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Kuck K, Unterholzner A, Lipowicz B, Schwindl S, Jürgenliemk G, Schmidt TJ, Heilmann J. Terpenoids from Myrrh and Their Cytotoxic Activity against HeLa Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041637. [PMID: 36838624 PMCID: PMC9964945 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The oleo-gum resin of Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. has a long history of medicinal use, although many of its constituents are still unknown. In the present investigation, 34 secondary metabolites were isolated from myrrh resin using different chromatographic techniques (silica flash chromatography, CPC, and preparative HPLC) and their structures were elucidated with NMR spectroscopy, HRESIMS, CD spectroscopy, and ECD calculations. Among the isolated substances are seven sesquiterpenes (1-7), one disesquiterpene (8), and two triterpenes (23, 24), which were hitherto unknown, and numerous substances are described here for the first time for C. myrrha or the genus Commiphora. Furthermore, the effects of selected terpenes on cervix cancer cells (HeLa) were studied in an MTT-based in vitro assay. Three triterpenes were observed to be the most toxic with moderate IC50 values of 60.3 (29), 74.5 (33), and 78.9 µM (26). Due to the different activity of the structurally similar triterpenoids, the impact of different structural elements on the cytotoxic effect could be discussed and linked to the presence of a 1,2,3-trihydroxy substructure in the A ring. The influence on TNF-α dependent expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) was also tested for 4-6, 9-11, 17, 18, 20, and 27 in vitro, but revealed less than 20% ICAM-1 reduction and, therefore, no significant anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kuck
- Lehrstuhl Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna Unterholzner
- Lehrstuhl Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bartosz Lipowicz
- Repha GmbH Biologische Arzneimittel, Alt-Godshorn 87, D-30855 Langenhagen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schwindl
- Lehrstuhl Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Guido Jürgenliemk
- Lehrstuhl Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Schmidt
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Phytochemie, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Lehrstuhl Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Batiha GES, Wasef L, Teibo JO, Shaheen HM, Zakariya AM, Akinfe OA, Teibo TKA, Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Garbee AI, Alexiou A, Papadakis M. Commiphora myrrh: a phytochemical and pharmacological update. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:405-420. [PMID: 36399185 PMCID: PMC9672555 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have a long track record of use in history, and one of them is Commiphora myrrh which is commonly found in the southern part of Arabia, the northeastern part of Africa, in Somalia, and Kenya. Relevant literatures were accessed via Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to give updated information on the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological action of Commiphora myrrh. It has been used traditionally for treating wounds, mouth ulcers, aches, fractures, stomach disorders, microbial infections, and inflammatory diseases. It is used as an antiseptic, astringent, anthelmintic, carminative, emmenagogue, and as an expectorant. Phytochemical studies have shown that it contains terpenoids (monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and volatile/essential oil), diterpenoids, triterpenoids, and steroids. Its essential oil has applications in cosmetics, aromatherapy, and perfumery. Research has shown that it exerts various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-microbial, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, analgesic, anti-parasitic, and recently, it was found to work against respiratory infections like COVID-19. With the advancement in drug development, hopefully, its rich phytochemical components can be explored for drug development as an insecticide due to its great anti-parasitic activity. Also, its interactions with drugs can be fully elucidated.This review highlights an updated information on the history, distribution, traditional uses, phytochemical components, pharmacology, and various biological activities of Commiphora myrrh. Graphical summary of the phytochemical and pharmacological update of Commiphora myrrh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
| | - Lamiaa Wasef
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511 AlBeheira Egypt
| | - John Oluwafemi Teibo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Hazem M. Shaheen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511 AlBeheira Egypt
| | | | | | - Titilade Kehinde Ayandeyi Teibo
- Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, Almustansiriyiah University, Bagh-Dad, Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Garbee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, Almustansiriyiah University, Bagh-Dad, Iraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770 Australia ,AFNP Med, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
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A Novel Antifouling RO Polyamide/Myrrh Membrane for Waste Water Purification. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8415434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, desalination of real samples from Dumat Al-Jandal Lake water (located in Jouf region) was carried out via reverse osmosis (RO) technique. The growth of bacteria on the surface of RO membrane is an essential issue of this method. It creates defects in membrane properties as salt rejection and preparation. Many approaches have been proposed to prevent the growth of bacteria on membrane. The addition of some materials such as natural products was one of those approaches. In this work, myrrh was chosen because it is well known as an antibacterial natural product. Unmodified RO membrane was prepared in the lab using interfacial polymerization between trimesoyl chloride (TMC, 0.1 M) and m-phenylenediamine (MPD, 0.3 M). The characterization was obtained by using infrared (IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The properties of RO membrane as water flux and salt rejection were determined using lake water. The obtained results were 25 and 65% for water flux and salt rejection, respectively. In respect of modified RO membrane, myrrh solution with different concentrations was prepared and mixed with membrane materials. The modified membrane was characterized with IR and SEM. Water flux and salt rejection were determined obtaining results of 42 and 41% for water flux and salt rejection, respectively. The resistance of bacterial growth was tested for both modified and unmodified membranes, showing that the modified membrane presented high resistance of bacterial growth in contrast to the unmodified one.
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Chawengrum P, Boonsombat J, Mahidol C, Eurtivong C, Kittakoop P, Thongnest S, Ruchirawat S. Diterpenoids with Aromatase Inhibitory Activity from the Rhizomes of Kaempferia elegans. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1738-1747. [PMID: 34110821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of bioactive compounds from the rhizomes of Kaempferia elegans led to the isolation and characterization of ten new diterpenoids, namely, five 12,13-seco-diterpenoids named elegansins A-E (1-5) and five new abietanes, elegansols A-E (6-10), together with seven known diterpenoids (11-17). The structure elucidation of the new compounds was achieved by HRESIMS, NMR, and ECD spectroscopic analysis. Compounds (1-5) are the first examples of 12,13-seco-diterpenoid-type compounds representing a decalin fused dihydropyran skeleton. Plausible biosynthetic pathways for compounds 1-5 are proposed. Aromatase inhibitory activities of all compounds were evaluated, and abieta-8,11,13-trien-11-ol (16) was found to be the most potent aromatase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 3.7 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornsuda Chawengrum
- Chemical Biology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Jutatip Boonsombat
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Chulabhorn Mahidol
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Chatchakorn Eurtivong
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Prasat Kittakoop
- Chemical Biology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sanit Thongnest
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
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Younis NS, Mohamed ME. Protective effects of myrrh essential oil on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, Nrf2/HO-1 and apoptotic pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113793. [PMID: 33421599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Myrrh, a traditional remedy, is the stem resinous exudate of Commiphora molmol Engler (Burseraceae). The aromatic yellowish-brown oleoresin has a long history in folk and traditional medicine, in Saudi Arabia and the Arab world. Severe universal concern attributable to the high mortality is Myocardial Infarction (MI). Acute administration of Isoproterenol (ISO) is an established animal model to induce myocardial injury. OBJECTIVE The existing animal study was outlined to inspect the actions of Myrrh essential oil on cardiac functional, antioxidant status, apoptotic and inflammatory deviations in isoproterenol induced MI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal and Myrrh control animals were administered normal saline and Myrrh essential oil for thirty days orally, respectively. On the 29th and 30th day, the animals were injected by saline (s.c.). In the ISO control, the animals were administered saline orally for 30 days and then confronted with ISO (85 mg/kg s.c.) on 29th and 30th days. In the Myrrh Groups (IV and V), the animals were treated with Myrrh essential oil (50 and 100 mg/k) respectively for 30 days and injected with ISO (85 mg/kg, s.c.) on 29th and 30th days. RESULTS Animals experienced MI displayed functional blood pressure deviations, intensification in the heart to body weight ratio, myocytes indicative markers (CK-MB, CPK, LDH, cTnT, cTnI), lipid peroxidation (MDA), protein expression of Nrf2 and HO-1, apoptotic markers (Caspase 3,9), and inflammatory indicators. Conversely, animals pre-treated with Myrrh revealed obliteration of those elevations triggered by ISO induction, diminished elevated biochemical values and improved heart function. CONCLUSION Myrrh abstain effective cardio-protective action in MI model through improving the oxidative condition with myocytes and abolishing apoptotic as well as inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Younis
- BCPS, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, 31982 Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - Maged E Mohamed
- BCPS, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, 31982 Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
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Al-Romaiyan A, Huang GC, Jones P, Persaud S. Commiphora myrrha stimulates insulin secretion from mouse and human islets of Langerhans. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 264:113075. [PMID: 32829055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditionally plant-based remedies such as Commiphora myrrha (CM) have been used as an ayurvedic medicine to treat diabetes mellitus in some region of Arabia and Africa. Previous reports have shown that CM reduced blood glucose levels and increased insulin concentrations in animal models of diabetes in vivo. However, the exact mechanisms by which CM improved glycemic control in these animals are not fully understood. We hypothesized that CM may have a direct insulinotropic activity on β-cells to increase insulin secretion. AIM OF THE STUDY The direct effects of CM were investigated using MIN6 β-cells and isolated mouse and human islets in static and perifusion insulin secretion experiments. Isolated mouse and human islets were used to investigate the rate and pattern of CM-induced insulin secretion. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of CM on insulin secretion was assessed by static and perifusion experiments using MIN6 cells, a mouse-derived β-cell line, and primary mouse and human islets. The effects of CM on cell viability and membrane integrity of MIN6 cells and mouse islets were assessed using an ATP viability assay and a trypan blue exclusion test. The mRNA expression profiles of preproinsulin and Pdx1, a major β-cell transcription factor, were determined by quantitative RT-PCR following chronic exposure to CM. RESULTS Exposing MIN6 cells to a CM resin solution (0.5-10 mg/ml) caused a concentration-dependent increase in insulin secretion in a static setting. Similarly, incubating mouse islets to CM (0.1-10 mg/ml) resulted in stimulation of insulin secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. CM concentrations at ≤ 2 mg/ml were not associated with reduction in cell viability nor with reduction in cell membrane integrity. However, higher concentrations of CM were accompanied with marked uptake of trypan blue dye and cell death. In a perifusion setting, CM (2 mg/ml) caused rapid and reversible increases in insulin secretion from both mouse and human islets at both sub-stimulatory and stimulatory glucose levels. The stimulatory effect of CM on insulin secretion did not change the total insulin content of β-cells nor the mRNA expression of preproinsulin and Pdx1. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that aqueous CM resin solution has a direct stimulatory effect on β-cells without compromising plasma membrane integrity. CM stimulates insulin secretion from MIN6 cells, a mouse-derived β-cell line, and isolated primary mouse and human islets in vitro at both sub-stimulatory and stimulatory glucose concentrations. The mechanism by which CM may induce insulin secretion is most likely due to a stimulation of insulin granules release rather than insulin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Al-Romaiyan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
| | - Guo-Cai Huang
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK.
| | - Peter Jones
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK.
| | - Shanta Persaud
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK.
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Vafaei H, Ajdari S, Hessami K, Hosseinkhani A, Foroughinia L, Asadi N, Faraji A, Abolhasanzadeh S, Bazrafshan K, Roozmeh S. Efficacy and safety of myrrh in patients with incomplete abortion: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:145. [PMID: 32397980 PMCID: PMC7218551 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02946-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl.) has a long history of traditional use as a herbal medicine for different purposes. In ancient traditional Persian manuscripts, it has been noted that myrrh may act as uterine stimulant and probably cause complete abortion. However, there is no evidence to verify this comment. Therefore, the current study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Myrrh in the treatment of incomplete abortion. Materials and methods In a randomized double-blinded placebo controlled clinical trial, 80 patients with ultrasound-documented retained products of conception (RPOC) were assigned to receive capsules containing 500 mg of Myrrh oleo-gum-resin or a placebo three times a day for 2 weeks. The existence of the retained tissue and its size were evaluated by ultrasound examination at the beginning and end of the study. Results After 2 weeks, the mean diameter of the RPOC in the Myrrh group was significantly reduced compared with the placebo group (P < 0.001). Meanwhile, the rate of successful complete abortion was 82.9% in the intervention group and 54.3% in the placebo group (P = 0.01). The patients in both groups reported no serious drug-related adverse effects. Conclusion This study shows that Myrrh is effective and safe in the resolution of the RPOC and may be considered as an alternative option for treatment of patients with incomplete abortion. However, further studies on active compounds isolated from myrrh and their uterine stimulant effects are needed. Trial registration This study was retrospectively registered at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (www.irct.ir) IRCT code: IRCT20140317017034N7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homeira Vafaei
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Ajdari
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamran Hessami
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ayda Hosseinkhani
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Leila Foroughinia
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Box Hill Hospital, FRANZCOG Eastern Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nasrin Asadi
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Maternal- Fetal Medicine (Perinatology), Hafez Hospital, Chamran Ave, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Azam Faraji
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Khadije Bazrafshan
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shohreh Roozmeh
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Gao R, Miao X, Sun C, Su S, Zhu Y, Qian D, Ouyang Z, Duan J. Frankincense and myrrh and their bioactive compounds ameliorate the multiple myeloma through regulation of metabolome profiling and JAK/STAT signaling pathway based on U266 cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:96. [PMID: 32293402 PMCID: PMC7092432 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frankincense and myrrh are used as traditional anti-inflammatory and analgesic medicines in China. It has been reported that frankincense and myrrh have significant anti-tumor activities. The present study was designed to investigate the inhibitory efficacy of frankincense ethanol extracts (RXC), myrrh ethanol extracts (MYC), frankincense -myrrh ethanol extracts (YDC), frankincense -myrrh water extracts (YDS) and their main compounds on U266 human multiple myeloma cell line. METHODS The inhibition effects of cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assays. Cell culture supernatant was collected for estimation of cytokines. Western blot analysis was designed to investigate the regulatory of JAK/STAT signal pathway. In addition, cell metabolomics based on the ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) had been established to investigate the holistic efficacy of frankincense and myrrh on U266 cells. Acquired data were processed by partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to identify potential biomarkers. RESULTS RXC, MYC significantly inhibited the proliferation of U266 cells at dose of 25-400 μg/mL, YDC and YDS at the dose of 12.5-400 μg/mL. 3-O-acetyl-α-boswellic acid, 3-acetyl-11 keto-boswellic acid and 11-keto-boswellic acid had the most significant anti- multiple myeloma activities in the 10 compounds investigated, therefore these 3 compounds were selected as representatives for Elisa assay and western blotting experiments. All the extracts and active compounds ameliorated the secretion of cytokines and down-regulated the expression of JAK/STAT signaling pathway-related proteins. Comparing RXC, MYC, YDC and YDS-treated U266 cells with vehicle control (DMSO), 13, 8, 7, 7 distinct metabolites and 2, 2, 3, 0 metabolic target pathways involved in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, vitamin metabolism, arachidonic acid were identified, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Taken together our results suggest that the frankincense and myrrh and their bioactive compounds inhibit proliferation of U266 multiple myeloma cells by regulating JAK/STAT signaling pathway and cellular metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumeng Gao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 China
| | - Xiaodong Miao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Chengjing Sun
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | | | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
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Abstract
:
For decades now, compounds in the cycloartane-type series have been shown to
have versatile pharmacological activities. However, no extensive review has been written
to summarize these health-beneficial activities. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to
systematically highlight the biological activities of these compounds, including their antitumor
and anti-osteoporosis effects, their effects on receptors, cytokine release, and
chronic renal failure, as well as their tyrosinase inhibitory, anticomplement, anti-parasite,
anti-HIV, and antituberculosis activities. In this review, we have summarized the structures
of over 200 compounds based on their characteristics and described their structureactivity
relationships (SARs), and potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug, Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences & Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Department of Pharmacy and Medicine Pharmacy, Jiang Su College of Nursing, Huian, 223003, China
| | - Taiming Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China
| | - Wenmin Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, China
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Miao XD, Zheng LJ, Zhao ZZ, Su SL, Zhu Y, Guo JM, Shang EX, Qian DW, Duan JA. Protective Effect and Mechanism of Boswellic Acid and Myrrha Sesquiterpenes with Different Proportions of Compatibility on Neuroinflammation by LPS-Induced BV2 Cells Combined with Network Pharmacology. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213946. [PMID: 31683684 PMCID: PMC6864549 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Frankincense and myrrha (FM), commonly used as a classical herbal pair, have a wide range of clinical applications and definite anti-inflammatory activity. However, anti-neuroinflammation effects and mechanisms are not clear. In this study, we adopted a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial (BV2) cell model and a network pharmacology method to reveal the anti-neuroinflammatory effects and mechanisms of boswellic acid (BA) and myrrha sesquiterpenes (MS) with different proportions of compatibility. The data showed that the different ratios of BA and MS had different degrees of inhibition of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression, down-regulated the phosphor-nuclear factor kappa B/nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-ҡB)/(NF-ҡB), phosphorylated protein kinase b/protein kinase b (p-AKT/AKT), and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein expression levels, and increased phospho-PI3 kinase (p-PI3K) protein expression levels. When the ratios of BA and MS were 10:1, 5:1, and 20:1, better effective efficacy was exhibited. According to the correlation analysis between the effect index and bioactive substances, it was suggested that 2-methoxy-5-acetoxy -fruranogermacr-1(10)-en-6-one (Compound 1), 3α-acetyloxylanosta-8,24-dien-21-oic acid (Compound 2), 11-keto-boswellic acid (Compound 3), and 3-acetyl-11-keto-β -boswellic acid (Compound 4) made important contributions to the treatment of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, based on the network pharmacological analysis, it was found that these four active compounds acted on 31 targets related to neuroinflammation and were involved in 32 signaling pathways which mainly related to the immune system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system, suggesting that BA and MS could be used to treat neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Miao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Li-Jie Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Marine Bio-resource Pharmaceutics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zi-Zhang Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shu-Lan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yue Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jian-Ming Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Er-Xin Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Da-Wei Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Seeing the Unseen of the Combination of Two Natural Resins, Frankincense and Myrrh: Changes in Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173076. [PMID: 31450584 PMCID: PMC6749531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For the treatment of diseases, especially chronic diseases, traditional natural drugs have more effective therapeutic advantages because of their multi-target and multi-channel characteristics. Among many traditional natural medicines, resins frankincense and myrrh have been proven to be effective in the treatment of inflammation and cancer. In the West, frankincense and myrrh have been used as incense in religious and cultural ceremonies since ancient times; in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, they are used mainly for the treatment of chronic diseases. The main chemical constituents of frankincense and myrrh are terpenoids and essential oils. Their common pharmacological effects are anti-inflammatory and anticancer. More interestingly, in traditional Chinese medicine, frankincense and myrrh have been combined as drug pairs in the same prescription for thousands of years, and their combination has a better therapeutic effect on diseases than a single drug. After the combination of frankincense and myrrh forms a blend, a series of changes take place in their chemical composition, such as the increase or decrease of the main active ingredients, the disappearance of native chemical components, and the emergence of new chemical components. At the same time, the pharmacological effects of the combination seem magically powerful, such as synergistic anti-inflammation, synergistic anticancer, synergistic analgesic, synergistic antibacterial, synergistic blood-activation, and so on. In this review, we summarize the latest research on the main chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of these two natural resins, along with chemical and pharmacological studies on the combination of the two.
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Zingue S, Ntsa DM, Magne Nde CB, Michel T, Ndinteh DT, Clyne C, Njamen D. Lupeol, the major compound of the dichloromethane extract of
Millettia macrophylla
Benth (Fabaceae), displays estrogenic effects in ovariectomized rats. Phytother Res 2019; 33:949-957. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Zingue
- Department of Life and Earth SciencesHigher Teachers' Training College, University of Maroua Maroua Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of Johannesburg Doornfontein South Africa
| | - Dieudonnée Mireille Ntsa
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon
| | - Chantal Beatrice Magne Nde
- Centre of Endocrinology and MetabolismHudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Thomas Michel
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRSInstitut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272 06108 Nice France
| | - Derek Tantoh Ndinteh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of Johannesburg Doornfontein South Africa
| | - Colin Clyne
- Centre of Endocrinology and MetabolismHudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Dieudonné Njamen
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of Johannesburg Doornfontein South Africa
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Mahmoud AM, Germoush MO, Al-Anazi KM, Mahmoud AH, Farah MA, Allam AA. Commiphora molmol protects against methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity by up-regulating Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:499-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Commiphora molmol Modulates Glutamate-Nitric Oxide-cGMP and Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 Pathways and Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Hematological Alterations in Hyperammonemic Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7369671. [PMID: 28744340 PMCID: PMC5506469 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7369671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperammonemia is a serious complication of liver disease and may lead to encephalopathy and death. This study investigated the effects of Commiphora molmol resin on oxidative stress, inflammation, and hematological alterations in ammonium chloride- (NH4Cl-) induced hyperammonemic rats, with an emphasis on the glutamate-NO-cGMP and Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 signaling pathways. Rats received NH4Cl and C. molmol for 8 weeks. NH4Cl-induced rats showed significant increase in blood ammonia, liver function markers, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Concurrent supplementation of C. molmol significantly decreased circulating ammonia, liver function markers, and TNF-α in hyperammonemic rats. C. molmol suppressed lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide and enhanced the antioxidant defenses in the liver, kidney, and cerebrum of hyperammonemic rats. C. molmol significantly upregulated Nrf2 and HO-1 and decreased glutamine and nitric oxide synthase, soluble guanylate cyclase, and Na+/K+-ATPase expression in the cerebrum of NH4Cl-induced hyperammonemic rats. Hyperammonemia was also associated with hematological and coagulation system alterations. These alterations were reversed by C. molmol. Our findings demonstrated that C. molmol attenuates ammonia-induced liver injury, oxidative stress, inflammation, and hematological alterations. This study points to the modulatory effect of C. molmol on glutamate-NO-cGMP and Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 pathways in hyperammonemia. Therefore, C. molmol might be a promising protective agent against hyperammonemia.
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Commiphora molmol resin attenuates diethylnitrosamine/phenobarbital-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, angiogenesis and Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 270:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Morikawa T, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M. A Review of Anti-inflammatory Terpenoids from the Incense Gum Resins Frankincense and Myrrh. J Oleo Sci 2017; 66:805-814. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess16149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Morikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University
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Sarup P, Bala S, Kamboj S. Pharmacology and Phytochemistry of Oleo-Gum Resin of Commiphora wightii (Guggulu). SCIENTIFICA 2015; 2015:138039. [PMID: 26587309 PMCID: PMC4637499 DOI: 10.1155/2015/138039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Guggulu is an oleo-gum resin which exudes out as a result of injury from the bark of Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari [syn. Commiphora mukul (Hook. Ex Stocks) Engl; Balsamodendron mukul (Hook. Ex Stocks); Family, Burseraceae]. It has been used in the Ayurveda since time immemorial for the treatment of variety of disorders such as inflammation, gout, rheumatism, obesity, and disorders of lipids metabolism. It is a mixture of phytoconstituents like volatile oil which contains terpenoidal constituents such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, and triterpenoids; steroids; flavonoids; guggultetrols; lignans; sugars; and amino acids. This review is an effort to compile all the information available on all of its chemical constituents which are responsible for its therapeutic potential. The wild occurrence of this species is restricted mainly to the dry regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat States of India, and the bordering regions of Pakistan. Oleo-gum resin, guggulu, tapped from the stems of this species, is consumed in high volumes by the Indian herbal industries. There has been a decline in its wild population over the last several decades, as a result of habitat loss and degradation, coupled with unregulated harvesting and tapping of oleo-gum resin. This species is consequently assessed as Critically Endangered and enlisted in the IUCN red list of threatened species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Sarup
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 132 037, India
| | - Suman Bala
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 132 037, India
| | - Sunil Kamboj
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 132 037, India
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Ahmad A, Raish M, Ganaie MA, Ahmad SR, Mohsin K, Al-Jenoobi FI, Al-Mohizea AM, Alkharfy KM. Hepatoprotective effect of Commiphora myrrha against d-GalN/LPS-induced hepatic injury in a rat model through attenuation of pro inflammatory cytokines and related genes. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:1759-1767. [PMID: 25864920 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1005754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Commiphora myrrha (Burseraceae), a shrub resembling a small tree, has been used for several centuries for the treatment of various diseases. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the hepatoprotective activity of C. myrrha ethanol extract against d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (d-GalN/LPS)-induced acute hepatic injury in an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were pretreated with ethanolic extract C. myrrha (250 and 500 mg/kg; p.o.) for 7 d prior to the induction of an acute phase response by d-GalN/LPS. Animals were sacrificed 24 h after d-GalN/LPS (800 mg/kg and 50 µg/kg i.p.) administration for the biochemical and histological analyses. RESULTS The administration of d-GalN/LPS increased plasma aminotransferases (174.47 ± 4.5761 and 260.96 ± 1.9839 µkat/l) and total bilirubin levels (1.012 ± 0.0288 mg/dl), which were attenuated by C. myrrha treatment. Hepatic lipid peroxidation activity and nitric oxide content also increased, while the antioxidant activity measured by GSH (0.76 nmol/g protein), SOD (81.91 U/mg protein), and CAT (15.78 U/mg protein) was reduced. Commiphora myrrha provided significant restoration of GSH (0.815 nmol/gm protein), SOD (140.57 U/mg protein), and CAT (27.02 U/mg protein) levels. Furthermore, the acute phase response elicited by d-GalN/LPS administration enhanced mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, iNOS-2, and HO-1, which were ameliorated by C. myrrha treatment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings indicate that C. myrrha considerably reduces the oxidative stress of d-GalN/LPS-induced hepatic injury via multiple pathways including adown regulation of inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Such a property might be sufficient to combat cellular damage caused by various conditions that resemble fulminant hepatitis and could be of a potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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Gao W, Su X, Dong X, Chen Y, Zhou C, Xin P, Yu C, Wei T. Cycloartan-24-ene-1α,2α,3β-triol, a cycloartane-type triterpenoid from the resinous exudates of Commiphora myrrha, induces apoptosis in human prostatic cancer PC-3 cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:1107-14. [PMID: 25591732 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived antitumor drugs are currently used in chemotherapy. Cycloartane triterpenoids have shown a cytotoxic effect on human prostate cancer cells. The aim of the present study was to isolate a cycloartane triterpenoid from Commiphora myrrha and evaluate its anticancer potential. Cycloartan-24-ene-1α,2α,3β-triol (MY-1) was isolated from Commiphora myrrha, and its structure was determined through 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of MY-1 on human prostatic cancer PC-3 cells were estimated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometric analysis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining assay, and the expression of apoptotic-related proteins were evaluated by western blotting. MY-1 showed cytotoxic activity on PC-3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 9.6 µM at 24 h. MY-1 induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Western blot analysis revealed that MY-1 regulated the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), p53 and caspase-3 in the PC-3 cells. These findings indicate that MY-1 exerts significantly pro-apoptotic activity against human hormone-independent prostatic cancer and support MY-1 as a potential anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Gao
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Su
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
| | - Yingli Chen
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
| | - Chunlan Zhou
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
| | - Ping Xin
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
| | - Chunhao Yu
- School of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, Jiangsu 223003, P.R. China
| | - Taiming Wei
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
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Dehydroabietic acid isolated from Commiphora opobalsamum causes endothelium-dependent relaxation of pulmonary artery via PI3K/Akt-eNOS signaling pathway. Molecules 2014; 19:8503-17. [PMID: 24959678 PMCID: PMC6271577 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19068503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commiphora opobalsamum is a Traditional Chinese Medicine used to treat traumatic injury, mainly by relaxing blood vessels. In this study, two diterpenes, dehydroabietic acid (DA) and sandaracopimaric acid (SA) were obtained from it by a bioassay-guided approach using isolated rat pulmonary artery rings. The structures of the two compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods (IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, HR-ESI-MS). Both DA and SA reduced the contraction of phenylephrine-induced pulmonary arteries in a concentration-dependent manner, and endothelium contributed greatly to the vasodilatory effect of DA. This effect of DA was attenuated by NG-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, an eNOS inhibitor). Meanwhile, DA increased nitric oxide (NO) production, along with the increase of phosphorylation level of eNOS and Akt in endothelial cells. LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) could reverse this effect, which suggested the endothelial PI3K/Akt pathway involved in the mechanism underlying DA-induced relaxation of pulmonary artery. This work provided evidence of vasorelaxant substances in Commiphora opobalsamum and validated that PI3K/Akt-eNOS pathway was associated with DA-induced pulmonary artery vasodilation.
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Shen T, Li GH, Zhong QQ, Wang SQ, Ren DM, Lou HX, Wang XN. Myrrhanolide D and Myrrhasin A, New Germacrane-Type Sesquiterpenoids from the Resin ofCommiphora opobalsamum. Helv Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201300328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Two natural products, trans-phytol and (22E)-ergosta-6,9,22-triene-3β,5α,8α-triol, inhibit the biosynthesis of estrogen in human ovarian granulosa cells by aromatase (CYP19). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:23-32. [PMID: 24853760 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase is the only enzyme in vertebrates to catalyze the biosynthesis of estrogens. Although inhibitors of aromatase have been developed for the treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer, the whole-body inhibition of aromatase causes severe adverse effects. Thus, tissue-selective aromatase inhibitors are important for the treatment of estrogen-dependent cancers. In this study, 63 natural products with diverse structures were examined for their effects on estrogen biosynthesis in human ovarian granulosa-like KGN cells. Two compounds-trans-phytol (SA-20) and (22E)-ergosta-6,9,22-triene-3β,5α,8α-triol (SA-48)-were found to potently inhibit estrogen biosynthesis (IC50: 1μM and 0.5μM, respectively). Both compounds decreased aromatase mRNA and protein expression levels in KGN cells, but had no effect on the aromatase catalytic activity in aromatase-overexpressing HEK293A cells and recombinant expressed aromatase. The two compounds decreased the expression of aromatase promoter I.3/II. Neither compound affected intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels, but they inhibited the phosphorylation or protein expression of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). The effects of these two compounds on extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and AKT/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway were examined. Inhibition of p38 MAPK could be the mechanism underpinning the actions of these compounds. Our results suggests that natural products structurally similar to SA-20 and SA-48 may be a new source of tissue-selective aromatase modulators, and that p38 MAPK is important in the basal control of aromatase in ovarian granulosa cells. SA-20 and SA-48 warrant further investigation as new pharmaceutical tools for the prevention and treatment of estrogen-dependent cancers.
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Al-Qurainy F, Khan S, Nadeem M, Tarroum M, Alaklabi A. Assessment of phylogenetic relationship of rare plant species collected from Saudi Arabia using internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2013; 12:723-30. [PMID: 23546955 DOI: 10.4238/2013.march.11.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The rare and endangered plants of any country are important genetic resources that often require urgent conservation measures. Assessment of phylogenetic relationships and evaluation of genetic diversity is very important prior to implementation of conservation strategies for saving rare and endangered plant species. We used internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA for the evaluation of sequence identity from the available taxa in the GenBank database by using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Two rare plant species viz, Heliotropium strigosum claded with H. pilosum (98% branch support) and Pancratium tortuosum claded with P. tenuifolium (61% branch support) clearly. However, some species, viz Scadoxus multiflorus, Commiphora myrrha and Senecio hadiensis showed close relationships with more than one species. We conclude that nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences are useful markers for phylogenetic study of these rare plant species in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Al-Qurainy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Shen T, Li GH, Wang XN, Lou HX. The genus Commiphora: a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 142:319-330. [PMID: 22626923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The resinous exudates of the Commiphora species, known as 'myrrh', are used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of trauma, arthritis, fractures and diseases caused by blood stagnation. Myrrh has also been used in the Ayurvedic medical system because of its therapeutic effects against inflammatory diseases, coronary artery diseases, gynecological disease, obesity, etc. AIM OF THE REVIEW Based on a comprehensive review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological and toxicological data on the genus Commiphora, opportunities for the future research and development as well as the genus' therapeutic potential are analyzed. METHODS Information on the Commiphora species was collected via electronic search (using Pubmed, SciFinder, Scirus, Google Scholar and Web of Science) and a library search for articles published in peer-reviewed journals. Furthermore, information also was obtained from some local books on ethnopharmacology. This paper covers the literature, primarily pharmacological, from 2000 to the end of December 2011. RESULTS The resinous exudates from the bark of plants of the genus Commiphora are important indigenous medicines, and have a long medicinal application for arthritis, hyperlipidemia, pain, wounds, fractures, blood stagnation, in Ayurvedic medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and other indigenous medical systems. Phytochemical investigation of this genus has resulted in identification of more than 300 secondary metabolites. The isolated metabolites and crude extract have exhibited a wide of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects, including antiproliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial. The bioactive steroids guggulsterones have attracted most attention for their potent hypolipidemic effect targeting farnesoid X receptor, as well as their potent inhibitory effects on tumor cells and anti-inflammatory efficiency. CONCLUSIONS The resins of Commiphora species have emerged as a good source of the traditional medicines for the treatment of inflammation, arthritis, obesity, microbial infection, wound, pain, fractures, tumor and gastrointestinal diseases. The resin of C. mukul in India and that of C. molmol in Egypt have been developed as anti-hyperlipidemia and antischistosomal agents. Pharmacological results have validated the use of this genus in the traditional medicines. Some bioassays are difficult to reproduce because the plant materials used have not been well identified, therefore analytical protocol and standardization of extracts should be established prior to biological evaluation. Stem, bark and leaf of this genus should receive more attention. Expansion of research materials would provide more opportunities for the discovery of new bioactive principles from the genus Commiphora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
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Xu J, Guo Y, Zhao P, Guo P, Ma Y, Xie C, Jin DQ, Gui L. Four new sesquiterpenes from Commiphora myrrha and their neuroprotective effects. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:801-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Su S, Hua Y, Wang Y, Gu W, Zhou W, Duan JA, Jiang H, Chen T, Tang Y. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of individual and combined extracts from Commiphora myrrha, and Boswellia carterii. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:649-656. [PMID: 22178177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The Chinese herbs of myrrh and frankincense are often combined for treating some inflammatory pain diseases with synergistic therapeutic effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of individual herbal extracts and combined extract on anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in vivo and analyzed the potential bioactive components from the combination extract by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrum (UPLC-MS/MS). MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory activities were investigated by utilizing the paw edema mice induced by formalin and carrageenan. In addition, we determined the levels of PGE(2) and nitrite in the edema paw. The analgesic activity was examined against oxytocin-induced dysmenorrhea in mice. The effects of the administration of dolantin or indomethacin were also studied for references. The components in combination extract (CWE) were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS The results showed that myrrh water extract (MWE) and the combined extract (CWE) at the 3.9 g/kg, and 5.2 g/kg showed inhibition of formalin-induced paw edema with inhibition rate of 30.44%, and 23.50%, respectively. The PGE(2) production was inhibited significantly by all samples (P<0.01 or P<0.05). CWE showed stronger suppression on carrageenan-induced mice paw edema at 2 and 3h after administration of drugs. The inhibitory effect of CWE on nitrite production was between that of MWE and water extract of frankincense (FWE) at 5.2 g/kg. The dysmenorrhea mice test showed MWE could remarkably reduce the writhing times (P<0.05) and prolong the latency period, while FWE showed no obvious effects on the writhing times. CWE significantly reduced the writhing times and prolong the latency period (P<0.01). CONCLUSION These results demonstrated MWE, FWE, and CWE exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The findings suggest that CWE may be therapeutically more useful for mitigating inflammatory pain than individual herbal extract. In addition, 12 potential active compounds were identified from CWE. These data may support the fact the traditional application of this combined extract in treating various diseases associated with inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
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Xu J, Guo Y, Zhao P, Xie C, Jin DQ, Hou W, Zhang T. Neuroprotective cadinane sesquiterpenes from the resinous exudates of Commiphora myrrha. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:1198-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation and structure determination of triterpenoids, including squalene derivatives, protostanes, lanostanes, holostanes, cycloartanes, dammaranes, euphanes, tirucallanes, tetranortriterpenoids, quassinoids, lupanes, oleananes, friedelanes, ursanes, hopanes, serratanes and saponins; 278 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
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Su S, Wang T, Duan JA, Zhou W, Hua YQ, Tang YP, Yu L, Qian DW. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of different extracts of Commiphora myrrha. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:251-258. [PMID: 21167270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY This present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of 85% ethanol extract (EE) of Commiphora myrrha and its different fractions partitioned with petroleum ether extract (EPE), ethyl acetate extract (EEA), n-butanol extract (EBu), and the water extract (ECY). Moreover, the chemical constituents in EPE were analyzed and identified by UPLC-QTOF/MS/MS. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory activities were investigated by utilizing the paw edema mice induced by formalin. In addition, we determined the levels of PGE(2) in the edema paw. While the analgesic activity was examined against thermally and chemically induced nociceptive pain in mice, using the acetic acid and hot-plate test methods. The effects of the administration of dolantin or indomethacin were also studied for references. The components in EPE were analyzed by the ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrum. RESULTS In the anti-inflammatory test, EE inhibited the development of paw swelling induced by formalin significantly. The pharmacological activities of the petroleum ether fraction (EPE) were stronger than the EE extract and other fractions at the dose of 100mg/kg, and furthermore significantly decreased the levels of inflammatory factor PGE(2) in the edema paw tissue at the fourth hour after formalin injection. It has been also shown that the ethanol extract (EE) significantly reduced acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice at the dose of 200mg/kg, and 100mg/kg. The petroleum ether fraction (EPE) showed significant analgesic activity in the model at the dose of 100mg/kg (p<0.01), and the ethyl acetate fraction (EEA) exhibited less analgesic activity (p<0.05). All test samples showed no significant analgesic activity on the hot plate pain threshold in mice. The UPLC-MS/MS chromatogram analysis of EPE stated that EPE contains the ingredients of sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and diterpenic acids. Moreover, seven main compounds were identified. CONCLUSION These data demonstrated that the EE and EPE posses analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities and may support the fact the traditional application of this herb in treating various diseases associated with inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, PR China
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