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Islam R, Islam SS, Rumi TB, Mia Z, Rahim Z. Enhancing bovine tuberculosis screening at Dhaka city in Bangladesh: Integrating gamma interferon blood test as ancillary testing with tuberculin skin test. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 264:110659. [PMID: 37801841 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculin skin test (TST) is the standard method for screening of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). However, gamma interferon blood test has been introduced in the bTB control program as an ancillary testing with TST in many countries of the world. The objective of this study was to recommend this screening test as an ancillary testing with TST for field application in Bangladesh. In this study 577 cattle of different age, sex and breeds from twenty nine (29) cattle herds were examined to determine skin response against bTB through single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) that comprised of positive (n = 81), inconclusive (n = 44) and negative (n = 452) animals. Of which 74 animals that included positive (n = 63), inconclusive (n = 8) and negative (n = 3) animals were taken under this study. Blood samples were collected in heparinized tube and stimulated overnight with bovine and avian purified protein derivatives (PPDs) for the secretion of gamma interferon, and measured via sandwich ELISA. Cohen's kappa statistics was performed for the evaluation of agreement between the two tests. The agreement obtained between two tests was fair (Kappa agreement, K = 24.0%, 95% CI = 16.9-30.5%, P = 0.037). Of positive (n = 63), inconclusive (n = 8) and negative (n = 3) status of animals at SICTT, 82.54% (n = 52), 62.50% (n = 5), and 33.33% (n = 1) were found to be bTB positive respectively through this ancillary test. This test notably corroborates to TST result. A considerable number of inconclusive TB status animals were found to be positive through this gamma interferon assay. Therefore, this test could be used as an ancillary test with TST to maximize the proportion of bTB estimation in the infected cattle herd for early detection of zoonotic tuberculosis in Bangladesh before transmission at the animal-human interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robiul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh.
| | - Sk Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Farmgate, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Tanzida Begum Rumi
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Zakaria Mia
- Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Zeaur Rahim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
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Rumi TB, Islam SS, Islam R, Faisal MMH, Kabir SML, Rahman AKMA, Rahim Z. Gamma-interferon assay for the ancillary diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle in urban and adjacent areas of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Vet World 2023; 16:2120-2127. [PMID: 38023284 PMCID: PMC10668560 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2120-2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an infectious disease of cattle, mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) assay and single-intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) in detecting bTB. Materials and Methods In an earlier study, 150 positive, 83 inconclusive, and 480 negative animals from 24 cattle herds were screened using SICTT. From these groups, 125 positive, 17 inconclusive, and six negative animals were subsequently verified using the IFN-γ assay. Single-intradermal comparative tuberculin test outcomes were interpreted according to standard guidelines, whereas blood samples were collected and stimulated with purified protein derivatives. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure secreted IFN-γ. Concordant and Bayesian latent class analyses were performed to evaluate test performance. Results Results from the IFN-γ assay revealed that 83.2%, 64.7%, and 16.67% of the animals were positive in the SICTT-positive, inconclusive, and negative animal categories, respectively. Sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of SICTT were 83.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 77.4-90.1) and 95.7% (95% CI: 86.9-99.7), respectively. Sensitivity and SP for the IFN-γ assay were 78.9% (95% CI: 71.9-85.4) and 83.9% (65.9-95.9), respectively. The use of both tests in parallel increases the SE of bTB detection (~94%), compared with SICTT alone. Conclusion Use of the IFN-γ assay with SICTT in parallel, predominantly on cattle demonstrating an inconclusive SICTT outcome, boosts bTB detection rate in low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sk. Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh
| | - Robiul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh
| | | | - S. M. Lutful Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | | | - Zeaur Rahim
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Khan MT, Mahmud A, Islam MM, Sumaia MSN, Rahim Z, Islam K, Iqbal A. Multi-epitope vaccine against drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a proteome-wide subtraction and immunoinformatics approach. Genomics Inform 2023; 21:e42. [PMID: 37813638 PMCID: PMC10584640 DOI: 10.5808/gi.23021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, one of the most deadly infections in humans. The emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Mtb strains presents a global challenge. Mtb has shown resistance to many frontline antibiotics, including rifampicin, kanamycin, isoniazid, and capreomycin. The only licensed vaccine, Bacille Calmette-Guerin, does not efficiently protect against adult pulmonary tuberculosis. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to develop new vaccines to prevent infections caused by these strains. We used a subtractive proteomics approach on 23 virulent Mtb strains and identified a conserved membrane protein (MmpL4, NP_214964.1) as both a potential drug target and vaccine candidate. MmpL4 is a non-homologous essential protein in the host and is involved in the pathogen-specific pathway. Furthermore, MmpL4 shows no homology with anti-targets and has limited homology to human gut microflora, potentially reducing the likelihood of adverse effects and cross-reactivity if therapeutics specific to this protein are developed. Subsequently, we constructed a highly soluble, safe, antigenic, and stable multi-subunit vaccine from the MmpL4 protein using immunoinformatics. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the stability of the vaccine-bound Toll-like receptor-4 complex on a nanosecond scale, and immune simulations indicated strong primary and secondary immune responses in the host. Therefore, our study identifies a new target that could expedite the design of effective therapeutics, and the designed vaccine should be validated. Future directions include an extensive molecular interaction analysis, in silico cloning, wet-lab experiments, and evaluation and comparison of the designed candidate as both a DNA vaccine and protein vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tahsin Khan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Araf Mahmud
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Muzahidul Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Mst. Sayedatun Nessa Sumaia
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Zeaur Rahim
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kamrul Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Asif Iqbal
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
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Sarkar S, Haider N, Islam A, Hossain MB, Hossain K, Mafij Uddin MK, Rahman A, Ahmed SSU, Banu S, Rahim Z, Heffelfinger JD, Zeidner N. Occurrence of tuberculosis among people exposed to cattle in Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 2023. [PMID: 37327465 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) has been an important public health concern in Bangladesh. The most common cause of human TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while bovine TB is caused by Mycobacterium bovis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of TB in individuals with occupational exposure to cattle and to detect Mycobacterium bovis among cattle in slaughterhouses in Bangladesh. METHODS Between August and September 2015, an observational study was conducted in two government chest disease hospitals, one cattle market, and two slaughterhouses. Sputum samples were collected from individuals who met the criteria for suspected TB and had been exposed to cattle. Tissue samples were collected from cattle that had low body condition score(s). Both humans and cattle samples were screened for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) by Ziehl-Neelsen (Z-N) staining and cultured for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). Region of difference (RD) 9-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also performed to identify Mycobacterium spp. We also conducted Spoligotyping to identify the specific strain of Mycobacterium spp. RESULTS Sputum was collected from a total of 412 humans. The median age of human participants was 35 (IQR: 25-50) years. Twenty-five (6%) human sputum specimens were positive for AFB, and 44 (11%) were positive for MTC by subsequent culture. All (N = 44) culture-positive isolates were confirmed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis by RD9 PCR. Besides, 10% of cattle workers were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the cattle market. Of all TB (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis) infected individuals, 6.8% of individuals were resistant to one or two anti-TB drugs. The majority of the sampled cattle (67%) were indigenous breeds. No Mycobacterium bovis was detected in cattle. CONCLUSIONS We did not detect any TB cases caused by Mycobacterium bovis in humans during the study. However, we detected TB cases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in all humans, including cattle market workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamim Sarkar
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Najmul Haider
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Ariful Islam
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Belal Hossain
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kamal Hossain
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Khaja Mafij Uddin
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arfatur Rahman
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayera Banu
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zeaur Rahim
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - James D Heffelfinger
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nord Zeidner
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
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Islam SS, Rumi TB, Kabir SML, van der Zanden AGM, Kapur V, Rahman AKMA, Ward MP, Bakker D, Ross AG, Rahim Z. Correction: Bovine tuberculosis prevalence and risk factors in selected districts of Bangladesh. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256042. [PMID: 34352029 PMCID: PMC8341511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Islam SS, Rumi TB, Kabir SML, Rahman AKMA, Faisal MMH, Islam R, van der Zanden AGM, Ward MP, Ross AG, Rahim Z. Zoonotic tuberculosis knowledge and practices among cattle handlers in selected districts of Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009394. [PMID: 33930015 PMCID: PMC8115789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB) knowledge and prevention and control practices of 404 cattle handlers via a survey in three dairy-intensive districts of Bangladesh. Most respondents were aged 30-49 (52%) and male (95%). Almost all (99%) recognized the important public health burden of tuberculosis in Bangladesh, however, most (58%) had inadequate knowledge about zTB transmission to humans. Inappropriate practices such as: not using protective equipment (98%); smoking, drinking or eating food whilst working with cattle (69%); and sharing the same premises with animals (83%) were identified. Cattle handlers educated at secondary or higher levels were 2.82- (95% CI: 1.59-5.10) and 5.15 times (95% CI: 1.74-15.20) more likely to have adequate knowledge of control and prevention activities compared to those with no formal education. Those who had reared animals for 1-5 years were 2.67 times (95% CI: 1.44-4.91) more likely to have adequate knowledge, compared to those who reared animals for >15 years. Cattle handlers with a monthly incomes of 10,000-20,000 taka were significantly (Odds Ratio = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.14-0.92) less likely to have adequate knowledge compared to those with monthly incomes <10,000 taka. Cattle handlers with high school or higher education were 6.98 times (95% CI: 2.47-19.71) more likely to use appropriate zTB control and prevention practices compared to those without formal education. Those who had reared animals for 1-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-15 years were 2.72- (95% CI: 1.42-5.24), 2.49- (95% CI: 1.29-4.77) and 2.86 times (95% CI: 1.13-7.23) more likely to apply appropriate practices compared to those who reared animals for >15 years. Overall, education, duration of cattle rearing and monthly income predicted zTB knowledge and practices. There is an urgent need to educate those at high-risk of zTB transmission on issues including the handling of infected animals, and general hygiene. A One Health approach, to support the Sustainable Development Goals and the End TB strategy, appears to be the way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Tanzida Begum Rumi
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S. M. Lutful Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Robiul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allen G. Ross
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zeaur Rahim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Kock R, Michel AL, Yeboah-Manu D, Azhar EI, Torrelles JB, Cadmus SI, Brunton L, Chakaya JM, Marais B, Mboera L, Rahim Z, Haider N, Zumla A. Zoonotic Tuberculosis - The Changing Landscape. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 113 Suppl 1:S68-S72. [PMID: 33713812 PMCID: PMC8672060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, Zoonotic TB remains a poorly monitored and an important unaddressed burden. Zoonotic TB primarily from consumption M. bovis contaminated unpasteurized dairy products. Novel zoonotic TB strains (e.g. M. orygis), warrants more attention and intervention. Early detection and control of M. bovis in cattle remains the mainstay of reducing zoonotic TB risk. Reverse zoonosis to animals of treatment resistant TB strains is a threat to eliminating TB.
Despite slow reductions in the annual burden of active human tuberculosis (TB) cases, zoonotic TB (zTB) remains a poorly monitored and an important unaddressed global problem. There is a higher incidence in some regions and countries, especially where close association exists between growing numbers of cattle (the major source of Mycobacterium bovis) and people, many suffering from poverty, and where dairy products are consumed unpasteurised. More attention needs to be focused on possible increased zTB incidence resulting from growth in dairy production globally and increased demand in low income countries in particular. Evidence of new zoonotic mycobacterial strains in South Asia and Africa (e.g. M. orygis), warrants urgent assessment of prevalence, potential drivers and risk in order to develop appropriate interventions. Control of M. bovis infection in cattle through detect and cull policies remain the mainstay of reducing zTB risk, whilst in certain circumstances animal vaccination is proving beneficial. New point of care diagnostics will help to detect animal infections and human cases. Given the high burden of human tuberculosis (caused by M. tuberculosis) in endemic areas, animals are affected by reverse zoonosis, including multi-drug resistant strains. This, may create drug resistant reservoirs of infection in animals. Like COVID-19, zTB is evolving in an ever-changing global landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kock
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences Department, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Anita L Michel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana.
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Simeon I Cadmus
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Lucy Brunton
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences Department, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Jeremiah M Chakaya
- Department of Medicine, Therapeutics, Dermatology and Psychiatry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine UK.
| | - Ben Marais
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Leonard Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Zeaur Rahim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Najmul Haider
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences Department, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Rahim Z, Thapa J, Fukushima Y, van der Zanden AGM, Gordon SV, Suzuki Y, Nakajima C. Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium orygis in Dairy Cattle and Captured Monkeys in Bangladesh: a New Scenario of Tuberculosis in South Asia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1965-1969. [PMID: 27888587 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium orygis, commonly known as the oryx bacillus and a newly proposed Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex subspecies, was isolated from 18 cattle in a dairy farm and two captured rhesus monkeys in a zoo in Bangladesh. All the infected animals had tuberculosis lesions in their lungs, suggesting transmission and infection with M. orygis by an airborne route. The 20 isolates were analysed using a range of conventional and molecular typing methods, and RD-deletion typing and sequencing of selected genes confirmed the isolates as M. orygis. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) allowed the isolates to be divided into three clusters based on the relatedness of their MLVA profiles. The two monkey isolates shared the same MLVA pattern with 15 of the cattle isolates, whereas the remaining three cattle isolates had different patterns, even though the latter animals had been kept in the same dairy farm. The diversity observed among isolates may suggest the bacteria have been established in this area for a long period. This study along with other recent findings that report the detection of M. orygis from animals as well as humans originating from South Asia potentially indicate endemic distribution of M. orygis in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Rahim
- Tuberculosis Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - J Thapa
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Y Fukushima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - A G M van der Zanden
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Public Health, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - S V Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Y Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,The Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Sapporo, Japan
| | - C Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,The Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Sapporo, Japan
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9
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Mily A, Rekha RS, Kamal SMM, Arifuzzaman ASM, Rahim Z, Khan L, Haq MA, Zaman K, Bergman P, Brighenti S, Gudmundsson GH, Agerberth B, Raqib R. Significant Effects of Oral Phenylbutyrate and Vitamin D3 Adjunctive Therapy in Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138340. [PMID: 26394045 PMCID: PMC4578887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Development of new tuberculosis (TB) drugs and alternative treatment strategies are urgently required to control the global spread of TB. Previous results have shown that vitamin D3 (vitD3) and 4-phenyl butyrate (PBA) are potent inducers of the host defense peptide LL-37 that possess anti-mycobacterial effects. Objective To examine if oral adjunctive therapy with 5,000IU vitD3 or 2x500 mg PBA or PBA+vitD3 to standard chemotherapy would lead to enhanced recovery in sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB patients. Methods Adult TB patients (n = 288) were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted in Bangladesh. Primary endpoints included proportions of patients with a negative sputum culture at week 4 and reduction in clinical symptoms at week 8. Clinical assessments and sputum smear microscopy were performed weekly up to week 4, fortnightly up to week 12 and at week 24; TB culture was performed at week 0, 4 and 8; concentrations of LL-37 in cells, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) in plasma and ex vivo bactericidal function of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were determined at week 0, 4, 8, 12 and additionally at week 24 for plasma 25(OH)D3. Results At week 4, 71% (46/65) of the patients in the PBA+vitD3-group (p = 0.001) and 61.3% (38/62) in the vitD3-group (p = 0.032) were culture negative compared to 42.2% (27/64) in the placebo-group. The odds of sputum culture being negative at week 4 was 3.42 times higher in the PBA+vitD3-group (p = 0.001) and 2.2 times higher in vitD3-group (p = 0.032) compared to placebo. The concentration of LL-37 in MDM was significantly higher in the PBA-group compared to placebo at week 12 (p = 0.034). Decline in intracellular Mtb growth in MDM was earlier in the PBA-group compared to placebo (log rank 11.38, p = 0.01). Conclusion Adjunct therapy with PBA+vitD3 or vitD3 or PBA to standard short-course therapy demonstrated beneficial effects towards clinical recovery and holds potential for host-directed-therapy in the treatment of TB. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov NCT01580007
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhirunnesa Mily
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka-1212 Bangladesh
| | - Rokeya Sultana Rekha
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka-1212 Bangladesh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. M. Mostafa Kamal
- National Institute of the Diseases of the Chest and Hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Zeaur Rahim
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka-1212 Bangladesh
| | - Lamia Khan
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka-1212 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ahsanul Haq
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka-1212 Bangladesh
| | - Khaliqu Zaman
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka-1212 Bangladesh
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Brighenti
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Birgitta Agerberth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka-1212 Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
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Coetzee E, Rahim Z, Boutall A, Goldberg P. Refeeding enteroclysis as an alternative to parenteral nutrition for enteric fistula. Colorectal Dis 2014; 16:823-30. [PMID: 25040941 DOI: 10.1111/codi.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Refeeding enteroclysis is one method of giving artificial nutritional support to patients with enterocutaneous fistula. This study compares the results of this technique with parenteral nutrition or nutrition given via a proximal stoma. METHOD All patients admitted to our intestinal failure unit with a proximal enteric fistula and managed with refeeding enteroclysis over a 4-year period were included and compared with a matched group of patients managed without using this technique. RESULTS Twenty patients (15 men) with a proximal enteric fistula received chyme refeeding down the distal limb of the fistula. This was established at a mean of 14 days after admission to the unit and total parenteral nutrition could be weaned off by 20 days. The mean output from the proximal limb was 1800 ml and the mean volume refed down the distal limb was 1220 ml per day. Additional enteric feed was given to 12 patients. No patient was given pharmacological agents to delay gastrointestinal transit or additional intravenous water and electrolyte for most of the time after refeeding was established. There were no complications or deaths related to chyme refeeding. CONCLUSION Refeeding enteroclysis is feasible in selected patients with a proximal enteric fistula or stoma. Adequate nutrition, water and electrolyte balance can be achieved without resorting to parenteral infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Coetzee
- Intestinal Failure Unit of the Department of Surgery, Groote Schuur Hopsital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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11
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Mily A, Rekha RS, Kamal SMM, Akhtar E, Sarker P, Rahim Z, Gudmundsson GH, Agerberth B, Raqib R. Oral intake of phenylbutyrate with or without vitamin D3 upregulates the cathelicidin LL-37 in human macrophages: a dose finding study for treatment of tuberculosis. BMC Pulm Med 2013; 13:23. [PMID: 23590701 PMCID: PMC3637063 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-13-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We earlier showed that 4-phenylbutyrate (PB) can induce cathelicidin LL-37 expression synergistically with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in a lung epithelial cell line. We aimed to evaluate a therapeutic dose of PB alone or in combination with vitamin D3 for induction of LL-37 expression in immune cells and enhancement of antimycobacterial activity in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Methods Healthy volunteers were enrolled in an 8-days open trial with three doses of PB [250 mg (Group-I), 500 mg (Group-II) or 1000 mg (Group-III)] twice daily (b.d.) together with vitamin D3 {5000 IU once daily (o.d.)}, PB (500 mg b.d.) (Group-IV) or vitamin D3 (5000 IU o.d.) (Group-V), given orally for 4 days. Blood was collected on day-0, day-4 and day-8; plasma was separated, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), non-adherent lymphocytes (NAL) and MDM were cultured. LL-37 transcript in cells and peptide concentrations in supernatant were determined by qPCR and ELISA, respectively. In plasma, 25-hydorxyvitamin D3 levels were determined by ELISA. MDM-mediated killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) (H37Rv) was performed by conventional culture method. Results MDM from Group-II had increased concentration of LL-37 peptide and transcript at day-4, while Group-I showed increased transcript at day-4 and day-8 compared to day-0 (p < 0.05). Both Group-I and -II exhibited higher levels of transcript on day-4 compared to Group-III and Group-V (p < 0.035). Increased induction of peptide was observed in lymphocytes from Group-II on day-4 compared to Group-I and Group-IV (p < 0.05), while Group-IV showed increased levels on day-8 compared to Group-I and Group-III (p < 0.04). Intracellular killing of Mtb on day-4 was significantly increased compared to day-0 in Group-I, -II and -V (p < 0.05). Conclusion The results demonstrate that 500 mg b.d. PB with 5000 IU o.d. vitamin D3 is the optimal dose for the induction of LL-37 in macrophages and lymphocytes and intracellular killing of Mtb by macrophages. Hence, this dose has potential application in the treatment of TB and is now being used in a clinical trial of adults with active pulmonary TB (NCT01580007).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhirunnesa Mily
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
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Rahim Z, Momi MSB, Saha SK, Zaman K, Uddin KN, Jamil SNAA, Nahar N, Khan AKA, Cooreman EAWD, Ahmed M, van der Zanden AGM, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. Pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012; 16:1132-3. [PMID: 22889521 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.11.0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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13
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Bruins M, Rahim Z, Bos A, van de Sande WWJ, Endtz HP, van Belkum A. Diagnosis of active tuberculosis by e-nose analysis of exhaled air. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2012; 93:232-8. [PMID: 23127779 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a highly infectious airborne disease, remains a major global health problem. Many of the new diagnostic techniques are not suited for operation in the highly-endemic low-income countries. A sensitive, fast, easy-to-operate and low-cost method is urgently needed. We performed a Proof of Principle Study (30 participants) and a Validation Study (194 participants) to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of a sophisticated electronic nose (DiagNose, C-it BV) using exhaled air to detect tuberculosis. The DiagNose uses a measurement method that enables transfer of calibration models between devices thus eliminating the most common pitfall for large scale implementation of electronic noses in general. DiagNose measurements were validated using traditional sputum smear microscopy and culture on Löwenstein-Jensen media. We found a sensitivity of 95.9% and specificity of 98.5% for the pilot study. In the validation study we found a sensitivity of 93.5% and a specificity of 85.3% discriminating healthy controls from TB patients, and a sensitivity of 76.5% and specificity of 87.2% when identifying TB patient within the entire test-population (best-case numbers). The portability and fast time-to-result of the DiagNose enables a proactive screening search for new TB cases in rural areas, without the need for highly-skilled operators or a hospital center infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bruins
- Consultatie Implementatie Technisch Beheer B.V. (C-it), Marspoortstraat 2, 7201 JB Zutphen, The Netherlands.
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Banu S, Uddin MKM, Islam MR, Zaman K, Ahmed T, Talukder AH, Rahman MT, Rahim Z, Akter N, Khatun R, Brosch R, Endtz HP. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in rural Matlab, Bangladesh. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012; 16:319-26. [PMID: 22640444 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.11.0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterise and classify clinical isolates collected from tuberculosis (TB) patients in rural Bangladesh and to investigate the mode of transmission. DESIGN An epidemiological study using a combination of conventional and molecular methods was performed in a rural population of Bangladesh. A total of 168 clinical isolates were collected from TB patients. Deletion analysis, used for rapid differentiation of members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, spoligotyping and variable number tandem repeats of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (VNTR-MIRU) typing were used. RESULTS Deletion analysis identified all isolates as M. tuberculosis and further divided them into 109 strains (65%) carrying the M. tuberculosis deletion region 1 (TbD1-intact or 'ancestral' strains) and 59 strains (35%) lacking this region (TbD1 or 'modern' strains). MIRU analyses showed that 149 strains (89%) had unique patterns, whereas 19 strains (11%) clustered into eight groups. The largest cluster comprised five TbD1 strains of the Beijing type. The rate of recent transmission was estimated to be 6.5%. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that TB in rural Bangladesh is caused primarily by reactivation of latent infections involving TbD1 intact strains, overlaid with the recent emergence of Beijing strain clusters that include multidrug-resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Banu
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Rahim Z, Nakajima C, Raqib R, Zaman K, Endtz HP, van der Zanden AGM, Suzuki Y. Molecular mechanism of rifampicin and isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Bangladesh. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2012; 92:529-34. [PMID: 22863574 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite having 100% coverage of directly observed treatment short-course, multi drug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) is still increasing in Bangladesh. Early detection of MDR-TB by rapid molecular test and early initiation of treatment will effectively stop this trend. To develop rapid diagnostic tools, molecular characterization of genes conferring Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) will be required. Hence, this study elucidated the molecular mechanism RIF and INH resistance in 218 MDR strains from hospitalized (n = 161) and non-hospitalized (n = 57) TB patients in Bangladesh. Mutations in rpoB gene were detected in 207 (95.0%) with majority at codon 531 (52.3%). Mutations in katG or inhA or both were detected in 206 (94.5%) with majority at codon 315 of katG (83.9%). It was noteworthy that a novel C to T mutation at position -34 and G to A mutations at position -47 in inhA regulatory region were found, respectively, in combination with mutation at codon 315 of katG. This is the first comprehensive molecular analysis of rpoB and katG genes and inhA regulatory regions of MDR isolates from Bangladesh. This study provides basic data for the construction of low cost tailor-made molecular system for rapid diagnosis of MDR-TB in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeaur Rahim
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Bangladesh.
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van Ingen J, Rahim Z, Mulder A, Boeree MJ, Simeone R, Brosch R, van Soolingen D. Characterization of Mycobacterium orygis as M. tuberculosis complex subspecies. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:653-5. [PMID: 22469053 PMCID: PMC3309669 DOI: 10.3201/eid1804.110888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The oryx bacilli are Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms for which phylogenetic position and host range are unsettled. We characterized 22 isolates by molecular methods and propose elevation to subspecies status as M. orygis. M. orygis is a causative agent of tuberculosis in animals and humans from Africa and South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakko van Ingen
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Rekha RS, Kamal SMM, Andersen P, Rahim Z, Hoq MI, Ara G, Andersson J, Sack D, Raqib R. Validation of the ALS assay in adult patients with culture confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16425. [PMID: 21283655 PMCID: PMC3025031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have earlier shown that Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine-specific IgG Antibodies in Lymphocyte Supernatant (ALS) can be used for diagnosis of active tuberculosis (TB) in adults and children. Methodology/Principal Findings The ALS method was validated in a larger cohort (n = 212) of patients with suspicion of pulmonary TB using multiple antigens (BCG, LAM, TB15.3, TB51A, CFP10-ESAT6-A, CFP, CW) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The sensitivity and specificity of the ALS assay was calculated using non-TB patients as controls. The sensitivity and the specificity were highest with BCG vaccine (90% and 88% respectively) followed by LAM (89% and 87% respectively). Simultaneous assessment of multiple antigen-specific antibodies increased sensitivity (91%) and specificity (88%). Using higher lymphocyte count in smaller volume of culture media increased detection and reduced the assay duration to ∼30 hrs. Twenty one patients with clinical findings strongly suggestive of TB finally diagnosed as non-TB patients were positive by the ALS assay, of which 9 (43%) were positive for 7 antigens and 19 (90%) for at least 3 antigens. Conclusions/Significance Our findings show that simultaneous detection of antigens improves the diagnostic potential of the ALS assay; the modified method increases sensitivity and can provide results in <48 hours, and enable detection of some cases of pulmonary TB that are not detectable by standard methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokeya Sultana Rekha
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S. M. Mostafa Kamal
- National Institute of Diseases of Chest and Hospital (NIDCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Zeaur Rahim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Imranul Hoq
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Gul Ara
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jan Andersson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - David Sack
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
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Nakajima C, Rahim Z, Fukushima Y, Sugawara I, van der Zanden AGM, Tamaru A, Suzuki Y. Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates in Bangladesh by a species distinguishable multiplex PCR. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:118. [PMID: 20470432 PMCID: PMC2877677 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Species identification of isolates belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) seems to be important for the appropriate treatment of patients, since M. bovis is naturally resistant to a first line anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug, pyrazinamide, while most of the other MTC members are susceptible to this antimicrobial agent. A simple and low-cost differentiation method was needed in higher TB burden countries, such as Bangladesh, where the prevalence of M. bovis among people or cattle has not been investigated. Methods Genetic regions cfp32, RD9 and RD12 were chosen as targets for a species distinguishable multiplex PCR and the system was evaluated with twenty reference strains of mycobacterial species including non-tubercular mycobacteria (NTM). A total of 350 clinical MTC isolates obtained in Bangladesh were then analyzed with this multiplex PCR. Results All of the MTC reference strains gave expected banding patterns and no non-specific amplifications were observed in the NTM strains. Out of 350 clinical isolates examined by this method, 347 (99.1%) were positive for all of the cfp32, RD9 and RD12 and determined as M. tuberculosis. Two isolates lacked cfp32 PCR product and one lacked RD12, however, those three samples were further examined and identified as M. tuberculosis by the sequence analyses of hsp65 and gyrB. Conclusions The MTC-discrimination multiplex PCR (MTCD-MPCR) developed in this study showed high specificity and was thought to be very useful as a routine test because of its simplicity. In the current survey, all the 350 MTC isolates obtained from Bangladesh TB patients were determined as M. tuberculosis and no other MTC were detected. This result suggested the general TB treatment regimen including pyrazinamide to be the first choice in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Nakajima
- Department of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
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Storla DG, Rahim Z, Islam MA, Plettner S, Begum V, Mannsaaker T, Myrvang B, Bjune G, Dahle UR. Heterogeneity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Sunamganj District, Bangladesh. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 38:593-6. [PMID: 16857601 DOI: 10.1080/00365540600606465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A total of 111 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from new pulmonary tuberculosis patients, living in the rural Sunamganj district in northern Bangladesh were characterized with IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses and spoligotyping. Only 3 of the isolates belonged to the W-Beijing genotype of M. tuberculosis. A high degree of diversity indicated that the spread of M. tuberculosis, in this rural area, was not caused by closely related genotypes. The tuberculosis cases in the current study were less likely to represent recent transmission than what is commonly observed in urban parts of south-east Asia. It was indicated that the tuberculosis cases of this isolated area, of a high-incidence country, represented those of an established epidemic, not yet influenced by recently disseminated strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag Gundersen Storla
- Department of International Health, Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
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Rahim Z, Storla D, Shahzada Khan M, Mannsåker T, Myrvang B, Bjune G, Dahle U, Sola C, van Soolingen D, Suzuki Y, van der Zanden AG. Prevalence of Different Phylogenetic Clades of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Urban and Rural Areas Bangladesh. Int J Infect Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.05.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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21
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Rahim Z, Zaman K, van der Zanden AGM, Möllers MJ, van Soolingen D, Raqib R, Zaman K, Begum V, Rigouts L, Portaels F, Rastogi N, Sola C. Assessment of population structure and major circulating phylogeographical clades of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Bangladesh suggests a high prevalence of a specific subclade of ancient M. tuberculosis genotypes. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:3791-4. [PMID: 17804653 PMCID: PMC2168514 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01247-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spoligotyping was performed to study the population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains (n = 224) from Bangladesh. Strains were split into principal genetic group 1 (PGG 1 [75.0%]) and PGG 2 and 3 (25%). Forty-nine strains with a new spoligotype signature and considered as south or southeast Asian-linked emerging clones were designated as "Matlab type."
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeaur Rahim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Center for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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22
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Rahim Z, Möllers M, te Koppele-Vije A, de Beer J, Zaman K, Matin MA, Kamal M, Raquib R, van Soolingen D, Baqi MA, Heilmann FGC, van der Zanden AGM. Characterization of Mycobacterium africanum subtype I among cows in a dairy farm in Bangladesh using spoligotyping. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2007; 38:706-13. [PMID: 17883011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) were detected in the autopsy lung tissue homogenate samples of four cows (variety Frisian cross) in a dairy farm in Bangladesh. Histopathological examination of the lung tissue demonstrated prominent granulomas, caseating necrosis and calcification indicative of tuberculosis (TB) infection. Mycobacteria could not be cultured from the tissue homogenate samples by Lowenstein-Jensen based conventional culture method though AFB were evident by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining of the smears of tissue homogenate and in paraffin embedded tissue slices. Spoligotyping performed on DNA extracts of paraffin embedded lung tissue samples confirmed the AFB as a member of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) with a pattern assigned to M. africanum subtype I. This characterization by spoligotyping was confirmed by subjecting M. africanum subtype I isolates from other parts of the world to an alternative identification method based on DNA polymorphism in the gyrB gene (Hain Life Science, GmbH, Nehren, Germany). Since M. africanum is believed to be a human pathogen, general infection in cattle may be a public health threat. The presence of these bacteria in the animal reservoir most likely originated from a caretaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeaur Rahim
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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van der Zanden AGM, Rahim Z, Fedder G, Vos-van Adrichem J, Sebens FW, Heilmann FGC, van Soolingen D. Multiple Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in an HIV-infected patient. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2007; 38:704-5. [PMID: 17883010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterial colonies of two different morphologies were isolated from one sputum sample of a HIV-positive patient. One morphological type was resistant to streptomycin (STR) and susceptible to isoniazid (INH), while the other isolate with different colony morphology was resistant to both of these anti-TB drugs. A mycobacterial isolate of one pus from a lymph node sample was resistant to these two anti-TB drugs, while the other isolate from another pus sample was resistant to STR but susceptible INH. IS6110 RFLP based finger printing revealed that the HIV-positive patient was infected with different strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A subculture of isolates on solid medium is useful to examine mixed infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adri G M van der Zanden
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Location Lukas, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn, the Netherlands.
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Storla DG, Rahim Z, Islam MA, Plettner S, Begum V, Myrvang B, Bjune G, Rønnild E, Dahle UR, Mannsåker T. Drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Sunamganj District of Bangladesh. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 39:142-5. [PMID: 17366031 DOI: 10.1080/00365540600951242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) threatens TB-control programmes, and all countries need to monitor the patterns and trends of anti-TB drug resistance. Such data assess the quality of control programmes and help forecast future trends of drug resistance. It will also help to establish guidelines for TB therapy. The aim of the current study was to describe the rate of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Sunamganj District of Bangladesh. Bacterial isolates were collected from sputum smear positive (ss+) patients who attended the National TB Programme from November 2003 to December 2004. A total of 95 isolates was tested for susceptibility to streptomycin (SM), isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP) and ethambutol (EMB) at the National Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteria at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo. The total resistance among new cases to any drug was 31%. For SM it was 18%, INH 23%, RMP 2%, EMB 10% and 2% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP) in Sunamganj is still effective, although the high resistance to INH is alarming. An increased risk of treatment failure has been demonstrated in areas with high levels of INH resistance, and a high proportion of INH resistant cases may develop resistance to RMP during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag Gundersen Storla
- Department of International Health, Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Boehme CC, Nabeta P, Henostroza G, Raqib R, Rahim Z, Gerhardt M, Sanga E, Hoelscher M, Notomi T, Hase T, Perkins MD. Operational feasibility of using loop-mediated isothermal amplification for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in microscopy centers of developing countries. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:1936-40. [PMID: 17392443 PMCID: PMC1933042 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02352-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) make it a promising platform for the molecular detection of tuberculosis (TB) in developing countries. Here, we report on the first clinical evaluation of LAMP for the detection of pulmonary TB in microscopy centers in Peru, Bangladesh, and Tanzania to determine its operational applicability in such settings. A prototype LAMP assay with simplified manual DNA extraction was evaluated for accuracy and ease of use. The sensitivity of LAMP in smear- and culture-positive sputum specimens was 97.7% (173/177 specimens; 95% confidence interval [CI], 95.5 to 99.9%), and the sensitivity in smear-negative, culture-positive specimens was 48.8% (21/43 specimens; CI, 33.9 to 63.7%). The specificity in culture-negative samples was 99% (500/505 specimens; CI, 98.1 to 99.9%). The average hands-on time for testing six samples and two controls was 54 min, similar to that of sputum smear microscopy. The optimal amplification time was 40 min. No indeterminate results were reported, and the interreader variability was 0.4%. Despite the use of a single room without biosafety cabinets for all procedures, no DNA contamination was observed. The assay was robust, with high end-point stability and low rates of test failure. Technicians with no prior molecular experience easily performed the assay after 1 week of training, and opportunities for further simplification of the assay were identified.
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Zaman K, Yunus M, Arifeen SE, Baqui AH, Sack DA, Hossain S, Rahim Z, Ali M, Banu S, Islam MA, Begum N, Begum V, Breiman RF, Black RE. Prevalence of sputum smear-positive tuberculosis in a rural area in Bangladesh. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 134:1052-9. [PMID: 16569271 PMCID: PMC2870495 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268806006108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis (TB) in a rural area in Bangladesh at Matlab. A TB surveillance system was established among 106,000 people in rural Bangladesh at Matlab. Trained field workers interviewed all persons aged > or = 15 years to detect suspected cases of TB (cough > 21 days) and sputum specimens of suspected cases were examined for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). Of 59,395 persons interviewed, 4235 (7.1%) had a cough for > 21 days. Sputum specimens were examined for AFB from 3834 persons, 52 (1.4%) of them were positive for AFB. The prevalence of chronic cough and sputum positivity were significantly higher among males compared to females (P < 0.001). The population-based prevalence rate of smear-positive TB cases was 95/100,000 among persons aged > or = 15 years. Cases of TB clustered geographically (relative risk 5.53, 95% CI 3.19-9.59). The high burden of TB among rural population warrants appropriate measures to control TB in Bangladesh. The higher prevalence of persistent cough and AFB-positive sputum among males need further exploration. Factors responsible for higher prevalence of TB in clusters should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zaman
- ICDDR,B, Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Brudey K, Driscoll JR, Rigouts L, Prodinger WM, Gori A, Al-Hajoj SA, Allix C, Aristimuño L, Arora J, Baumanis V, Binder L, Cafrune P, Cataldi A, Cheong S, Diel R, Ellermeier C, Evans JT, Fauville-Dufaux M, Ferdinand S, de Viedma DG, Garzelli C, Gazzola L, Gomes HM, Guttierez MC, Hawkey PM, van Helden PD, Kadival GV, Kreiswirth BN, Kremer K, Kubin M, Kulkarni SP, Liens B, Lillebaek T, Ly HM, Martin C, Martin C, Mokrousov I, Narvskaïa O, Ngeow YF, Naumann L, Niemann S, Parwati I, Rahim Z, Rasolofo-Razanamparany V, Rasolonavalona T, Rossetti ML, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Sajduda A, Samper S, Shemyakin IG, Singh UB, Somoskovi A, Skuce RA, van Soolingen D, Streicher EM, Suffys PN, Tortoli E, Tracevska T, Vincent V, Victor TC, Warren RM, Yap SF, Zaman K, Portaels F, Rastogi N, Sola C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex genetic diversity: mining the fourth international spoligotyping database (SpolDB4) for classification, population genetics and epidemiology. BMC Microbiol 2006; 6:23. [PMID: 16519816 PMCID: PMC1468417 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-6-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 777] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Direct Repeat locus of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) is a member of the CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) sequences family. Spoligotyping is the widely used PCR-based reverse-hybridization blotting technique that assays the genetic diversity of this locus and is useful both for clinical laboratory, molecular epidemiology, evolutionary and population genetics. It is easy, robust, cheap, and produces highly diverse portable numerical results, as the result of the combination of (1) Unique Events Polymorphism (UEP) (2) Insertion-Sequence-mediated genetic recombination. Genetic convergence, although rare, was also previously demonstrated. Three previous international spoligotype databases had partly revealed the global and local geographical structures of MTC bacilli populations, however, there was a need for the release of a new, more representative and extended, international spoligotyping database. Results The fourth international spoligotyping database, SpolDB4, describes 1939 shared-types (STs) representative of a total of 39,295 strains from 122 countries, which are tentatively classified into 62 clades/lineages using a mixed expert-based and bioinformatical approach. The SpolDB4 update adds 26 new potentially phylogeographically-specific MTC genotype families. It provides a clearer picture of the current MTC genomes diversity as well as on the relationships between the genetic attributes investigated (spoligotypes) and the infra-species classification and evolutionary history of the species. Indeed, an independent Naïve-Bayes mixture-model analysis has validated main of the previous supervised SpolDB3 classification results, confirming the usefulness of both supervised and unsupervised models as an approach to understand MTC population structure. Updated results on the epidemiological status of spoligotypes, as well as genetic prevalence maps on six main lineages are also shown. Our results suggests the existence of fine geographical genetic clines within MTC populations, that could mirror the passed and present Homo sapiens sapiens demographical and mycobacterial co-evolutionary history whose structure could be further reconstructed and modelled, thereby providing a large-scale conceptual framework of the global TB Epidemiologic Network. Conclusion Our results broaden the knowledge of the global phylogeography of the MTC complex. SpolDB4 should be a very useful tool to better define the identity of a given MTC clinical isolate, and to better analyze the links between its current spreading and previous evolutionary history. The building and mining of extended MTC polymorphic genetic databases is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Brudey
- Unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobactéries, Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Guadeloupe
| | | | - Leen Rigouts
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wolfgang M Prodinger
- Dept. Hygiene Microbiology and Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Gori
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Institut of Infectious Diseases, Milano, Italy
| | - Sahal A Al-Hajoj
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Caroline Allix
- Laboratoire de la Tuberculose, Institut Pasteur de Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Liselotte Aristimuño
- Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela and Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jyoti Arora
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Lothar Binder
- Institut for Hygiene, Microbiologie and Tropical Medicine, Austria
| | | | - Angel Cataldi
- Instituto de Biotecnologia INTA, Castelar, Argentina
| | - Soonfatt Cheong
- Dept of Medical Microbiology and Pathology, faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, School of Public Health
| | - Roland Diel
- University of Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf
| | | | - Jason T Evans
- Public Health Laboratory, Hearltlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Séverine Ferdinand
- Unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobactéries, Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Guadeloupe
| | - Dario Garcia de Viedma
- Dept of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlo Garzelli
- Dept. of Experimental Pathology, Medical Biotechnology, Infection and Epidemiology, Pisa University, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lidia Gazzola
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Institut of Infectious Diseases, Milano, Italy
| | - Harrison M Gomes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology applied to Mycobacteria, Dept. Mycobacteriosis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Peter M Hawkey
- Public Health Laboratory, Hearltlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul D van Helden
- MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dept of medical Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Gurujaj V Kadival
- Laboratory Nuclear Medicine Section, Isotope group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre c/T.M.H. Annexe, Parel, Mumbai-400012, India
| | | | - Kristin Kremer
- Mycobacteria reference unit, Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Milan Kubin
- Municipal Institute of Hygiene, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Savita P Kulkarni
- Laboratory Nuclear Medicine Section, Isotope group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre c/T.M.H. Annexe, Parel, Mumbai-400012, India
| | - Benjamin Liens
- Unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobactéries, Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Guadeloupe
| | - Troels Lillebaek
- Statens Serum Institute, Int. Ref. lab. for Mycobacteriology, Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ho Minh Ly
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Christian Martin
- Laboratoire de Bactério-virologie-hygiène, CHU Dupuytren, Limoges, France
| | - Igor Mokrousov
- Institut Pasteur de Saint-Petersbourg, Saint Petersbourg, Russia
| | - Olga Narvskaïa
- Institut Pasteur de Saint-Petersbourg, Saint Petersbourg, Russia
| | - Yun Fong Ngeow
- Dept of Medical Microbiology and Pathology, faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, School of Public Health
| | - Ludmilla Naumann
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Niemann
- Forschungszentrum, National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Borstel, Germany
| | - Ida Parwati
- Dept of Clinical Pathology, Padjadjaran University, Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Zeaur Rahim
- Tuberculosis Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Sabine Rüsch-Gerdes
- Forschungszentrum, National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Borstel, Germany
| | - Anna Sajduda
- Dept of Genetics of Microorganisms, University of Lódz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sofia Samper
- Servicio Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Igor G Shemyakin
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology, Obolensk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Akos Somoskovi
- Dept. of Respiratory Medicine School of Medicine Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Robin A Skuce
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of agriculture for Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK
| | - Dick van Soolingen
- Mycobacteria reference unit, Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M Streicher
- MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dept of medical Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Philip N Suffys
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology applied to Mycobacteria, Dept. Mycobacteriosis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Enrico Tortoli
- Centro regionale di Riferimento per i Micobatteri, Laboratorio de Microbiologia e Virologia, Ospedale Careggi, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Véronique Vincent
- Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Tommie C Victor
- MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dept of medical Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Robin M Warren
- MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dept of medical Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Sook Fan Yap
- Dept of Medical Microbiology and Pathology, faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, School of Public Health
| | - Khadiza Zaman
- Tuberculosis Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Françoise Portaels
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nalin Rastogi
- Unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobactéries, Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Guadeloupe
| | - Christophe Sola
- Unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobactéries, Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Guadeloupe
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Raqib R, Kamal SMM, Rahman MJ, Rahim Z, Banu S, Bardhan PK, Chowdhury F, Ara G, Zaman K, Breiman RF, Andersson J, Sack DA. Use of antibodies in lymphocyte secretions for detection of subclinical tuberculosis infection in asymptomatic contacts. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 11:1022-7. [PMID: 15539500 PMCID: PMC524740 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.11.6.1022-1027.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that Mycobacterium bovis BCG-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in lymphocyte secretions (ALS) can be employed as a marker for active tuberculosis (TB). We aimed to determine whether the ALS method allows detection of subclinical TB infection in asymptomatic individuals. A prospective study of family contacts (FCs) of patients with active TB and healthy controls was performed. Thirteen of 42 FCs had high ALS responses, including 6 FCs who subsequently developed active TB. No correlation was observed between the tuberculin skin test and the ALS responses in the FCs (r = 0.1, P = 0.23). Among patients with active TB, BCG-specific ALS responses steadily declined from the time of diagnosis through 6 months following antimycobacterial chemotherapy (P = 0.001). The ALS assay enabled detection of infection in exposed symptom-free contacts, who are at greater risk for developing active TB. The method may also allow discrimination between effective treatment of active infection and suboptimal response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubhana Raqib
- ICDDR,B-Centre for Health and Population Research, National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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29
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Zaman K, Rahim Z, Yunus M, Arifeen S, Baqui A, Sack D, Hossain S, Banu S, Islam MA, Ahmed J, Breiman R, Black R. Drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in selected urban and rural areas in Bangladesh. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 37:21-6. [PMID: 15764186 DOI: 10.1080/00365540410026095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Bangladesh is not precisely known. We studied the drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an urban and a rural area of Bangladesh. A tuberculosis (TB) surveillance system has been set up in a population of 106,000 in rural Matlab and in a TB clinic in urban Dhaka. Trained field workers interviewed all persons > or =15 y at Matlab to detect suspected cases of tuberculosis (cough >21 d) and sputum samples were examined for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). The first 3 AFB positive patients daily from the urban clinic were included. AFB positive cases diagnosed between June 2001 and June 2003 from both settings were cultured and drug susceptibility tests were performed. Of 657 isolates, resistance to 1 or more drugs was observed in 48.4% of isolates. Resistance to streptomycin, isoniazid, ethambutol and rifampicin was observed in 45.2%, 14.2%, 7.9% and 6.4% of isolates, respectively. Multidrug resistance was observed in 5.5% of isolates. It was significantly higher among persons who previously had received tuberculosis treatment of > or =1 month (15.4% vs 3.0%, adjusted OR: 6.12, 95% CI: 3.03-12.34). The magnitude of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Bangladesh is high. Further evaluation is needed to explain the high proportion of streptomycin resistant M. tuberculosis. Appropriate measures to control and prevent drug resistant tuberculosis in Bangladesh to reduce mortality and transmission are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalequ Zaman
- ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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30
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Abstract
Cytotoxic enterotoxin (Act) is a key virulence factor in the pathogenesis of infections caused by Aeromonas spp. The cytotoxic enterotoxin gene (act) was detected in 32 out of 69 environmental isolates of Aeromonas spp. by hybridization with the act gene probe. To evaluate the pathogenic potential of the act gene probe-positive isolates, 32 act gene probe-positive and 31 randomly selected act gene probe-negative isolates were tested for enterotoxicity in a suckling mice assay (SMA), for haemolytic activity on sheep blood agar plates, for the presence of CAMP-like factors, and for cytotoxicity in a Vero cell line. The act gene probe-positive isolates significantly differed from the toxin gene probe-negative ones with respect to enterotoxicity in the SMA (P=0.009) and haemolytic activity (P=0.005). The CAMP-haemolysin phenotype was significantly associated with the rabbit ileal loop assay (P= 0.08), Vero cell assay (P= 0.064), and haemolysin production under the microaerophilic conditions (P= 0.056) of the act gene probe-positive isolates of Aeromonas spp. These data indicated the role of Act in the pathogenesis of Aeromonas infections and that the enterotoxic potential of Aeromonas spp. could be assessed by simply performing a CAMP-haemolysin assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Rahim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh: Center for Health and Population Research, GPO, Dhakea, Baniglaldesh
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31
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Raqib R, Rahman J, Kamaluddin AKM, Kamal SMM, Banu FA, Ahmed S, Rahim Z, Bardhan PK, Andersson J, Sack DA. Rapid diagnosis of active tuberculosis by detecting antibodies from lymphocyte secretions. J Infect Dis 2003; 188:364-70. [PMID: 12870117 DOI: 10.1086/376511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2002] [Accepted: 03/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic performance of an assay on the basis of detection of TB-specific antibodies from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), to determine whether antibodies in lymphocyte secretions obtained from PBMCs would better reflect active disease than antibodies in serum. PBMCs from patients with and without TB cultured in various concentrations for different times were assessed. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific for antigen (bacille Calmette-Guérin [BCG] vaccine and purified protein derivative [PPD]) was measured in lymphocyte secretions. Patients with active TB had higher BCG- or PPD-specific IgG antibody responses than patients without TB or healthy subjects (P=.001). This method can be used as a quick diagnostic aid to facilitate rapid detection of TB cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubhana Raqib
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh.
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32
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Mizanur RM, Islam MS, Khan SI, Rahim Z. The Chemotactic Response of Vibrio cholerae 0139 to The Mucilaginous Sheath of Blue-Green Algae Is Mediated by a Combination of Sheath Components. Microbes Environ 2002. [DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.2002.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Sirajul Islam
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
| | | | - Zeaur Rahim
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
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Islam MS, Rahim Z, Alam MJ, Begum S, Moniruzzaman SM, Umeda A, Amako K, Albert MJ, Sack RB, Huq A, Colwell RR. Association of Vibrio cholerae O1 with the cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp., elucidated by polymerase chain reaction and transmission electron microscopy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999; 93:36-40. [PMID: 10492786 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(99)90171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that Vibrio cholerae is an autochthonous flora of the estuarine and brackish water environment. Zooplankton and phytoplankton have been considered as possible reservoirs. The present study was carried out in microcosms to confirm the role of a cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp., as a reservoir of V. cholerae O1 using culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunoelectron microscopy. Survival of culturable V. cholerae in microcosms was monitored by using tellurite taurocholate gelatin agar. Culturable V. cholerae were detected for up to 1 h in association with Anabaena sp. from a microcosm. However, viable but nonculturable (VBNC) V. cholerae O1 were detected for up to 25 months using PCR and immunoelectron microscopy. Results also showed that VBNC V. cholerae can multiply and maintain their progeny in the mucilaginous sheath of Anabaena sp. This is the first time that PCR and immunoelectron microscopy have been used to detect nonculturable V. cholerae in association with Anabaena sp. This study further clarifies the role of Anabaena sp. as a possible reservoir of cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh.
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Rahim Z, Aziz KM. Factors affecting production of haemolysin by strains of Vibrio fluvialis. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1996; 14:113-6. [PMID: 8870406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro production of haemolysin by Vibrio fluvialis was studied using sheep erythrocyte. The effect of the composition of various media and different concentrations of sodium chloride on the production of haemolysin and heat-stability was investigated. Comparatively higher titre of haemolysin production was noted in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. Adding 0.5% NaCl to BHI broth reduced the production of haemolysin; adding 5.0% NaCl to the medium totally inhibited it. The highest titre of haemolysin was produced at 30 degrees C and 37 degrees C, whereas no haemolysin was produced at 50 degrees C. Haemolytic activity was totally destroyed when heated at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes. Haemolysin could be assayed easily following this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Rahim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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35
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Islam MS, Alam MJ, Begum A, Rahim Z, Felsenstein A, Albert MJ. Occurrence of culturable Vibrio cholerae O139 with ctx gene in various components of the aquatic environment in Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996; 90:128. [PMID: 8761569 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(96)90110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M S Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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36
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Rahim Z, Aziz K. Enterotoxigenicity of Vibrio fluvialis strains isolated from fresh water environment. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1994; 12:290-1. [PMID: 7751572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Rahim Z, Aziz KM. Enterotoxigenicity, hemolytic activity and antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas spp. isolated from freshwater prawn marketed in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Microbiol Immunol 1994; 38:773-8. [PMID: 7869955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. were isolated from gills, swimmerets, eggs, stomachs and ventral muscles of freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium malcolmsonii) available in the local fish market of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The density of Aeromonas spp. on these different body parts of the prawn samples ranged from 1.1 +/- 0.2 x 10(4) to 1.5 +/- 0.16 x 10(7) cfu per gram. The viable counts of aeromonads, fecal coliforms (FC) and Escherichia coli gradually increased in prawn samples when stored at 4 C. At -20 C, the viable counts gradually decreased and became zero on the 12th day of storage. The isolation of A. sobria (56%) was more frequent than that of A. hydrophila (31%) and A. caviae (13%). In the rabbit ileal loop (RIL) model, fluid accumulation induced by live cultures and cell-free culture filtrates of 11 strains ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 and 0.5 to 1.7 ml/cm of gut, respectively. Of 11 enterotoxigenic strains, 7 were A. sobria and 4 were A. hydrophila. Enterotoxigenicity correlated with hemolytic activity on blood agar. All enterotoxigenic strains were uniformly sensitive to chloramphenicol and gentamicin and resistant to novobiocin and vancomycin. Isolation of enterotoxigenic and antibiotic-resistant Aeromonas from these prawn samples indicates possible public health problems for their handlers as well for raw prawn consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Rahim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Ali A, Bingnan F, Unicomb LE, Rahim Z, Hossain A, Tzipori S. Evaluation of a probe hybridisation serotyping method for group A rotavirus. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1993; 11:153-6. [PMID: 8263303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Serotype-specificity and sensitivity of oligonucleotide probes to serotype human rotaviruses was assessed. Probes could detect as little as 6.3 ng of homologous RNA and none reacted with as much as 100 ng of heterologous RNA. Northern-blot analysis revealed that probes reacted with one of genomic segments 7, 8 or 9 of corresponding serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ali
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh ICDDR,B
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39
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Unicomb LE, Bingnan F, Rahim Z, Banu NN, Gomes JG, Podder G, Munshi MH, Tzipori SR. A one-year survey of rotavirus strains from three locations in Bangladesh. Arch Virol 1993; 132:201-8. [PMID: 8394689 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Group A rotavirus strains from 3 locations in Bangladesh collected over one year were examined. Serotypes 1-4 were found throughout in 2 locations, whereas an epidemic of RV diarrhoea due to a single rotavirus strain occurred in one location.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Unicomb
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
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40
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Abstract
To recognize myosin II in trophozoites of the human pathogen Entamoeba histolytica, a specific antimyosin polyclonal serum was raised against a fusion protein consisting of a 146-amino-acid fragment of the myosin II heavy chain A of E. histolytica (MhcA) fused with beta-galactosidase. The hybrid protein was encoded by a chimera gene formed by a DNA fragment, from the mhcA gene, amplified by polymerase chain reaction and fused with the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli. Polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA is located within the region encoding the tail domain of myosin. This antibody recognized a 250-kDa protein in extracts of E. histolytica trophozoites. Confocal microscope analysis of antibody-labelled trophozoites indicated that MhcA localizes at the posterior pole of locomoting cells and concentrates within the uroid. These results might indicate that MhcA is involved in movement and in the uroid formation which help amoebas to escape the host immune response. These data are the first evidence indicating that myosin exists in E. histolytica. In addition, two other peptides were found in myosin-enriched extracts of amoebas, indicating that other myosins may be present in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Rahim
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, U 199 INSERM, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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41
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Rahim Z, Aziz KM. Isolation of enterotoxigenic Vibrio cholerae non-01 from the Buriganga river and two ponds of Dhaka, Bangladesh. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1992; 10:227-30. [PMID: 1296941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae 01 is usually considered the most toxigenic member of the Vibrionaceae and V. cholerae non-01 isolated from the environment is non-toxigenic. In our survey of the pollution of some aquatic environments in and around Dhaka, Bangladesh, we wanted to investigate the toxigenicity of V. cholerae non-01 isolated from water and sediment samples of the Buriganga river and two ponds in Dhaka, in the rabbit ileal loop (RIL) model. Fluid accumulation was induced by 18 of 28 live cultures and five of 18 cell-free culture filtrates in RIL. Seven of ten V. cholerae non-01 which failed to induce fluid in RIL were subjected to repeated passage in rabbit gut. Within two consecutive passages, all the strains could induce fluid in rabbit gut. Both toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains were uniformly sensitive to chloramphenicol and gentamicin but resistant to neomycin, novobiocin, polymyxin-B, streptomycin and vancomycin. Tetracycline sensitivity was found among eight of 17 toxigenic and six of 12 non-toxigenic strains. Sensitivity to trimethoprime-sulfa-methoxazole was noted among seven of 17 toxigenic and six of 12 non-toxigenic strains. Occurrence of enterotoxigenic and drug-resistant V. cholerae non-01 in the surface water is a public health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Rahim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
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42
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Hossain MA, Rahman KM, Asna SM, Rahim Z, Hussain T, Miah MR. Incidence of Aeromonas isolated from diarrhoeal children and study of some virulence factors in the isolates. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 1992; 18:61-7. [PMID: 1303082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stool samples from 305 children with diarrhoea and equal number of age and sex matched non-diarrhoeal control children, less than 5 years of age, were examined during the period from Sept 1988 to April 1989. Aeromonas spp. were isolated from 37 (12.1%) diarrhoeal and 05 (1.6%) control cases. Out of 37 diarrhoeal isolates 13 (35.1%) were A. hydrophila, 19 (51.1%) A. sobria and 05 (13.5%) A. caviae. All the isolated strains were tested for haem agglutination property and haemolysin production. Seventeen diarrhoeal and 05 control isolates were tested for cytotoxin production in He La cell line and enterotoxin production in rat ileal loop model and suckling mouse model. Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO) assay and Gm-1 ELISA methods were also employed. Cytotoxin production was found in 82.5% of diarrhoeal and 40% of control isolates. Haemagglutination was found in 62.1% of Aeromonas isolated from diarrhoeal children and 20% from control children. Enterotoxin production was detected in 58.8% diarrhoeal and none of the control isolates by either of the methods. Of the virulence factors enterotoxin production was found to correlate well with enteropathogenicity but haemolysin, cytotoxin and haemagglutinin did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Post Graduate Medicine and Research, Dhaka
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43
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Abstract
The incidence of Plesiomonas shigelloides among diarrhoeal patients attending the Dhaka Treatment Centre of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B) from January through December 1987, has been reported. Using bile peptone broth (pH 8.8) as an enrichment medium and Salmonella-Shigella agar to isolate the organism, P. shigelloides was isolated from 838 (6.4%) of 13,142 patients, 523 (4.0%) of whom had no other pathogen isolated. The percentage of isolation was higher from stool (9.2%) than from rectal swab (5.9%) specimens (P < 0.005). The incidence of P. shigelloides was higher among male (64.0%) than female (36.0%) patients (P < 0.005). Isolation was highest among children less than five years. P. shigelloides was isolated most often in March (11.0%) and September (7.7%), indicating two seasonal peaks of incidence before and after the monsoons. All the strains were uniformly sensitive to chloramphenicol, furazolidon, gentamicin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Sensitivity of the organism to ampicillin and tetracycline was 27.0% and 89.0%, respectively. This indicates that P. shigelloides may be an important agent of diarrhoea in our patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Rahim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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44
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Bingnan F, Unicomb LE, Tu GL, Ali A, Malek A, Rahim Z, Tzipori S. Cultivation and characterization of novel human group A rotaviruses with long RNA electropherotypes, subgroup II specificities, and serotype 2 VP7 genes. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:2224-7. [PMID: 1658036 PMCID: PMC270302 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.29.10.2224-2227.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During an epidemiological study of human rotavirus infections in Bangladesh, three group A strains hybridized with a serotype 2 oligonucleotide probe, but they had long RNA electropherotypes. The three strains were collected from 8- to 20-month-old infants with acute diarrhea and moderate malnutrition. By a modified isolation procedure, two strains (T-B and T-C) were adapted in MA104 cell cultures. They were identified to be subgroup II specific by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with subgroup I- and II-specific monoclonal antibodies and were identified by a fluorescent focus reduction neutralization assay with hyperimmune antisera to be serotype 2 specific. Further characterization of these unusual rotavirus strains needs to be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bingnan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
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45
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Fun BN, Unicomb L, Rahim Z, Banu NN, Podder G, Clemens J, Van Loon FP, Rao MR, Malek A, Tzipori S. Rotavirus-associated diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: two-year study of incidence and serotype distribution. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:1359-63. [PMID: 1653263 PMCID: PMC270117 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.29.7.1359-1363.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stools were evaluated from 5,811 patient visits for treatment of diarrhea in Matlab, Bangladesh, between June 1987 and May 1989. The stools were analyzed to determine the distribution of serotypes of group A rotaviruses (RV). A total of 898 stool samples (15.5%) contained RV, as determined by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RV isolates from 855 of these samples were serotyped by using serotype-specific synthetic oligonucleotide probes. A total of 558 (65.3%) could be assigned to specific serotypes: 166 (19.4%), 228 (26.7%), 39 (4.6%), and 125 (14.6%) belonged to serotypes 1 through 4, respectively; 12 (1.4%) hybridized with more than one serotype; and 285 (33.3%) failed to hybridize. RV diarrhea was evident throughout the year, with peaks in the dry winter months and in September 1988, coinciding with a major flood. RV was isolated from 46.6% of patients between 7 and 12 months old. Among children under 24 months of age with RV diarrhea, 1.2% (10 of 828) died. The corresponding percentage for children with diarrhea from all causes is 0.9% (29 of 3,301).
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Fun
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
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46
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van Loon FP, Rahim Z, Chowdhury KA, Kay BA, Rahman SA. Case report of Plesiomonas shigelloides-associated persistent dysentery and pseudomembranous colitis. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27:1913-5. [PMID: 2768477 PMCID: PMC267701 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.27.8.1913-1915.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An adult Bangladeshi woman had persistent bloody diarrhea. Repeated stool cultures yielded Plesiomonas shigelloides in pure growth. Tissue specimens of the colon were consistent with pseudomembranous colitis. Treatment with tetracycline, to which the isolate was susceptible, brought prompt recovery; the stool cultures became negative and the serum antibody titer against P. shigelloides lipopolysaccharide, as measured by hemagglutination inhibition with P. shigelloides lipopolysaccharide-sensitized sheep erythrocytes, declined from 1:160 to 1:40.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P van Loon
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka Medical College, Bangladesh
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47
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Chowdhury K, Sack DA, Rahman A, Rahim Z. Enteropathogenicity of plesiomonas shigelloides by oral inoculation in adult conditioned rabbits. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1988; 6:221-7. [PMID: 3270456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To study presumptive diarrhoeagenic and invasive properties of Plesiomonas shigelloides, adult conditioned rabbits (n = 75) were fed 10(10) CFU of 3 isolates (2 from diarrhoea patients and one from river water) of the organism, and one isolate of Shigella sonnei (from a dysentery patient as positive control) or brain-heart infusion broth (as negative control). Each rabbit received in succession i.v. cimetidine (50 mg/kg body weight), two 15 ml oral doses of 5% NaHCO3 at 15 and 30 minutes respectively, prompt bacterial or sham inoculum followed 30 minutes by 2 ml of i.p. tincture of opium. Rabbits fed with P. shigelloides did not die or develop diarrhoea, but in a majority of them, histopathological examinations of the intestine revealed mild acute inflammation of the mucosa, mainly in the ileum. There was no serum antibody response by indirect haemagglutination against the lipopolysaccharide of the homologous strains of P. shigelloides. The culture filtrates of the organism also did not show any cytotoxic morphological changes on CHO and Y1 adrenal cell cultures. By contrast, rabbits fed with S. sonnei developed clinical diarrhoea, small to widespread severe acute inflammation of the gut mucosa, and all died on day 7. It may be concluded that P. shigelloides are able to provoke a mild inflammatory lesions of the gut mucosa in this rabbit model; but there is little prospect of using this model to assess easily the virulence of the organism.
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48
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Abstract
Bile peptone broth and alkaline peptone water (pH 8.5) were examined as enrichment media for the isolation of Plesiomonas shigelloides from stools, with salmonella-shigella agar as the isolation medium. After 423 parallel examinations in two different experiments, bile peptone broth enrichment for 24 h was observed to be six times more effective (P less than 0.01) than direct plating alone on salmonella-shigella agar. Bile peptone broth was found to be twice as effective as alkaline peptone water for the recovery of P. shigelloides from stools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Rahim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
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49
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Abstract
Vibrio mimicus has recently been isolated from aquatic environments of Bangladesh. A total of 125 of 300 environmental isolates, representing various biotypes, and 19 human isolates were tested for enteropathogenicity by using several models. Less than 1% of the environmental isolates and slightly more than 10% of the clinical isolates produced cholera toxin-like toxin. A significant percentage of the environmental isolates (25%) and of the human isolates (74%) induced fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loops. One environmental strain produced heat-stable toxin-like enterotoxin, whereas all of the human isolates did not. V. mimicus strains were divided into the following three groups on the basis of their activity in various toxin assays: (i) organisms which produce a heat-labile enterotoxin immunobiologically similar to cholera toxin, (ii) organisms which produce a heat-stable enterotoxin-like toxin, and (iii) organisms whose whole-cell cultures have some activity characteristic of heat-labile toxin (e.g., fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loops and positive permeability factor) but are not positive by the GM1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. One isolate from this group was able to elicit these results with cell-free culture filtrates. There was no correlation of biotype with toxic activity of V. mimicus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
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50
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Chowdhury MA, Aziz KM, Rahim Z, Kay BA. Toxigenicity and drug sensitivity of Vibrio mimicus isolated from fresh water prawns in Bangladesh. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1986; 4:237-40. [PMID: 3668195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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