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Berenguer-Rivas CA, Escalona-Arranz JC, Llauradó-Maury G, Van der Auwera A, Piazza S, Méndez-Rodríguez D, Foubert K, Cos P, Pieters L. Anti-inflammatory effect of Adelia ricinella L. aerial parts. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:553-559. [PMID: 33793832 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the main chemical components and the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts of Adelia ricinella L. aerial parts. METHODS Three extracts obtained by soxhlet extraction and ethanol/water mixtures were evaluated in their chemical composition by UPLC-DAD-MS/MS. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the prepared extracts was assessed through three different assays: COX-1 and COX-2 enzymatic inhibition, cell-based COX assays on RAW264.7 macrophages (ATCC) measuring the COX-2 protein expression by Western blot and the measurement of the PGE2 concentration in the supernatants of the culture medium. Also was determinate the effect of the three extracts on the RAW 264.7 cell viability. KEY FINDINGS Few differences in the phytochemical profile were found between the three prepared extracts, identifying a blend of thirteen flavonoids derived from luteolin and apigenin, with orientin as main constituent. Plant extracts (alcoholic and aqueous) did not affect the macrophage cell viability (IC50 > 256 μg/ml) and significantly reduced COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme activities. Additionally, COX-2 expression and PGE2 release were suppressed after 24 h of LPS stimulation and treatment with plant extracts (8-64 µg/ml). CONCLUSIONS A. ricinella extracts showed the ability to reduce the inflammatory effect exerted by LPS in murine macrophages. However, further studies should confirm their anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriel Llauradó-Maury
- Center of Studies for Industrial Biotechnology (CEBI), Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Anastasia Van der Auwera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefano Piazza
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, University of Milan/UNIMI, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Kenn Foubert
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, University of Milan/UNIMI, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul Cos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Pieters
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, University of Milan/UNIMI, Milan, Italy
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Zhang CR, Jayashre E, Kumar PS, Nair MG. Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Compounds in Nutmeg (Myristicafragrans) Pericarp as Determined by in vitro Assays. Nat Prod Commun 2015; 10:1399-1402. [PMID: 26434127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutmeg, Myristicafragrans, is known for its culinary and medicinal values. The nutmeg pericarp, abundant during the production of the seed, is also used in food and beverage preparations. In this study, the pericarp of M. fragrans was evaluated for its bioactive components using in vitro antioxidant and antiinflammatory assays. The hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts inhibited lipid peroxidation (LPO) by 82.5, 70.1 and 73.2%, and cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 by 44, 44 and 42% and COX-2 by 47, 41 and 36%, respectively, at 100 microg/mL. The bioassay-guided purifications of extracts yielded 20 compounds belonged to neolignans (0.13%), phenylpropanoids (0.28%), phenolic aldehyde (0.35%), triterpenoids (0.06%), triglycerides (0.20%), sugars (10.2%) and steroids (0.49%). Pure isolates 1-5 inhibited LPO by 70-99% and 3-12 inhibited COX-1 and -2 enzymes by 37-49%. This is the first report on the bioassay-guided characterization of constituents in nutmeg pericarp. Our results support the medicinal claims of nutmeg pericarp.
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Osman WM, Youssef NS. Combined use of COX-1 and VEGF immunohistochemistry refines the histopathologic prognosis of renal cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:8165-8177. [PMID: 26339385 PMCID: PMC4555713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The course of RCC is asymptomatic, resulting in 25-30% of patients presenting with metastatic disease at time of diagnosis. The development of novel agents targeting angiogenesis and signal transduction pathways has improved patient outcomes. Role of cyclooxygenase in cancer development has been the subject of close scrutiny. COX-1 has been recognized to be involved in regulation of angiogenesis. To date, no immunohistochemical studies have been performed to assess the possible association between COX-1 and VEGF in RCC. This study is designed to evaluate the relationship between these two proteins in RCC. Also, the relationship between their combined immunohistochemical expression and different clinicopathological prognostic parameters in RCC is investigated. Immunohistochemical expression of COX-1 and VEGF was evaluated retrospectively on 64 cases of primary RCC including: 45 clear cell carcinoma, 12 papillary carcinoma and 7 of chromophope carcinoma. High COX-1 expression was detected in 62.5% of RCCs with a significant association with tumor grade (P=0.028), and highly significant relationship with tumor size and stage (P=0.001). There was a highly significant relationship between the VEGF score and tumor size (P=0.001), and stage (P=0.006). There was a positive correlation between COX-1 and VEGF expression score (P=0.001). Combined expression of both markers predicts high stage tumors (stage III/IV). Immunohistochemical expression of COX-1 and VEGF is associated with poor prognostic parameters in RCC. Their combined expression has a beneficial role in prediction of high stage tumors (III/IV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam M Osman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermeen S Youssef
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt
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Dikshit A, Filho MAG, Eilati E, McGee S, Small C, Gao C, Klug T, Hales DB. Flaxseed reduces the pro-carcinogenic micro-environment in the ovaries of normal hens by altering the PG and oestrogen pathways in a dose-dependent manner. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1384-95. [PMID: 25850566 PMCID: PMC4445837 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451500029x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to find the optimum dose of flaxseed that would decrease PG and alter oestrogen pathway endpoints implicated in ovarian cancer. In the study, four groups of fifty 1.5-year-old chickens were fed different amounts of flaxseed (0, 5, 10 or 15% of their total diet) for 4 months and were then killed to collect blood and tissues. Levels of flaxseed lignan metabolites, Enterolactone (EL) and Enterodiol (ED) were measured in the serum, liver and ovaries by liquid chromatography-MS/MS, and n-3 and n-6 fatty acid (FA) levels were measured by GC. The effects of the varied flaxseed doses were assessed by measuring levels of PGE2 and oestrogen metabolites (16-hydroxyestrone (16-OHE1) and 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1)) as well as by analysing the expression of the oestradiol metabolising enzymes CYP3A4 (cytochrome p450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 4), CYP1B1 (cytochrome p450, family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1) and CYP1A1 (cytochrome p450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1) and that of oestrogen receptor α (ERα) in the ovaries. The ratio of n-3:n-FA increased with an increase in flaxseed supplementation and corresponded to a dose-dependent decrease in cyclo-oxygenase-2 protein and PGE2 levels. EL and ED increased in the serum, liver and ovaries with increased concentrations of flaxseed. Flaxseed decreased the expression of ERα in the ovaries. The ratio of 2-OHE1:16-OHE1 in the serum increased significantly in the 15% flaxseed diet, and there was a corresponding increase in CYP1A1 in the liver and decrease in CYP3A4 in the ovaries. CYP1B1 mRNA also decreased with flaxseed diet in the ovaries. The 15% flaxseed-supplemented diet significantly decreased inflammatory PGE2, ERα, CYP3A4, CYP1B1 and 16-OHE1, but it increased CYP1A1 and 2-OHE1, which thus reduced the inflammatory and pro-carcinogenic micro-environment of the ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Dikshit
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | | | - Erfan Eilati
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Stacey McGee
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Carrie Small
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Chunqi Gao
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | | | - Dale Buchanan Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Olsen Hult LT, Kleiveland CR, Fosnes K, Jacobsen M, Lea T. EP receptor expression in human intestinal epithelium and localization relative to the stem cell zone of the crypts. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26816. [PMID: 22046368 PMCID: PMC3201980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence for PGE2 affecting intestinal epithelial proliferation. PGE2 is also reported to be involved in the regulation of growth and differentiation in adult stem cells, both effects mediated by binding to EP-receptors. We have used the Lgr5 as a marker to scrutinize EP-receptor and COX expression in human intestinal epithelial cells with focus on the stem cell area of the crypts. Normal tissue from ileum and colon, but also duodenal biopsies from patients with untreated celiac disease, were investigated by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. The combination of fresh flash-frozen tissue and laser microdissection made it possible to isolate RNA from the epithelial cell layer, only. In the small intestine, Lgr5 labels cells are in the +4 position, while in the colon, Lgr5 positive cells are localized to the crypt bottoms. Epithelial crypt cells of normal small intestine expressed neither EP-receptor mRNA nor COX1/2. However, crypt cells in tissue from patients with untreated celiac disease expressed EP2/4 receptor and COX1 mRNA. In the colon, the situation was different. Epithelial crypt cells from normal colon were found to express EP2/4 receptor and COX1/2 transcripts. Thus, there are distinct differences between normal human small intestine and colon with regard to expression of EP2/4 receptors and COX1/2. In normal colon tissue, PGE2-mediated signaling through EP-receptors 2/4 could be involved in regulation of growth and differentiation of the epithelium, while the lack of EP-receptor expression in the small intestinal tissue exclude the possibility of a direct effect of PGE2 on the crypt epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Th. Olsen Hult
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Charlotte R. Kleiveland
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Kjetil Fosnes
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Morten Jacobsen
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
- Ostfold Hospital, Fredrikstad, Norway
| | - Tor Lea
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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Gheorghe KR, Thurlings RM, Westman M, Boumans MJ, Malmström V, Trollmo C, Korotkova M, Jakobsson PJ, Tak PP. Prostaglandin E2 synthesizing enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis B cells and the effects of B cell depleting therapy on enzyme expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16378. [PMID: 21298002 PMCID: PMC3029314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction B cells may play an important role in promoting immune activation in the rheumatoid synovium and can produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) when activated. In its turn, PGE2 formed by cyclooxygenase (COX) and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase 1 (MPGES1) contributes to the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathological process. Therapeutic depletion of B cells results in important improvement in controlling disease activity in rheumatoid patients. Therefore we investigated the expression of PGE2 pathway enzymes in RA B cells and evaluated the effects of B cell depleting therapy on their expression in RA tissue. Methods B cells expressing MPGES1 and COX-2 were identified by flow cytometry in in vitro stimulated and control mononuclear cells isolated from synovial fluid and peripheral blood of RA patients. Synovial biopsies were obtained from 24 RA patients before and at two consecutive time points after rituximab therapy. Expression of MPGES1, COX-1 and COX-2, as well as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, known inducers of MPGES1, was quantified in immunostained biopsy sections using computerized image analysis. Results Expression of MPGES1 or COX-2 was significantly upregulated upon stimulation of B cells from blood and synovial fluid while control cells displayed no detectable enzymes. In synovial biopsy sections, the expression of MPGES1, COX-1 or COX-2 was resistant to rituximab therapy at 8 or 16 weeks after start of treatment. Furthermore expression of IL-1β in the synovial tissue remained unchanged, while IL-6 tended to decrease after therapy. Conclusions Therapy with B cell depleting agents, although efficient in achieving good clinical and radiographic response in RA patients, leaves important inflammatory pathways in the rheumatoid synovium essentially unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Roxana Gheorghe
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rogier M. Thurlings
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Westman
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maartje J. Boumans
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Trollmo
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marina Korotkova
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Actar AB Inc., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul-Peter Tak
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zerani M, Catone G, Quassinti L, Maccari E, Bramucci M, Gobbetti A, Maranesi M, Boiti C, Parillo F. In vitro effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on Leydig cells of adult alpaca (Lama pacos) testis: GnRH receptor immunolocalization, testosterone and prostaglandin synthesis, and cyclooxygenase activities. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011; 40:51-9. [PMID: 20961724 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to examine the modulatory in vitro effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on isolated Leydig cells of adult alpaca (Lama pacos) testis. We first evaluated the presence of GnRH receptor (GnRHR) and cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and COX2 in alpaca testis. We then studied the in vitro effects of buserelin (GnRH analogue), antide (GnRH antagonist), and buserelin plus antide or inhibitor of phospholipase C (compound 48/80) and COXs (acetylsalicylic acid) on the production of testosterone, PGE(2), and PGF(2α) and on the enzymatic activities of COX1 and COX2. Immunoreactivity for GnRHR was detected in the cytoplasm of Leydig cells and in the acrosomal region of spermatids. COX1 and COX2 immunosignals were noted in the cytoplasm of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, Leydig cells, and Sertoli cells. Western blot analysis confirmed the GnRHR and COX1 presence in alpaca testis. The in vitro experiments showed that buserelin alone increased (P < 0.01) and antide and buserelin plus acetylsalicylic acid decreased (P < 0.01) testosterone and PGF(2α) production and COX1 activity, whereas antide and compound 48/80 counteracted buserelin effects. Prostaglandin E(2) production and COX2 activity were not affected by buserelin or antide. These data suggest that GnRH directly up-regulates testosterone production in Leydig cells of adult alpaca testis with a postreceptorial mechanism that involves PLC, COX1, and PGF(2α).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zerani
- Scuola di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Camerino, I-62024 Matelica, Italy.
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Ebbens FA, Maldonado M, de Groot EJJ, Alobid I, van Drunen CM, Picado C, Fokkens WJ, Mullol J. Topical glucocorticoids downregulate COX-1 positive cells in nasal polyps. Allergy 2009; 64:96-103. [PMID: 19132974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influx of inflammatory cells is one of the hallmarks of nasal polyposis. As glucocorticoids (GC) are known to exhibit strong anti-inflammatory effects, these drugs are frequently used in the treatment of the disease. Part of the anti-inflammatory effects of GC is attributed to their interference with prostanoid synthesis. As cyclooxygenases (COX) are key enzymes in the synthesis of both pro- (COX-1, COX-2) and anti-inflammatory prostanoids (COX-2), we investigated the role of topical GC on COX-1, COX-2 and inflammatory markers in nasal polyps (NP). METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis of inflammatory markers (CD68, CD117, MBP, elastase, IgE, BB-1, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6), COX-1 and COX-2 was performed on normal nasal mucosa (NM) (n = 18), non-GC treated NP (n = 27) and topical GC treated NP (n = 12). NP groups were matched for allergy, asthma and ASA intolerance. RESULTS Increased numbers of eosinophils, IL-5+ cells and IgE+ cells and decreased numbers of mastcells are striking features of NP inflammation (P < 0.05). In addition, increased numbers of COX-1+ cells are observed in NP epithelium compared to NM (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Topical GC significantly reduce the number of COX-1+ NP cells (P < 0.05), but have no significant effect on COX-2+ NP cells. No significant reduction in the number of eosinophils is observed for GC treated NP. The number of IL-5+ cells is however increased significantly upon GC treatment (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Ebbens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Balaji T, Aruna S, Ramanathan M, Srinivasan M, Menon VP. Suppression of constitutively expressed cyclooxygenase-2 in the epididymis of mice by nimesulide decreases sperm motility. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 20:357-76. [PMID: 20214021 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.2009.20.4.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significant levels of constitutive cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are present in the male reproductive organs of rodents, especially in the vas deferens and epididymis. In the epididymis, the sperm storehouse, COX-2 is thought to play a vital role in altering the membrane lipids of sperm. The present study aims at localizing COX-2 in the epididymis and analyzing the effects of the preferential COX-2 inhibitor nimesulide. COX-2 protein activity was nearly equal to that of COX-1 in the cauda epididymis. Immunohistochemical studies showed an intense staining for COX-2 in the cauda epididymis but not in the caput epididymis. Nimesulide administration induced a significant reduction in both COX-2 staining intensity and protein activity, followed by an initial decline in total prostaglandin levels but a reversible increase upon sustained COX-2 suppression. Sperm numbers and vitality showed no significant change, but motility decreased and total and free serum testosterone levels mildly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thotakura Balaji
- Dept of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Padur Village, Old Mahabalipuram Road, Kelambakkam, Chennai--603103
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Boldarian NA, Pozharisskiĭ KM, Vinokurov VL, Ten VP, Samsonova EA. [Prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) expression in endometrial carcinoma (clinical and immunohistochemical study)]. Vopr Onkol 2008; 54:40-46. [PMID: 18416056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An immunohistochemical study of 100 endometrial adenocarcinomas assessed expression of COX-1 (40%) and COX-2 (72%) cyclooxygenases. An inverse correlation between COX-2 expression and tumor cell differentiation was matched by a direct one between COX-2 expression and survival. In cases of no expression, overall relapse-free 5-year survival was 92 and 88%, respectively, while distinct expression was associated with 52 and 48%, respectively (p = 0.0004; 0.0005). Similar relationships were reported for COX-1, although the significance was lower (p = 0.02). Since the differences in survival vis-a-vis clinico-morphological features were insignificant, except for COX-1, COX-2 expression, the latter characteristics should be regarded as independent prognosticators, much more superior to such traditional factors as stage and cell differentiation.
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Pozharisskiĭ KM, Vinokurov VL, Zharinov GM, Bolbarian NA, Kuznetsova ME, Gasparian NA, Samsonova EA. [Immunohistochemical markers as prognosticators in gynecologic oncology]. Vopr Onkol 2008; 54:463-470. [PMID: 18942401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase and particularly COX-2 expression impaired survival in patients operated on for endometrial adenocarcinoma of the uterus: 5-year overall and relapse-free survival in absence of expression was 92% and 88%, respectively, while in cases of distinct expression, it fell down to 52% and 48%, respectively (p = 0.0004; 0.0005). Similar correlations were observed for COX-1, although with lower significance (p = 0.02). Particularly unfavorable prognosis is associated with high expression of combination of COX-2 and COX-1. The end-results of radiotherapy were associated with proliferative levels of squamous cell cervical carcinoma: for Ki-67--below median of < or = 50%, 5-year survival rate was 77%, mean survival--80 months; for Ki-67 above median of > or = 50%, the indices were 47% and 47 months, respectively, (p = 0.002). There were similar correlations for mutated suppressor-gene 53: 67%--for absence of expression and 53%--for its presence (p = 0/03). Immunohistochemical markers COX-2, Ki-67 and p53 can be used as sole prognosticators and their predictive significance is higher than that of either stage (II or III) or cell differentiation grading.
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Zidar N, Dolenc-Strazar Z, Jeruc J, Jerse M, Balazic J, Gartner U, Jermol U, Zupanc T, Stajer D. Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in the normal human heart and in myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Pathol 2007; 16:300-4. [PMID: 17868881 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclooxygenase is a key enzyme in prostanoid synthesis. It exists in two isoforms: cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), which is constitutively expressed in cells and tissues maintaining normal homeostasis, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is normally not present in most cells, but can be induced by various stimuli. Little is known about the significance of COX isoforms in the normal human heart and in myocardial infarction (MI). Thus, we aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in the normal human heart and in MI. METHODS Our study included autopsy samples of heart tissue from 15 healthy individuals who died in accidents, and from 40 patients with MI who died few hours to a month after the onset of symptoms. Immunohistochemistry was performed by a sensitive peroxidase-streptavidin method on formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue, using monoclonal antibodies against COX-1 and COX-2. RESULTS In normal hearts, COX-1 was found in endothelial and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels and in endothelial cells of the endocardium. In MI, it was expressed in inflammatory cells, as well as in myofibroblasts and capillaries of granulation and fibrous tissue. COX-2 was either not present or it was present in occasional myocytes in the normal hearts. In MI, its expression was induced in cardiomyocytes as well as in interstitial inflammatory cells, and in capillaries and myofibroblasts in granulation tissue. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that COX-1 is associated with normal homeostasis in the heart, whereas COX-2 probably mediates inflammatory reaction in MI. It appears that both COX-1 and COX-2 are associated with the healing processes and scar formation after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zidar
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Siegel B, Weihe E, Bette M, Nüsing RM, Flores-de-Jacoby L, Mengel R. The effect of age on prostaglandin-synthesizing enzymes in the development of gingivitis. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:259-66. [PMID: 17451546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the expression of cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, cyclooxygenase-3, and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in young and elderly subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS Periodontally healthy subjects were divided into young (18-30 years, n = 7) and elderly (46-77 years, n = 7). A gingival biopsy was taken at baseline. After experimental gingivitis, clinical examination was repeated and a second biopsy was taken. The expression of cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, cyclooxygenase-3, and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 was analyzed by means of immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In both healthy age groups, cyclooxygenase-1 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 were expressed in epithelial cells, endothelial cells and fibroblast-like connective tissue cells. Cyclooxygenase-1 was found in Langerhans' cells of the epithelium. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression was observed in cells exhibiting the morphology of epithelial mitosis cells, and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in periodontally healthy elderly subjects was significantly lower (p < or = 0.05). Following experimental gingivitis, cyclooxygenase-1 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 expression did not change. However, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 was significantly increased in both age groups (p < or = 0.05). Cyclooxygenase-3 was not detected in any group investigated. CONCLUSION Cyclooxygenase-1 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 were expressed constitutively in gingival tissue, and expression was unaffected by age or inflammation states. In contrast, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 was weaker in elderly subjects. In the course of experimental gingivitis, cyclooxygenase-2 was induced in both age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Siegel
- Department of Periodontology, Philips University, Maarburg, Germany
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14
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Ketabchi S, Massi D, Ficarra G, Rubino I, Franchi A, Paglierani M, Simoni A, Capodiferro S, Favia G, Maiorano E, Tarantini F, Cirino G, Santucci M. Expression of protease-activated receptor-1 and -2 in orofacial granulomatosis. Oral Dis 2007; 13:419-25. [PMID: 17577330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) is a rare condition characterized by non-caseating granulomas in the orofacial region. Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs) play a role in inflammatory diseases in diverse human tissues. The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of PAR-1, PAR-2, MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-1, and COX-2 in tissues taken from OFG patients. METHODS PAR-1, PAR-2, MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-1, and COX-2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in biopsies taken from oral Crohn's disease (five cases), Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) (six cases), cheilitis granulomatosa (five cases) and normal oral mucosa (five cases). RESULTS PAR-1 was observed in mononuclear inflammatory cells in edematous/lichenoid lesions, whereas a strong PAR-2 immunostaining was detected in epithelioid histiocytes and giant cells in granulomatous lesions, irrespective of the clinical features (Crohn vs MRS). MMPs and COX-2 were expressed in the inflammatory component of edematous/lichenoid lesions and markedly overexpressed in granulomatous lesions. COX-1 was weakly and variably expressed in both edematous/lichenoid and granulomatous lesions. CONCLUSION Thus, PAR-1 and PAR-2 expressions were related to the intensity and type of inflammatory response but not to the type of clinical lesion. Simultaneous overexpression of PARs, MMPs and COXs suggests synergism among these proinflammatory receptors and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ketabchi
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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15
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Nishida T, Yabe Y, Fu HY, Hayashi Y, Asahi K, Eguchi H, Tsuji S, Tsujii M, Hayashi N, Kawano S. Geranylgeranylacetone induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression in cultured rat gastric epithelial cells through NF-kappaB. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:1890-6. [PMID: 17404846 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) effectively protects the gastric mucosa against noxious agents. The precise mechanisms underlying the gastroprotective actions of GGA are not known. To elucidate the precise mechanism of GGA, the effect of GGA treatment on COX-2 expression in rat gastric epithelial (RGM1) cells was investigated. We used a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) enzyme-linked immunoassay kit and Western blot analysis to measure PGE2 production and COX-2 induction by GGA treatment in serum-starved RGM1 cells. Gel-shift assay, Western blot analysis, and a reporter assay were performed to determine which COX-2 promoter was involved in GGA-induced COX-2 expression. GGA treatment dose dependently increased COX-2 expression and PGE2 production. The nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB sites of the COX-2 gene promoter were critical for GGA-mediated COX-2 expression. GGA induces COX-2 expression and increases PGE2 production in serum-starved RGM1 cells via activation of the NF-kappaB sites of COX-2 gene promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Nishida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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16
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Tzeng HP, Yang RS, Ueng TH, Liu SH. Upregulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 by Motorcycle Exhaust Particulate-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Enhances Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1170-6. [PMID: 17645304 DOI: 10.1021/tx700084z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to particulate air pollution has been implicated as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Short-term exposure has also been suggested to contribute to complications of atherosclerosis. Aberrant regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation is thought to associate with the pathophysiology of vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigate the influence of organic extracts of motorcycle exhaust particulates (MEPE) on rat vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and related regulation signaling. Exposure of VSMCs to MEPE (10-100 microg/mL) enhanced serum-induced VSMC proliferation. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was also enhanced in the presence of MEPE. VSMCs treated with MEPE induced the increase in the extent of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA and protein expression and prostaglandin E 2 production, whereas the level of COX-1 protein was unchanged. Moreover, MEPE increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner. MEPE could also trigger time-dependently extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation in VSMCs, which was attenuated by antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC). The level of translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-p65 in the nuclei of VSMCs was also increased under MEPE exposure. The potentiating effect of MEPE on serum-induced VSMC proliferation could be abolished by COX-2 selective inhibitor NS-398, specific ERK inhibitor PD98059, and antioxidants NAC and PDTC. Taken together, these findings suggest that MEPE may contribute to the enhancement of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases by augmenting proliferation of VSMCs through a ROS-regulated ERK1/2-activated COX-2 signaling pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcysteine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclooxygenase 1/analysis
- Cyclooxygenase 1/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2/analysis
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Motorcycles
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Prostaglandins E, Synthetic/metabolism
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Oxygen Species/analysis
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Thiocarbamates/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation
- Vehicle Emissions/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Ping Tzeng
- Institute of Toxicology and Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Honma Y, Arai I, Futaki N, Hashimoto Y, Sugimoto M, Sakurai T, Nakaike S. Cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition delays recovery of the cutaneous barrier disruption caused by mechanical scratching in mice. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156:1178-87. [PMID: 17459048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by severe pruritus, and cutaneous barrier disruption by scratching contributes to further aggravation of the condition. We have previously shown that indomethacin delayed recovery from the effects of cutaneous barrier disruption caused by mechanical scratching in mice. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to assess the role of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 inhibitors on recovery from the effects of cutaneous barrier disruption induced by mechanical scratching in mice. METHODS We examined the effects of SC-560 (a COX-1-selective inhibitor) or NS-398 (a COX-2-selective inhibitor) on recovery from the effects of cutaneous barrier disruption in mice induced by a wire brush, in terms of the skin prostaglandin (PG) levels. RESULTS While SC-560 significantly delayed recovery from the effects of cutaneous barrier disruption, NS-398 had no such effect. SC-560 was significantly more effective than NS-398 in reducing skin PG levels at 6 and 24 h after cutaneous barrier disruption. SC-560 strongly inhibited biosynthesis of cutaneous PGD(2) to a greater extent than that of other PGs. CONCLUSIONS COX-1-coupled PGD(2) biosynthesis may be an important factor in the recovery of cutaneous barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Honma
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
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18
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Okano M, Fujiwara T, Yamamoto M, Sugata Y, Matsumoto R, Fukushima K, Yoshino T, Shimizu K, Eguchi N, Kiniwa M, Urade Y, Nishizaki K. Role of prostaglandin D2 and E2 terminal synthases in chronic rhinosinusitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 36:1028-38. [PMID: 16911359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin (PG)D(2) and E(2), two major cyclooxygenase (COX) products, are generated by PGD(2) synthase (PGDS) and PGE(2) synthase (PGES), respectively, and appear to mediate airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the role of PGDS and PGES in the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHODS The study examined the expression of PGDS and PGES in nasal polyps of 22 CRS patients. As controls, uncinate process mucosae were obtained from 12 CRS patients not having nasal polyps and five subjects without sinusitis. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR were used to evaluate the expression. RESULTS Both PGDS and PGES were detected in nasal polyps by immunohistochemistry. Significantly greater levels of PGDS mRNA and lesser levels of PGES mRNA were observed in the nasal polyps as compared with uncinate process mucosae, and an inverse correlation between PGDS and PGES expression was observed. Levels of PGDS mRNA in nasal polyps were positively correlated with degree of infiltration by EG2+ eosinophils, whereas the levels of PGES were inversely correlated. Significantly increased levels of PGDS and conversely decreased levels of PGES were observed in asthmatics as compared with non-asthmatics. In addition, PGDS and PGES levels were positively and inversely correlated with the radiological severity of sinusitis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PGDS and PGES display an opposite and important role in the pathophysiology of CRS such as polyp formation, and more specifically, a biased expression of these synthases might contribute to the development of CRS by affecting eosinophilic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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19
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O'Rielly DD, Loomis CW. Spinal Prostaglandins Facilitate Exaggerated A- and C-fiber-mediated Reflex Responses and Are Critical to the Development of Allodynia Early after L5-L6 Spinal Nerve Ligation. Anesthesiology 2007; 106:795-805. [PMID: 17413918 DOI: 10.1097/01.anes.0000264777.94662.d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background
Spinal prostaglandins are important in the early pathogenesis of spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced allodynia. This study examined the effect of SNL on the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, and prostaglandin E2 receptors in the rat lumbar spinal cord, and the temporal and pharmacologic relation of these changes to the exaggerated A- and C-fiber-mediated reflex responses and allodynia, 24 h after injury.
Methods
Male Sprague-Dawley rats, fitted with intrathecal catheters, underwent SNL or sham surgery. Paw withdrawal threshold, electromyographic analysis of the biceps femoris flexor reflex, and immunoblotting of the spinal cord were used.
Results
Both allodynia (paw withdrawal threshold of < or = 4 g) and exaggerated A- and C-fiber-mediated reflex responses (i.e., decrease in activation threshold, increase in evoked activity, including windup; P < 0.05) were evident 24 h after SNL but not sham surgery. Allodynic animals exhibited significant increases in prostaglandin E2 receptor (subtypes 1-3) and COX-1 (but not COX-2) expression in the ipsilateral lumbar dorsal horn. The corresponding ventral horns and contralateral dorsal horn were unchanged from sham controls. Exaggerated A- and C-fiber-mediated reflex responses were significantly attenuated by intrathecal SC-560 or SC-51322, but not SC-236, given 24 h after SNL.
Conclusion
These results provide further evidence that spinal prostaglandins, derived primarily from COX-1, are critical in the exaggeration of A- and C-fiber input and allodynia, 24 h after SNL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cyclooxygenase 1/analysis
- Injections, Spinal
- Ligation
- Male
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/physiology
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/physiology
- Pain/etiology
- Pain/physiopathology
- Prostaglandins/physiology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/analysis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype
- Reflex/drug effects
- Spinal Nerves/physiology
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren D O'Rielly
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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20
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Blanco-Rivero J, Márquez-Rodas I, Xavier FE, Aras-López R, Arroyo-Villa I, Ferrer M, Balfagón G. Long-term fenofibrate treatment impairs endothelium-dependent dilation to acetylcholine by altering the cyclooxygenase pathway. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 75:398-407. [PMID: 17412316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Experimental studies and opinion articles emphasize that cardiovascular alterations associated with ageing can be improved by the long-term use of fenofibrates. We analyzed the effect of fenofibrate treatment on the acetylcholine-induced relaxation in rat aorta and the participation of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived factors in this effect. METHODS Acetylcholine relaxation in untreated and 6-week fenofibrate-treated Wistar rats was analyzed in the absence and presence of the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), the specific inducible NO (iNOS) synthase inhibitor 1400W, the nonspecific COX inhibitor indomethacin, the specific COX-2 inhibitor NS-398, the specific thromboxane receptor antagonist SQ-29548, the thromboxane synthesis inhibitor furegrelate, the prostacyclin synthesis inhibitor tranylcypromine, or the 20-HETES synthesis inhibitor formamidine. eNOS, iNOS, COX-1, and COX-2 expression was studied by Western blotting. In addition, production of prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)), thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), isoprostanes, and prostacyclin (PGI(2)) was also measured. RESULTS Fenofibrate treatment reduced acetylcholine relaxation. Indomethacin, NS-398, and tranylcypromine decreased acetylcholine relaxation in untreated rats but enhanced relaxation in treated rats. SQ-29548 increased acetylcholine responses in segments from treated rats but not in segments from untreated rats. L-NAME decreased vasodilator response to acetylcholine in both groups while furegrelate, NS-398, 1400W, and formamidine did not affect acetylcholine responses in either group. eNOS and COX-2 expression was higher in aorta from treated rats while COX-1 and iNOS remained unmodified. Basal and acetylcholine-stimulated NO and PGE(2) release were increased, and that of PGI(2) decreased in treated rats. TxA(2) release was similar, but PGF(2alpha) release was undetectable in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Although it increases NO production through increases in eNOS expression, fenofibrate treatment induces endothelial dysfunction. This effect seems to be mediated by decreased PGI(2) and increased PGE(2) release, and it may help to explain the rise in thromboembolic events observed after long-term fenofibrate treatment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Blanco-Rivero
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Amaral A, Ramalho-Santos J, St John JC. The expression of polymerase gamma and mitochondrial transcription factor A and the regulation of mitochondrial DNA content in mature human sperm. Hum Reprod 2007; 22:1585-96. [PMID: 17339235 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dem030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes 13 polypeptides of the electron transfer chain. Its replication is dependent on the nuclear-encoded polymerase gamma (POLG) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). For POLG, only the polyglutamine tract, characterized by a series of CAG repeats, has been investigated in human sperm. However, TFAM is associated with the reduction in mtDNA content of testicular sperm. We have determined whether POLG and TFAM have functional roles in post-ejaculatory sperm mtDNA. METHODS Sperm samples were categorized as: normals, samples with one or two abnormal sperm parameters and oligoasthenoteratozoospermics (OATs). These were analysed by fluorescent PCR to determine the number of CAG repeats, real-time PCR for mtDNA copy number and immunocytochemistry and western blotting for patterns of expression for POLG, TFAM and the mtDNA-encoded COXI. RESULTS Only the OAT group presented with a significantly higher incidence of heterozygosity for CAG repeats, higher mtDNA content and a lower percentage of sperm expressing POLG and TFAM. Paradoxically, good-quality sperm had fewer mtDNA copies but significantly more sperm expressed POLG, TFAM and COXI. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the original findings that an association between sperm quality and POLG CAG repeats does exist. However, the biological significance of these variants in male infertility remains unclear, as these do not seem to affect mtDNA maintenance. The reduction in mtDNA content in normal samples likely reflects normal spermiogenesis, whereas increases in POLG and TFAM expression possibly compensate for the low mtDNA content, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Amaral
- The Mitochondrial and Reproductive Genetics Group, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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22
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Moreland KT, Procknow JD, Sprague RS, Iverson JL, Lonigro AJ, Stephenson AH. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 participate in 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid-induced contraction of rabbit intralobar pulmonary arteries. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 321:446-54. [PMID: 17267581 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.107904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) have been reported to contract intralobar pulmonary arteries (PA) of the rabbit in a cyclooxygenase (COX)-dependent manner. In the present study, we observed that COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms were expressed in freshly isolated PA of healthy rabbits. We examined the hypothesis that both COX isoforms participate in 5,6-EET-induced contraction of rabbit intralobar PA. Selective inhibition of COX-1 with 300 nM 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole (SC-560) prevented 5,6-EET (1x10(-8)-1x10(-5) M)-induced contractions of isolated intralobar rabbit PA rings in a manner similar to that observed with the nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin at 10 microM. Selective inhibition of COX-2 with either 100 nM 5-bromo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-methylsulfonyl) thiophene (DUP-697) or 3 microM N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl) methanesulfonamide (NS-398) shifted the EC50 value of 5,6-EET-induced PA contraction to the right but with considerably lower efficacy than SC-560. In rabbit PA, 5,6-EET-induced contraction was primarily dependent on COX-1 activity. Differential metabolism of 5,6-EET by COX-1 and COX-2 does not explain the primary dependence of PA contraction on COX-1 activity because 5,6-EET was metabolized similarly by both COX isoforms. COX-1 and -2 were expressed primarily in PA endothelium where COX-1 expression was dense and uniform, whereas COX-2 expression was sparse and nonuniform. 5,6-EET-induced PA contraction was endothelium-dependent. These results suggest that 5,6-EET-induced contraction is primarily dependent on COX-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Trent Moreland
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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23
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Burdon C, Mann C, Cindrova-Davies T, Ferguson-Smith A, Burton G. Oxidative stress and the induction of cyclooxygenase enzymes and apoptosis in the murine placenta. Placenta 2007; 28:724-33. [PMID: 17222904 PMCID: PMC1895600 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Placental oxidative stress has been implicated in many complications of human pregnancy, including preterm delivery and preeclampsia. It is now appreciated that reactive oxygen species can induce a spectrum of changes, ranging from homeostatic induction of enzymes to apoptotic cell death. Little is known regarding the occurrence of placental oxidative stress in other species. We investigated markers of oxidative stress in the labyrinthine (LZ) and junctional (JZ) zones of the murine placenta across gestational age, and correlated these with expression of the cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, and apoptosis. We tested a causal link between the two by subjecting placental explants to hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) in vitro, a known stimulus for generation of oxidative stress. Western blotting demonstrated significant increases in the concentrations of hydroxynonenal (HNE), COX-1 and COX-2 with gestational age. Dual-labelling demonstrated co-localisation of HNE, and COX-1 and COX-2 within the trophoblast of the LZ, and glycogen cells of the JZ. An apoptotic index based on TUNEL-positivity demonstrated an increase with gestational age, and dual-labelling showed co-localisation of TUNEL labelling with HNE and active caspase-3 within the trophoblast of the LZ. H/R significantly increased oxidative stress, induction of COX-1 and COX-2, and the apoptotic index. Co-localisation demonstrated the increases in COX to be within the trophoblast of the LZ, and in particular the glycogen cells of the JZ. Apoptosis was restricted to the LZ. We speculate that the induction of COX enzymes is a physiological response to oxidative stress, and may play a role in initiating or augmenting parturition. Generation of oxidative stress may also play a role in influencing the growth trajectory of the placenta, and its component cell types. The mouse may provide an experimental genetic model in which to investigate these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - G.J. Burton
- Corresponding author. Present address: Physiological Laboratory, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK. Tel.: +44 1223 333 856; fax: +44 1223 333 840.
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24
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Kang KB, Van Der Zypp A, Iannazzo L, Majewski H. Age-related changes in monocyte and platelet cyclooxygenase expression in healthy male humans and rats. Transl Res 2006; 148:289-94. [PMID: 17162249 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyses the formation of prostanoids that are crucial in maintaining hemostasis and important in inflammation. Animal studies reveal that COX-1 and COX-2 expression increase in some cell types during aging. This study determined age-related changes in COX expression in platelets and monocytes. Platelets and mononuclear cells were isolated from healthy male human volunteers from 18 to 28 and from 55 to 65 years of age, as well as male rats 8 and 54 weeks old for comparison. Western blot analysis was performed using selective antibodies against COX-1 and COX-2, followed by densitometrical analysis. In humans, an age-related increase in COX-2 expression in mononuclear cells was observed, with a 70% increase in the older age group. In rat studies, a 50% increase of COX-2 protein occurred in mononuclear cells of 54-week-old rats, compared with 8-week-old rats. For COX-1, an age-related increase of 50% occurred in rat platelets, but no difference occurred in the platelets' COX-1 levels between young and elderly human age groups. The increased COX-2 in monocytes of older humans, which is mirrored in rats, may have downstream implications in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk as mononuclear prostanoids are implicated in atherosclerotic plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khong Bee Kang
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
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25
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Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid, an essential fatty acid present in cell membrane phospholipids and liberated by phospholipase, into prostaglandins (PGs) and prostanoids. COX has two distinct membrane-anchored isoenzymes; COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is a constitutively expressed and found in most normal body tissues; COX-2 is expressed in normal tissues at low levels and is highly induced by pro-inflammatory mediators in the setting of inflammation, injury, and pain. Inhibitors of COX activity include: (1) conventional non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ns-NSAIDs); (2) selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs); and (3) COX-1 inhibitors. Non-selective NSAIDs, at therapeutic doses, inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. The anti-inflammatory benefits of these drugs are primarily derived from COX-2 inhibition, while inhibition of COX-1 often elicits gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. Therefore, COXIBs were developed to provide a selective COX-2 agent, i.e., one, that at fully therapeutic doses demonstrated comparable therapeutic benefit to non-selective NSAIDs, without the attendant COX-1-mediated GI toxicities. In this review, we evaluate available literature describing the pathophysiologic role of cyclooxygenases and the effects of their inhibition in GI system in experimental and domestic animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher A Radi
- Worldwide Safety Sciences, Michigan Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Building 35-1A/5, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Takaoka K, Kishimoto H, Segawa E, Hashitani S, Zushi Y, Noguchi K, Sakurai K, Urade M. Elevated cell migration, invasion and tumorigenicity in human KB carcinoma cells transfected with COX-2 cDNA. Int J Oncol 2006; 29:1095-101. [PMID: 17016639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the involvement of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in cell growth and invasion of oral cancer, a human epidermoid carcinoma cell line KB minimally expressing COX-2 protein was transfected with COX-2 cDNA and these activities were compared with mock-transfected KB in vitro and in vivo. KB/COX-2 clones showed a similar growth rate in vitro compared to KB/neo clones, but demonstrated significantly increased PGE2 production, cell migration and invasion. These KB/COX-2 clones markedly expressed MMP-9, pro-MMP-2 and activated-MMP-2 as compared to KB/neo clones in gelatin zymography. Western blot analysis showed that expression of MT1-MMP, Rho and Rac 1 in KB/COX-2 clones were stronger than that in KB/neo clones, but expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were weaker in KB/COX-2 clones than in KB/neo clones. When these cells were inoculated subcutaneously into nude mice, tumorigenicity and tumor growth were significantly elevated in KB/COX-2 tumors than in KB/neo tumors, and the gelatinase activity was much stronger in KB/COX-2 tumor tissues than in KB/neo tumor tissues in film in situ zymography. The orthotopic inoculation of cells to the oral floor showed that local invasion was pronounced in KB/COX-2 tumors. These results indicated that overexpression of COX-2 elevated tumorigenicity, tumor growth and invasion of human KB carcinoma cells via up-regulated MMP and Rho family small GTPases and down-regulated TIMP activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Takaoka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the enzymes for the local prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis present in the bovine oviduct during the estrous cycle to influence early reproductive events. Bovine oviducts were classified into four phases: pre-ovulatory, post-ovulatory, early-to-mid luteal, and late luteal phase, subdivided further into ipsi- or contralateral site and separated into ampulla or isthmus. Oviductal cells were gained by flushing the oviductal regions. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR was performed for the secretory and cytosolic phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)IB, cPLA(2)alpha, and cPLA(2)beta) and cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) as the first step enzymes of PG synthesis. COX-1 and cPLA(2)beta showed significant highest mRNA expression around and before ovulation compared with the luteal phase respectively. sPLA(2)IB and cPLA(2)alpha mRNA expression was unregulated during the estrous cycle. Regional differences in mRNA content were found for sPLA(2)IB with higher mRNA expression in the ampulla than in the isthmus. Western blot analysis revealed the highest COX-1 protein content in the early-to-mid luteal phase. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that COX-1 was localized in epithelial and smooth muscle cells, whereas COX-2 was only localized in epithelial cells. COX-2 showed a differential distribution within the epithelial cell layer suggesting a regulation on a cellular level, although the COX-2 mRNA and protein amounts did not vary throughout the estrous cycle. A COX activity assay of oviductal cells revealed that COX activity originated predominantly from COX-1 than from COX-2. Treatment of primary oviductal cells with 10 pg/ml 17beta-estradiol or 10 ng/ml progesterone resulted in a higher expression of COX-2 and cPLA(2)alpha, but not of the other enzymes. The expression pattern of these enzymes suggests that an estrous-cycle dependent and region-specific PG synthesis in the bovine oviduct may be required for a successful reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Odau
- Institute of Veterinary-Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Background and Aims. Arachidonic acid metabolism actively participates in the initiation, climaxing, and resolution phases of inflammation, and its close connection with inflammatory bowel diseases has been only recently discovered. We aimed to clarify the role of different arachidonic pathways and the interrelationships between them in Crohn's disease. Methods. Seventeen specimens of Crohn's disease dated between 2003/1/1 and 2005/1/1 were collected and underwent immunohistochemical analyses with cylcooxygenase 1, cyclooxygenase 2, 5-lipoxygenase, and 15-lipoxygenase-1 antibodies. Results. (1) The spatial distribution of the three leading enzymes in arachidonic acid pathway—cyclooxygenase 2, 5-lipoxygenase, and 15-lipoxygenase-1—followed sequential
arrangement in Crohn's ulcer: neutrophils highly expressing 5-lipoxygenase were in the utmost surface which bordered the band of cyclooxygenase-2 expression that is located just beneath it, and in the lower layers and below the granulation region were eosinophils carrying 15-lipoxygeanse-1. (2) Cyclooxygenase-2 and 15-Lipoxygenase-1-positive cells formed two barrier-like structures that possibly inhibited neutrophil infiltration. Conclusion. The regulated distribution indicated coordinated interplay between inflammatory cells and parenchymal cells, between arachidonic acid pathways, and between innate and adaptive immunity; and the barrier-like structures indicated protective roles for cyclooxygenase 2 and 15-Lipoxygenase-1 in Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Mao
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
- *Yao Mao:
| | - Jian'an Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Jieshou Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
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Frungieri MB, Gonzalez-Calvar SI, Parborell F, Albrecht M, Mayerhofer A, Calandra RS. Cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin F2 alpha in Syrian hamster Leydig cells: Inhibitory role on luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated testosterone production. Endocrinology 2006; 147:4476-85. [PMID: 16740978 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We have previously found that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (PGs), is present in the testicular interstitial cells of infertile men, whereas it is absent in human testes with no evident morphological changes or abnormalities. To find an animal model for further investigating COX-2 and its role in testicular steroidogenesis, we screened testes from adult species ranging from mice to monkeys. By using immunohistochemical assays, we found COX-2 expression only in Leydig cells of the reproductively active (peripubertal, pubertal, and adult) seasonal breeder Syrian hamster. COX-2 expression in hamster Leydig cells was confirmed by RT-PCR. In contrast, COX-1 expression was not detected in hamster testes. Because COX-2 expression implies PG synthesis, we investigated the effect of various PGs on testosterone production and found that PGF2 alpha stood out because it significantly reduced human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated testosterone release from isolated hamster Leydig cells in a dose-dependent manner. This mechanism involves a decreased expression of testicular steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Testicular concentration and content of PGF2 alpha in reproductively active hamsters as well as production of PGF2 alpha from isolated hamster Leydig cells were also determined. Moreover, PGF2 alpha receptors were localized in Leydig cells of hamsters and testicular biopsies from patients with Sertoli cell only and germ arrest syndromes. Thus, in this study, we described a COX-2-initiated pathway that via PGF2 alpha production, PGF2 alpha receptors, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase represents a physiological local inhibitory system of human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated testosterone production in the Syrian hamster testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica B Frungieri
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (M.B.F., S.I.G.-C., F.P., R.S.C.), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Nieri P, Martinelli C, Blandizzi C, Bernardini N, Greco R, Ippolito C, Del Tacca M, Breschi MC. Role of cyclooxygenase isoforms and nitric-oxide synthase in the modulation of tracheal motor responsiveness in normal and antigen-sensitized Guinea pigs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:648-56. [PMID: 16926267 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of selective cyclooxygenase (COX) isoform (COX-1, COX-2) inhibition, alone or in combination with nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) blockade, on in vitro tracheal muscle responsiveness to histamine were investigated in healthy and ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized guinea pigs. Immunohistochemistry showed that COX-1 and COX-2 are constitutively present in normal guinea pig trachea, particularly in the epithelial layer, and that COX-2 expression is enhanced in OVA-sensitized animals both in epithelial and subepithelial tissues. In normal guinea pigs, SC-560 [5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-trifluoromethylpyrazole] (COX-1 inhibitor) or DFU [5,5-dimethyl-3-(3-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-methylsulphonyl)phenyl-2(5H)-furanone] (COX-2 inhibitor) significantly increased the contractile response to histamine, these effects being not additive. NOS inhibition by l-N(G)-nitro-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) did not affect histamine-induced contraction but reversed the increase caused by COX-1 blockade while not modifying the enhancement associated with COX-2 inhibition. In guinea pigs subjected to OVA sensitization and challenge, COX-2, but not COX-1, inhibition enhanced the motor responses to histamine without any influence by l-NAME. In normal, but not in sensitized animals, the removal of epithelial layer from tracheal preparations abolished the enhancing action of DFU on histamine-mediated contraction. A COX-2-dependent release of prostacyclin (PGI(2)), but not prostaglandin E(2), was observed in tracheal tissues from normal and OVA-sensitized guinea pigs. In conclusion, both COX-1 and COX-2 are constitutive in guinea pig trachea, and COX-2 expression is enhanced by OVA sensitization; in normal animals, epithelial COX-2 exerts a PGI(2)-dependent inhibitory control on tracheal contractility, and this isoform is subjected to upstream regulation by epithelial COX-1 and NOS through a complex interplay; and following antigen sensitization, the inhibitory control on tracheal contractility is maintained by COX-2 induced at subepithelial cell sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Nieri
- Dipartimento di Psichiatria, Neurobiologia, Farmacologia, e Biotecnologie, via Bonanno no. 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Mizuno S, Kato K, Hashimoto A, Sugitani M, Sheikh A, Komuro S, Jike T, Iwasaki A, Arakawa Y, Nemoto N. Expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 in gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21:1313-9. [PMID: 16872316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.04153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 overexpression is observed in various neoplasms and COX-2 inhibition has been attempted as prevention and/or therapy in these neoplasms. Carcinoid tumors are thought to arise from neuroendocrine cells and originate mainly in the gastrointestinal tract. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 is reportedly expressed in neuroendocrine cells of normal colorectal mucosa. The role of COX in carcinoids has not previously been investigated. The aim of the present paper was to clarify the expression of COX-1 and -2, and their role in human gastrointestinal carcinoids. METHODS Expression of COX-1 and -2 was studied immunohistochemically in 38 gastrointestinal carcinoids. Five bronchopulmonary and seven metastatic carcinoids were also examined, for comparison with gastrointestinal carcinoids. The immunohistochemical score (IHS) was calculated from staining intensity and immunoreactive cell population, and ranked according to four grades (negative to strong). RESULTS Cyclo-oxygenase-2 was expressed in all gastrointestinal carcinoids (weak, 1; moderate, 13; strong, 24) and bronchopulmonary carcinoids (weak, 1; moderate, 4), as well as their metastases (moderate, 3; strong, 4). The IHS of COX-2 in larger tumors was significantly lower than that in smaller tumors. However, the IHS of COX-2 at the advancing tumor edge was significantly higher than that at the centers of tumors >or=10 mm in size. Faint COX-1 expression was detected in only one duodenal, one rectal and four bronchopulmonary carcinoids. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced COX-2 expression was observed in gastrointestinal as well as bronchopulmonary carcinoids and their metastases, especially at the advancing edges of the tumors. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 may play a role in carcinoid progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeaki Mizuno
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Smith AD, Dorrance AM. Arachidonic acid induces augmented vasoconstriction via cyclooxygenase 1 in the aorta from rats fed a high-fat diet. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006; 75:43-9. [PMID: 16781129 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As childhood obesity is increasing, its affects on the cardiovascular system remain unclear. Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes metabolize arachidonic acid (AA) into vasoactive prostanoids and their expression is altered in hypertensive animal models. We hypothesized that there would be augmented vasoconstriction to AA, mediated via COX 1 in rats fed a high-fat (HF)-diet for 10 weeks (from 3 to 13 weeks old) compared to those fed regular rat chow. AA induced vasoconstriction was augmented in the aorta from rats fed a HF-diet compared to control. Inhibitors to AA metabolism suggest that COX 1 activity predominates in rats fed a HF-diet. Western blot analysis showed that COX 1 but not COX 2 protein expression was increased in aortic rings stimulated with AA from the rats fed the HF-diet. These results suggest that vasoconstriction induced by AA is augmented in rats fed the HF-diet due to increased COX 1 expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita D Smith
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-3000, USA.
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Picariello L, Carbonell Sala S, Martineti V, Gozzini A, Aragona P, Tognarini I, Paglierani M, Nesi G, Brandi ML, Tonelli F. A comparison of methods for the analysis of low abundance proteins in desmoid tumor cells. Anal Biochem 2006; 354:205-12. [PMID: 16729958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The desmoids are a group of rare clinically diverse, deep-seated fibrous neoplasms. The exact etiology is unknown, but several factors are considered to be positively correlated with their development and growth, i.e., genetic and hormonal factors and trauma. These tumors may be sporadic or associated with a genetic disease such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Devoid of metastatic potential, they tend to form large, infiltrative masses which, if not completely excised, recur repeatedly. Although surgery is widely accepted as the first-line treatment for extra-abdominal and abdominal wall desmoids, a proportion of cases are successfully palliated with either estrogen antagonists (tamoxifen, toremifene, and raloxifene) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We describe and compare four methods for evaluating the expression of estrogen receptors alpha/beta and COX-1 and COX-2 in desmoid tumor-derived cells and tissues: immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and two-color Western blot detection with the Odyssey infrared imaging system. Through this comparative analysis, Western blot with Odyssey was recognized as the best method to analyze the expression particularly of low expressed proteins in desmoid-derived cells. The use of a specific and reliable assessment method becomes fundamental in the evaluation of the presence and modulation of proteins which are important but weakly expressed in these rare tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Picariello
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Venerito M, Treiber G, Wex T, Kuester D, Roessner A, Di Mario F, Malfertheiner P. Effects of low-dose aspirin on gastric erosions, cyclooxygenase expression and mucosal prostaglandin-E2 do not depend on Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23:1225-33. [PMID: 16611284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms by which Helicobacter pylori and low-dose aspirin induce gastric damage are not completely elucidated. AIM To evaluate the effects of low-dose aspirin on gastric damage, mucosal prostaglandin-E(2) levels and cyclooxygenase-enzyme expression in relation to the H. pylori status. METHODS Twenty healthy volunteers (H. pylori positive, n = 10; H. pylori negative, n = 10) received aspirin 100 mg/die for 1 week. At days 0, 1, 3 and 7, gastric mucosal lesions were studied by oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and histology. COX-1 and COX-2 were determined by immunohistochemistry and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and mucosal prostaglandin-E(2) levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nine H. pylori-positive subjects repeated the protocol after H. pylori eradication. RESULTS All groups developed a similar number of erosions. COX-1 and COX-2 expression, as well as mucosal prostaglandin-E(2) levels were not influenced by H. pylori status and aspirin medication. Helicobacter pylori-negative and H. pylori-eradicated subjects who developed aspirin-induced erosions had significant lower pre-treatment antral prostaglandin-E(2) levels than those without erosions (3.6 ng/microg vs. 6.3 ng/microg protein and 3.6 ng/microg vs. 6.0 ng/microg protein, respectively, P < 0.01 Mann-Whitney U-test). CONCLUSIONS In healthy subjects, low-dose aspirin for 1 week does neither affect cyclooxygenase expression nor mucosal prostaglandin-E(2) levels. Antral prostaglandin-E(2)-basal levels appear to be critical for development of aspirin-induced gastric damage in subjects without H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Venerito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Abstract
Endogenous PGE(2) dynamically regulates membrane excitability, synaptic transmission and plasticity. Neonatal seizures are associated with a number of activity-dependent changes in brain development including altered synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity as well as reduction in neurogenesis. Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesize that alteration of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression induced by neonatal seizure may influence brain development. We evaluated the expression of COX-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES) by Western blot analysis and immnohistochemistry in flurothyl-induced neonatal seizure and also studied the effect of celecoxib on seizure induction. Seven to 10 days old Sprague-Dawley rats were used for control (n = 18) and experimental group (n = 30). Recurrent seizure group showed more increased level of COX-2 expression than control group. However, the level of mPGES-2 expression was similar in both groups, and mPGES-1 was not detected. Hippocampus of control rats showed endogenous COX-2 expression, which was localized mainly in CA3 region. This localization pattern was similar in recurrent seizure rats, but intensity of COX-2 expression was more increased than in control rats. Celecoxib treatment significantly delayed the seizure attack and also reduced COX-2 expression. In conclusion, this study suggests that COX-2 expression is related to epileptogenesis in flurothyl-induced neonatal seizure model and shows the possibility that its inhibition lessens functional impairments that occurred in neonatal seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Kwun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongguk University College of MedicineKyongju, Kyongbuk, Korea
| | - Tae Jung Jang
- Department of Pathology, Dongguk University College of MedicineKyongju, Kyongbuk, Korea
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Abstract
Background
Systemic administration of a cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) inhibitor reduces hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli after incisional paw surgery in 4-week-old, but not 2-week-old, animals. The purpose of the current study was to test whether this developmental difference was reflected by differences in COX-1 expression in the spinal cord after surgery.
Methods
Rats 2 and 4 weeks of age, paralleling infant and child human neurologic developmental stages, were used. A paw incision was made under general anesthesia and the withdrawal thresholds were measured before and after systemic and intrathecal administration of a COX-1 selective inhibitor (SC560). Immunohistochemistry was used to assess COX-1 protein in the spinal cord, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify gene expression of COX-1 mRNA.
Results
Systemic and intrathecal administration of SC560 produced an increase in withdrawal threshold in the 4-week-old, but not in the 2-week-old, animals. Intrathecal SC560 increased withdrawal thresholds in the 4-week-old animals at a dose 100-fold less than with systemic administration. Cyclooxygenase 1 protein in the spinal cord was increased ipsilateral to surgery in the 4-week-old, but not in the 2-week-old, animals. Cyclooxygenase 1 mRNA was increased in the 4-week-old animals in the spinal cord ipsilateral to surgery relative to the contralateral side of the spinal cord, but not in the 2-week-old animals.
Conclusions
These results suggest that developmental differences in COX-1 expression in the spinal cord likely explain the lack of efficacy of COX-1 inhibitors in the 2-week-old rats. Whether this reflects a deficit in factors that stimulate COX-1 expression or a difference in response to these factors is not addressed, but should similar deficits occur in humans, COX-1 inhibitors may exhibit reduced efficacy in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Ririe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for the Study of Pharmacological Plasticity in the Presence of Pain, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1009, USA. dririe@wfubmc
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Mohammed SI, Dhawan D, Abraham S, Snyder PW, Waters DJ, Craig BA, Lu M, Wu L, Zheng R, Stewart J, Knapp DW. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors in urinary bladder cancer:in vitroandin vivoeffects. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:329-36. [PMID: 16505106 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
More than 14,000 people die from invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder yearly in the United States. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-inhibiting drugs are emerging as potential antitumor agents in TCC. The optimal in vitro or in vivo systems to investigate COX inhibitor antitumor effects have not been defined. The purpose of this study was to determine COX-1 and COX-2 expression and antitumor effects of COX inhibitors in human TCC cell lines (HT1376, RT4, and UMUC3 cells) and xenografts derived from those cell lines. COX-2 expression (Western blot, immunocytochemistry) was high in HT1376, modest in RT4, and absent in UMUC3 cells in vitro. Similarly, COX-2 expression was noted in RT4 but not UMUC3 xenografts. COX-2 expression in HT1376 xenografts was slightly lower than that observed in vitro. None of four COX inhibitors evaluated (celecoxib, piroxicam, valeryl salicylate, and NS398) reduced TCC growth in standard in vitro proliferation assays at concentrations that could be safely achieved in vivo (< or =5 micromol/L). Higher celecoxib concentrations (> or =50 micromol/L) inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in all three cell lines. Celecoxib or piroxicam treatment in athymic mice significantly delayed progression of HT1376 xenografts, which express COX-2, but not UMUC3 xenografts that lack COX-2 expression. In conclusion, standard in vitro assays were not useful in predicting COX inhibitor antitumor effects observed in vivo. Athymic mice bearing TCC xenografts provide a useful in vivo system for COX inhibitor studies. Results of this study provide justification for further evaluation of COX inhibitors as antitumor agents against TCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA
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Alvarez-Soria MA, Largo R, Santillana J, Sánchez-Pernaute O, Calvo E, Hernández M, Egido J, Herrero-Beaumont G. Long term NSAID treatment inhibits COX-2 synthesis in the knee synovial membrane of patients with osteoarthritis: differential proinflammatory cytokine profile between celecoxib and aceclofenac. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:998-1005. [PMID: 16476713 PMCID: PMC1798252 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2005.046920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of celecoxib with that of a classic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on synovial inflammation and on the synovial expression of proinflammatory genes in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS 30 patients with severe knee OA scheduled for total knee replacement surgery were included in a 3 month clinical trial. They were randomised to two groups: patients treated with celecoxib (CBX) (200 mg/24 h) and patients treated with aceclofenac (ACF) (100 mg/12 h). Those patients with OA who did not want to be treated with NSAIDs served as a control group. During knee surgery, synovial fluid (SF) and synovial membrane (SM) were collected. A SM specimen was fixed and embedded in paraffin and another part was frozen for molecular biology studies. RESULTS At the end of study both CBX and ACF treated patients showed a significant improvement in pain and knee function compared with controls. Both drugs significantly reduced prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) SF concentration and down regulated COX-2 mRNA and protein expression at the SM. However, synovial macrophage infiltration (CD68 antigen staining) and expression of proinflammatory mediators, such as interleukin 1beta and tumour necrosis factor alpha, were decreased only by CBX treatment. CONCLUSION Both drugs improved joint pain and function, inhibited SF PGE(2) concentration, and induced a decrease in synovial COX-2 expression and synthesis not related to the tissue inflammatory status. These data suggest that PGE(2) blocking agents may decrease PGE(2) production not only by direct COX-2 inhibition but also by down regulating COX-2 expression and synthesis. However, CBX and ACF appear to have different anti-inflammatory profiles in controlling OA synovial macrophage infiltration and proinflammatory expression.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/analysis
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Celecoxib
- Cyclooxygenase 1/analysis
- Cyclooxygenase 1/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/analysis
- Cyclooxygenase 2/biosynthesis
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Depression, Chemical
- Diclofenac/analogs & derivatives
- Diclofenac/therapeutic use
- Dinoprostone/analysis
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Interleukin-1/analysis
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Knee Joint
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/analysis
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/drug therapy
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/enzymology
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/pathology
- Pyrazoles/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Synovial Membrane/chemistry
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
- Time Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Alvarez-Soria
- Servicio de Reumatología, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avenida Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Luo C, Peng Y, Santti R, He ML, Lin MC. COX-1 and -2 expressions in sex-related organs of neonatally estrogen-treated rats and in activated and nonactivated macrophage RAW264.7 cells with phytoestrogen. Endocrine 2006; 29:161-7. [PMID: 16622306 DOI: 10.1385/endo:29:1:161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is an inducible isoform, expressed in inflamed leukocytes and cancer cells. It is known that estrogen causes prostate dysplasia, but little is known about COX-2 expression and its influence on male reproductivity. In this study, we show that COX-2 was abolished in the distal end of the vas deferens in neonatally estrogenized (diethylstilbestrol, NeoDES) Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at age of 15 mo, but the control normal rats were found to remain constitutive expression at the same age, while the levels of COX-1 in these rats remained intact. Furthermore, BAX, an indicator of sperm quality, was observed in the endothelium of vas deferens and sperm of the aged rats. However, COX-2 was not detected in the inflamed lesions of NeoDES rat's prostate by immunohistochemistry. In addition to estrogen, hydroxymatairesinol (HMR), a phytoestrogen, was analyzed in vitro for possible regulation on COX-2. Through Western blot analysis, HMR was shown to have no inhibitory affect on COX-2 expression. These results indicated that estrogen treatment strongly influences the expression of COX-2 that is associated with fertility, but no induction of COX-2 by estrogen may not exclude COX-2's role in prostatitis, and the anti-tumor mechanism of HMR largely remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Luo
- Department of Anatomy, University of Turku, Finland.
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40
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the direct antiproliferative effects of both piroxicam and meloxicam at a variety of concentrations on a series of canine cancer cell lines and the mechanism of cell death. METHODS The in vitro effects of piroxicam and meloxicam at various concentrations on canine cell cultures (Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, osteosarcoma, mammary carcinoma, and lymphoma) were assessed with respect to proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction. Western blot analysis of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 expression was performed on all cell lines. RESULTS All cell lines used in this study were cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 positive apart from Madin-Darby canine kidney cells which were negative for both cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2. Both meloxicam and piroxicam were able to inhibit proliferation in cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. However, the drug concentration required for a given effect was cell line dependent. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest that significant inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis would only occur when drug concentrations were in excess of those that can be achieved in vivo following maximum recommended dose rates. It is possible, however, that local or topical treatment or altered dosing regimens may offer alternative approaches to the use of these drugs as antineoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Knottenbelt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH
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Xie Y, Kang X, Ackerman WE, Belury MA, Koster C, Rovin BH, Landon MB, Kniss DA. Differentiation-dependent regulation of the cyclooxygenase cascade during adipogenesis suggests a complex role for prostaglandins. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006; 8:83-93. [PMID: 16367886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2005.00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM A thorough understanding of the mechanisms of adipocyte differentiation and metabolism is important for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity and its complications, including type 2 diabetes mellitus. A complex role for prostaglandins (PGs) in adipogenesis is suggested. We examined the expression and cellular localization of enzymes in the cyclooxygenase (COX) cascade that synthesize PGs as well as the PG profile as a function of differentiation status in 3T3-L1 cells. METHODS Murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were used as a model for studies of adipocyte differentiation induced by a hormone cocktail and compared with the parental fibroblastic line NIH 3T3. Both cell lines were incubated in maintenance medium or differentiation medium. Nine days after differentiation, the expression of enzymes in the COX cascade was evaluated by immunoblot analysis, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry, and PG formation was examined using enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS A differentiation-dependent diminution of COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA and cognate proteins in 3T3-L1 cells was observed. PG release, including PGE(2), 6-keto PGF(1alpha), PGD(2) and 15d-PGJ(2), significantly decreased following differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells (anova/Tukey, p < 0.05). However, microsomal PGE synthase (mPGES) and lipocalin-type PGD synthase (L-PGDS) were selectively upregulated. Immunocytochemistry revealed that COX-1 and COX-2 became intracellularly more diffuse upon differentiation, whereas mPGES was redistributed to the nuclear compartment. CONCLUSIONS Regulation of PG formation and COX-2 expression in 3T3-L1 cells is differentiation-dependent and involves changes in the levels of gene expression of the individual isoforms as well as redistribution of the enzymes within cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laboratory of Perinatal Research, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Schäfer A, Chovanová Z, Muchová J, Sumegová K, Liptáková A, Duracková Z, Högger P. Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 60:5-9. [PMID: 16330178 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2005.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence from several studies that supplementation with French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) improves inflammatory symptoms in vivo. However, the molecular pharmacological basis for the observed effects has not been fully uncovered yet. Direct inhibitory effects of plant extracts or components upon cyclooxygenase (COX) activity have been repeatedly reported, but the question remained whether sufficiently high in vivo concentrations of bioactive compounds could be achieved in humans. The purpose of the present study was to determine a possible inhibition of the enzymatic activity of COX-1 and COX-2 by serum samples of human volunteers after intake of French maritime pine bark extract. This methodology considered that the serum samples would contain any bioavailable active principle. Therefore, we obtained blood samples before and after 5 days administration of 200 mg Pycnogenol to five healthy humans. The plasma moderately inhibited both COX-1 and COX-2 activities ex vivo. In a second approach, 10 volunteers received a single dose of 300 mg Pycnogenol. Only 30 min after ingestion of the pine bark extract the serum samples induced a statistically significant increase in the inhibition of both COX-1 (P < 0.02) and COX-2 (P < 0.002). This suggests a strikingly rapid bioavailability of bioeffective compounds after oral intake of the extract. Thus, we provide evidence that Pycnogenol exerts effects by inhibition of eicosanoid generating enzymes which is consistent with reported clinical anti-inflammatory and platelet inhibitory effects in vivo. The next challenge is to identify the active principle(s) that are rapidly bioavailable in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Schäfer
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany
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Weingarten TN, Hooten WM, Obray JB. Effective analgesia with tramadol for osteofibrous dysplasia refractory to NSAID medication. J Orthop Res 2005; 23:1495; author reply 1496. [PMID: 16005174 DOI: 10.1016/j.orthres.2005.05.006.1100230637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Holt CI, Hutchins MO, Pileggi R. A Real Time Quantitative PCR Analysis and Correlation of COX-1 and COX-2 Enzymes in Inflamed Dental Pulps Following Administration of Three Different NSAIDs. J Endod 2005; 31:799-804. [PMID: 16249722 DOI: 10.1097/01.don.0000158239.97520.de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dental pain is encountered daily by clinicians. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly used for pain management are traditionally cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, and more recently selective COX-2 inhibitors. This study was designed to identify and quantify COX-1 and COX-2 gene expression level in inflamed rat molar pulps after administration of three NSAIDs: Celebrex, Vioxx, and Advil. Fifty male Wistar rats had their first and second molar pulps exposed and sealed with Cavit for 4 days. Rats were randomly divided into the three drug groups and two control groups. RNA was isolated from the rat pulps. Real Time Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction assay, a relatively new PCR technique, was used to quantify COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA. Statistical analysis demonstrated no significant differences in COX-1 and COX-2 levels among the drug groups. However, Vioxx and Advil significantly reduced COX-2 expression levels compared to inflamed (positive control) pulps (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia I Holt
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, University of Texas Dental, Branch at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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45
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Voloshin I, Gelinas J, Maloney MD, O'Keefe RJ, Bigliani LU, Blaine TA. Proinflammatory cytokines and metalloproteases are expressed in the subacromial bursa in patients with rotator cuff disease. Arthroscopy 2005; 21:1076.e1-1076.e9. [PMID: 16171632 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2005.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathophysiology of subacromial impingement syndrome is poorly understood. We investigated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, metalloproteases, and the cyclooxygenases in the subacromial bursa in control patients and in patients with rotator cuff tear. TYPE OF STUDY Basic science evaluation. METHODS Eighteen patients undergoing shoulder surgery had a subacromial bursa biopsy examination. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Group I (study group) had 10 patients with a full-thickness rotator cuff tear (RCT). Group II (control group) had 8 patients. Seven of 8 underwent shoulder arthroscopy with anterior capsular reconstruction for instability; 1 of 8 underwent open reduction internal fixation for acute proximal humerus fracture. None of the patients in group II had any history of symptoms or signs consistent with subacromial impingement. H&E and immunohistochemical antibody (MMP-1, MMP-9, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, COX-1, and COX-2) stained specimens were examined by 2 blinded observers using a histologic scale (grade 0 = no staining to grade 4 = intense staining). RESULTS Histologic evidence of inflammation was present in all patients with RCT (group I). No or mild inflammation was noted in group II. The average staining grade for inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha) and proteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-9) was significantly more pronounced in the RCT group (P < .001). Cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) were also increased in group II (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS A high level of expression of inflammatory cytokines, proteinases, and cyclooxygenase enzymes, known to produce a catabolic environment, is present in the subacromial bursa of patients with rotator cuff tear. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings support the role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids in RCT treatment, and emphasize the importance of subacromial bursectomy to reduce inflammation in RCT surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Voloshin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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Qin N, Zhang SP, Reitz TL, Mei JM, Flores CM. Cloning, expression, and functional characterization of human cyclooxygenase-1 splicing variants: evidence for intron 1 retention. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 315:1298-305. [PMID: 16141368 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.090944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a splicing variant of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, arising via the retention of its intron 1, was identified in canine. It was called COX-3 and was reported to be differentially sensitive to inhibition by various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as well as acetaminophen (Chandrasekharan et al., 2002). However, the existence of an orthologous splicing variant in human tissues has been questioned due to a reading frame shift and premature termination. In this study, we first confirmed the existence of intron 1-retained COX-1 in certain human tissues at both the mRNA and protein levels. Molecular biology studies revealed that three distinct COX-1 splicing variants exist in human tissues. The most prevalent of these variants, called COX-1b1, arises via retention of the entire 94 base pair (bp) of intron 1, leading to a shift in the reading frame and termination at bp 249. However, the other two variant types, called COX-1b2 and COX-1b3, retain entire intron 1, but they are missing a nucleotide in one of two different positions, thereby encoding predicted full-length and likely COX-active proteins. Functional studies revealed that the COX-1b2 is able to catalyze the synthesis of prostaglandin F2alpha from arachidonic acid with Km and Vmax values of 0.54 microM and 3.07 pmol/mg/min, respectively. However, no significant differential selectivity for inhibition by selected NSAIDs was observed. Accordingly, we conclude that intron 1-retained human COX-1 is not likely to be the therapeutic target of acetaminophen or a candidate of COX-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qin
- Analgesics, Drug Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, P.O. Box 776, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA.
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Akahoshi T, Tanigawa T, Sarfeh IJ, Chiou SK, Hashizume M, Maehara Y, Jones MK. Selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition causes damage to portal hypertensive gastric mucosa: roles of nitric oxide and NF-kappaB. FASEB J 2005; 19:1163-5. [PMID: 15845610 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3325fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Portal hypertension (PHT) is associated with increased susceptibility of the gastric mucosa to injury by a variety of factors, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that nonselectively inhibit both isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and -2). PHT gastric mucosa also has excessive nitric oxide (NO) production that contributes to the general increased susceptibility to injury. Using a rat model of PHT, we studied whether selective COX inhibition, which does not damage normal (normotensive) gastric mucosa, is sufficient to cause PHT gastric damage and, if so, whether and how excessive NO is involved. Indomethacin, a nonselective NSAID, caused 2.4-fold more gastric injury to PHT vs. normotensive sham-operated (SO) control rats. Neither NS-398 nor celecoxib, selective COX-2 inhibitors, caused gastric damage in either SO or PHT rats. SC-560, a selective COX-1 inhibitor, did not cause gastric damage in SO rats but dose-dependently caused gastric damage in PHT rats. There was a compensatory increase in COX-2 expression and activity in SC-560-treated SO rats but not SC-560-treated PHT rats. Partial inhibition of NO production restored gastric COX-2 expression and activity levels in SC-560-treated PHT rats to those of SC-560-treated SO rats, by a mechanism consistent with induction of NF-kappaB, and significantly reduced gastric damage. These studies indicate that, in contrast to normotensive gastric mucosa, inhibition of COX-1 alone is sufficient to cause PHT gastric damage as a result of excessive NO that prevents the induction of NF-kappaB and the compensatory increase in COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Akahoshi
- Department of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California, USA
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