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Reppetti J, Reca A, Seyahian EA, Medina Y, Martínez N, Szpilbarg N, Damiano AE. Intact caveolae are required for proper extravillous trophoblast migration and differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3382-3392. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Reppetti
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO)‐CONICET‐ Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Alejandra Reca
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO)‐CONICET‐ Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - E. Abril Seyahian
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO)‐CONICET‐ Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Yollyseth Medina
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO)‐CONICET‐ Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Nora Martínez
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO)‐CONICET‐ Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Natalia Szpilbarg
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO)‐CONICET‐ Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Alicia E. Damiano
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO)‐CONICET‐ Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
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Levi L, Castro-Parodi M, Martínez N, Piehl LL, Rubín De Celis E, Herlax V, Mate S, Farina M, Damiano AE. The unfavorable lipid environment reduced caveolin-1 expression in apical membranes from human preeclamptic placentas. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2171-2180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Smith-Jackson K, Hentschke MR, Poli-de-Figueiredo CE, Pinheiro da Costa BE, Kurlak LO, Broughton Pipkin F, Czajka A, Mistry HD. Placental expression of eNOS, iNOS and the major protein components of caveolae in women with pre-eclampsia. Placenta 2015; 36:607-10. [PMID: 25707739 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Caveolae regulate many cardiovascular functions and thus could be of interest in relation to pre-eclampsia, a pregnancy specific disorder characterised by hypertension and proteinuria. We examined placental mRNA and protein expression/localisation of the caveolae components Caveolin 1-3, Cavin 1-4 as well as eNOS/iNOS in normotensive control (n = 24) and pre-eclamptic pregnancies (n = 19). Placental mRNA expression of caveolin-1, cavin 1-3, was lower and eNOS expression was increased in pre-eclampsia (P < 0.05 for all). Additionally Caveolin-1 protein expression was also reduced in pre-eclampsia (P = 0.007); this could be an adaptive response in pre-eclampsia, possibly to attenuate the oxidative stress/inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Smith-Jackson
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Women's Health Academic Centre, UK; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - M R Hentschke
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Women's Health Academic Centre, UK; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK; Laboratory of Nephrology - IPB, School of Medicine, PUCRS, Brazil
| | | | | | - L O Kurlak
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - F Broughton Pipkin
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - A Czajka
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, UK
| | - H D Mistry
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Women's Health Academic Centre, UK; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK.
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Thompson MA, Prakash YS, Pabelick CM. The role of caveolae in the pathophysiology of lung diseases. Expert Rev Respir Med 2013; 8:111-22. [PMID: 24308657 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2014.855610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Caveolae are flask-shaped plasma membrane invaginations formed by constitutive caveolin proteins and regulatory cavin proteins. Caveolae harbor a range of signaling components such as receptors, ion channels and regulatory molecules. There is now increasing evidence that caveolins and cavins play an important role in a variety of diseases. However, the mechanisms by which these caveolar proteins affect lung health and disease are still under investigation, with emerging data suggesting complex roles in disease pathophysiology. This review summarizes the current state of understanding of how caveolar proteins contribute to lung structure and function and how their altered expression and/or function can influence lung diseases.
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Walton JR, Frey HA, Vandre DD, Kwiek JJ, Ishikawa T, Takizawa T, Robinson JM, Ackerman WE. Expression of flotillins in the human placenta: potential implications for placental transcytosis. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 139:487-500. [PMID: 23064789 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-1040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A proteomics survey of human placental syncytiotrophoblast (ST) apical plasma membranes revealed peptides corresponding to flotillin-1 (FLOT1) and flotillin-2 (FLOT2). The flotillins belong to a class of lipid microdomain-associated integral membrane proteins that have been implicated in clathrin- and caveolar-independent endocytosis. In the present study, we characterized the expression of the flotillin proteins within the human placenta. FLOT1 and FLOT2 were coexpressed in placental lysates and BeWo human trophoblast cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy of first-trimester and term placentas revealed that both proteins were more prominent in villous endothelial cells and cytotrophoblasts (CTs) than the ST. Correspondingly, forskolin-induced fusion in BeWo cells resulted in a decrease in FLOT1 and FLOT2, suggesting that flotillin protein expression is reduced following trophoblast syncytialization. The flotillin proteins co-localized with a marker of fluid-phase pinocytosis, and knockdown of FLOT1 and/or FLOT2 expression resulted in decreased endocytosis of cholera toxin B subunit. We conclude that FLOT1 and FLOT2 are abundantly coexpressed in term villous placental CTs and endothelial cells, and in comparison, expression of these proteins in the ST is reduced. These findings suggest that flotillin-dependent endocytosis is unlikely to be a major pathway in the ST, but may be important in the CT and endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle R Walton
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Aravamudan B, VanOosten SK, Meuchel LW, Vohra P, Thompson M, Sieck GC, Prakash YS, Pabelick CM. Caveolin-1 knockout mice exhibit airway hyperreactivity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L669-81. [PMID: 22923642 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00018.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are flask-shaped plasma membrane invaginations expressing the scaffolding caveolin proteins. Although caveolins have been found in endothelium and epithelium (where they regulate nitric oxide synthase activity), their role in smooth muscle is still under investigation. We and others have previously shown that caveolae of human airway smooth muscle (ASM), which express caveolin-1, contain Ca(2+) and force regulatory proteins and are involved in mediating the effects of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α on intracellular Ca(2+) concentration responses to agonist. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that in vivo, absence of caveolin-1 leads to reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, using a knockout (KO) (Cav1 KO) mouse and an ovalbumin-sensitized/challenged (OVA) model of allergic airway hyperresponsiveness. Surprisingly, airway responsiveness to methacholine, tested by use of a FlexiVent system, was increased in Cav1 KO control (CTL) as well as KO OVA mice, which could not be explained by a blunted immune response to OVA. In ASM of wild-type (WT) OVA mice, expression of caveolin-1, the caveolar adapter proteins cavins 1-3, and caveolae-associated Ca(2+) and force regulatory proteins such as Orai1 and RhoA were all increased, effects absent in Cav1 KO CTL and OVA mice. However, as with WT OVA, both CTL and OVA Cav1 KO airways showed signs of enhanced remodeling, with high expression of proliferation markers and increased collagen. Separately, epithelial cells from airways of all three groups displayed lower endothelial but higher inducible nitric oxide synthase and arginase expression. Arginase activity was also increased in these three groups, and the inhibitor nor-NOHA (N-omega-nor-l-arginine) enhanced sensitivity of isolated tracheal rings to ACh, especially in Cav1 KO mice. On the basis of these data disproving our original hypothesis, we conclude that caveolin-1 has complex effects on ASM vs. epithelium, resulting in airway hyperreactivity in vivo mediated by altered airway remodeling and bronchodilation.
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The allo-epi-endothelial lining of the intervillous space. Placenta 2010; 31:1035-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Cheung CY, Li S, Chen D, Brace RA. Regulation of caveolin-1 expression and phosphorylation by VEGF in ovine amnion cells. Reprod Sci 2010; 17:1112-9. [PMID: 20720263 DOI: 10.1177/1933719110378175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been implicated in the regulation of vesicular transport of amniotic fluid via caveolae across the amnion. This study tested the hypothesis that VEGF regulates caveolar function by stimulating caveolin-1 expression and phosphorylation in ovine amniotic epithelial cells (oAECs). Using primary cultures of oAECs, caveolin-1 was identified by immunofluorescent staining. Caveolin-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance was determined by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and protein by Western blotting. The effects of VEGF( 165) on caveolin-1 expression and phosphorylation were determined. Caveolin-1 immunoreactivity was detected in oAECs. In response to 10 ng/mL VEGF( 165), caveolin-1 mRNA levels increased whereas the protein levels were unaffected. Furthermore, VEGF stimulated caveolin-1 phosphorylation, an effect abrogated by the inhibition of c-Src protein kinase. These data suggest that VEGF upregulates caveolin-1 activity through c-Src signaling pathways. Our observations support the hypothesis that VEGF regulates amniotic fluid transport across the amnion by stimulating caveolin-1 activity to mediate caveolar function in amnion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Y Cheung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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Byrne S, Challis E, Williams JLR, Pringle JH, Hennessy JM, Ockleford CD. A mosaic cell layer in human pregnancy. Placenta 2010; 31:373-9. [PMID: 20236701 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We present evidence for a novel histological and embryological relationship at the human materno-fetal interface. Here an epi- endo- thelium forms an integrated unicellular layer lining the intervillus space in between the anchoring villi that attach the placenta to the uterus. This layer appears to be derived from two different germ layers (mesoderm and ectoderm). The data presented here reveals that when a probe for the Y-chromosome is used to test the gender of placental cells following the birth of male or female babies, the cell-sheet is a genetic mosaic derived from two individuals (mother and baby). The endothelium is maternally derived; the epithelium is fetal derived. This new allo- epi- endothelium model is relevant to theories of germ layer separation in development, reproductive immunology and the endocrinology of implantation and placentation. It demonstrates cooperative intercellular interactions that are fundamental to achieving a major goal of human interstitial implantation the establishment of a blood sinus for haematotrophic nutrition. Poor implantation is a fundamental cause of pregnancy pathology and this knowledge will be useful in development of our understanding of pregnancy diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Byrne
- Laboratory for Developmental Cell Sciences, Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Leicester Medical School, University Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
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Quantifying Immunogold Localization Patterns on Electron Microscopic Thin Sections of Placenta: Recent Developments. Placenta 2009; 30:565-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Cheung CY, Brace RA. Hypoxia modulation of caveolin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in ovine fetal membranes. Reprod Sci 2008; 15:469-76. [PMID: 18579855 DOI: 10.1177/1933719107312561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During normal pregnancy, amniotic fluid is absorbed from the amniotic compartment into fetal blood through the intramembranous blood vessels in the fetal membranes. It has been hypothesized that this transport process is mediated by transcytosis of caveolae-like vesicles. Because fetal hypoxia increases intramembranous absorption, the authors explore the effects of hypoxia on the gene expression of caveolin-1, a structural protein of caveolae, in ovine fetal membranes and cultured amnion cells. Near-term ovine fetuses were rendered hypoxic for 4 days. Caveolin-1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly reduced in the amnion and chorion but not in the placenta. In cultured ovine amnion cells incubated in 2% oxygen for 24 hours, hypoxia did not significantly alter caveolin-1 mRNA or protein expression. Vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA levels were increased in response to hypoxia in the fetal membranes as well as in cultured amnion cells. The results indicate that hypoxia does not augment but instead down-regulates or has no effect on caveolin-1 gene expression in the amnion and chorion, suggesting that caveolin-1 may play a role as a negative regulator of amnion transport function under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Y Cheung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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Richani K, Romero R, Soto E, Nien JK, Cushenberry E, Kim YM, Espinoza J, Kim CJ. Genetic origin and proportion of basal plate surface-lining cells in normal and abnormal pregnancies. Hum Pathol 2006; 38:269-75. [PMID: 17059842 PMCID: PMC7062299 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The human placenta is a transient organ, the villous surface of which is in direct contact with the maternal circulation during pregnancy. Thus, the syncytiotrophoblast and the basal plate-lining cells are considered continuous with the endothelial layer of the maternal vasculature. Two types of cells are found on the surface of the basal plate: trophoblasts (of fetal origin) and endothelial cells of putative maternal origin. Histologic abnormalities have been described in the basal plate of the placenta obtained from patients with preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Moreover, endothelial cell dysfunction and intravascular inflammation are key features of preeclampsia. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the origin of the endothelial cells located in the basal plate surface of the placenta (from male fetuses); and (2) analyze the relative proportion of the intervillous surface of the basal plate occupied by trophoblasts and endothelial cells. Immunohistochemistry and morphometry were performed in placentas from women in the following clinical groups: (1) normal-term pregnancies (n = 15); (2) severe preeclampsia at term (n = 15); (3) small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates delivered at term (n = 15); (4) preterm deliveries (<37 weeks) without inflammation (n = 5); and (5) preterm preeclampsia (n = 5). Laser capture microdissection and polymerase chain reaction were used to determine the allelic pattern of the amelogenin gene of the endothelial cells on the intervillous surface of the basal plate. Our results showed that: (1) the endothelial cells lining the basal plate in placentas of male fetuses were uniformly of maternal origin; and (2) in placentas from uncomplicated pregnancies, the median proportion of trophoblasts and endothelial cells covering the surface of the basal plate were 27.7% and 46.5%, respectively. The remaining area of the intervillous surface of the basal plate was composed of fibrin and anchoring villi. Of interest, placentas from women who delivered an SGA neonate had a higher proportion of trophoblasts and a lower proportion of endothelial cells lining the basal plate than those from normal pregnancies (P < .05). The same tendency was observed in placentas from patients with preeclampsia. This study demonstrates that endothelial cells of maternal origin cover the intervillous surface of the basal plate of the placenta, along with trophoblasts of fetal origin. The proportion of this surface lined by trophoblasts is greater in placentas from SGA and preeclampsia than in normal pregnancy. We propose that this change reflects a compensatory mechanism whereby the basal plate surface covered by injured endothelial cells is replaced by trophoblasts or results from a failure of trophoblastic involution in abnormal pregnancies. Our observations also suggest that the lining of the basal plate can provide information about the pathology of endothelial cells in complications of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Richani
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Eleazar Soto
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jyh Kae Nien
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan
| | - Enola Cushenberry
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan
| | - Yeon Mee Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jimmy Espinoza
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Resta L, Capobianco C, Marzullo A, Piscitelli D, Sanguedolce F, Schena FP, Gesualdo L. Confocal laser scanning microscope study of terminal villi vessels in normal term and pre-eclamptic placentas. Placenta 2005; 27:735-9. [PMID: 16242771 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare immunocytochemical confocal scanning laser microscopy measures of villus capillarization in control placentas with pre-eclamptic ones. Accordingly, placentas from normal term pregnancies (n=3) and cases of late-onset pre-eclampsia without intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) featuring normal uterine artery Doppler (n=3) were analyzed by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM), which is a powerful technique for obtaining three-dimensional reconstructions of any kind of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries). A laser light beam is used in order to detect CD34 antibody-related immunofluorescence, which is a marker of endothelial cells. Villus capillarization was assessed by estimating the following parameters: number of pixels, mean, maximum and minimum immunofluorescence amplitude. Our results show a significant hyper-ramification of the capillary loop in pre-eclamptic placentas, featuring irregular profile and narrow lumina. Such findings support the hypothesis that several agents causing angiogenesis and vasoconstriction affect villus vessels in pre-eclamptic placentas, thus promoting a lasting condition of fetal hypoxia by decreasing endothelial surface and materno-fetal exchanges.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Resta
- DAPEG - Dipartimento di Anatomia Patologica e di Genetica, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Ockleford CD, Smith RK, Byrne S, Sanders R, Bosio P. Confocal laser scanning microscope study of cytokeratin immunofluorescence differences between villous and extravillous trophoblast: Cytokeratin downregulation in pre-eclampsia. Microsc Res Tech 2004; 64:43-53. [PMID: 15287017 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia is a disease characterized by failures in interstitial implantation. One product of the implantation process is the basal plate; a structure whose complexity makes it hard to fully appreciate the pathological changes in significant diseases of pregnancy. This article describes our use of CLSM immunofluorescence to examine the cytokeratin composition of the cells of trophoblastic origin in the term placental basal plate. Large differences in the content of the structural polymeric protein were compared using analysis of digital images. We show that greater pancytokeratin immunofluorescence is observed in extravillous cytotrophoblast cells as compared with villous trophoblast. There is a >30-fold difference in the mean area percent of the most intensely immunofluorescent pixels in the tissue containing these cells. This is a very high, statistically significant difference as defined by the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test Asym. Sig. (two-tailed): P < 0.001. The most invasive population of cells of the trophoblast lineage (the extravillous trophoblast) exhibits a significant reduction in cytokeratin immunofluorescence when comparisons of healthy and pre-eclamptic pregnancies are made. This ratio was 2.4:1. It was tested using the Mann-Whitney U-test. From healthy to pre-eclamptic the reduction was from mean rank 83.42((healthy)) to 51.13((pre-eclamptic)). The difference was very highly statistically significant (n = 53 + 75 = 128; U = 984.500; Z = -4.852; P < 0.001). There was also less cytokeratin-related immunofluorescence in villous trophoblast when healthy villi were compared with pre-eclamptic villi. The observed alterations in trophoblastic cytoskeletal components are expected to damage the anchorage and motility of cells. The extravillous trophoblast is known to be necessary for implantation. This leads to a cellular hypothesis of the failure of implantation resulting in reduced depth of uterine invasion and failure to adapt the spiral arterioles for low-pressure perfusion of the intervillus space, two well-known features of pre-eclampsia. The reduction in cytokeratin-related immunofluorescence in the villus trophoblast seen on comparing healthy term placentae with those from pre-eclamptics implies that the trophoblast is a weaker epithelial layer in the hypertensive pregnancy. This could account for the rise in deported trophoblast associated with pre-eclampsia. Deported trophoblast has been invoked as the systemic messenger that leads to generalized maternal hypertension seen in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Ockleford
- Advanced Light Microscope Facility, Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Leicester and Warwick Medical Schools, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
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Smith RK, Ockleford CD, Byrne S, Bosio P, Sanders R. Healthy and pre-eclamptic placental basal plate lining cells: Quantitative comparisons based on confocal laser scanning microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2004; 64:54-62. [PMID: 15287018 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Immunocytochemical confocal laser scanning microscope images of the monolayer of cells lining the intervillus space at the basal plate of term placentae were analysed using stereology. Immunoreactively-distinct regions of this mosaic layer were measured. In basal plate from healthy pregnancies, trophoblast epithelium occupied 18.91% of the surface area and endothelium 60.81%. In pre-eclampsia the equivalent areas were 15.57% and 67.63%. Acellular fibrinoid covers the remaining area and this component decreases in area in pre-eclampsia. The statistically significant increase in the cellular endothelial compartment may be relevant to the hypertensive pathology of pre-eclampsia as endothelial signalling plays a major role in regulation of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Smith
- Advanced Light Microscope Facility, Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Leicester and Warwick Medical Schools, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
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Linton EA, Rodriguez-Linares B, Rashid-Doubell F, Ferguson DJP, Redman CWG. Caveolae and caveolin-1 in human term villous trophoblast. Placenta 2003; 24:745-57. [PMID: 12852865 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(03)00106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Caveolae are flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane found in many cell types, particularly endothelium. A major structural component is the membrane protein caveolin-1 which associates with numerous signalling molecules, including endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS). Caveolin-1, which co-immunoprecipitates with eNOS in preparations from endothelial cells, regulates eNOS activity, holding it inactive. Controversy now exists regarding the presence of caveolae and caveolin-1 in trophoblasts, hence this study was carried out to examine whether the high levels of eNOS expressed in human syncytiotrophoblast are associated with caveolin-1, and to find out if caveolae are present in villous cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast. Immunohistochemistry of term placentae revealed only weak labelling for caveolin-1 in the syncytiotrophoblast although the endothelium of the terminal villus vessels stained strongly. By electron microscopy, numerous caveolae were identified in the villus capillary endothelium but were extremely rare in the syncytium. Caveolin-1 staining was extensive in purified, isolated term villous cytotrophoblasts, with the purity of these cytokeratin positive cells confirmed by cytospin analysis and flow cytometry. Caveolae were clearly demonstrated in ultrastructural sections of the purified cytotrophoblasts. The time course of expression of caveolin-1 and eNOS during differentiation of villous cytotrophoblast into syncytiotrophoblast in culture was studied. Western analysis showed that caveolin-1 expression evident in day 1 whole cell lysates decreased at day 3 when the cells had syncytialized and declined further by day 6, while the levels of actin (control) remained high. eNOS expression in the same samples followed a different pattern, with the low levels in day 1 cells increasing substantially by 3 days in culture, subsiding again by day 6. eNOS association with caveolin-1 in day 1 and day 3 trophoblast cultures was evidenced by the demonstration that eNOS co-immunoprecipitates with caveolin-1 and vice versa. We conclude that human villous cytotrophoblasts express caveolin-1, which assembles into caveolae. Differentiation into syncytium results in a decrease, but not disappearance, of expression of caveolin-1 and a marked reduction of the caveolae.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Linton
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK.
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Pierleoni C, Castellucci M, Kaufmann P, Lund LR, Schnack Nielsen B. Urokinase receptor is up-regulated in endothelial cells and macrophages associated with fibrinoid deposits in the human placenta. Placenta 2003; 24:677-85. [PMID: 12828926 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(03)00082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Clearance of fibrin deposits within the human placenta is an ongoing process during normal placental development. Plasminogen is a circulating fibrinolytic protease zymogen activated in situ by plasminogen activators. We have previously reported that the receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPAR) is expressed by cells either covering or enmeshed within the perivillous fibrinoid deposits. Whereas these cells seemed likely to be trophoblasts, a definitive identification was lacking, and this question is central to the understanding of the cellular mechanisms directing fibrinolysis in the placenta. In this study we have performed immunohistochemical co-localization studies and found that the uPAR-positive cells covering fibrinoid deposits are immunoreactive for CD31 and vWF, indicating that they are actually endothelial cells. In addition, we found that perivillous fibrinoid deposits not covered with uPAR-positive endothelial cells were covered with platelets identified by integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3)-immunoreactivity. Also surprisingly, the uPAR-positive cells enmeshed within fibrinoid deposits express a cell specific marker indicating that they are macrophages. Both uPAR-positive cell populations also express uPA immunoreactivity. Taken together, the data suggest that both fibrinoid-covering endothelial cells and fibrinoid-enmeshed macrophages can participate in the clearance process of perivillous fibrinoid deposits formed in the human placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pierleoni
- Institute of Normal Human Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ancona, Italy
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Abstract
In this report, we describe procedures for correlative fluorescence and electron microscopy in immunocytochemical studies on the human placenta. Ultrathin cryosections of placenta were used for detection of the distribution of antigens by immunofluorescence and subsequently by immunoelectron microscopy of the same ultrathin cryosection. This methodology has certain advantages over conventional immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy. The advantages are, most notably, that the same exact structures are examined by both imaging modalities. In addition, since the tissue is physically sectioned (50-100 nm thickness), greater resolution for fluorescence can be obtained in the z-dimension than can be obtained by optical sectioning in confocal microscopy. This last point is of particular importance for discriminating between structures closely stacked in the z-dimension. In this report, we have determined the distribution of caveolin-1 in ultrathin cryosections of terminal villi of the human term placenta. We demonstrate that the use of ultrathin cryosections is a powerful approach for immunofluorescence and correlative microscopy for the in situ localization of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takizawa
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Lyden TW, Anderson CL, Robinson JM. The endothelium but not the syncytiotrophoblast of human placenta expresses caveolae. Placenta 2002; 23:640-52. [PMID: 12361683 DOI: 10.1053/plac.2002.0847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The human placenta is a complex specialized structure that mediates the interchange of molecules, ions, and gases between maternal and foetal circulation. We have investigated the distribution and expression of caveolae/caveolin in the placenta. Using immunochemical, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural methods, we show that the placenta expresses caveolin-1 and caveolin-2, which are marker proteins for caveolae. These proteins and caveolae were expressed at high levels in endothelium of placental capillaries and in endothelial and smooth muscle cells of larger vessels. In addition, fibroblasts in areas of the placenta with high connective tissue content also expressed caveolin. However, we were unable to detect these proteins or caveolae-like structures in the syncytiotrophoblast layer or in cytotrophoblasts. These results have important implications for further understanding placental biology and for the role of caveolae in cell regulation in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Lyden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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