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Ma F, Wang J, Jiang W, Luo J, Yang R, Zhang L, Han C. Ganoderic Acid A: A Potential Natural Neuroprotective Agent for Neurological Disorders: A Review. Int J Med Mushrooms 2024; 26:11-23. [PMID: 38421693 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2023051918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Ganoderic acid A (GAA) is one of the major triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum (GL). Accumulating evidence has indicated that GAA demonstrates multiple pharmacological effects and exhibits treatment potential for various neurological disorders. Here, the effects and mechanisms of GAA in the treatment of neurological disorders were evaluated and discussed through previous research results. By summarizing previous research results, we found that GAA may play a neuroprotective role through various mechanisms: anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, protection of nerve cells, and regulation of nerve growth factor. Therefore, GAA is a promising natural neuroprotective agent and this review would contribute to the future development of GAA as a novel clinical candidate drug for treating neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Research and Development Center, Shandong Phoenix Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Taian, Shandong, 271000, P.R. China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services, Jinan Zhangqiu District Hospital of TCM, Jinan, 250299, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Control and Construction of the Whole Industrial Chain of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, People's Republic of China
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Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Galanty A, Szewczyk A, Paśko P, Kała K, Apola A, Podolak I, Muszyńska B. Effect of Methyl Jasmonate Elicitation on Triterpene Production and Evaluation of Cytotoxic Activity of Mycelial Culture Extracts of Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:294. [PMID: 36679006 PMCID: PMC9867392 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic elicitation, a well-known strategy in mushroom biotechnology, promotes increased accumulation of secondary metabolites in mycelial cultures. The study aimed the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the production of triterpenes in submerged cultures of Ganoderma applanatum. Further, the study evaluated the cytotoxic activity of the extract corresponding to the optimal elicitation variant in selected human cancer cell lines as well as the selectivity against normal cells. MeJA was added on days 1, 4, 6, and 8 in the 10-day growth cycle at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 150, and 200 µM MeJA. The HPLC-DAD was used to analyze the triterpenes. The cytotoxic activity was tested using the MTTFc assay in grouped panels of skin, prostate, and gastrointestinal cancer cells. The results of the quantitative analyses confirmed the stimulating effect of MeJA on the production of ganoderic acid A and ganoderic acid C. The greatest increase in total triterpenes was found on day 6 of the culture cycle compared to the control group-with the concentration of MeJA-150 µM. Compared to the control samples, mycelial culture extract after the most productive elicitation variant showed significant cytotoxic activity against prostate cancer cells and moderate effects on melanoma cells. Ganoderma applanatum mycelial cultures can be proposed as a model to study the dynamics of the accumulation of compounds with therapeutic values through abiotic elicitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sułkowska-Ziaja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szewczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Paśko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kała
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Apola
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Irma Podolak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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Liu J, Chen G, Yang J, Sheng L, Tang X, Zhang X, Hua H. Deciphering the chemical composition of Ganoderma lucidum from different geographical origins by mass spectrometry molecular networking coupled with multivariate analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5506. [PMID: 36093881 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal fungus that has been widely used in China and many Asian countries for thousands of years. This once rare macrofungus has now been artificially cultivated in a number of regions in China. However, detailed knowledge of its composition across different geographical origins is still lacking, as are analytical methods for comprehensive profiling of the diverse phytochemicals contained in G. lucidum. In this work, an on-demand strategy based on high-resolution MS and molecular networking is applied for natural product characterization, which led to the identification of 84 constituents in G. lucidum. Moreover, multivariate analysis, including hierarchical cluster analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis, was used to analyze the (dis)similarity of the G. lucidum samples collected from the three main production areas (i.e., Jilin, Henan and Shandong Province). The results revealed a significant variation in the chemical composition of samples from different provinces. Marker constituents corresponding to the differentiation were then screened in terms of the variable importance in projection value, P-value and fold change. A total of 24 constituents were identified as geoherbalism markers, such as ganoderenic acid A for Henan, ganolucidic acid B for Jilin and ganodernoid D for Shandong. This proof-of-concept application demonstrates that combining MS molecular networking with meticulous multivariate analysis can provide a sensitive and comprehensive analytical approach for the quality assessment of traditional Chinese medicine ingredients. This study also suggests that the bioactivity and efficacy from different origins should be further evaluated considering the large difference in chemical compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Pharmacy Department, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guobao Chen
- Pharmacy Department, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junhui Yang
- Pharmacy Department, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Leilei Sheng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xuexiao Tang
- Pediatrics Department, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Spleen and Stomach Disease Department, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haibing Hua
- Pharmacy Department, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China
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A Review of Ganoderma Triterpenoids and Their Bioactivities. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010024. [PMID: 36671409 PMCID: PMC9856212 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, Ganoderma has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to prevent and treat various diseases. Numerous publications are stating that Ganoderma species have a variety of beneficial medicinal properties, and investigations on different metabolic regulations of Ganoderma species, extracts or isolated compounds have been performed both in vitro and in vivo. However, it has frequently been questioned whether Ganoderma is simply a dietary supplement for health or just a useful "medication" for restorative purposes. More than 600 chemical compounds including alkaloids, meroterpenoids, nucleobases, nucleosides, polysaccharides, proteins, steroids and triterpenes were extracted and identified from Ganoderma, with triterpenes serving as the primary components. In recent years, Ganoderma triterpenes and other small molecular constituents have aroused the interest of chemists and pharmacologists. Meanwhile, considering the significance of the triterpene constituents in the development of new drugs, this review describes 495 compounds from 25 Ganoderma species published between 1984 and 2022, commenting on their source, biosynthetic pathway, identification, biological activities and biosynthesis, together with applications of advanced analytical techniques to the characterization of Ganoderma triterpenoids.
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Adotey G, Alolga RN, Quarcoo A, Gedel MA, Anang AK, Holliday JC. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)-based metabolomic analysis of mycelial biomass of three Ganoderma isolates from the Lower Volta River Basin of Ghana. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114355. [PMID: 34500238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we sought to determine the differences and/or similarities in the metabolite composition of the mycelial biomass of three ganoderma isolates (Ganoderma LVRB-1, Ganoderma LVRB-9 and Ganoderma LVRB-17) from the Lower Volta River Basin of Ghana. The cultured mycelial mass of the three isolates were subjected to DNA sequencing. BLASTn searches of the internal transcribed spacer. (ITS) sequences of the isolates were conducted in the GenBank and the data obtained subjected to ITS phylogenetic analysis. Thereafter, extracts of the cultured mycelial biomass of the three isolates were subjected to untargeted ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)-based metabolomic analysis. A cursory examination of the total ion chromatograms of the isolates gave evidence of the differential levels of the metabolites present. Further analysis of the metabolomic data using multivariate analysis better captured these marked differences in terms of the presence and/or levels of the metabolites. Finally, four lanostane triterpenoids, namely ganoderic acid C6, ganoderenic acid A, Ganoderenic acid D and ganoderic acid G, together with two annotated compounds (ganoderic acids K and AM1) were detected in the mycelia biomass of the three ganoderma isolates from the Lower Volta River Basin of Ghana. The results provide the first ever metabolomic data on the chemical constituents of the mycelial biomass of ganoderma isolates from the Lower Volta River Basin of Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Adotey
- Science Laboratory Department, Accra Technical University, P.O. Box GP 561, Barnes Road, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Raphael N Alolga
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Abraham Quarcoo
- Science Laboratory Department, Accra Technical University, P.O. Box GP 561, Barnes Road, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Gedel
- Science Laboratory Department, Accra Technical University, P.O. Box GP 561, Barnes Road, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abraham K Anang
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Ghana
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Satria D, Tamrakar S, Suhara H, Kaneko S, Shimizu K. Mass Spectrometry-Based Untargeted Metabolomics and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Lingzhi ( Ganoderma lingzhi) During the Developmental Stages. Molecules 2019; 24:E2044. [PMID: 31146329 PMCID: PMC6600326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lingzhi is a Ganoderma mushroom species which has a wide range of bioactivities. Analysis of the changes in metabolites during the developmental stages of lingzhi is important to understand the underlying mechanism of its biosynthesis, as well as its bioactivity. It may also provide valuable information for the cultivation efficiency of lingzhi. In this study, mass spectrometry based untargeted metabolomics was carried out to analyze the alteration of metabolites during developmental stages of lingzhi. Eight developmental stages were categorized on the basis of morphological changes; starting from mycelium stage to post-mature stage. GC/MS and LC/MS analyses along with multivariate analysis of lingzhi developmental stages were performed. Amino acids, organic acids, sugars, polyols, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and some small polar metabolites were extracted as marker metabolites from GC/MS analysis, while, lanostane-type triterpenoids were observed in LC/MS analysis of lingzhi. The marker metabolites from untargeted analysis of lingzhi developmental stages were correlated with the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Two metabolites, compounds 34 and 35, were identified as potential contributors of the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The current result shows that some metabolites are involved in the developmental process and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of lingzhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedi Satria
- Division of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
- Faculty of Health and Sciences, Muhammadiyah University of Sumatera Barat, Bukittinggi 26181, Indonesia.
| | - Sonam Tamrakar
- Division of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Hiroto Suhara
- Miyazaki Prefectural Wood Utilization Research Center, Miyazaki 885-0037, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Kaneko
- Fukuoka Prefecture Forest Research & Extension Center, Fukuoka 818-8549, Japan.
| | - Kuniyoshi Shimizu
- Division of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Yao G, Ma Y, Muhammad M, Huang Q. Understanding the infrared and Raman spectra of ganoderic acid A: An experimental and DFT study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 210:372-380. [PMID: 30502725 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderic Acids (GAs) are the major medicinal compounds in Ganoderma lucidum used as traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. Ganoderic acid A (GAA) is the first discovered ganoderic acids reported in the literature, which is also one of most abundant triterpenoids of Ganoderma lucidum. Especially, GAA has been extensively investigated in recent decades for its positive medicinal activities. However, the vibrational properties of GAs have rarely been studied or reported. In this work, we focused on the typical GAA and studied the infrared (IR) and Raman spectra based on both experiments and DFT calculations. As such, we could not only achieve the assignments of the vibrational modes, but also from the IR and Raman spectra, we found that the spectral region from 1500 cm-1 to 1800 cm-1 is particularly useful for distinguishing different types of GAs. In addition, its dehydrogenated derivative ganoderenic acid A (GOA) was also studied, which could be identified due to its spectral feature of strong IR and Raman bands around 1620 cm-1. This work therefore may facilitate the application of IR and Raman spectroscopies in the inspection and quality control of Ganoderma lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Yao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yuhan Ma
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; College of Life Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Muhammad Muhammad
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; College of Life Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China.
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Cataract Preventive Role of Isolated Phytoconstituents: Findings from a Decade of Research. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111580. [PMID: 30373159 PMCID: PMC6265913 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataract is an eye disease with clouding of the eye lens leading to disrupted vision, which often develops slowly and causes blurriness of the eyesight. Although the restoration of the vision in people with cataract is conducted through surgery, the costs and risks remain an issue. Botanical drugs have been evaluated for their potential efficacies in reducing cataract formation decades ago and major active phytoconstituents were isolated from the plant extracts. The aim of this review is to find effective phytoconstituents in cataract treatments in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. A literature search was synthesized from the databases of Pubmed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus using different combinations of keywords. Selection of all manuscripts were based on inclusion and exclusion criteria together with analysis of publication year, plant species, isolated phytoconstituents, and evaluated cataract activities. Scientists have focused their attention not only for anti-cataract activity in vitro, but also in ex vivo and in vivo from the review of active phytoconstituents in medicinal plants. In our present review, we identified 58 active phytoconstituents with strong anti-cataract effects at in vitro and ex vivo with lack of in vivo studies. Considering the benefits of anti-cataract activities require critical evaluation, more in vivo and clinical trials need to be conducted to increase our understanding on the possible mechanisms of action and the therapeutic effects.
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Zhao RL, He YM. Network pharmacology analysis of the anti-cancer pharmacological mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum extract with experimental support using Hepa1-6-bearing C57 BL/6 mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 210:287-295. [PMID: 28882624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is an oriental medical fungus, which was used to prevent and treat many diseases. Previously, the effective compounds of Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) were extracted from two kinds of GL, [Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. Ex Fr.) Karst.] and [Ganoderma sinense Zhao, Xu et Zhang], which have been used for adjuvant anti-cancer clinical therapy for more than 20 years. However, its concrete active compounds and its regulation mechanisms on tumor are unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we aimed to identify the main active compounds from GLE and to investigate its anti-cancer mechanisms via drug-target biological network construction and prediction. MATERIALS AND METHODS The main active compounds of GLE were identified by HPLC, EI-MS and NMR, and the compounds related targets were predicted using docking program. To investigate the functions of GL holistically, the active compounds of GL and related targets were predicted based on four public databases. Subsequently, the Identified-Compound-Target network and Predicted-Compound-Target network were constructed respectively, and they were overlapped to detect the hub potential targets in both networks. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR and western-blot assays were used to validate the expression levels of target genes in GLE treated Hepa1-6-bearing C57 BL/6 mice. RESULTS In our work, 12 active compounds of GLE were identified, including Ganoderic acid A, Ganoderenic acid A, Ganoderic acid B, Ganoderic acid H, Ganoderic acid C2, Ganoderenic acid D, Ganoderic acid D, Ganoderenic acid G, Ganoderic acid Y, Kaemferol, Genistein and Ergosterol. Using the docking program, 20 targets were mapped to 12 compounds of GLE. Furthermore, 122 effective active compounds of GL and 116 targets were holistically predicted using public databases. Compare with the Identified-Compound-Target network and Predicted-Compound-Target network, 6 hub targets were screened, including AR, CHRM2, ESR1, NR3C1, NR3C2 and PGR, which was considered as potential markers and might play important roles in the process of GLE treatment. GLE effectively inhibited tumor growth in Hepa1-6-bearing C57 BL/6 mice. Finally, consistent with the results of qRT-PCR data, the results of western-blot assay demonstrated the expression levels of PGR and ESR1 were up-regulated, as well as the expression levels of NR3C2 and AR were down-regulated, while the change of NR3C1 and CHRM2 had no statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that these 4 hub target genes, including NR3C2, AR, ESR1 and PGR, might act as potential markers to evaluate the curative effect of GLE treatment in tumor. And, the combined data provide preliminary study of the pharmacological mechanisms of GLE, which may be a promising potential therapeutic and chemopreventative candidate for anti-cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Lin Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yu-Min He
- School of Basic Medicine College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Secondary Metabolites from Higher Fungi. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 106 2017; 106:1-201. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59542-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Misconstrued versatility of Ganoderma lucidum: a key player in multi-targeted cellular signaling. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:2789-804. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Grienke U, Kaserer T, Pfluger F, Mair CE, Langer T, Schuster D, Rollinger JM. Accessing biological actions of Ganoderma secondary metabolites by in silico profiling. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 114:114-24. [PMID: 25457486 PMCID: PMC4948669 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The species complex around the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum Karst. (Ganodermataceae) is widely known in traditional medicines, as well as in modern applications such as functional food or nutraceuticals. A considerable number of publications reflects its abundance and variety in biological actions either provoked by primary metabolites, such as polysaccharides, or secondary metabolites, such as lanostane-type triterpenes. However, due to this remarkable amount of information, a rationalization of the individual Ganoderma constituents to biological actions on a molecular level is quite challenging. To overcome this issue, a database was generated containing meta-information, i.e., chemical structures and biological actions of hitherto identified Ganoderma constituents (279). This was followed by a computational approach subjecting this 3D multi-conformational molecular dataset to in silico parallel screening against an in-house collection of validated structure- and ligand-based 3D pharmacophore models. The predictive power of the evaluated in silico tools and hints from traditional application fields served as criteria for the model selection. Thus, the focus was laid on representative druggable targets in the field of viral infections (5) and diseases related to the metabolic syndrome (22). The results obtained from this in silico approach were compared to bioactivity data available from the literature. 89 and 197 Ganoderma compounds were predicted as ligands of at least one of the selected pharmacological targets in the antiviral and the metabolic syndrome screening, respectively. Among them only a minority of individual compounds (around 10%) has ever been investigated on these targets or for the associated biological activity. Accordingly, this study discloses putative ligand target interactions for a plethora of Ganoderma constituents in the empirically manifested field of viral diseases and metabolic syndrome which serve as a basis for future applications to access yet undiscovered biological actions of Ganoderma secondary metabolites on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Grienke
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Teresa Kaserer
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Pfluger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christina E Mair
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith M Rollinger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Ma HT, Hsieh JF, Chen ST. Anti-diabetic effects of Ganoderma lucidum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 114:109-113. [PMID: 25790910 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a white rot fungus widely used as a tonic for the promotion of longevity and health. Extracts of G. lucidum have been recognized as an alternative adjuvant treatment for diabetes. Among the many biologically active constituents of G. lucidum, polysaccharides, proteoglycans, proteins and triterpenoids have been shown to have hypoglycemic effects. G. lucidum polysaccharides have been reported to have hypoglycemic activity by increasing plasma insulin levels and decreasing plasma sugar levels in mice. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B is a promising therapeutic target in diabetes, and G. lucidum proteoglycan can inhibit this enzyme in vitro. Moreover, G. lucidum triterpenoids were shown to have inhibitory activity on aldose reductase and α-glucosidase that can suppress postprandial hyperglycemia. In addition, a protein Ling Zhi-8 extracted from G. lucidum significantly decreased lymphocyte infiltration and increased the antibody detection of insulin in diabetic mice. This review summarizes most of the research about the hypoglycemic action effects of polysaccharides, proteoglycans, proteins and tritrerpenoids from G. lucidum as a guide for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haou-Tzong Ma
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Feng Hsieh
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 242, Taiwan
| | - Shui-Tein Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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20( S )-Ginsenoside Rh2 as aldose reductase inhibitor from Panax ginseng. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4407-4409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Fatmawati S, Kondo R, Shimizu K. Structure–activity relationships of lanostane-type triterpenoids from Ganoderma lingzhi as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5900-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Veeresham C, Rama Rao A, Asres K. Aldose reductase inhibitors of plant origin. Phytother Res 2013; 28:317-33. [PMID: 23674239 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic complications are attributed to hyperglycaemic condition which is in turn associated with the polyol pathway and advanced glycation end products. Aldose reductase (AR) is the principal enzyme of polyol pathway which plays a vital role in the development of diabetic complications. AR inhibitory activity can be screened by both in vitro and in vivo methods. In vitro assays for AR enzyme are further classified on the basis of the source of enzyme such as rat lens, rat kidney, cataracted human eye lens, bovine eyes and human recombinant AR enzymes, whereas the in vivo model is based on the determination of lens galactitol levels. A number of synthetic AR inhibitors (ARIs) including tolrestat and sorbinil have been developed, but all of these suffer from drawbacks such as poor permeation and safety issues. Therefore, pharmaceutical companies and many researchers have been carrying out research to find new, potent and safe ARIs from natural sources. Thus, many naturally occurring compounds have been reported to have AR inhibitory activity. The present review attempts to highlight phytochemicals and plant extracts with potential AR inhibitory activity. It also summarizes the classes of compounds which have proven AR inhibitory activity. Phytochemicals such as quercetin, kaempferol and ellagic acid are found to be the most promising ARIs. The exhaustive literature presented in this article clearly indicates the role of plant extracts and phytochemicals as potential ARIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciddi Veeresham
- University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, AP, 506009, India
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Rao AR, Veeresham C, Asres K. In vitro and in vivo inhibitory activities of four Indian medicinal plant extracts and their major components on rat aldose reductase and generation of advanced glycation endproducts. Phytother Res 2013; 27:753-60. [PMID: 22826152 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The polyol enzyme aldose reductase (AR) and advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) play an important role in diabetic complications such as cataracts. The purpose of this study was to investigate four standardized plant extracts used for the treatment of diabetes and related diseases, and their principal components for AR inhibitory activity and to find out their influence in diabetic complications. Thus, Boswellia serrata Triana & Planch. (Burseraceae), Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. (Lythraceae), Ocimum gratissimum (L.) (Lamiaceae) and Syzygium cumin (L.) Skeels. (Myrthaceae) and their respective major constituents, boswellic acid, corosolic acid, ursolic acid and ellagic acid, were studied for their inhibitory activity against rat lens AR, rat kidney AR, human recombinant AR and generation of AGEs. In addition, in vivo inhibition of lens galactitol accumulation by the major constituents of the plants in galactose-fed rat has been studied. The results revealed that all the tested extracts and their active ingredients possess significant AR inhibitory actions in both in vitro and in vivo assays with urosolic acid showing the most potent effect. Furthermore, the study indicates the potential of the studied plants and their major constituents as possible protective agents against long-term diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmeera Rama Rao
- University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, AP, 506009, India
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18
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Guo XY, Liu D, Ye M, Han J, Deng S, Ma XC, Zhao Y, Zhang B, Shen X, Che QM. Structural characterization of minor metabolites and pharmacokinetics of ganoderic acid C2 in rat plasma by HPLC coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 75:64-73. [PMID: 23312386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The metabolites and pharmacokinetics of ganoderic acid C2 (GAC2), a bioactive triterpenoid in Ganoderma lucidum in rat plasma were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Totally, ten minor phase I metabolites of GAC2 were characterized after oral administration of GAC2, on the basis of their mass fragmentation pathways or direct comparison with authentic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n)), and liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization hybrid ion trap and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-IT-TOF/MS) methods. Moreover, a rapid and specific method for quantification of GAC2 in rat plasma after oral administration was developed by using a liquid-liquid extraction procedure and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. It is the first time to report the metabolites and pharmacokinetics of GAC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Guo
- Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Akpera MT, Oguntayo BO, Jombo GTA. Impact of Ganogerma applanatum extraction on haematological profiles of laboratory rats: a preliminary study in Nigeria. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Da J, Wu WY, Hou JJ, Long HL, Yao S, Yang Z, Cai LY, Yang M, Jiang BH, Liu X, Cheng CR, Li YF, Guo DA. Comparison of two officinal Chinese pharmacopoeia species of Ganoderma based on chemical research with multiple technologies and chemometrics analysis. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1222:59-70. [PMID: 22226558 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the chemical differences between Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum, Chizhi) and Ganoderma sinense (G. sinense, Zizhi). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty two batches of commercial Ganoderma samples were collected, including 20 batches of G. lucidum and 12 batches of G. sinense cultivated in different geographical regions. Chemical substances in aqueous extract and alcoholic extract, mainly polysaccharides and triterpenes respectively, were investigated. Determination of polysaccharides was carried out with a high performance liquid chromatography with an variable wavelength detector. Meanwhile, analysis of triterpenes were performed on an ultraviolet spectrophotometer, an ultra performance liquid chromatography and a rapid resolution liquid chromatograph combined with an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. Chromatograms and spectra for all batches and reference standards of main components were obtained and used for direct comparison. Further discussion was made on the basis of the result of principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS Significant difference of triterpenes was shown between G. lucidum and G. sinense. In 20 batches of G. lucidum, 12 main components, including eight ganoderic acids and four ganoderenic acids were identified and ten of them were quantitatively determined, with the total content from 0.249% to 0.690%. However, none of those triterpenes was found in either batch of G. sinense. As for constituents of polysaccharides, seven monosaccharides were identified and four main components among them were quantitatively determined. Difference of polysaccharides was not directly observed, but latent information was revealed by PCA and the discrimination became feasible. CONCLUSIONS G. lucidum and G. sinense were chemically different, which might result in pharmacological distinction. Preparations of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) from Ganoderma should make accurate specification on the origin of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Da
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Fatmawati S, Shimizu K, Kondo R. Structure–activity relationships of ganoderma acids from Ganoderma lucidum as aldose reductase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7295-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Stefek M, Karasu C. Eye Lens in Aging and Diabetes: Effect of Quercetin. Rejuvenation Res 2011; 14:525-34. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2011.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Stefek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Cimen Karasu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Fatmawati S, Shimizu K, Kondo R. Ganoderol B: a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:1053-5. [PMID: 21596546 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
α-Glucosidase inhibitor has considerable potential as a diabetes mellitus type 2 drug because it prevents the digestion of carbohydrates. The search for the constituents reducing α-glucosidase activity led to the finding of active compounds in the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. The CHCl(3) extract of the fruiting body of G. lucidum was found to show inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase in vitro. The neutral fraction, with an IC(50) of 88.7 μg/ml, had stronger inhibition than a positive control, acarbose, with an IC(50) of 336.7 μg/ml (521.5 μM). The neutral fraction was subjected to silica gel column chromatography and repeated p-HPLC to provide an active compound, (3β,24E)-lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3,26-diol (ganoderol B). It was found to have high α-glucosidase inhibition, with an IC(50) of 48.5 μg/ml (119.8 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Fatmawati
- Department of Agro-environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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