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Pan D, Buchheit KM, Samuchiwal SK, Liu T, Cirka H, Raff H, Boyce JA. COX-1 mediates IL-33-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in mast cells: Implications for aspirin sensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1047-1057.e8. [PMID: 30017554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical FcεRI-induced mast cell (MC) activation causes synthesis of arachidonic acid (AA)-derived eicosanoids (leukotriene [LT] C4, prostaglandin [PG] D2, and thromboxane A2), which mediate vascular leak, bronchoconstriction, and effector cell chemotaxis. Little is known about the significance and regulation of eicosanoid generation in response to nonclassical MC activation mechanisms. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the regulation and significance of MC-derived eicosanoids synthesized in response to IL-33, a cytokine critical to innate type 2 immunity. METHODS We used an ex vivo model of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells and an IL-33-dependent in vivo model of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). RESULTS IL-33 potently liberates AA and elicits LTC4, PGD2, and thromboxane A2 production by bone marrow-derived mast cells. Unexpectedly, the constitutive function of COX-1 is required for IL-33 to activate group IVa cytosolic phospholipase A2 with consequent AA release for synthesis of all eicosanoids, including CysLTs. In contrast, COX-1 was dispensable for FcεRI-driven CysLT production. Inhibition of COX-1 prevented IL-33-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase, an upstream effector of cytosolic phospholipase A2, which was restored by exogenous PGH2, implying that the effects of COX-1 required its catalytic function. Administration of a COX-1-selective antagonist to mice completely prevented the generation of both PGD2 and LTC4 in a model of AERD in which MC activation is IL-33 driven. CONCLUSIONS MC-intrinsic COX-1 amplifies IL-33-induced activation in the setting of innate type 2 immunity and might help explain the phenomenon of therapeutic desensitization to aspirin by nonselective COX inhibitors in patients with AERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingxin Pan
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Kathleen M Buchheit
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Sachin K Samuchiwal
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Haley Cirka
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Hannah Raff
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
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2
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Newson J, Motwani MP, Kendall AC, Nicolaou A, Muccioli GG, Alhouayek M, Bennett M, Van De Merwe R, James S, De Maeyer RPH, Gilroy DW. Inflammatory Resolution Triggers a Prolonged Phase of Immune Suppression through COX-1/mPGES-1-Derived Prostaglandin E 2. Cell Rep 2018; 20:3162-3175. [PMID: 28954232 PMCID: PMC5639146 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation is characterized by granulocyte infiltration followed by efferocytosing mononuclear phagocytes, which pave the way for inflammatory resolution. Until now, it was believed that resolution then leads back to homeostasis, the physiological state tissues experience before inflammation occurred. However, we discovered that resolution triggered a prolonged phase of immune suppression mediated by prostanoids. Specifically, once inflammation was switched off, natural killer cells, secreting interferon γ (IFNγ), infiltrated the post-inflamed site. IFNγ upregulated microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) alongside cyclo-oxygenase (COX-1) within macrophage populations, resulting in sustained prostaglandin (PG)E2 biosynthesis. Whereas PGE2 suppressed local innate immunity to bacterial infection, it also inhibited lymphocyte function and generated myeloid-derived suppressor cells, the net effect of which was impaired uptake/presentation of exogenous antigens. Therefore, we have defined a sequence of post-resolution events that dampens the propensity to develop autoimmune responses to endogenous antigens at the cost of local tissue infection. Inflammatory resolution triggers T/NK cell infiltration, which synthesizes IFNγ Through IP-10, IFNγ indirectly triggers monocyte-derived macrophage infiltration Macrophages are directly acted upon by IFNγ to make abundant PGE2 PGE2 exerts a phase of post-inflammation immune suppression and tolerance
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Newson
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Madhur P Motwani
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Alexandra C Kendall
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Anna Nicolaou
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Melanie Bennett
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Rachel Van De Merwe
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Sarah James
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Roel P H De Maeyer
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Derek W Gilroy
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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3
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Kaisar MMM, Ritter M, del Fresno C, Jónasdóttir HS, van der Ham AJ, Pelgrom LR, Schramm G, Layland LE, Sancho D, Prazeres da Costa C, Giera M, Yazdanbakhsh M, Everts B. Dectin-1/2-induced autocrine PGE2 signaling licenses dendritic cells to prime Th2 responses. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005504. [PMID: 29668708 PMCID: PMC5927467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms through which dendritic cells (DCs) prime T helper 2 (Th2) responses, including those elicited by parasitic helminths, remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that soluble egg antigen (SEA) from Schistosoma mansoni, which is well known to drive potent Th2 responses, triggers DCs to produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which subsequently—in an autocrine manner—induces OX40 ligand (OX40L) expression to license these DCs to drive Th2 responses. Mechanistically, SEA was found to promote PGE2 synthesis through Dectin-1 and Dectin-2, and via a downstream signaling cascade involving spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), and cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2). In addition, this pathway was activated independently of the actions of omega-1 (ω-1), a previously described Th2-priming glycoprotein present in SEA. These findings were supported by in vivo murine data showing that ω-1–independent Th2 priming by SEA was mediated by Dectin-2 and Syk signaling in DCs. Finally, we found that Dectin-2−/−, and to a lesser extent Dectin-1−/− mice, displayed impaired Th2 responses and reduced egg-driven granuloma formation following S. mansoni infection, highlighting the physiological importance of this pathway in Th2 polarization during a helminth infection. In summary, we identified a novel pathway in DCs involving Dectin-1/2-Syk-PGE2-OX40L through which Th2 immune responses are induced. T helper 2 (Th2) responses, which are initiated by dendritic cells (DCs), can cause allergic diseases, but they can also provide protection against metabolic disorders and parasitic helminth infections. As such, there is great interest in better understanding how their activity is induced and regulated by DCs. Parasitic helminths can potently induce Th2 responses. However, how helminths condition DCs for priming of Th2 responses remains incompletely understood. Here, we find that egg antigens from the parasitic helminth Schistosoma mansoni bind to pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 on DCs. This binding triggers a signaling cascade in DCs that results in synthesis of eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 is sensed by the DCs themselves, resulting in expression of OX40 ligand (OX40L), which subsequently enables the DCs to promote Th2 differentiation. We show that this pathway is activated independently of omega-1 (ω-1), which is a glycoprotein secreted by the eggs and previously shown to condition DCs for priming of Th2 responses. Moreover, we demonstrate that this ω-1–independent pathway is crucial for Th2 induction and egg-driven immunopathology following S. mansoni infection in vivo. In summary, we identified a novel pathway in DCs involving Dectin-1/2–induced autocrine PGE2 signaling through which Th2 responses are induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. M. Kaisar
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
| | - Carlos del Fresno
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares “Carlos III”, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hulda S. Jónasdóttir
- Center of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alwin J. van der Ham
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Leonard R. Pelgrom
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Laura E. Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany & German Centre for Infection Research, partner site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - David Sancho
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares “Carlos III”, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Martin Giera
- Center of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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4
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Magierowski M, Jasnos K, Kwiecien S, Drozdowicz D, Surmiak M, Strzalka M, Ptak-Belowska A, Wallace JL, Brzozowski T. Endogenous prostaglandins and afferent sensory nerves in gastroprotective effect of hydrogen sulfide against stress-induced gastric lesions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118972. [PMID: 25774496 PMCID: PMC4361614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays an important role in human physiology, exerting vasodilatory, neuromodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. H2S has been implicated in the mechanism of gastrointestinal integrity but whether this gaseous mediator can affect hemorrhagic lesions induced by stress has been little elucidated. We studied the effect of the H2S precursor L-cysteine, H2S-donor NaHS, the H2S synthesizing enzyme (CSE) activity inhibitor- D,L-propargylglycine (PAG) and the gastric H2S production by CSE/CBS/3-MST activity in water immersion and restraint stress (WRS) ulcerogenesis and the accompanying changes in gastric blood flow (GBF). The role of endogenous prostaglandins (PGs) and sensory afferent nerves releasing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the mechanism of gastroprotection induced by H2S was examined in capsaicin-denervated rats and those pretreated with capsazepine to inhibit activity of vanilloid receptors (VR-1). Rats were pretreated with vehicle, NaHS, the donor of H2S and or L-cysteine, the H2S precursor, with or without the concurrent treatment with 1) nonselective (indomethacin) and selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 (SC-560) or COX-2 (rofecoxib) inhibitors. The expression of mRNA and protein for COX-1 and COX-2 were analyzed in gastric mucosa pretreated with NaHS with or without PAG. Both NaHS and L-cysteine dose-dependently attenuated severity of WRS-induced gastric lesions and significantly increased GBF. These effects were significantly reduced by pretreatment with PAG and capsaicin denervation. NaHS increased gastric H2S production via CSE/CBS but not 3-MST activity. Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity significantly diminished NaHS- and L-cysteine-induced protection and hyperemia. NaHS increased expression of COX-1, COX-2 mRNAs and proteins and raised CGRP mRNA expression. These effects of NaHS on COX-1 and COX-2 protein contents were reversed by PAG and capsaicin denervation. We conclude that H2S exerts gastroprotection against WRS-induced gastric lesions by the mechanism involving enhancement in gastric microcirculation mediated by endogenous PGs, sensory afferent nerves releasing CGRP and the activation of VR-1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jasnos
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Slawomir Kwiecien
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Danuta Drozdowicz
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Strzalka
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agata Ptak-Belowska
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - John L. Wallace
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
- * E-mail:
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5
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Bucci M, Cantalupo A, Vellecco V, Panza E, Monti MC, Zampella A, Ianaro A, Cirino G. Perthamide C inhibits eNOS and iNOS expression and has immunomodulating activity in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57801. [PMID: 23554869 PMCID: PMC3595234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we have characterized perthamide C, a cyclopeptide from a Solomon Lithistid sponge Theonella swinhoei, which displays an anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory activity. The study has been performed using the carragenan-induced mouse paw edema that displays an early (0–6 h) and a late phase (24–96 h). Perthamide C significantly inhibits neutrophils infiltration in tissue both in the early and late phases. This effect was coupled to a reduced expression of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the early phase while cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 (COX-1, COX-2), and inducible NOS (iNOS) expression were unaffected. In the late phase perthamide C reduced expression of both NOS isoforms without affecting COXs expression. This peculiar selectivity toward the two enzymes deputed to produce NO lead us to investigate on a possible action of perthamide C on lymphocytes infiltration and activation. We found that perthamide C inhibited the proliferation of peripheral lymphocytes, and that this effect was secondary to its metabolic activation in vivo. Indeed, in vitro perthamide C did not inhibit proliferation as opposite to its metabolite perthamide H. In conclusion, perthamide C selectively interferes with NO generation triggered by either eNOS or iNOS without affecting either COX-1 or COX-2. This in turn leads to modulation of the inflammatory response through a reduction of vascular permeability, neutrophil infiltration as well as lymphocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Bucci
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Cantalupo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Vellecco
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Panza
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Monti
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Ianaro
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Paulsen G, Mikkelsen UR, Raastad T, Peake JM. Leucocytes, cytokines and satellite cells: what role do they play in muscle damage and regeneration following eccentric exercise? Exerc Immunol Rev 2012; 18:42-97. [PMID: 22876722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage is an important topic in exercise physiology. However several aspects of our understanding of how muscles respond to highly stressful exercise remain unclear In the first section of this review we address the evidence that exercise can cause muscle damage and inflammation in otherwise healthy human skeletal muscles. We approach this concept by comparing changes in muscle function (i.e., the force-generating capacity) with the degree of leucocyte accumulation in muscle following exercise. In the second section, we explore the cytokine response to 'muscle-damaging exercise', primarily eccentric exercise. We review the evidence for the notion that the degree of muscle damage is related to the magnitude of the cytokine response. In the third and final section, we look at the satellite cell response to a single bout of eccentric exercise, as well as the role of the cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX1 and 2). In summary, we propose that muscle damage as evaluated by changes in muscle function is related to leucocyte accumulation in the exercised muscles. 'Extreme' exercise protocols, encompassing unaccustomed maximal eccentric exercise across a large range of motion, generally inflict severe muscle damage, inflammation and prolonged recovery (> 1 week). By contrast, exercise resembling regular athletic training (resistance exercise and downhill running) typically causes mild muscle damage (myofibrillar disruptions) and full recovery normally occurs within a few days. Large variation in individual responses to a given exercise should, however be expected. The link between cytokine and satellite cell responses and exercise-induced muscle damage is not so clear The systemic cytokine response may be linked more closely to the metabolic demands of exercise rather than muscle damage. With the exception of IL-6, the sources of systemic cytokines following exercise remain unclear The satellite cell response to severe muscle damage is related to regeneration, whereas the biological significance of satellite cell proliferation after mild damage or non-damaging exercise remains uncertain. The COX enzymes regulate satellite cell activity, as demonstrated in animal models; however the roles of the COX enzymes in human skeletal muscle need further investigation. We suggest using the term 'muscle damage' with care. Comparisons between studies and individuals must consider changes in and recovery of muscle force-generating capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gøran Paulsen
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Performance, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Inflammation is a primordial response that protects against injury and infection with the ultimate aim of restoring damaged tissue to its normal physiological functioning state. In fact, our well-being and survival depends upon its efficiency and carefully balanced control and to which we are alerted in the form of pain, swelling, and redness. Prostaglandins (PG), lipids derived from arachidonic acid metabolism by the enzyme cyclooxygenase, are historically one of the most well-studied mediators of the acute inflammatory response; so much so that their inhibition by so-called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been the mainstay for the treatment of diseases where inflammation becomes a pathological driving force. However, while NSAIDs relieve the symptoms of dyregulated inflammatory responses, they do not cure the underlying disease and have associated gastrointestinal and renal toxicity. These side effects arose from inhibiting constitutively expressed, protective cyclooxygenase (COX-1). Finding another inducible COX (COX-2) expressed only at sites of injury provided a new era in inflammation research and a new era in treating inflammation-driven diseases. The hope was that high levels of COX-2 expression at sites of pain and tissue injury drove that disease process and that its inhibition would possess all the benefits of traditional NSAIDS without the side effects that arise from the inhibition of protective COX-1. However, by discussing data derived from experimental disease models of acute inflammation, in this chapter we suggest that delineating between the roles of COX-1 and COX-2 might not be as simple as once thought. We provide examples of data where a pathological role for COX-1 is evident and where COX-2 is clearly protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W Gilroy
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
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8
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Woolard MD, Wilson JE, Hensley LL, Jania LA, Kawula TH, Drake JR, Frelinger JA. Francisella tularensis-infected macrophages release prostaglandin E2 that blocks T cell proliferation and promotes a Th2-like response. J Immunol 2007; 178:2065-74. [PMID: 17277110 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious bacterial pathogen, and is likely to have evolved strategies to evade and subvert the host immune response. In this study, we show that F. tularensis infection of macrophages alters T cell responses in vitro, by blocking T cell proliferation and promoting a Th2-like response. We demonstrate that a soluble mediator is responsible for this effect and identify it as PGE(2). Supernatants from F. tularensis-infected macrophages inhibited IL-2 secretion from both MHC class I and MHC class II-restricted T cell hybridomas, as well as enhanced a Th2-like response by inducing increased production of IL-5. Furthermore, the soluble mediator blocked proliferation of naive MHC class I-restricted T cells when stimulated with cognate tetramer. Indomethacin treatment partially restored T cell proliferation and lowered IL-5 production to wild-type levels. Macrophages produced PGE(2) when infected with F. tularensis, and treatment of infected macrophages with indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase-1/cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, blocked PGE(2) production. To further demonstrate that PGE(2) was responsible for skewing of T cell responses, we infected macrophages from membrane PGE synthase 1 knockout mice (mPGES1(-/-)) that cannot produce PGE(2). Supernatants from F. tularensis-infected membrane PGE synthase 1(-/-) macrophages did not inhibit T cell proliferation. Furthermore, treatment of T cells with PGE(2) recreated the effects seen with infected supernatant. From these data, we conclude that F. tularensis can alter host T cell responses by causing macrophages to produce PGE(2). This study defines a previously unknown mechanism used by F. tularensis to modulate adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Woolard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Kang KB, Van Der Zypp A, Iannazzo L, Majewski H. Age-related changes in monocyte and platelet cyclooxygenase expression in healthy male humans and rats. Transl Res 2006; 148:289-94. [PMID: 17162249 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyses the formation of prostanoids that are crucial in maintaining hemostasis and important in inflammation. Animal studies reveal that COX-1 and COX-2 expression increase in some cell types during aging. This study determined age-related changes in COX expression in platelets and monocytes. Platelets and mononuclear cells were isolated from healthy male human volunteers from 18 to 28 and from 55 to 65 years of age, as well as male rats 8 and 54 weeks old for comparison. Western blot analysis was performed using selective antibodies against COX-1 and COX-2, followed by densitometrical analysis. In humans, an age-related increase in COX-2 expression in mononuclear cells was observed, with a 70% increase in the older age group. In rat studies, a 50% increase of COX-2 protein occurred in mononuclear cells of 54-week-old rats, compared with 8-week-old rats. For COX-1, an age-related increase of 50% occurred in rat platelets, but no difference occurred in the platelets' COX-1 levels between young and elderly human age groups. The increased COX-2 in monocytes of older humans, which is mirrored in rats, may have downstream implications in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk as mononuclear prostanoids are implicated in atherosclerotic plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khong Bee Kang
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
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10
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Card JW, Carey MA, Bradbury JA, Graves JP, Lih FB, Moorman MP, Morgan DL, DeGraff LM, Zhao Y, Foley JF, Zeldin DC. Cyclooxygenase-1 overexpression decreases Basal airway responsiveness but not allergic inflammation. J Immunol 2006; 177:4785-93. [PMID: 16982919 PMCID: PMC2222891 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition or genetic disruption of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 or COX-2 exacerbates the inflammatory and functional responses of the lung to environmentally relevant stimuli. To further examine the contribution of COX-derived eicosanoids to basal lung function and to allergic lung inflammation, transgenic (Tr) mice were generated in which overexpression of human COX-1 was targeted to airway epithelium. Although no differences in basal respiratory or lung mechanical parameters were observed, COX-1 Tr mice had increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid PGE(2) content compared with wild-type littermates (23.0 +/- 3.6 vs 8.4 +/- 1.4 pg/ml; p < 0.05) and exhibited decreased airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine. In an OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation model, comparable up-regulation of COX-2 protein was observed in the lungs of allergic wild-type and COX-1 Tr mice. Furthermore, no genotype differences were observed in allergic mice in total cell number, eosinophil content (70 vs 76% of total cells, respectively), and inflammatory cytokine content of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, or in airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine (p > 0.05). To eliminate the presumed confounding effects of COX-2 up-regulation, COX-1 Tr mice were bred into a COX-2 null background. In these mice, the presence of the COX-1 transgene did not alter allergen-induced inflammation but significantly attenuated allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, coincident with reduced airway leukotriene levels. Collectively, these data indicate that COX-1 overexpression attenuates airway responsiveness under basal conditions but does not influence allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Darryl C. Zeldin, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Building 101, Room D236, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. E-mail address:
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Ryan EP, Pollock SJ, Kaur K, Felgar RE, Bernstein SH, Chiorazzi N, Phipps RP. Constitutive and activation-inducible cyclooxygenase-2 expression enhances survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. Clin Immunol 2006; 120:76-90. [PMID: 16473553 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that activated normal human B lymphocytes express Cox-2. These findings prompted us to evaluate whether human B-CLL cells express Cox-2 and synthesize prostaglandins. In contrast to naive human B cells, B-CLL cells constitutively expressed Cox-2 protein and produced PGE2, PGF2alpha, and TXA2. Elevated Cox-2 expression was seen in a subgroup of B-CLL cells that exhibit poor prognostic factors, including unmutated variable heavy chain status and increased CD38 expression. Furthermore, stimulation of B-CLL cells with CD40 ligand plus TNFalpha increased Cox-2 levels. The role of Cox-2 in promoting B-CLL survival was investigated using nonselective and selective Cox-2 inhibitors. Significant reductions in B-CLL survival occurred following Cox-2 inhibition. These new findings support that constitutive Cox-2 expression in B-CLL cells promotes their survival and possibly their expansion in vivo. It will therefore be important to evaluate drugs that inhibit Cox-2 as potential therapeutic agents in B-CLL in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors influence immune cell distribution in the small intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), the grade of mucosal damage, and the rate of apoptosis in septic rats. The effects induced by a selective COX-2 inhibitor (SC-236) were compared with those of a nonselective COX-1 and -2 inhibitor (indomethacin). Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), CLP + SC-236 p.o, and CLP + indomethacin p.o, were evaluated. Animals were harvested 6 and 24 h after CLP, respectively. The concentration of proinflammatory cytokines was higher in ascitic fluid than in blood. CLP + SC-236 attenuated IL-6 in plasma and in ascitic fluid and CLP + indomethacin augmented TNF-alpha in ascitic fluid compared with CLP at 6 h. CLP + SC-236 gave a lesser degree of mucosal damage compared with CLP alone or with indomethacin at 6 and 24 h (P < 0.05). Untreated CLP had significant reductions in the number of T lymphocytes in the villi and increases of macrophages in the mucosa and MLNs compared with controls (P < 0.05). CLP + indomethacin decreased T lymphocytes in the villi and MLNs. CLP caused an enhanced apoptosis in the mucosa compared with controls (P < 0.05), pretreatment with COX inhibitors did not significantly change this. Both COX inhibitors enhanced apoptosis in MLNs and attenuated the increase of macrophages in mucosa and MLNs (P < 0.05). It is proposed that the increased apoptosis and the decrease in T cells in the mucosa may be causally related. Apoptosis of lymphocytes may impair the immunologic defense in sepsis. Furthermore, loss of intestinal epithelial cells may compromise bowel wall integrity and facilitate translocation.
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Shibata Y, Henriksen RA, Honda I, Nakamura RM, Myrvik QN. Splenic PGE2-releasing macrophages regulate Th1 and Th2 immune responses in mice treated with heat-killed BCG. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:1281-90. [PMID: 16204627 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0605321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hosts infected with low doses of mycobacteria develop T helper cell type 1 (Th1) immunity, but at relatively higher doses, a switch to Th2 immunity occurs. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a proposed mediator of the Th1-to-Th2 shift of immune responses, and mycobacterial products induce PGE2-releasing macrophages (PGE2-MØ) in the mouse spleen in a dose-dependent manner. Splenic PGE2-M Ø from Balb/c mice, given 0.01 or 1 mg heat-killed (HK) Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) intraperitoneally (i.p.), were characterized by the ex vivo release of PGE2 (>10 ng/10(6) cells), cytokine production, and expression of PGG/H synthase (PGHS)-1, PGHS-2, cytosolic PGE synthase (PGES), and microsomal PGES-1. At Day 14 after the treatment, mice treated with 1 mg, but not 0.01 mg, BCG had increased levels of PGHS-2+ PGE2-MØ, total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), and serum IgG1 antibodies (Th2 responses) against heat shock protein 65 and purified protein derivative. Cultures of spleen cells isolated from these mice expressed interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 in recall responses. Treatment of mice receiving 1 mg BCG with NS-398 (a PGHS-2 inhibitor, 10 mg/kg i.p., daily) resulted in enhanced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production with reduced IL-4 and IL-10 production in recall responses. This treatment also resulted in decreased total serum IgE levels. Treatment of C57Bl/6 mice with HK-BCG (0.5 mg dose) also induced a mixture of Th1 and Th2 responses, although IFN-gamma production was markedly increased, and IL-4 was decreased compared with Balb/c mice. Thus, our results indicate that by 14 days following treatment of mice with high doses of HK-BCG, splenic PGE2-MØ formation is associated with a PGHS-2-dependent shift from Th1-to-Th2 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Shibata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd., P.O. Box 3091, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991, USA.
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