conversion of phosphatidic acid (PA) did not affect the agonist-induced DAG accumulation, suggesting that phospholipase D-mediated breakdown of PC was not involved. In contrast, the GPCR agonists induced phosphoinositide turnover, assessed by accumulation of inositol phosphates, that was sustained for up to 18 h, even under conditions where PLC was partially desensitized. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with wortmannin, to inhibit synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), prevented agonist-induced inositol phosphate and DAG accumulation. Upon VP stimulation the level of PIP) declined, but only transiently, while increases in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and DAG mass were sustained, suggesting that efficient resynthesis of PIP2 allowed sustained PLC activity. This was confirmed when cells were pretreated with wortmannin to prevent resynthesis of PIP2. Furthermore, metabolism of InsP3 was rapid, compared to that of DAG, with a more than 20-fold difference in half-life. Thus, rapid metabolism of InsP3 and efficient resynthesis of PIP2 may account for the larger amount of DAG generated and the more sustained time course, compared to InsP3. The results suggest that DAG accumulation that is sustained for many hours in response to VP, Ang.II, NE, and prostaglandin F2alpha in hepatocytes is mainly due to phosphoinositide breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Sortvik Nilssen
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, PO Box 1057 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Thoresen GH, Guren TK, Christoffersen T. Role of ERK, p38 and PI3-kinase in EGF receptor-mediated mitogenic signalling in cultured rat hepatocytes: requirement for sustained ERK activation. Cell Physiol Biochem 2004; 13:229-38. [PMID: 12876381 DOI: 10.1159/000072426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2003] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous data disagree as to the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the EGF receptor-mediated stimulation of proliferation in hepatocytes. Using cultured rat hepatocytes, we here show that EGF receptor stimulation in mid/late G(1) phase caused a sustained ERK activation that lasted for at least 48 h. Inhibition of the early part of this activity by a single addition of the MEK inhibitor PD98059 did not affect the DNA synthesis. However, inhibition of both the early and the sustained phase of ERK activation by wash-out and repeated administrations of PD98059 abolished the DNA synthesis induced by EGF and TGFalpha. EGF receptor stimulation also transiently activated p38, and inhibition of p38 by SB203580 markedly decreased the DNA synthesis. Furthermore, EGF and TGFalpha stimulated phosphorylation of Akt, a downstream target of the PI3-kinase pathway, and the PI3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 blocked the EGF-induced DNA synthesis. These results support a mechanism for EGF receptor-mediated mitogenic signalling in hepatocytes where ERK has an obligatory role, acting in concert with PI3-kinase, and augmented by p38. Furthermore, the data suggest that to perform this role ERK has to be activated for a prolonged period.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hege Thoresen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo.
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Nilssen LS, Odegård J, Thoresen GH, Molven A, Sandnes D, Christoffersen T. G protein-coupled receptor agonist-stimulated expression of ATF3/LRF-1 and c-myc and comitogenic effects in hepatocytes do not require EGF receptor transactivation. J Cell Physiol 2004; 201:349-58. [PMID: 15389557 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Several agonists acting on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) enhance the mitogenic effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in rat hepatocytes, through mechanisms that have only partially been clarified. Results in various cells have led to the idea that a major mechanism for GPCR-mediated stimulation of cell growth is transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases, particularly the EGF receptor (EGFR), leading to rapid phosphorylation of the EGFR and activation of downstream signaling pathways. In the present study cultured rat hepatocytes were exposed to various GPCR agonists, including vasopressin, angiotensin II (Ang.II), norepinephrine, or prostaglandin F(2 alpha) (PGF(2 alpha)). None of these agents increased the phosphorylation of the EGFR or the docking protein Shc. Furthermore, we examined the effect of the GPCR agonists on the expression of two early response genes believed to be involved in growth activation. The GPCR agonists increased the mRNA expression of c-myc, and also of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3)/liver regeneration factor-1 (LRF-1), which is a novel finding. Finally, the selective EGFR inhibitor AG1478 did not suppress the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) or the induction of c-myc or ATF3/LRF-1 by the GPCR agonists, and did not prevent the comitogenic effects induced by these agents, while it blocked the effect of EGF on these responses. The results suggest that GPCR agonists induce expression of ATF3/LRF-1 and c-myc and exert comitogenic effects through mechanisms that do not require EGFR transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila S Nilssen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Guren TK, Ødegård J, Abrahamsen H, Thoresen GH, Susa M, Andersson Y, Østby E, Christoffersen T. EGF receptor-mediated, c-Src-dependent, activation of Stat5b is downregulated in mitogenically responsive hepatocytes. J Cell Physiol 2003; 196:113-23. [PMID: 12767047 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins may be activated by epidermal growth factor (EGF), but their role in EGF receptor-mediated mitogenic signaling is not clear. We previously showed that Stat5b was activated by EGF in rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. In the present study, we found that EGF induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5b both on Tyr-699, which correlated with specific DNA binding activity, and also on other tyrosine residues. The Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor CGP77675 blocked the EGF-induced activation of Stat5b, but did not affect the Stat5b activation by growth hormone (GH) or prolactin (PRL). The Stat5b response to EGF was most pronounced soon (3 h) after plating (early G(1)) and at high cell density (50,000 hepatocytes per cm(2)). However, at this cell density EGF did not stimulate DNA synthesis. In hepatocytes at 24 h of culturing (mid/late G(1)) with 20,000 cells per cm(2), EGF induced strong phosphorylation of the EGF receptor, as well as Shc and ERK, and stimulated DNA synthesis, but did not activate Stat5b, although the Stat5b response to GH or PRL was retained. A strong GH-induced Stat5b activation neither influenced the DNA synthesis alone nor enhanced the mitogenic effect of EGF. The results show that EGF induces tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA-binding activity of Stat5b in a manner different from GH and PRL, apparently by a Src-dependent mechanism. The data also provide further evidence that Stat5b is not required for mitogenic signaling from the EGF receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tormod K Guren
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Nilssen LS, Hege Thoresen G, Christoffersen T, Sandnes D. Differential role of MAP kinases in stimulation of hepatocyte growth by EGF and G-protein-coupled receptor agonists. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 291:588-92. [PMID: 11855829 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several agonists acting on G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) enhance the mitogenic effect of EGF in rat hepatocytes. Previous studies have shown that mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are involved in the mitogenic effect of EGF. In the present study on cultured rat hepatocytes we show that although the comitogenic GPCR agonists prostaglandin F(2alpha), vasopressin, angiotensin II, and norepinephrine all activated ERK, blocking of the ERK pathway with the MEK inhibitor PD 98059 did not abolish their comitogenic effects. These GPCR agonists also activated p38, but the p38 blocker SB 203580 did not reduce the comitogenic effects. The mitogenic effect of EGF was inhibited completely by PD 98059 and partially by SB 203580. These results suggest that, in contrast to the mitogenic effect of EGF, the comitogenic effect of a group of GPCR agonists is independent of ERK and p38 in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila S Nilssen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo, Oslo, N-0316, Norway.
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Melien Ø, Nilssen LS, Dajani OF, Sand KL, Iversen JG, Sandnes DL, Christoffersen T. Ca2+-mediated activation of ERK in hepatocytes by norepinephrine and prostaglandin F2 alpha: role of calmodulin and Src kinases. BMC Cell Biol 2002; 3:5. [PMID: 11914123 PMCID: PMC100782 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-3-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2001] [Accepted: 02/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that several agents that stimulate heptahelical G-protein coupled receptors activate the extracellular signal regulated kinases ERK1 (p44mapk) and ERK2 (p42mapk) in hepatocytes. The molecular pathways that convey their signals to ERK1/2 are only partially clarified. In the present study we have explored the role of Ca2+ and Ca2+-dependent steps leading to ERK1/2 activation induced by norepinephrine and prostaglandin (PG)F2alpha. RESULTS Pretreatment of the cells with the Ca2+ chelators BAPTA-AM or EGTA, as well as the Ca2+ influx inhibitor gadolinium, resulted in a partial decrease of the ERK response. Furthermore, the calmodulin antagonists W-7, trifluoperazine, and J-8 markedly decreased ERK activation. Pretreatment with KN-93, an inhibitor of the multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, had no effect on ERK activation. The Src kinase inhibitors PP1 and PP2 partially diminished the ERK responses elicited by both norepinephrine and PGF2alpha. CONCLUSION The present data indicate that Ca2+ is involved in ERK activation induced by hormones acting on G protein-coupled receptors in hepatocytes, and suggest that calmodulin and Src kinases might play a role in these signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Melien
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1057 Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
- Present address: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Section for Clinical Pharmacology, Ullevål University Hospital, Kirkeveien 166, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Laila S Nilssen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1057 Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav F Dajani
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1057 Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Dagny L Sandnes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1057 Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thoralf Christoffersen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1057 Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
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