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Jiang D, Song X, Yang L, Zheng L, Niu K, Niu H. Screening of mRNA markers in early bovine tuberculosis blood samples. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1330693. [PMID: 38645645 PMCID: PMC11026862 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1330693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis. A large number of cattle are infected with bTB every year, resulting in huge economic losses. How to control bTB is an important issue in the current global livestock economy. In this study, the original transcriptome sequences related to this study were obtained from the dataset GSE192537 by searching the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Our differential gene analysis showed that there were obvious biological activities related to immune activation and immune regulation in the early stage of bTB. Immune-related biological processes were more active in the early stage of bTB than in the late. There were obvious immune activation and immune cell recruitment in the early stage of bTB. Regulations in immune receptors are associated with pathophysiological processes of the early stage of bTB. A gene module consisting of 236 genes significantly related to the early stage of bTB was obtained by weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and 18 hub genes were further identified as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets. Finally, by random forest algorithm and logistic regression modeling, FCRL1 was identified as a representative mRNA marker in early bTB blood. FCRL1 has the potential to be a diagnostic biomarker in early bTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economics, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economics, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liyu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economics, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economics, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economics, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economics, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Animal Reproductive Control Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
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2
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Meeusen EN, Fahey KJ, Wood PR. Recent history of Veterinary Immunology in Australia. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:79-84. [PMID: 38135277 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This Commentary article reviews the history of veterinary immunology in Australia from the 1980s and discusses the key people and areas of research during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els N Meeusen
- Federation University, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Berwick, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Paul R Wood
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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3
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Rumi TB, Islam SS, Islam R, Faisal MMH, Kabir SML, Rahman AKMA, Rahim Z. Gamma-interferon assay for the ancillary diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle in urban and adjacent areas of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Vet World 2023; 16:2120-2127. [PMID: 38023284 PMCID: PMC10668560 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2120-2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an infectious disease of cattle, mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) assay and single-intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) in detecting bTB. Materials and Methods In an earlier study, 150 positive, 83 inconclusive, and 480 negative animals from 24 cattle herds were screened using SICTT. From these groups, 125 positive, 17 inconclusive, and six negative animals were subsequently verified using the IFN-γ assay. Single-intradermal comparative tuberculin test outcomes were interpreted according to standard guidelines, whereas blood samples were collected and stimulated with purified protein derivatives. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure secreted IFN-γ. Concordant and Bayesian latent class analyses were performed to evaluate test performance. Results Results from the IFN-γ assay revealed that 83.2%, 64.7%, and 16.67% of the animals were positive in the SICTT-positive, inconclusive, and negative animal categories, respectively. Sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of SICTT were 83.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 77.4-90.1) and 95.7% (95% CI: 86.9-99.7), respectively. Sensitivity and SP for the IFN-γ assay were 78.9% (95% CI: 71.9-85.4) and 83.9% (65.9-95.9), respectively. The use of both tests in parallel increases the SE of bTB detection (~94%), compared with SICTT alone. Conclusion Use of the IFN-γ assay with SICTT in parallel, predominantly on cattle demonstrating an inconclusive SICTT outcome, boosts bTB detection rate in low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sk. Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh
| | - Robiul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh
| | | | - S. M. Lutful Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | | | - Zeaur Rahim
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Hashem Z, Soliman R, Aziz MAE, Badr Y, Aboul-ella H. Development of a monoclonal antibodies-based interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for rapid and accurate diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1918522/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious and chronic disease affecting cattle, caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). The zoonotic nature of the disease has a serious worldwide impact on human health. Also, the significant economic costs caused by such disease in addition to the deficiency of precise estimate of the actual disease prevalence necessitate more efficient detection and control measures, particularly in developing countries. The main target of the present work was to develop a local, less expensive bovine tuberculosis interferon-gamma ELISA (Bo-IFN-γ ELISA) kit for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. In the current study, three murine hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against bovine interferon-gamma (Bo-IFN-γ) were developed and their monoclonal antibodies were characterized. The produced mAbs were of IgM isotype and its specificity was proved using the western blot technique. The prepared mAbs were used for the development of the bovine IFN- γ ELISA test that was evaluated for laboratory diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. The sensitivity and specificity of the developed ELISA kit as compared with the standard tuberculin skin test was determined. This method is based on the measurement of IFN-γ released from sensitized bovine lymphocytes upon exposure to the mycobacterial antigens. Using checkerboard titration, the optimal coating concentration of anti- Bo-IFN-γ was 20µg/well. Blood samples from apparently healthy cattle proved negative in the tuberculin test were examined with the developed kit and the cut-off value (COV) was equal to 0.30 optical density (OD). In a preliminary study for evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of the developed ELISA, 23 cattle were examined with both the Bo-IFN-γ ELISA and the standard tuberculin skin test. The developed Bo-IFN-γ ELISA showed high sensitivity (98%) and specificity (71.4%) in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis as compared to the standard tuberculin skin test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Hashem
- VAC-SERA company for the production of vaccines and biological preparations
| | | | - Mona Abd El Aziz
- The National Institute of Laser enhanced Sciences, Cairo University
| | - Yehia Badr
- The National Institute of Laser enhanced Sciences, Cairo University
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Kelly RF, Gonzaléz Gordon L, Egbe NF, Freeman EJ, Mazeri S, Ngwa VN, Tanya V, Sander M, Ndip L, Muwonge A, Morgan KL, Handel IG, Bronsvoort BMDC. Bovine Tuberculosis Epidemiology in Cameroon, Central Africa, Based on the Interferon-Gamma Assay. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:877541. [PMID: 35937301 PMCID: PMC9353046 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.877541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) accounting for ~20% of the global cattle population, prevalence estimates and related risk factors of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) are still poorly described. The increased sensitivity of the IFN-γ assay and its practical benefits suggest the test could be useful to investigate bTB epidemiology in SSA. This study used a population-based sample to estimate bTB prevalence, identify risk factors and estimate the effective reproductive rate in Cameroonian cattle populations. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the North West Region (NWR) and the Vina Division (VIN) of Cameroon in 2013. A regional stratified sampling frame of pastoral cattle herds produced a sample of 1,448 cattle from 100 herds. In addition, a smaller cross-sectional study sampled 60 dairy cattle from 46 small-holder co-operative dairy farmers in the NWR. Collected blood samples were stimulated with bovine and avian purified protein derivatives, with extracted plasma screened using the IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Prionics Bovigam®). Design-adjusted population prevalences were estimated, and multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression models using Bayesian inference techniques identified the risk factors for IFN-γ positivity. Using the IFN-γ assay, the prevalence of bTB in the dairy cattle was 21.7% (95% CI: 11.2–32.2). The design-adjusted prevalence of bTB in cattle kept by pastoralists was 11.4% (95% CI: 7.6–17.0) in the NWR and 8.0% (95% CI: 4.7–13.0) in the VIN. A within-herd prevalence estimate for pastoralist cattle also supported that the NWR had higher prevalence herds than the VIN. Additionally, the estimates of the effective reproductive rate Rt were 1.12 for the NWR and 1.06 for the VIN, suggesting different transmission rates within regional cattle populations in Cameroon. For pastoral cattle, an increased risk of IFN-γ assay positivity was associated with being male (OR = 1.89; 95% CI:1.15–3.09), increasing herd size (OR = 1.02; 95% CI:1.01–1.03), exposure to the bovine leucosis virus (OR = 2.45; 95% CI: 1.19–4.84) and paratuberculosis (OR = 9.01; 95% CI: 4.17–20.08). Decreased odds were associated with contacts at grazing, buffalo (OR = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.03–0.97) and increased contact with other herds [1–5 herds: OR = 0.16 (95% CI: 0.04–0.55); 6+ herds: OR = 0.18 (95% CI: 0.05–0.64)]. Few studies have used the IFN-γ assay to describe bTB epidemiology in SSA. This study highlights the endemic situation of bTB in Cameroon and potential public health risks from dairy herds. Further work is needed to understand the IFN-γ assay performance, particularly in the presence of co-infections, and how this information can be used to develop control strategies in the SSA contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Kelly
- Farm Animal Services, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Robert F. Kelly
| | - Lina Gonzaléz Gordon
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nkongho F. Egbe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Emily J. Freeman
- Farm Animal Services, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Mazeri
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Victor N. Ngwa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | | | - Melissa Sander
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory Bamenda, Hospital Roundabout, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Lucy Ndip
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kenton L. Morgan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G. Handel
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Barend M. D. C. Bronsvoort
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Kelly RF, Gonzaléz Gordon L, Egbe NF, Freeman EJ, Mazeri S, Ngwa VN, Tanya V, Sander M, Ndip L, Muwonge A, Morgan KL, Handel IG, Bronsvoort BMDC. Bovine Tuberculosis Antemortem Diagnostic Test Agreement and Disagreement in a Naturally Infected African Cattle Population. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:877534. [PMID: 35873684 PMCID: PMC9301138 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.877534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) assay and single comparative cervical skin test (SCITT) are used to estimate bovine tuberculosis (bTB) prevalence globally. Prevalence estimates of bTB, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, are poorly quantified in many Sub-Saharan African (SSA) cattle populations. Furthermore, antemortem diagnostic performance can vary at different stages of bTB pathogenesis and in different cattle populations. In this study, we aim to explore the level of agreement and disagreement between the IFN-γ assay and SCITT test, along with the drivers for disagreement, in a naturally infected African cattle population. In, 2013, a pastoral cattle population was sampled using a stratified clustered cross-sectional study in Cameroon. A total of 100 pastoral cattle herds in the North West Region (NWR) and the Vina Division (VIN) were sampled totalling 1,448 cattle. Individual animal data and herd-level data were collected, and animals were screened using both the IFN-γ assay and SCITT. Serological ELISAs were used to detect exposure to immunosuppressing co-infections. Agreement analyses were used to compare the performance between the two bTB diagnostic tests, and multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression models (MLR) were developed to investigate the two forms of IFN-γ assay and SCITT binary disagreement. Best agreement using the Cohen's κ statistic, between the SCITT (>2 mm) and the IFN-γ assay implied a ‘fair-moderate' agreement for the NWR [κ = 0.42 (95%CI: 0.31–0.53)] and ‘poor-moderate' for the VIN [κ = 0.33 (95% CI: 0.18–0.47)]. The main test disagreement was the animals testing positive on the IFN-γ assay and negative by the SCITT. From MLR modeling, adults (adults OR: 7.57; older adults OR = 7.21), females (OR = 0.50), bovine leucosis (OR = 2.30), and paratuberculosis positivity (OR = 6.54) were associated with IFN-γ-positive/SCITT-negative disagreement. Subsets to investigate diagnostic test disagreement for being SCITT-positive and IFN-γ-negative also identified that adults (adults OR = 15.74; older adults OR = 9.18) were associated with IFN-γ-negative/SCITT-positive disagreement. We demonstrate that individual or combined use of the IFN-γ assay and SCITT can lead to a large variation in bTB prevalence estimates. Considering that animal level factors were associated with disagreement between the IFN-γ assay and SCITT in this study, future work should further investigate their impact on diagnostic test performance to develop the approaches to improve SSA prevalence estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Kelly
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Robert F. Kelly
| | - Lina Gonzaléz Gordon
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nkongho F. Egbe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Emily J. Freeman
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Victor N. Ngwa
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | | | - Melissa Sander
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory Bamenda, Hospital Roundabout, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Lucy Ndip
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kenton L. Morgan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G. Handel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Barend M. de C. Bronsvoort
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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7
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Li X, Xia A, Xu Z, Liu J, Fu S, Cao Z, Shen Y, Xie Y, Meng C, Chen X, Jiao X. Development and evaluation of a Mycobacterium bovis interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay for detection of bovine tuberculosis. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6021-6029. [PMID: 35570041 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is an important zoonotic disease. This infection is difficult to control because of the limited ability of the tuberculin skin test (TST) and ancillary IFN-γ release assay to detect all infected animals. In this study, we aimed to develop an efficient assay based on the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) technique for the diagnosis of bTB, with IFN-γ monoclonal antibodies 3E9 and Bio-labeled 6F8 used as capture and detection antibodies, respectively. As expected, there were significantly more M. bovis-specific spot-forming units (SFU) in bTB-infected cattle than in healthy cattle when an M. bovis-specific antigen, CFP-10-ESAT-6 fusion protein (CE protein), was used. The M. bovis IFN-γ ELISpot assay demonstrated a high level of agreement (90.83%) with the BOVIGAM ELISA test (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for detecting bTB. Furthermore, 3 of 109 cattle tested negative by both the TST and the BOVIGAM ELISA tests, but positive by the ELISpot assay (TST- ELISA- ELISpot+). During subsequent long-term monitoring, these 3 cattle became TST+ ELISA+ ELISpot+. These results suggest that the M. bovis IFN-γ ELISpot assay we established could detect infected cattle earlier than the BOVIGAM ELISA test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Aihong Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shasha Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhaoli Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yechi Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuqing Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis (M. bovis), is an important enzootic disease affecting mainly cattle, worldwide. Despite the implementation of national campaigns to eliminate the disease, bovine tuberculosis remains recalcitrant to eradication in several countries. Characterizing the host response to M. bovis infection is crucial for understanding the immunopathogenesis of the disease and for developing better control strategies. To profile the host responses to M. bovis infection, we analyzed the transcriptome of whole blood cells collected from experimentally infected calves with a virulent strain of M. bovis using RNA transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq). Comparative analysis of calf transcriptomes at early (8 weeks) vs. late (20 weeks) aerosol infection with M. bovis revealed divergent and unique profile for each stage of infection. Notably, at the early time point, transcriptional upregulation was observed among several of the top-ranking canonical pathways involved in T-cell chemotaxis. At the late time point, enrichment in the cell mediated cytotoxicity (e.g. Granzyme B) was the predominant host response. These results showed significant change in bovine transcriptional profiles and identified networks of chemokine receptors and monocyte chemoattractant protein (CCL) co-regulated genes that underline the host-mycobacterial interactions during progression of bovine tuberculosis in cattle. Further analysis of the transcriptomic profiles identified potential biomarker targets for early and late phases of tuberculosis in cattle. Overall, the identified profiles better characterized identified novel immunomodulatory mechanisms and provided a list of targets for further development of potential diagnostics for tuberculosis in cattle.
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Ruiz-Cabello J, Sevilla IA, Olaizola E, Bezos J, Miguel-Coello AB, Muñoz-Mendoza M, Beraza M, Garrido JM, Izquierdo-García JL. Benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic approach for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e859-e870. [PMID: 34717039 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Even though enormous efforts and control strategies have been implemented, bovine tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant source of health and socioeconomic concern. The standard method used in TB eradication programs for in vivo detection is the tuberculin skin test. However, the specificity of the tuberculin skin test is affected by infection with non-tuberculous mycobacteria or by vaccination. Thus, some animals are not correctly diagnosed. This study aimed first to identify a plasma metabolic TB profile by high-field (HF) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and second measure this characteristic TB metabolic profile using low-field benchtop (LF) NMR as an affordable molecular technology for TB diagnosis. Plasma samples from cattle diagnosed with TB (derivation set, n = 11), diagnosed with paratuberculosis (PTB, n = 10), PTB-vaccinated healthy control (n = 10) and healthy PTB-unvaccinated control (n = 10) were analyzed by NMR. Unsupervised Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify metabolic differences between groups. We identified 14 metabolites significantly different between TB and control animals. The second group of TB animals was used to validate the results (validation set, n = 14). Predictive models based on metabolic fingerprint acquired by both HF and LF NMR spectroscopy successfully identified TB versus control subjects (Area under the curve of Receiver Operating Characteristic over 0.92, in both models; Confidence Interval 0.77-1). In summary, plasma fingerprinting using HF and LF-NMR differentiated TB subjects from uninfected animals, and PTB and PTB-vaccinated subjects who may provide a TB-false positive, highlighting the use of LF-NMR-based metabolomics as a complementary or alternative diagnostic tool to the current diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Ruiz-Cabello
- BRTA Basque Research and Technology Alliance, CIC biomaGUNE Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain.,Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de enfermedades respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Basque Foundation for Science, IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ekine Olaizola
- BRTA Basque Research and Technology Alliance, CIC biomaGUNE Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Javier Bezos
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Facultad de Veterinaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Miguel-Coello
- BRTA Basque Research and Technology Alliance, CIC biomaGUNE Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Marta Muñoz-Mendoza
- Servicio de Sanidad Animal, Xunta de Galicia, Consellería de Medio Rural, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Beraza
- BRTA Basque Research and Technology Alliance, CIC biomaGUNE Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jose L Izquierdo-García
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de enfermedades respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Reid C, Beynon C, Kennedy E, O'Farrelly C, Meade KG. Bovine innate immune phenotyping via a standardized whole blood stimulation assay. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17227. [PMID: 34446770 PMCID: PMC8390753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle vary in their susceptibility to infection and immunopathology, but our ability to measure and longitudinally profile immune response variation is limited by the lack of standardized immune phenotyping assays for high-throughput analysis. Here we report longitudinal innate immune response profiles in cattle using a low-blood volume, whole blood stimulation system—the ImmunoChek (IChek) assay. By minimizing cell manipulation, our standardized system minimizes the potential for artefactual results and enables repeatable temporal comparative analysis in cattle. IChek successfully captured biological variation in innate cytokine (IL-1β and IL-6) and chemokine (IL-8) responses to 24-hr stimulation with either Gram-negative (LPS), Gram-positive (PamCSK4) bacterial or viral (R848) pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) across a 4-month time window. Significant and repeatable patterns of inter-individual variation in cytokine and chemokine responses, as well as consistent high innate immune responder individuals were identified at both baseline and induced levels. Correlation coefficients between immune response read-outs (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8) varied according to PAMP. Strong significant positive correlations were observed between circulating monocytes and IL-6 levels for null and induced responses (0.49–0.61) and between neutrophils and cytokine responses to R848 (0.38–0.47). The standardized assay facilitates high-throughput bovine innate immune response profiling to identify phenotypes associated with disease susceptibility and responses to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian Reid
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co Meath, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Charlotte Beynon
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co Meath, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Emer Kennedy
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kieran G Meade
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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11
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Ghielmetti G, Landolt P, Friedel U, Morach M, Hartnack S, Stephan R, Schmitt S. Evaluation of Three Commercial Interferon-γ Assays in a Bovine Tuberculosis Free Population. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:682466. [PMID: 34179172 PMCID: PMC8222658 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.682466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon-γ assay has been used worldwide as an ancillary test for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). This study aimed to describe, based on the bTB-free status in Switzerland, the difference of applying a more stringent cutoff point of 0.05 compared with 0.1 for bTB surveillance. Moreover, the effect of time between blood collection and stimulation, culture results, optical density values, and the influence of testing different breeds were evaluated. Blood samples from a total of 118 healthy cows older than 6 months were tested with three commercial interferon-gamma assays. To confirm the bTB-free status of the tested animals and to investigate potential cross-reactions with nontuberculous mycobacteria, pulmonary and abdominal lymph nodes in addition to ileal mucosa from each cattle were used for the detection of viable Mycobacteria spp. by specific culture. Significant differences regarding the proportion of false-positive results between the two Bovigam tests and between Bovigam 2G and ID Screen were found. Samples analyzed with Bovigam 2G were 2.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6–3.9] times more likely to yield a false-positive test result than samples analyzed with Bovigam TB. Similarly, the odds ratio (OR) for testing samples false-positive with ID Screen compared with Bovigam TB was 1.9 (95% CI 1.21–2.9). The OR for testing false-positive with ID Screen compared with Bovigam 2G was less to equally likely with an OR of 0.75 (95% CI 0.5–1.1). When using a cutoff of 0.05 instead of 0.1, the OR for a false-positive test result was 2.2 (95% CI 1.6–3.1). Samples tested after 6 h compared with a delayed stimulation time of 22–24 h were more likely to yield a false-positive test result with an OR of 3.9 (95% CI 2.7–5.6). In conclusion, applying a more stringent cutoff of 0.05 with the Bovigam 2G kit generates a questionable high number of false-positive results of one of three tested animals. Furthermore, specific breeds might show an increased risk to result false-positive in the Bovigam 2G and the ID Screen assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ghielmetti
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Landolt
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ute Friedel
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Morach
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Corneli S, Di Paolo A, Vitale N, Torricelli M, Petrucci L, Sebastiani C, Ciullo M, Curcio L, Biagetti M, Papa P, Costarelli S, Cagiola M, Dondo A, Mazzone P. Early Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infected Cattle: Use of Experimental Johnins and Innovative Interferon-Gamma Test Interpretative Criteria. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:638890. [PMID: 34055946 PMCID: PMC8160102 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.638890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB), also known as Johne's disease, is a chronic proliferative enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp.paratuberculosis (MAP). To date, PTB diagnosis, based on serology, fecal culture, and real-time polymerase chain reaction, has identified animals in advanced stages of infection. To detect MAP infection in animals earlier, the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) test may be applied. This assay detects cytokines produced by T-lymphocytes of infected subjects after stimulation with purified protein derivatives (PPDs), extracted from Mycobacterium bovis (MB) and from M. avium (MA). The study involved three bovine herds: one PTB-infected herd, one PTB-free herd, and one with an outbreak of bovine tuberculosis. The IFN-γ test was performed on 235 animals, using bovine PPD (PPDB), avian PPD (PPDA), and three experimental PPD Johnins (PPDJs) extracted from a synthetic liquid medium culture of MAP (PPDJ A, B, and C), to assess early MAP detection and avoid false reactions to MB. Furthermore, IFN-γ results were evaluated using 12 interpretative criteria (ICs), based on the differences and ratio between PPD optical density (OD) and IFN-γ basal OD values after lymphocytic stimulation. IC accuracy was expressed as area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Through a longitudinal study, PPDJs proved to be specific and sensitive in the detection of MAP-infected animals. Among the evaluated ICs, six showed the best performance in terms of accuracy (p < 0.0001), highlighting PTB subclinical infections. In particular, the two best criteria reached sensitivity values of 100% [confidence interval (CI) 95%, 94.1–100%] with a specificity of 91.8% (CI 95%, 81.9–97.3%) and sensitivity levels of 80.6% (CI 95%, 69.1–89.2%) with a specificity of 100% (CI 95%, 94.1–100%). Thus, the IFN-γ assay proved to be a useful diagnostic tool to identify early subclinical MAP-infected animals, in order to manage infected cattle or those exposed to MAP and to monitor younger calves within a herd. Furthermore, the IFN-γ test can be considered an additional test to avoid the introduction of MAP-infected animals, especially in herds where disease has already been eradicated and preservation of the health status is required to maintain the PTB certification level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Corneli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Paolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Martina Torricelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Linda Petrucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Carla Sebastiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Marcella Ciullo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Ludovica Curcio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Biagetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Papa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Silva Costarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Cagiola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Piera Mazzone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
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13
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Catozzi C, Zamarian V, Marziano G, Costa ED, Martucciello A, Serpe P, Vecchio D, Lecchi C, De Carlo E, Ceciliani F. The effects of intradermal M. bovis and M. avium PPD test on immune-related mRNA and miRNA in dermal oedema exudates of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:250. [PMID: 33825069 PMCID: PMC8024229 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a zoonotic disease primarily caused by pathogens belonging to the genus of Mycobacterium. Programs of control and eradication for bovine TB include a screening using single intradermal tuberculin (SIT) test with Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis)-purified protein derivatives (PPD-B) single or concurrent with Mycobacterium avium (M. avium)-purified protein derivatives (PPD-A). This study aimed to determine the effects of intradermal PPD-B and PPD-A test on immune-related mRNA and microRNAs in dermal oedema exudates of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). The investigation was carried out on RNA extracted from dermal oedema exudates of 36 animals, of which 24 were M. bovis positive (M. bovis+) and 12 M. avium positive (M. avium+). The lymphocyte polarization toward Th1, Th2, TReg, and Th17 lineages was addressed by measuring the abundance of the respective cytokines and transcription factors, namely TBET, STAT4, IFNγ, and IL1β for Th1; STAT5B, and IL4 for Th2; FOXP3 and IL10 for TReg; and RORC, STAT3, and IL17A for Th17. Due to the very low abundance of Th17-related genes, a digital PCR protocol was also applied. The abundance of microRNAs involved in the immune response against PPDs, including miR-122-5p, miR-148a-3p, miR30a, and miR-455-5p, was equally measured. Results showed that IFNγ (fold change = 2.54; p = 0.037) and miR-148a-3p (fold change = 2.54; p = 0.03) were upregulated in M. bovis+ as compared to M. avium+ samples. Our preliminary results supported the pivotal role of IFNγ in the local immune response related to PPD-B and highlighted the differential expression of miR-148a-3p, which downregulates the proinflammatory cytokines and the TLR4-mediated NF-κB activation, providing an anti-inflammation modulator in responses to mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Catozzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Valentina Zamarian
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Gabriele Marziano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Emanuela Dalla Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessandra Martucciello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffalo Farming and Productions, Via delle Calabrie, 27, 84131, Salerno, Italy
| | - Paola Serpe
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffalo Farming and Productions, Via delle Calabrie, 27, 84131, Salerno, Italy
| | - Domenico Vecchio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffalo Farming and Productions, Via delle Calabrie, 27, 84131, Salerno, Italy
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Esterina De Carlo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffalo Farming and Productions, Via delle Calabrie, 27, 84131, Salerno, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
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14
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Carneiro PAM, de Moura Sousa E, Viana RB, Monteiro BM, do Socorro Lima Kzam A, de Souza DC, Coelho AS, Filho JDR, Jordao RS, Tavares MRM, Kaneene JB. Study on supplemental test to improve the detection of bovine tuberculosis in individual animals and herds. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:137. [PMID: 33789652 PMCID: PMC8011399 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), is a worldwide disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). The success of bTB eradication and control programs is based on early detection and the removal of reactors from a herd thus routine testing and cull strategy have been applied globally. Since the late nineteenth century, the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) has been the primary antemortem test available to support bTB eradication campaigns. Due to the TST limitations in terms of Se and Sp, the credibility of the diagnosis is frequently questioned given the occurrence of false-positive and false-negative reactions, therefore, it is necessary to confirm reactive animals using other methods, ensuring the reliability of the diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) relative to the tuberculin test used for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle in Brazil. RESULTS Lack of agreement between comparative cervical tuberculin test and ELISA IDEXX TM was observed. The 2 animals positive on the comparative cervical tuberculin test did not react at the ELISA IDEXX TM and 22 negative reactors by comparative cervical tuberculin test were positive by the ELISA IDEXX TM. The ELISA IDEXX TM showed sensitivity that is significantly lower than the official screening test the single cervical tuberculin. ELISA IDEXX TM also detected infected animals and herds undetected by the comparative cervical tuberculin test. The parallel use of comparative cervical tuberculin test and ELISA IDEXX TM increased sensitivity and the feasibility bTB screening. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained here suggest that the ELISA IDEXX TM may be a supplemental test for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in regions without routine testing and slaughter, where the disease generally progresses to more advanced stages and antibody responses are likely to be more prevalent. Evidence to support the validation of the ELISA IDEXX™ as a supplemental test for bTB eradication programs was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Alex Machado Carneiro
- Amazonas State Federal Institute of Science and Technology, Manaus East Zone Campus (IFAM/ CMZL), Manaus, Brazil.,Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | | | - Rinaldo Batista Viana
- Graduate Program in Animal Reproduction, Institute of Health and Animal Production, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Belem, Brazil
| | - Bruno Moura Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Animal Reproduction, Institute of Health and Animal Production, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Belem, Brazil
| | | | - Damazio Campos de Souza
- Research Group on Andrology, Artificial Insemination, Health and Genetic Improvement of Cattle and Buffaloes, Amazon, Brazil
| | - Anderson Silva Coelho
- Graduate Program in Animal Reproduction, Institute of Health and Animal Production, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Belem, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - John B Kaneene
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA.
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15
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Song YH, Li D, Zhou Y, Zhao B, Li JM, Shi K, Zhao D, Sun JY, Zeng FL, Du R. Prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis in Yaks Between 1982 and 2020 in Mainland China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:397-405. [PMID: 33646056 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a major chronic bacterial disease in cattle and is the major economic and animal welfare issue in the world. Although the economic costs and public health safety risks associated with the disease are considerable, the overall epidemiology of the Chinese yak (Bos grunniens) bTB is unclear. To fully reveal the basic prevalence of yak bTB in different regions of China, we searched five databases including PubMed, Science Direct, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), Wanfang and Chongqing VIP. Based on the incidence and prevalence of yak tuberculosis in China from 1982 to 2020, a meta-analysis of yak bTB in China was established for the first time. By formulating the search formula, 97 studies were searched in five databases. According to the established exclusion criteria and excluded comments and repeated and irrelevance research, we finally selected 19 cross-sectional studies, which showed the prevalence of bTB in Chinese yaks. Random-effect meta-regression model analysis showed that the estimated prevalence of 122,729 yaks in China was 1.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0-1.0). The regional prevalence varies greatly, northwest China prevalence rate 0. 39% (95% CI: 0.2-0. 64) and southwest China prevalence rate 2.59% (95% CI: 1.94-3.34); in terms of province level, the prevalence was highest in Tibet 2.59% (95% CI: 1.94-3.34), followed by Xinjiang 2.36% (95% CI: 0.86-4.58), and Shanxi has the lowest 0.00% (95% CI: 0.00-0.98). This systematic review and meta-analysis identified the estimated prevalence of bTB in Chinese yaks and estimated the underlying factors associated with bTB, including geographic location, sampling year, age, and TB detection method. Provide evidence to plan corresponding disease control strategies for policymakers and to assess future economic risks accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Research Center of Agriculture Quality Standard and Detecting Technique, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiang-Yang Sun
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Fan-Li Zeng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Province Sika Deer Efficient Breeding and Product Development Technology Engineering Research Center, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Province Sika Deer Efficient Breeding and Product Development Technology Engineering Research Center, Changchun, China
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16
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Glidden CK, Coon CAC, Beechler BR, McNulty C, Ezenwa VO, Jolles AE. Co-infection best predicts respiratory viral infection in a wild host. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:602-614. [PMID: 33232513 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of directly transmitted pathogens in natural populations are likely to result from the combined effects of host traits, pathogen biology, and interactions among pathogens within a host. Discovering how these factors work in concert to shape variation in pathogen dynamics in natural host-multi-pathogen systems is fundamental to understanding population health. Here, we describe temporal variation in incidence and then elucidate the effect of hosts trait, season and pathogen co-occurrence on host infection risk using one of the most comprehensive studies of co-infection in a wild population: a suite of seven directly transmitted viral and bacterial respiratory infections from a 4-year study of 200 free-ranging African buffalo Syncerus caffer. Incidence of upper respiratory infections was common throughout the study-five out of the seven pathogens appeared to be consistently circulating throughout our study population. One pathogen exhibited clear outbreak dynamics in our final study year and another was rarely detected. Co-infection was also common in this system: The strongest indicator of pathogen occurrence for respiratory viruses was in fact the presence of other viral respiratory infections. Host traits had minimal effects on odds of pathogen occurrence but did modify pathogen-pathogen associations. In contrast, only season predicted bacterial pathogen occurrence. Though a combination of environmental, behavioural, and physiological factors work together to shape disease dynamics, we found pathogen associations best determined infection risk. Our study demonstrates that, in the absence of very fine-scale data, the intricate changes among these factors are best represented by co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K Glidden
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Courtney A C Coon
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Brianna R Beechler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Chase McNulty
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anna E Jolles
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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17
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Martucciello A, Vitale N, Mazzone P, Dondo A, Archetti I, Chiavacci L, Cerrone A, Gamberale F, Schiavo L, Pacciarini ML, Boniotti MB, De Carlo E. Field Evaluation of the Interferon Gamma Assay for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Water Buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) Comparing Four Interpretative Criteria. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:563792. [PMID: 33335916 PMCID: PMC7736034 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.563792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a worldwide zoonosis that affects many species of domestic and wild animals. Mycobaterium bovis is the main cause of infection in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and bovines and is of great concern for human health and for buffalo producers in Italy. The bTB eradication programme is based on slaughterhouse surveillance and intradermal skin tests. Other in vivo diagnostic methods such as the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) assay have been developed and are widely used in cattle to accelerate the elimination of bTB positive animals. The present study is the first to assess the use and performance of IFN-γ assays, which is used as an ancillary test for bTB diagnosis in water buffalo, and presents the results of a field-evaluation of the assay from 2012 to 2019 during the buffalo bTB eradication programme in Italy. The study involved 489 buffaloes with a positive result to the single intradermal tuberculin test (SITT). The IFN-γ assays and single intradermal comparative tuberculin test were used as confirmation tests. Then, a total of 458 buffaloes, reared on officially tuberculosis-free (OTF) herds, that were confirmed bTB-free for at least the last 6 years were subjected to IFN-γ testing. Furthermore, to evaluate the IFN-γ test in an OTF herd with Paratuberculosis (PTB) infection, 103 buffaloes were subjected to SITT and IFN-γ test simultaneously. Four interpretative criteria were used, and the IFN-γ test showed high levels of accuracy, with sensitivity levels between 75.3% (CI 95% 71.2–79.0%) and 98.4% (CI 95% 96.7–99.4%) and specificity levels between 94.3% (CI 95% 91.2–96.50%) and 98.5% (CI 95% 96.9–99.4%), depending on the criterion used. Finally, in the OTF herd with PTB infection, in buffalo, the IFN-γ test displayed high specificity values according to all 4 interpretative criteria, with specificity levels between 96.7% (CI 95% 88.4–99.5%) and 100% (CI 95% 96.2–100%), while SITT specificity proved unsatisfactory, with a level of 45.3% (CI 95% 35.0–55.7%). Our results showed that the IFN-γ test in the buffalo species could reach high Sensitivity and Specificity values, and that the level of Sensitivity and Specificity could be chosen based on the interpretative criterion and the antigens used depending on the health status of the herd and the epidemiological context of the territory. The IFN-γ test and the use of different interpretative criteria proved to be useful to implement bTB diagnostic strategies in buffalo herds, with the possibility of a flexible use of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Martucciello
- National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffalo Farming and Productions, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Piera Mazzone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Ivonne Archetti
- National Reference Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Chiavacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Cerrone
- National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffalo Farming and Productions, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Lorena Schiavo
- National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffalo Farming and Productions, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Pacciarini
- National Reference Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- National Reference Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Esterina De Carlo
- National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffalo Farming and Productions, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Salerno, Italy
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18
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Černá P, L. Mitchell J, Lodzinska J, Cazzini P, Varjonen K, Gunn-Moore DA. Systemic Mycobacterium kansasii Infection in Two Related Cats. Pathogens 2020; 9:E959. [PMID: 33218094 PMCID: PMC7698836 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections are a major concern in veterinary medicine because of the difficulty achieving an etiological diagnosis, the challenges and concerns of treatment, and the potential zoonotic risk. Mycobacterium kansasii, a slow-growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria, causes disease in both humans and animals. While infections have been well described in humans, where it may be misdiagnosed as tuberculosis, there are fewer reports in animals. Only four cases have been reported in the domestic cat. This case report describes systemic M. kansasii infection in two sibling indoor-only cats that presented two and half years apart with cutaneous disease that was found to be associated with osteolytic and pulmonary pathology. Infection with M. kansasii was confirmed in both cats by polymerase chain reaction on fine-needle aspirate of a lumbosacral soft tissue mass in one cat and on a tissue punch biopsy of a skin lesion in the other; interferon-gamma release assay inferred M. avium-complex and M. tuberculosis-complex infection in the two cats, respectively. Both patients made a full recovery following antimicrobial therapy with rifampicin, azithromycin, and pradofloxacin (plus N-acetyl cysteine in cat 2). This report highlights successful treatment of systemic M. kansasii mycobacteriosis in the cat and the challenge of accurately diagnosing this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Černá
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, CO 80528, USA;
- The University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jordan L. Mitchell
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (J.L.); (P.C.); (D.A.G.-M.)
| | - Joanna Lodzinska
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (J.L.); (P.C.); (D.A.G.-M.)
| | - Paola Cazzini
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (J.L.); (P.C.); (D.A.G.-M.)
| | - Katarina Varjonen
- AniCura Djursjukhuset Albano, Rinkebyvägen 21A, 182 36 Danderyd, Sweden;
| | - Danièlle A. Gunn-Moore
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (J.L.); (P.C.); (D.A.G.-M.)
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19
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O'Halloran C, Tørnqvist-Johnsen C, Woods G, Mitchell J, Reed N, Burr P, Gascoyne-Binzi D, Wegg M, Beardall S, Hope J, Gunn-Moore D. Feline tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis infection of domestic UK cats associated with feeding a commercial raw food diet. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2308-2320. [PMID: 33091235 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium (M.) bovis can infect cats and is a demonstrated zoonosis. We describe an outbreak of M. bovis in pet cats across England and Scotland associated with feeding a commercial raw food diet. Forty-seven cats presented with (pyo)granulomatous lesions, lymphadenopathy, pulmonary and/or alimentary disease over a one-year period where M. bovis infection was suspected or definitively diagnosed, and the cats all consumed the same specific brand of commercial raw venison pet food. Infection with M. bovis genotype 10:a was confirmed by culture and DNA typing of isolates in a small number of cases (n = 5); PCR was used in combination with or as an alternative to culture (n = 12) and/or infection with a Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex group organism was strongly suggested by positive responses to an interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA; n = 34). Asymptomatic at-risk cats were screened by IGRA, identifying a further 83 infected cats. The five culture-positive cases were distributed across areas of England and Scotland at low risk of endemic bovine tuberculosis. Investigations revealed affected cats were mainly indoor-only, and had been fed the same commercial raw food as at least part of their diet. This diet was recalled by the manufacturer due to failure of statutory meat inspection of the component venison. As far as possible, other sources of infection were explored and excluded, including wildlife contact, access to raw milk and living with people with active M. bovis infection. Four owners and one veterinary surgeon were found to have high likelihood of latent tuberculosis infection. One owner required treatment. Although it was not possible to conclusively demonstrate a zoonotic origin for these infections, neither was it possible to eliminate the possibility. Our results provide compelling evidence that the commercial raw diet of these cats was the likely route of M. bovis infection in this outbreak of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Camilla Tørnqvist-Johnsen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Glynn Woods
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jordan Mitchell
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicki Reed
- Veterinary Specialists Scotland, Livingston, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Jayne Hope
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Danièlle Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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20
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Pozo P, Romero B, Bezos J, Grau A, Nacar J, Saez JL, Minguez O, Alvarez J. Evaluation of Risk Factors Associated With Herds With an Increased Duration of Bovine Tuberculosis Breakdowns in Castilla y Leon, Spain (2010-2017). Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:545328. [PMID: 33102565 PMCID: PMC7546324 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.545328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in certain cattle herds is a major concern in countries pursuing disease eradication worldwide. The chronic nature of the disease, the lack of performance of diagnostic tools, and the presence of wildlife reservoirs may lead infected herds to require longer periods to achieve the officially tuberculosis-free (OTF) status. Here, we evaluated the impact of farm and breakdown characteristics on the probability of disease persistence in infected farms in Castilla y Leon, a bTB-endemic region of Spain, using survival and logistic regression models. Data from bTB breakdowns occurring in 3,550 bTB-positive herds detected in 2010–2017 were analyzed. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was fitted using time to recover OTF status as the response variable, and a multivariable logistic regression model using the chronic status (yes/no) for herds experiencing particularly long breakdowns as the outcome variable was also used. Both analyses revealed that county-level bTB herd prevalence, herd size, number of incoming animals in the previous 3 years, number of skin test reactors in the disclosing test, and number of days between the disclosing and follow-up tests were associated with increased breakdown duration. Production type was not consistently associated with chronic infection, suggesting that once infected, it is not a significant predictor of outbreak duration beyond the initial stages of the breakdown. Province-level location and number of animals that are bacteriology-positive also affected significantly the expected herd breakdown duration, but their effect became less significant over time. Risk factors identified in this study may help to identify herds more prone to suffer chronic bTB infection that may require additional control measures early on in a breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Pozo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,MAEVA SERVET, S.L., Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,MAEVA SERVET, S.L., Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Bezos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Grau
- Dirección General de Producción Agropecuaria e Infraestructuras Agrarias, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesus Nacar
- Dirección General de Producción Agropecuaria e Infraestructuras Agrarias, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Saez
- Subdirección General de Sanidad e Higiene Animal y Trazabilidad, Dirección General de la Producción Agraria, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Minguez
- Dirección General de Producción Agropecuaria e Infraestructuras Agrarias, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Xia A, Xu Z, Hu T, Li X, Zhu Z, Chen X, Jiao X. Development of a flow cytometry assay for bovine interleukin-2 and its preliminary application in bovine tuberculosis detection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 228:110112. [PMID: 32892112 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), poses a risk of infection for livestock, humans, and wildlife. An interferon (IFN)-γ release assay has been used with tuberculin skin tests to detect bTB; however, infected animals may still be missed. Previous studies have suggested that bovine interleukin-2 (BoIL-2) may act as a potential biological marker for the diagnosis of bovine infectious diseases. However, a detailed evaluation of IL-2 as a diagnostic target for bTB is lacking. Therefore, we established hybridoma cell lines that produced monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing the native BoIL-2 and developed a flow cytometry assay, based on the BoIL-2 mAbs, for detecting M. bovis-specific IL-2. Subsequently, the method was utilized for a preliminary investigation of bTB in cattle; significantly (P < 0.0001) more CD4+IL-2+ T cells were detected in infected cattle than in healthy animals when a specific mycobacterial antigen CFP-10-ESAT-6 fusion protein was used. Moreover, our method demonstrated high coincidence rates with the BOVIGAM® test and an IFN-γ flow cytometry assay for the diagnosis of bTB. These findings show that the present method may be useful for detecting bTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihong Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ting Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhaocheng Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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22
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Smith AA, Villarreal-Ramos B, Mendum TA, Williams KJ, Jones GJ, Wu H, McFadden J, Vordermeier HM, Stewart GR. Genetic screening for the protective antigenic targets of BCG vaccination. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 124:101979. [PMID: 32814303 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is an important animal health problem and the predominant cause of zoonotic tuberculosis worldwide. It results in serious economic burden due to losses in productivity and the cost of control programmes. Control could be greatly improved by the introduction of an efficacious cattle vaccine but the most likely candidate, BCG, has several limitations including variable efficacy. Augmentation of BCG with a subunit vaccine booster has been shown to increase protection but the selection of antigens has hitherto been left largely to serendipity. In the present study, we take a rational approach to identify the protective antigens of BCG, selecting a BCG transposon mutant library in naïve and BCG-vaccinated cattle. Ten mutants had increased relative survival in vaccinated compared to naïve cattle, consistent with loss of protective antigen targets making the mutants less visible to the BCG immune response. The immunogenicity of three putative protective antigens, BCG_0116, BCG_0205 (YrbE1B) and BCG_1448 (PPE20) was investigated using peptide pools and PBMCs from BCG vaccinated cattle. BCG vaccination induced PBMC to release elevated levels of IP10, IL-17a and IL-10 in response to all three antigens. Taken together, the data supports the further study of these antigens for use in subunit vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- Cattle
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA Transposable Elements
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/microbiology
- Mutation
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/prevention & control
- Vaccination/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Smith
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK; Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3DA, UK.
| | - Tom A Mendum
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kerstin J Williams
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Gareth J Jones
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Huihai Wu
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Johnjoe McFadden
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - H Martin Vordermeier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK; Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3DA, UK.
| | - Graham R Stewart
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
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23
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Guétin-Poirier V, Rivière J, Crozet G, Dufour B. Assessment of the cost-effectiveness of alternative bovine tuberculosis surveillance protocols in French cattle farms using the mixed interferon gamma test. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:546-562. [PMID: 32829191 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Periodic screening in farms, using intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin test (ICCT), is a component of the French ante mortem surveillance of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). Previous studies have estimated the cost-effectiveness of the French mandatory bTB screening protocols. In these protocols, a second ICCT (ICCT2) is performed 42 days after the first one (ICCT1), either on the entire herd (strict protocol) or in series on animals with non-negative results (reactors) to ICCT1 (compliant protocol). The 42-days interval reduced protocols' cost-effectiveness. To minimize this interval, we suggested two alternative protocols, in which a mixed interferon gamma test (IFNMIX), with better sensitivity than ICCT2 and comparable specificity, replaces the ICCT2, and is carried out directly after the ICCT1. In the strict alternative protocol, reactors to ICCT1 are culled to perform laboratory analyses (PCR, bacteriology). Negative results to these analyses imply the IFNMIX testing of the entire herd. In the compliant alternative protocol, only reactor(s) to ICCT1 are tested with IFNMIX, and animals with positive results to IFNMIX are culled for laboratory analyses. We evaluated these protocols through scenario tree modelling. The estimated cost-effectiveness indexes showed that the compliant alternative protocol was the most efficient. The strict protocols (mandatory and alternative) were never the most efficient, but were the most effective. Therefore, using IFNMIX instead of ICCT2 may be useful in reducing the costs of the compliant protocol used when the probability of infection is considered low. The strict alternative protocol may become more attractive would IFNMIX's price decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Guétin-Poirier
- USC EPIMAI, Anses, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - J Rivière
- USC EPIMAI, Anses, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - G Crozet
- USC EPIMAI, Anses, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - B Dufour
- USC EPIMAI, Anses, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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24
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Roy A, Infantes-Lorenzo JA, de la Cruz ML, Domínguez L, Álvarez J, Bezos J. Accuracy of tuberculosis diagnostic tests in small ruminants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:105102. [PMID: 32739695 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) in small ruminants is a neglected disease despite its major impact on goat and sheep production and the global public health. The awareness of the role of small ruminants in the epidemiology of animal TB has increased in the last two decades, however, there is a lack of standardization of procedures and robust quantitative estimates on the accuracy of diagnostic TB tests in the scientific literature. To address this knowledge gap, all the available information regarding the use of ante-mortem diagnostic techniques in small ruminants was collected and summarized through a systematic review process. Furthermore, a random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to separately estimate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of cell-based tests among the retrieved studies in goats. Studies included in the meta-analysis were also evaluated using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies included in systematic reviews adapted for animal diagnostic tests (VETQUADAS). Median pooled Se estimates of the single intradermal tuberculin (SIT) test (ranged from 0.51 to 0.59), the comparative intradermal tuberculin (CIT) test (ranged from 0.30 to 0.50) and the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) (ranged from 0.66 to 0.72) were lower than that reported previously in cattle, regardless the interpretation criteria and the reporting of MAP infection or vaccination. However, the specificity was adequate for all the tests (ranged from 0.95 to 0.99), except for the SIT test in MAP vaccinated herds (ranged from 0.78 to 0.90). This study provides an overview of the accuracy of diagnostic tests for TB in goats, however, the considerable between-study heterogeneity found hampered the conclusive interpretation of the pooled Se and Sp estimates. Therefore, further studies in small ruminants are necessary to optimize the diagnostic Se, which could help to design effective control strategies, accelerate the eradication of TB in these species and harmonize test procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roy
- CZ Vaccines, Porriño, Pontevedra, Spain; VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Infantes-Lorenzo
- Servicio de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - M L de la Cruz
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Animal Health. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Álvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Animal Health. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Bezos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Animal Health. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Srinivasan S, Subramanian S, Shankar Balakrishnan S, Ramaiyan Selvaraju K, Manomohan V, Selladurai S, Jothivelu M, Kandasamy S, Gopal DR, Kathaperumal K, Conlan AJK, Veerasami M, Bakker D, Vordermeier M, Kapur V. A Defined Antigen Skin Test That Enables Implementation of BCG Vaccination for Control of Bovine Tuberculosis: Proof of Concept. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:391. [PMID: 32793643 PMCID: PMC7393633 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains endemic due to the absence of control programs. This is because successful bTB control and eradication programs have relied on test-and-slaughter strategies that are socioeconomically unfeasible in LMICs. While Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine-induced protection for cattle has long been documented in experimental and field trials, its use in control programs has been precluded by the inability to differentiate BCG-vaccinated from naturally infected animals using the OIE-prescribed purified protein derivative (PPD)-based tuberculin skin tests. In the current study, the diagnostic specificity and capability for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) of a novel defined antigen skin test (DST) in BCG-vaccinated (Bos taurus ssp. taurus x B. t. ssp. indicus) calves were compared with the performance of traditional PPD-tuberculin in both the skin test and in vitro interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). The IFN-γ production from whole blood cells stimulated with both PPDs increased significantly from the 0 week baseline levels, while DST induced no measurable IFN-γ production in BCG-vaccinated calves. None of the 15 BCG-vaccinated calves were reactive with the DST skin test (100% specificity; one-tailed lower 95% CI: 82). In contrast, 10 of 15 BCG-vaccinated calves were classified as reactors with the PPD-based single intradermal test (SIT) (specificity in vaccinated animals = 33%; 95% CI: 12, 62). Taken together, the results provide strong evidence that the DST is highly specific and enables DIVA capability in both skin and IGRA assay format, thereby enabling the implementation of BCG vaccine-based bTB control, particularly in settings where test and slaughter remain unfeasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Saraswathi Subramanian
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Sai Shankar Balakrishnan
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Kathiravan Ramaiyan Selvaraju
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Vandana Manomohan
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Suganya Selladurai
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Monika Jothivelu
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Srinivasan Kandasamy
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Dhinakar Raj Gopal
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Kumanan Kathaperumal
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Andrew J K Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Douwe Bakker
- Independent Researcher and Technical Consultant, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Interleukin 8 and Pentaxin (C-Reactive Protein) as Potential New Biomarkers of Bovine Tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.00274-19. [PMID: 31340991 PMCID: PMC6760949 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00274-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is caused by Mycobacterium bovis. During the early stage of infection, greater than 15% of M. bovis-infected cattle shed mycobacteria through nasal secretions, which can be detected by nested PCR. Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is caused by Mycobacterium bovis. During the early stage of infection, greater than 15% of M. bovis-infected cattle shed mycobacteria through nasal secretions, which can be detected by nested PCR. To compare the differences in the protein profiles of M. bovis-infected cattle that were nested PCR positive (bTBPCR-P) and M. bovis-infected cattle that were nested PCR negative (bTBPCR-N) and to screen for biomarkers that will facilitate the early and accurate detection of bTB, we investigated the protein expression profiles of serum and bovine purified protein derivative (PPD-B)-stimulated plasma among bTBPCR-P (n = 20), bTBPCR-N (n = 20), and uninfected cattle (NC; n = 20) by iTRAQ labeling coupled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (iTRAQ-2D LC-MS/MS). After comprehensive analysis, we selected 15 putative differentially expressed serum proteins and 15 plasma proteins for validation by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) with the same cohort used in the iTRAQ analysis. Four serum and five PPD-B-stimulated proteins were confirmed in follow-up enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. PPD-B-stimulated interleukin 8 (IL-8) displayed the potential to differentiate M. bovis-infected cattle from NC, with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.9662, while PPD-B-stimulated C-reactive protein (CRP) displayed the potential to differentiate bTBPCR-P from bTBPCR-N, with an AUC value of 1.00. Finally, double-blind testing with 244 cattle indicated that the PPD-B-stimulated IL-8 test exhibited good agreement with traditional tests (κ > 0.877) with a >90% relative sensitivity and a >98% relative specificity; the PPD-B-stimulated CRP test displayed good agreement with nested PCR (κ = 0.9117), with an observed 94% relative sensitivity and 97% relative specificity. Therefore, the PPD-B-stimulated IL-8 and CRP tests could be used to detect bTB and to differentiate bTBPCR-P from bTBPCR-N.
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Spectroscopic Characterization of Bovine, Avian and Johnin Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) with High-Throughput Fourier Transform InfraRed-Based Method. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030136. [PMID: 31470609 PMCID: PMC6789744 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculins purified protein derivatives (PPDs) are obtained by precipitation from heat treated mycobacteria. PPDs are used in diagnosis of mycobacterial infections in humans and animals. Bovine PPD (PPDB) is obtained from Mycobacterium bovis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex), while Avian PPD (PPDA) and Johnin PPD (PPDJ) are extracted, respectively, from Mycobacterium avium and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. avium complex). PPDB and PPDA are used for bovine tuberculosis diagnosis, while PPDJ is experimentally used in the immunodiagnosis of paratuberculosis. Although PPDs date back to the 19th Century, limited knowledge about their composition is currently available. The goal of our study was to evaluate Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy as a tool to differentiate PPDB, PPDA, and three PPDJs. The results highlighted that the three PPDs have specific profiles, correlated with phylogenetic characteristics of mycobacteria used for their production. This analysis is eligible as a specific tool for different PPDs batches characterization and for the assessment of their composition. The entire PPD production may be efficiently controlled, since the N content of each preparation is related to IR spectra, with a reference spectrum for each PPD and a standardized analysis protocol.
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Tavalire HF, Hoal EG, le Roex N, van Helden PD, Ezenwa VO, Jolles AE. Risk alleles for tuberculosis infection associate with reduced immune reactivity in a wild mammalian host. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190914. [PMID: 31311473 PMCID: PMC6661349 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrating biological processes across scales remains a central challenge in disease ecology. Genetic variation drives differences in host immune responses, which, along with environmental factors, generates temporal and spatial infection patterns in natural populations that epidemiologists seek to predict and control. However, genetics and immunology are typically studied in model systems, whereas population-level patterns of infection status and susceptibility are uniquely observable in nature. Despite obvious causal connections, organizational scales from genes to host outcomes to population patterns are rarely linked explicitly. Here we identify two loci near genes involved in macrophage (phagocyte) activation and pathogen degradation that additively increase risk of bovine tuberculosis infection by up to ninefold in wild African buffalo. Furthermore, we observe genotype-specific variation in IL-12 production indicative of variation in macrophage activation. Here, we provide measurable differences in infection resistance at multiple scales by characterizing the genetic and inflammatory variation driving patterns of infection in a wild mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Tavalire
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Eileen G Hoal
- South African Medical Research Council, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Nikki le Roex
- South African Medical Research Council, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Paul D van Helden
- South African Medical Research Council, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anna E Jolles
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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29
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Srinivasan S, Jones G, Veerasami M, Steinbach S, Holder T, Zewude A, Fromsa A, Ameni G, Easterling L, Bakker D, Juleff N, Gifford G, Hewinson RG, Vordermeier HM, Kapur V. A defined antigen skin test for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax4899. [PMID: 31328169 PMCID: PMC6636981 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax4899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a major zoonotic disease of cattle that is endemic in much of the world, limiting livestock productivity and representing a global public health threat. Because the standard tuberculin skin test precludes implementation of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine-based control programs, we here developed and evaluated a novel peptide-based defined antigen skin test (DST) to diagnose bTB and to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). The results, in laboratory assays and in experimentally or naturally infected animals, demonstrate that the peptide-based DST provides DIVA capability and equal or superior performance over the extant standard tuberculin surveillance test. Together with the ease of chemical synthesis, quality control, and lower burden for regulatory approval compared with recombinant antigens, the results of our studies show that the DST considerably improves a century-old standard and enables the development and implementation of critically needed surveillance and vaccination programs to accelerate bTB control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Huck Institutes, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Maroudam Veerasami
- Department of Animal Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Cisgen Biotech Discoveries, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Aboma Zewude
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Fromsa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Laurel Easterling
- Department of Animal Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Huck Institutes, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Department of Animal Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Independent Researcher, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | | | - Glen Gifford
- World Organization for Animal Health, Paris, France
| | - R. G. Hewinson
- Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - H. Martin Vordermeier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
- Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Animal Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Huck Institutes, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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30
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Bernitz N, Kerr TJ, Goosen WJ, Clarke C, Higgitt R, Roos EO, Cooper DV, Warren RM, van Helden PD, Parsons SDC, Miller MA. Parallel measurement of IFN-γ and IP-10 in QuantiFERON®-TB Gold (QFT) plasma improves the detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer). Prev Vet Med 2019; 169:104700. [PMID: 31311648 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The QuantiFERON®-TB Gold (QFT) stimulation platform for cytokine release is a novel approach for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in wildlife species. Plasma interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is routinely measured to detect immune sensitization to Mycobacterium bovis. However, the cytokine interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) has been proposed as an alternative, more sensitive, diagnostic biomarker. In this study, we investigated the use of the QFT system with measurement of IFN-γ and IP-10 in parallel to identify M. bovis-infected African buffaloes. The test results of either biomarker in a cohort of M. bovis-unexposed buffaloes (n = 70) led to calculation of 100% test specificity. Furthermore, in cohorts of M. bovis culture-positive (n = 51) and M. bovis-suspect (n = 22) buffaloes, the IP-10 test results were positive in a greater number of animals than the number based on the IFN-γ test results. Most notably, when the biomarkers were measured in parallel, the tests identified all M. bovis culture-positive buffaloes, a result neither the single comparative intradermal tuberculin test (SCITT) nor Bovigam® IFN-γ release assay (IGRA) achieved, individually or in parallel. These findings demonstrate the diagnostic potential of this blood-based assay to identify M. bovis-infected African buffaloes and a strategy to maximise the detection of infected animals while maintaining diagnostic specificity and simplifying test procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanya Bernitz
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Tanya J Kerr
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Charlene Clarke
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Roxanne Higgitt
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Eduard O Roos
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - David V Cooper
- Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife, PO Box 25, Mtubatuba, 3935, South Africa.
| | - Robin M Warren
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Paul D van Helden
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sven D C Parsons
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Michele A Miller
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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31
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Identification of bovine tuberculosis biomarkers to detect tuberculin skin test and IFNγ release assay false negative cattle. Res Vet Sci 2019; 122:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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de la Cruz ML, Branscum AJ, Nacar J, Pages E, Pozo P, Perez A, Grau A, Saez JL, de Juan L, Diaz R, Minguez O, Alvarez J. Evaluation of the Performance of the IDvet IFN-Gamma Test for Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis in Spain. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:229. [PMID: 30320129 PMCID: PMC6171474 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In Spain, the national bovine tuberculosis (bTB) eradication program is based on yearly skin testing of every ≥6 weeks old animal using the single or comparative tuberculin test and parallel use of the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) assay as an ancillary diagnostic test in infected herds. There are several versions of the latter. Recently, a new commercial IDvet IFN-γ assay has been authorized for use in the program, but there is limited scientific evidence about its performance in different epidemiological settings. Therefore, two studies to evaluate the performance of the IDvet assay were conducted. In study 1, a concordance analysis between the new IDvet and the Bovigam IFN-γ assay in use in Spain for over 10 years was conducted. In study 2, results from the IDvet assay when applied in tandem with a single intradermal tuberculin (SIT) test were used to evaluate the concordance between both tests and to estimate their sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) using a Bayesian latent-class model. Field data from cattle herds located in Madrid and Castilla y Leon (Spain) were collected. For study 1, herd selection was based on a high expected prevalence of reactors to the IFN-γ assay, while herds were selected at random to estimate Se and Sp of the new IDvet assay in study 2. Agreement between the results obtained with both kits for IFN-γ assay was poor (Kappa = 0.20), and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated a low Se of the new IDvet relative to the Bovigam in a heavily bTB infected population. The Bayesian latent-class analysis estimated the Se of the IDvet assay to be 36.7% [95% probability posterior interval (PPI) 14.7-78.8%] with estimated Sp close to 100% when the cut-off recommended by the manufacturer (35) was applied. At the alternative cut-off values of 16 and 4, the estimated Se of the IDvet assay increased to 49.0% (PPI: 24.8-94.1%) and 56.0% (PPI: 30.8-96.3%), respectively, while maintaining a high specificity. The results suggest that the new IDvet assay may have lower sensitivity than the Bovigam for diagnosis of bTB in cattle herds in Spain, and that adjusting its cut-off might be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam J. Branscum
- Biostatistics Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jesus Nacar
- Dirección General de Producción Agropecuaria e Infraestructuras Agrarias, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Enrique Pages
- Área de Ganadería, Dirección General de Medio Ambiente, Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Vivienda y Ordenación del Territorio de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Pozo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- MAEVA SERVET, S.L., Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Anna Grau
- Dirección General de Producción Agropecuaria e Infraestructuras Agrarias, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Saez
- Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia de Juan
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Diaz
- Área de Ganadería, Dirección General de Medio Ambiente, Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Vivienda y Ordenación del Territorio de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Minguez
- Dirección General de Producción Agropecuaria e Infraestructuras Agrarias, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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O'Halloran C, Hope JC, Dobromylskyj M, Burr P, McDonald K, Rhodes S, Roberts T, Dampney R, De la Rua-Domenech R, Robinson N, Gunn-Moore DA. An outbreak of tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis infection in a pack of English Foxhounds (2016-2017). Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1872-1884. [PMID: 30058193 PMCID: PMC6282731 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis can cause tuberculosis (TB) in social mammals including lions, cattle and man, but canine infections are considered rare. In 2016/17 we investigated a M. bovis TB outbreak in a pack of approximately 180 Foxhounds within the bovine TB Edge Area of England. We employed a combination of immunological tests including an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) and a serological assay (DPP VetTB, Chembio). Test‐positive hounds were euthanased and subjected to post‐mortem examination (PME). Overall 164 hounds were tested; 97 (59%) responded positively to at least one test. Eighty‐five (52%) dogs responded to M. bovis antigens by IGRA while only 21 (12.9%) had detectable serological responses. At PME three hounds (3.1%) had visible lesions (VL) due to M. bovis infection, later confirmed by culture. Samples from 24 non‐VL hounds were cultured and M. bovis infection was confirmed in a further three hounds (11%). This study is the first investigation and report of an outbreak of M. bovis TB in a canine species. We establish that, in principle, diagnostic tests used for identifying infected individuals of other species can effectively be used in the dog. Further work is urgently needed to establish the sensitivity and specificity of the testing approach used in this study for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Halloran
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Tony Roberts
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | - Danielle A Gunn-Moore
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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34
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Good M, Bakker D, Duignan A, Collins DM. The History of In Vivo Tuberculin Testing in Bovines: Tuberculosis, a "One Health" Issue. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:59. [PMID: 29686992 PMCID: PMC5900347 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is more than 3 million years old thriving in multiple species. Ancestral Mycobacterium tuberculosis gave rise to multiple strains including Mycobacterium bovis now distributed worldwide with zoonotic transmission happening in both directions between animals and humans. M. bovis in milk caused problems with a significant number of deaths in children under 5 years of age due largely to extrapulmonary TB. This risk was effectively mitigated with widespread milk pasteurization during the twentieth century, and fewer young children were lost to TB. Koch developed tuberculin in 1890 and recognizing the possibility of using tuberculin to detect infected animals the first tests were quickly developed. Bovine TB (bTB) control/eradication programmes followed in the late nineteenth century/early twentieth century. Many scientists collaborated and contributed to the development of tuberculin tests, to refining and optimizing the production and standardization of tuberculin and to determining test sensitivity and specificity using various methodologies and injection sites. The WHO, OIE, and EU have set legal standards for tuberculin production, potency assay performance, and intradermal tests for bovines. Now, those using tuberculin tests for bTB control/eradication programmes rarely, see TB as a disease. Notwithstanding the launch of the first-ever roadmap to combat zoonotic TB, many wonder if bTB is actually a problem? Is there a better way of dealing with bTB? Might alternative skin test sites make the test “better” and easier to perform? Are all tuberculins used for testing equally good? Why have alternative “better” tests not been developed? This review was prompted by these types of questions. This article attempts to succinctly summarize the data in the literature from the late nineteenth century to date to show why TB, and zoonotic TB specifically, was and still is important as a “One Health” concern, and that the necessity to reduce the burden of zoonotic TB, to save lives and secure livelihoods is far too important to await the possible future development of novel diagnostic assays for livestock before renewing efforts to eliminate it. Consequently, it is highly probable that the tuberculin skin test will remain the screening test of choice for farmed livestock for the considerable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Good
- Independent Researcher and Private Consultant, Dun Laoghaire, Co. Dublin (previously affiliated with the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin), Ireland
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anthony Duignan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel M Collins
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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35
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Seroprevalence and risk factors for selected respiratory and reproductive tract pathogen exposure in European bison (Bison bonasus) in Poland. Vet Microbiol 2018; 215:57-65. [PMID: 29426407 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
After the complete extinction from the wild of European bison (Bison bonasus) at the beginning of the twentieth century, the worldwide species population was restored to approximately 5500 individuals, with the species however remaining endangered. Despite numerous studies on the ecology and genetics of European bison, the threats of infectious diseases have been largely unexamined. The aim of this study was to screen the exposure of the world's largest population of European bison to the pathogens, which may influence the condition and development of the endangered species. A total of 240 free-ranging and captive European bison from eight main Polish populations sampled were tested for the presence of specific antibodies against ten different viruses, bacteria or protozoan. The samples were collected from chemically immobilized, selectively culled or found dead animals. Based on serology, the exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), Mycoplasma and Brucella spp. was determined as rather accidental. Using gamma-interferon assay followed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis subs. caprae detection in tissues, diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis was made for 6 out of 78 (7.7%) bison from one captive herd. The highest seroprevalence was found for bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAdV-3) -60.2% and bovine parainfluenza type 3 (PIV-3) -34.0%, while the antibodies against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Toxoplasma gondii and Leptospira spp. were found in 10.4%, 10.4% and 8.7% of samples, respectively. In the multivariable statistical analysis using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMS), the risk factors for PIV-3 seropositivity included population type (free-living/captive), age and health status (apparently healthy/eliminated due to the poor condition). Higher risk of BAdV-3 seropositive result was observed in free-living female European bison. The high BAdV-3 and PIV-3 seroprevalences may suggest involvement of these pathogens in the most frequently observed respiratory disorders in European bison. Moreover, this is the first study demonstrating BAdV-3 exposure in the species.
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36
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Das R, Dandapat P, Chakrabarty A, Nanda PK, Bandyopadhyay S, Bandyopadhyay S. A cross-sectional study on prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Indian and crossbred cattle in Gangetic delta region of West Bengal, India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2018.1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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37
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Risalde MÁ, Thomas J, Sevilla I, Serrano M, Ortíz JA, Garrido J, Domínguez M, Domínguez L, Gortázar C, Ruíz-Fons JF. Development and evaluation of an interferon gamma assay for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in red deer experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:341. [PMID: 29145844 PMCID: PMC5691593 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red deer (Cervus elaphus) is regarded as an epidemiologically relevant host for Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) and closely related members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex that cause animal tuberculosis (TB). The standard antemortem screening test for the detection of TB in deer is the intradermal tuberculin skin test, but the detection of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) produced by white blood cells exposed to M. bovis antigens can be used as an alternative or supplemental assay in most TB eradication/control programs. This study aims to develop an in-house sandwich ELISA for deer IFNγ, based on the cross-reactivity of the antibodies to both cervid and bovine IFNγ, and to evaluate the potential of this assay to detect M. bovis-infected red deer in response to the in vitro stimulation of whole-blood cells with bovine purified protein derivative (bPPD), p22 protein complex derived from bPPD or using the specific tuberculous mycobacterial proteins ESAT-6/CFP-10, Rv3615c and Rv3020c. The positive control stimulant used in this study was pokeweed mitogen, which resulted in a consistent induction of IFNγ in samples from red deer, thus allowing the interpretation of the assay. RESULTS The percentage of animals correctly classified by this technique as M. bovis non-infected was 100%. The detection of infected animals as positive was high and ranged widely depending upon the antigen and the cut-off value applied, as well as the time after infection. Our findings indicate that this protocol may serve as a reliable assay for the antemortem diagnosis of TB from the initial stage of M. bovis-infection, and may also be adequately sensitive. CONCLUSIONS The suggested optimal antigens and cut-off are bPPD, p22 and the combination of ESAT-6/CFP-10 and Rv3020c with a 0.05 Δ optical density, which yielded a up to 100% correct classification of TB positive and negatve red deer under our experimental conditions. This technique will aid in TB testing of farmed and translocated deer. Future studies should evaluate the ability of this IFNγ assay to detect specific responses under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Risalde
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jobin Thomas
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Iker Sevilla
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Animal Health Department, Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Miriam Serrano
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Animal Health Department, Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | | | - Joseba Garrido
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Animal Health Department, Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Mercedes Domínguez
- Servicio de Inmunología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre. Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jose Francisco Ruíz-Fons
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
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Abstract
Germany has been officially free of bovine tuberculosis since 1996. However, in the last years there has been an increase of bovine tuberculosis cases, particularly in the southern part of Germany, in the Allgäu region. As a consequence a one-time tuberculosis surveillance program was revisited with different premortal and postmortal tests. The aim of this paper was to estimate diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of the different tests used within this surveillance program. In the absence of a perfect test with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, thus in the absence of a gold standard, a Bayesian latent class approach with two different datasets was performed. The first dataset included 389 animals, tested with single intra-dermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test, PCR and pathology; the second dataset contained 175 animals, tested with single intra-dermal cervical tuberculin (SICT) test, Bovigam® assay, pathology and culture. Two-way conditional dependencies were considered within the models. Additionally, inter-laboratory agreement (five officially approved laboratories) of the Bovigam® assay was assessed with Cohen's kappa test (21 blood samples). The results are given in posterior means and 95% credibility intervals. The specificities of the SICT test, SICCT test, PCR and pathology ranged between 75.8% [68.8-82.2%] and 99.0% [96.8-100%]. The Bovigam® assay stood out with a very low specificity (6.9% [3.6-11.1%]), though it had the highest sensitivity (95.7% [91.3-99.2%]). The sensitivities of the SICCT test, PCR, SICT test, pathology and culture varied from 57.8% [48.0-67.6%] to 88.9% [65.5-99.7%]. The prevalences were 19.8% [14.6-26.5%] (three-test dataset) and 7.7% [4.2-12.3%] (four-test dataset). Among all pairwise comparisons the highest agreement was 0.62 [0.15-1]). In conclusion, the specificity of the Bovigam® assay and the inter-laboratory agreement were lower than expected.
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Waters WR, Vordermeier HM, Rhodes S, Khatri B, Palmer MV, Maggioli MF, Thacker TC, Nelson JT, Thomsen BV, Robbe-Austerman S, Bravo Garcia DM, Schoenbaum MA, Camacho MS, Ray JS, Esfandiari J, Lambotte P, Greenwald R, Grandison A, Sikar-Gang A, Lyashchenko KP. Potential for rapid antibody detection to identify tuberculous cattle with non-reactive tuberculin skin test results. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:164. [PMID: 28592322 PMCID: PMC5463416 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine tuberculosis (TB) control programs generally rely on the tuberculin skin test (TST) for ante-mortem detection of Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle. RESULTS Present findings demonstrate that a rapid antibody test based on Dual-Path Platform (DPP®) technology, when applied 1-3 weeks after TST, detected 9 of 11 and 34 of 52 TST non-reactive yet M. bovis-infected cattle from the US and GB, respectively. The specificity of the assay ranged from 98.9% (n = 92, US) to 96.0% (n = 50, GB) with samples from TB-free herds. Multi-antigen print immunoassay (MAPIA) revealed the presence of antibodies to multiple antigens of M. bovis in sera from TST non-reactors diagnosed with TB. CONCLUSIONS Thus, use of serologic assays in series with TST can identify a significant number of TST non-reactive tuberculous cattle for more efficient removal from TB-affected herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ray Waters
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Shelley Rhodes
- Tuberculosis Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Bhagwati Khatri
- Tuberculosis Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mayara F Maggioli
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tyler C Thacker
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Nelson
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bruce V Thomsen
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Doris M Bravo Garcia
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), USDA, Ames, IA, USA
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Antibody detection tests improve the sensitivity of tuberculosis diagnosis in cattle. Res Vet Sci 2017; 112:214-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Colostrum proinflammatory cytokines as biomarkers of bovine immune response to bovine tuberculosis (bTB). Microb Pathog 2017; 103:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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A review of risk factors for bovine tuberculosis infection in cattle in the UK and Ireland. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:2899-2926. [DOI: 10.1017/s095026881600131x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYBovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important disease of cattle caused by infection withMycobacterium bovis, a pathogen that may be extremely difficult to eradicate in the presence of a true wildlife reservoir. Our objective was to identify and review relevant literature and provide a succinct summary of current knowledge of risk factors for transmission of infection of cattle. Search strings were developed to identify publications from electronic databases to February 2015. Abstracts of 4255 papers identified were reviewed by three reviewers to determine whether the entire article was likely to contain relevant information. Risk factors could be broadly grouped as follows: animal (including nutrition and genetics), herd (including bTB and testing history), environment, wildlife and social factors. Many risk factors are inter-related and study designs often do not enable differentiation between cause and consequence of infection. Despite differences in study design and location, some risk factors are consistently identified, e.g. herd size, bTB history, presence of infected wildlife, whereas the evidence for others is less consistent and coherent, e.g. nutrition, local cattle movements. We have identified knowledge gaps where further research may result in an improved understanding of bTB transmission dynamics. The application of targeted, multifactorial disease control regimens that address a range of risk factors simultaneously is likely to be a key to effective, evidence-informed control strategies.
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The effectiveness of parallel gamma-interferon testing in New Zealand's bovine tuberculosis eradication programme. Prev Vet Med 2016; 127:94-9. [PMID: 27094146 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In bovine tuberculosis (bTB) eradication programmes, especially where prevalence is low, sensitivity of testing in infected herds must be maximised to reduce the possibility of recrudescence of prior infection and the risk to other herds via animal movement. The gamma-interferon (γ-IFN) assay applied in parallel with intradermal tuberculin testing has been shown to increase test sensitivity. The aim of this work was to substantiate this effect in the field. A retrospective observational study was conducted on 239 New Zealand cattle breeding and dairy herds with bTB infection between 1 July 2011 and 1 September 2015 to evaluate the outcomes of new policy introduced in 2011. The investigation defined the number and proportion of reactors (animals testing positive and slaughtered) found with lesions of bTB in intradermal caudal fold testing (CFT) and parallel γ-IFN testing, at the breakdown test or first whole herd test after breakdown, WHT(1), and at the final or projected final whole herd test, WHT(F). Parallel γ-IFN testing was used in 26.8% of the 239 herds at WHT(1), and 430 animals in 49 herds were deemed reactors. One hundred and sixty (37.2%) of these reactors from 32 herds were found to have bTB lesions, despite having been negative to caudal fold testing. These 160 infected animals accounted for 29.6% of all infection found at WHT(1). At WHT(F), parallel γ-IFN testing was conducted on 93 herds and detected a total of 122 reactors in 49 herds, in addition to those found by CFT. Twenty-one of these reactors, from 13 herds, had bTB lesions at slaughter, accounting for 67.7% of all reactors found with bTB at WHT(F). Eleven of these 13 herds would have had their movement restrictions revoked based on a negative herd CFT alone, and could potentially have caused outward transmission of bTB to other herds, as well as experiencing recrudescent breakdowns. We conclude that γ-IFN testing in infected herds, in parallel with intradermal tuberculin testing, is a valuable tool in a bTB eradication programme, as it enables higher test sensitivity at both herd and animal level. The use of the γ-IFN test over a risk cohort early in a breakdown assists in removal of early infection and some cases of anergy to intradermal tuberculin testing. Parallel γ-IFN with compulsory slaughter of reactors should be considered in breeding and dairy herds in conjunction with tuberculin testing before movement control is revoked, and will assist in achieving TB freedom on a herd level and nationally.
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Kelly RF, Hamman SM, Morgan KL, Nkongho EF, Ngwa VN, Tanya V, Andu WN, Sander M, Ndip L, Handel IG, Mazeri S, Muwonge A, Bronsvoort BMDC. Knowledge of Bovine Tuberculosis, Cattle Husbandry and Dairy Practices amongst Pastoralists and Small-Scale Dairy Farmers in Cameroon. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146538. [PMID: 26745871 PMCID: PMC4706344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) and zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB) has relied upon surveillance and slaughter of infected cattle, milk pasteurisation and public health education. In Cameroon, like many other sub-Saharan African countries, there is limited understanding of current cattle husbandry or milk processing practices or livestock keepers awareness of bTB. This paper describes husbandry and milk processing practices within different Cameroonian cattle keeping communities and bTB awareness in comparison to other infectious diseases. STUDY DESIGN A population based cross-sectional sample of herdsmen and a questionnaire were used to gather data from pastoralists and dairy farmers in the North West Region and Vina Division of Cameroon. RESULTS Pastoralists were predominately male Fulanis who had kept cattle for over a decade. Dairy farmers were non-Fulani and nearly half were female. Pastoralists went on transhumance with their cattle and came into contact with other herds and potential wildlife reservoirs of bTB. Dairy farmers housed their cattle and had little contact with other herds or wildlife. Pastoralists were aware of bTB and other infectious diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease and fasciolosis. These pastoralists were also able to identify clinical signs of these diseases. A similar proportion of dairy farmers were aware of bTB but fewer were aware of foot-and-mouth and fasciolosis. In general, dairy farmers were unable to identify any clinical signs for any of these diseases. Importantly most pastoralists and dairy farmers were unaware that bTB could be transmitted to people by consuming milk. CONCLUSIONS Current cattle husbandry practices make the control of bTB in cattle challenging especially in mobile pastoralist herds. Routine test and slaughter control in dairy herds would be tractable but would have profound impact on dairy farmer livelihoods. Prevention of transmission in milk offers the best approach for human risk mitigation in Cameroon but requires strategies that improved risk awareness amongst producers and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Kelly
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Farm Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Saidou M. Hamman
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Regional Centre of Wakwa, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Kenton L. Morgan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - Egbe F. Nkongho
- Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Faculty of Allied Medical Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory Bamenda, Hospital Roundabout, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Victor Ngu Ngwa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, B.P. 454, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Vincent Tanya
- Cameroon Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1457, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Walters N. Andu
- Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries, NWR Regional Delegation, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Melissa Sander
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory Bamenda, Hospital Roundabout, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Lucy Ndip
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Ian G. Handel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Barend M. de. C. Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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45
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Beechler BR, Manore CA, Reininghaus B, O'Neal D, Gorsich EE, Ezenwa VO, Jolles AE. Enemies and turncoats: bovine tuberculosis exposes pathogenic potential of Rift Valley fever virus in a common host, African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:rspb.2014.2942. [PMID: 25788592 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquity and importance of parasite co-infections in populations of free-living animals is beginning to be recognized, but few studies have demonstrated differential fitness effects of single infection versus co-infection in free-living populations. We investigated interactions between the emerging bacterial disease bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and the previously existing viral disease Rift Valley fever (RVF) in a competent reservoir host, African buffalo, combining data from a natural outbreak of RVF in captive buffalo at a buffalo breeding facility in 2008 with data collected from a neighbouring free-living herd of African buffalo in Kruger National Park. RVF infection was twice as likely in individual BTB+ buffalo as in BTB- buffalo, which, according to a mathematical model, may increase RVF outbreak size at the population level. In addition, co-infection was associated with a far higher rate of fetal abortion than other infection states. Immune interactions between BTB and RVF may underlie both of these interactions, since animals with BTB had decreased innate immunity and increased pro-inflammatory immune responses. This study is one of the first to demonstrate how the consequences of emerging infections extend beyond direct effects on host health, potentially altering the dynamics and fitness effects of infectious diseases that had previously existed in the ecosystem on free-ranging wildlife populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Beechler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Dryden Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - C A Manore
- Center for Computational Science, Tulane University, Tulane, LA, USA
| | - B Reininghaus
- Mpumalanga State Veterinary Services, Nelspruit, Mpumalanga, South Africa
| | - D O'Neal
- Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - E E Gorsich
- Environmental Sciences, Oregon State University, OR, USA
| | - V O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - A E Jolles
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Dryden Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA
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46
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Ramos DF, Silva PEA, Dellagostin OA. Diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis: review of main techniques. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:830-7. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.23613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) remains an important economic and zoonotic problem in Latin America. Traditionally, the fight against BTB is initiated by the implementation of routine diagnostic tests for certification of free properties. The diagnosis of BTB can be made by direct and indirect methods, in which we can mention clinical, post mortem, histopathological, immunological, bacteriological and molecular methods. The renewal of scientific interest in tuberculosis in recent year has led to develop and improve methods of diagnosis, prevention, control and eradication of BTB. The aim of this review is to present and discuss different diagnosis methods of BTB.
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47
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Dean GS, Clifford D, Whelan AO, Tchilian EZ, Beverley PCL, Salguero FJ, Xing Z, Vordermeier HM, Villarreal-Ramos B. Protection Induced by Simultaneous Subcutaneous and Endobronchial Vaccination with BCG/BCG and BCG/Adenovirus Expressing Antigen 85A against Mycobacterium bovis in Cattle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142270. [PMID: 26544594 PMCID: PMC4636221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in the GB has been increasing since the 1980s. Immunisation, alongside current control measures, has been proposed as a sustainable measure to control bTB. Immunisation with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has been shown to protect against bTB. Furthermore, much experimental data indicates that pulmonary local immunity is important for protection against respiratory infections including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and that pulmonary immunisation is highly effective. Here, we evaluated protection against M. bovis, the main causative agent of bTB, conferred by BCG delivered subcutaneously, endobronchially or by the new strategy of simultaneous immunisation by both routes. We also tested simultaneous subcutaneous immunisation with BCG and endobronchial delivery of a recombinant type 5 adenovirus expressing mycobacterial antigen 85A. There was significantly reduced visible pathology in animals receiving the simultaneous BCG/BCG or BCG/Ad85 treatment compared to naïve controls. Furthermore, there were significantly fewer advanced microscopic granulomata in animals receiving BCG/Ad85A compared to naive controls. Thus, combining local and systemic immunisation limits the development of pathology, which in turn could decrease bTB transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian S. Dean
- TB Research Group, APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, KT15 3NB, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Clifford
- TB Research Group, APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, KT15 3NB, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Adam O. Whelan
- TB Research Group, APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, KT15 3NB, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Elma Z. Tchilian
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C. L. Beverley
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- TB Research Group, APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, KT15 3NB, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hans M. Vordermeier
- TB Research Group, APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, KT15 3NB, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Development of an improved ESAT-6 and CFP-10 peptide-based cytokine flow cytometric assay for bovine tuberculosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 42:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Meng C, Wan T, Xu Z, Liu Y, Shan F, Sun L, Yin Y, Chen X, Jiao X. Screening putative antigens as stimulators in the Mycobacterium bovis interferon-gamma release assay for cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:111-7. [PMID: 26375813 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) represents not only a significant economic concern, but also an important public health problem. Currently, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRAs) are widely used as an adjunct to the tuberculin test (TST) for the diagnosis of BTB. A great number of international studies have demonstrated that the sensitivity of the IFN-γ assay, which uses purified protein derivatives (PPDs) as diagnostic reagents, is superior to that of the TST. However, there are concerns about its specificity, largely because of the cross reactivity of common antigens shared by pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacterial species. The use of pathogen-specific antigens theoretically offers the most effective way to improve the specificity of IGRAs. In this study, we evaluated the potential utility of 13 purified recombinant putative antigens, which are highly specific to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, as diagnostic reagents in IGRAs. A CFP-10-ESAT-6 fusion protein (abbreviated CE) displayed the greatest potential, whereas four region of difference 2 (RD2) antigens, especially Rv1985c were identified as potential candidate antigens, and can be included in an IGRA cocktail, together with CE as stimulators in the IFN-γ release assay for the diagnosis of BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ting Wan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fa Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuelan Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Kinetics of cytokine expression in bovine PBMCs and whole blood after in vitro stimulation with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antigen. Cytokine 2015; 72:58-62. [PMID: 25574771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The interest in analysing antigen-specific cytokine responses has substantially increased in recent years, in part due to their use in assessing vaccine efficacy. In the present study, the kinetics of IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ expression was determined in bovine PBMCs by real-time PCR and in whole blood by cytokine-release assay after in vitro stimulation with recall foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antigen. The results showed that the cytokine mRNA of IL-2 and IFN-γ in PBMCs were induced early (peak induction at 6 h), whereas the IL-4 mRNA showed delayed induction (peaked at 24 h). In contrast, the kinetics of cytokine proteins in whole blood was different and required the accumulation of the proteins before being optimally detected. The peak accumulation of cytokine protein in whole blood was recorded at 72 h for IL-2 and IL-4, and 96 h for IFN-γ. The findings of this study are of importance when selecting an optimal time points for measuring antigen-specific cytokine expression in cattle.
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