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Buravchenko GI, Shchekotikhin AE. Quinoxaline 1,4-Dioxides: Advances in Chemistry and Chemotherapeutic Drug Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1174. [PMID: 37631089 PMCID: PMC10459860 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Oxides of heterocyclic compounds are the focus of medical chemistry due to their diverse biological properties. The high reactivity and tendency to undergo various rearrangements have piqued the interest of synthetic chemists in heterocycles with N-oxide fragments. Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides are an example of an important class of heterocyclic N-oxides, whose wide range of biological activity determines the prospects of their practical use in the development of drugs of various pharmaceutical groups. Derivatives from this series have found application in the clinic as antibacterial drugs and are used in agriculture. Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides present a promising class for the development of new drugs targeting bacterial infections, oncological diseases, malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and amoebiasis. The review considers the most important methods for the synthesis and key directions in the chemical modification of quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives, analyzes their biological properties, and evaluates the prospects for the practical application of the most interesting compounds.
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Borah B, Chowhan LR. Recent advances in the transition-metal-free synthesis of quinoxalines. RSC Adv 2021; 11:37325-37353. [PMID: 35496411 PMCID: PMC9043781 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06942j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinoxalines, also known as benzo[a]pyrazines, constitute an important class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds as a result of their widespread prevalence in natural products, biologically active synthetic drug candidates, and optoelectronic materials. Owing to their importance and chemists' ever-increasing imagination of new transformations of these products, tremendous efforts have been dedicated to finding more efficient approaches toward the synthesis of quinoxaline rings. The last decades have witnessed a marvellous outburst in modifying organic synthetic methods to create them sustainable for the betterment of our environment. The exploitation of transition-metal-free catalysis in organic synthesis leads to a new frontier to access biologically active heterocycles and provides an alternative method from the perspective of green and sustainable chemistry. Despite notable developments achieved in transition-metal catalyzed synthesis, the high cost involved in the preparation of the catalyst, toxicity, and difficulty in removing it from the final products constitute disadvantageous effects on the atom economy and eco-friendly nature of the transformation. In this review article, we have summarized the recent progress achieved in the synthesis of quinoxalines under transition-metal-free conditions and cover the reports from 2015 to date. This aspect is presented alongside the mechanistic rationalization and limitations of the reaction methodologies. The scopes of future developments are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplob Borah
- School of Applied Material Sciences, Centre for Applied Chemistry, Central University of Gujarat Gandhinagar-382030 India
| | - L Raju Chowhan
- School of Applied Material Sciences, Centre for Applied Chemistry, Central University of Gujarat Gandhinagar-382030 India
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Hamama WS, Waly SM, Said SB, Zoorob HH. Highlights on the chemistry of 2-amino-3-cyano-quinoxaline 1, 4-dioxides and their derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1342843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa S. Hamama
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura City, Egypt
| | - Sara M. Waly
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta City, Egypt
| | - Samy B. Said
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta City, Egypt
| | - Hanafi H. Zoorob
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura City, Egypt
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Palav A, Misal B, Ernolla A, Parab V, Waske P, Khandekar D, Chaudhary V, Chaturbhuj G. The m-CPBA–NH3(g) System: A Safe and Scalable Alternative for the Manufacture of (Substituted) Pyridine and Quinoline N-Oxides. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amey Palav
- Research and Development Center, Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., Tarapur, Thane 401 506, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Balu Misal
- Research and Development Center, Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., Tarapur, Thane 401 506, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Anilkumar Ernolla
- Research and Development Center, Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., Tarapur, Thane 401 506, India
| | - Vinod Parab
- Research and Development Center, Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., Tarapur, Thane 401 506, India
| | - Prashant Waske
- Mettler-Toledo India Pvt. Ltd., Amar Hill, Saki Vihar Road, Powai, Mumbai 400 072, India
| | - Dileep Khandekar
- Mettler-Toledo India Pvt. Ltd., Amar Hill, Saki Vihar Road, Powai, Mumbai 400 072, India
| | - Vinay Chaudhary
- Mettler-Toledo India Pvt. Ltd., Amar Hill, Saki Vihar Road, Powai, Mumbai 400 072, India
| | - Ganesh Chaturbhuj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
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Zhao Y, Cheng G, Hao H, Pan Y, Liu Z, Dai M, Yuan Z. In vitro antimicrobial activities of animal-used quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides against mycobacteria, mycoplasma and fungi. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:186. [PMID: 27600955 PMCID: PMC5011961 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides (QdNOs) were known as potent antibacterial agents. For the purpose of evaluating the bioactivity of existing animal-used QdNOs drugs against representative pathogenic microorganism, the representative drugs of quinoxalines including cyadox, mequindox, quinocetone and their metabolites were submitted to the in vitro evaluation for antituberculosis, antimycoplasma, antifungal and antiviral activities. Results In antituberculosis assays, the prototype compounds were active (MIC = 4 ~ 8 μg/mL) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and M. bovis. Combined antimicrobial susceptibility test indicated that cyadox, mequindox and quinocetone combined with rifampicin had additive effect against M. tuberculosis complex with Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FIC) of 0.75. Results of antifungal assays showed that quinocetone was active against Microsporum canis with MIC of 8 μg/mL. Antimycoplasma screening showed a generally good activity of quinocetone against Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, with MIC between 8 and 16 μg/mL. As shown from the combined antimicrobial susceptibility test, cyadox, mequindox and quinocetone combined with tetracycline had additive effect against Mycoplasma gallisepticum with FIC of 0.75. These compounds were also submitted to antiviral assay against infectious bursal disease virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine parvovirus and classical swine fever virus. The results obtained showed that these QdNOs and their metabolites have no inhibitory activity against these viruses in vitro. Conclusions QdNOs exhibit antimicrobial activities against mycobacteria, mycoplasma and fungi. This study gives new insight in further application of QdNOs and offers a way to promote the healthcare of animal husbandry. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0812-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China. .,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Design and synthesis of novel quinoxaline derivatives as potential candidates for treatment of multidrug-resistant and latent tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016. [PMID: 27025343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.066.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four quinoxaline derivatives were evaluated for their antimycobacterial activity using BacTiter-Glo microbial cell viability assay. Five compounds showed MIC values <3.1 μM and IC50 values<1.5 μM in primary screening and therefore, they were moved on for further evaluation. Compounds 21 and 18 stand out, showing MIC values of 1.6 μM and IC50 values of 0.5 and 1.0 μM, respectively. Both compounds were the most potent against three evaluated drug-resistant strains. Moreover, they exhibited intracellular activity in infected macrophages, considering log-reduction and cellular viability. In addition, compounds 16 and 21 were potent against non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and compound 21 was bactericidal. Therefore, quinoxaline derivatives could be considered for making further advances in the future development of antimycobacterial agents.
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Cheng G, Sa W, Cao C, Guo L, Hao H, Liu Z, Wang X, Yuan Z. Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-Oxides: Biological Activities and Mechanisms of Actions. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:64. [PMID: 27047380 PMCID: PMC4800186 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides (QdNOs) have manifold biological properties, including antimicrobial, antitumoral, antitrypanosomal and antiinflammatory/antioxidant activities. These diverse activities endow them broad applications and prospects in human and veterinary medicines. As QdNOs arouse widespread interest, the evaluation of their medicinal chemistry is still in progress. In the meantime, adverse effects have been reported in some of the QdNO derivatives. For example, genotoxicity and bacterial resistance have been found in QdNO antibacterial growth promoters, conferring urgent need for discovery of new QdNO drugs. However, the modes of actions of QdNOs are not fully understood, hindering the development and innovation of these promising compounds. Here, QdNOs are categorized based on the activities and usages, among which the antimicrobial activities are consist of antibacterial, antimycobacterial and anticandida activities, and the antiprotozoal activities include antitrypanosomal, antimalarial, antitrichomonas, and antiamoebic activities. The structure-activity relationship and the mode of actions of each type of activity of QdNOs are summarized, and the toxicity and the underlying mechanisms are also discussed, providing insight for the future research and development of these fascinating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyue Cheng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Wei Sa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Liangliang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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Santivañez-Veliz M, Pérez-Silanes S, Torres E, Moreno-Viguri E. Design and synthesis of novel quinoxaline derivatives as potential candidates for treatment of multidrug-resistant and latent tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2188-93. [PMID: 27025343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four quinoxaline derivatives were evaluated for their antimycobacterial activity using BacTiter-Glo microbial cell viability assay. Five compounds showed MIC values <3.1 μM and IC50 values<1.5 μM in primary screening and therefore, they were moved on for further evaluation. Compounds 21 and 18 stand out, showing MIC values of 1.6 μM and IC50 values of 0.5 and 1.0 μM, respectively. Both compounds were the most potent against three evaluated drug-resistant strains. Moreover, they exhibited intracellular activity in infected macrophages, considering log-reduction and cellular viability. In addition, compounds 16 and 21 were potent against non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and compound 21 was bactericidal. Therefore, quinoxaline derivatives could be considered for making further advances in the future development of antimycobacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery Santivañez-Veliz
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Silanes
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Torres
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elsa Moreno-Viguri
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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9
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Das U, Das S, Bandy B, Gorecki DK, Dimmock JR. E-2-[3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxide: a lead antitubercular agent which alters mitochondrial respiration in rat liver. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:4682-6. [PMID: 20705367 PMCID: PMC3276593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-(3-aryl-1-oxo-2-propenyl)-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxides 1a-l and 2-acetyl-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxide 2 were evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv. With the exception of the 4-nitro analog 1k, significant antitubercular potencies were observed in series 1 and 2 which have IC(50) values in the range of 1-23 microM. Negative correlations were noted between the IC(50) values of 1a-j, l towards M. tuberculosis and both the sigma and pi constants of the substituents in the benzylidene aryl ring. In particular, 1h emerged as a lead compound having IC(50) and IC(90) figures of 1.03 microM and 1.53 microM, respectively. This molecule affected respiration in rat liver mitochondria which is likely one way that 1h and the bioactive analogs exert their antitubercular properties. The quinoxaline 2, which lacks an alpha,beta-unsaturated group, has no effect on mitochondrial respiration using concentrations which inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umashankar Das
- Drug Design and Discovery Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Swagatika Das
- Drug Design and Discovery Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Brian Bandy
- Drug Design and Discovery Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Dennis K.J. Gorecki
- Drug Design and Discovery Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Jonathan R. Dimmock
- Drug Design and Discovery Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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Ancizu S, Moreno E, Torres E, Burguete A, Pérez-Silanes S, Benítez D, Villar R, Solano B, Marín A, Aldana I, Cerecetto H, González M, Monge A. Heterocyclic-2-carboxylic acid (3-cyano-1,4-di-N-oxidequinoxalin-2-yl)amide derivatives as hits for the development of neglected disease drugs. Molecules 2009; 14:2256-72. [PMID: 19553897 PMCID: PMC6254273 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14062256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected diseases represent a major health problem. It is estimated that one third of the world population is infected with tuberculosis (TB). Besides TB, Chagas disease, affects approximately 20 million people. Quinoxalines display great activities against TB and Chagas. Forty new quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives have been prepared and tested against M. tuberculosis and T. cruzi. Carboxylic acid quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides (CAQDOs) 5 and 17 showed MIC values on the same order as the reference antituberculosis drug, rifampicin. Meanwhile, CAQDOs 12 and 22 presented IC(50) values in the same order as the anti-chagasic drug, nifurtimox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saioa Ancizu
- Unidad en Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada (CIFA), University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; E-mails: (S.A.), (E.M)
| | - Elsa Moreno
- Unidad en Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada (CIFA), University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; E-mails: (S.A.), (E.M)
| | - Enrique Torres
- Unidad en Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada (CIFA), University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; E-mails: (S.A.), (E.M)
| | - Asunción Burguete
- Unidad en Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada (CIFA), University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; E-mails: (S.A.), (E.M)
| | - Silvia Pérez-Silanes
- Unidad en Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada (CIFA), University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; E-mails: (S.A.), (E.M)
| | - Diego Benítez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; E-mails: (D.B.), (H.C.)
| | - Raquel Villar
- Unidad en Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada (CIFA), University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; E-mails: (S.A.), (E.M)
| | - Beatriz Solano
- Unidad en Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada (CIFA), University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; E-mails: (S.A.), (E.M)
| | - Adoración Marín
- Unidad en Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada (CIFA), University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; E-mails: (S.A.), (E.M)
| | - Ignacio Aldana
- Unidad en Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada (CIFA), University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; E-mails: (S.A.), (E.M)
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; E-mails: (D.B.), (H.C.)
| | - Mercedes González
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; E-mails: (D.B.), (H.C.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mails: (A.M.), (M.G.)
| | - Antonio Monge
- Unidad en Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada (CIFA), University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; E-mails: (S.A.), (E.M)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mails: (A.M.), (M.G.)
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Vicente E, Villar R, Burguete A, Solano B, Pérez-Silanes S, Aldana I, Maddry JA, Lenaerts AJ, Franzblau SG, Cho SH, Monge A, Goldman RC. Efficacy of quinoxaline-2-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives in experimental tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:3321-6. [PMID: 18625764 PMCID: PMC2533452 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00379-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study extends earlier reports regarding the in vitro efficacies of the 1,4-di-N-oxide quinoxaline derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and has led to the discovery of a derivative with in vivo efficacy in the mouse model of tuberculosis. Quinoxaline-2-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives were tested in vitro against a broad panel of single-drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. The susceptibilities of these strains to some compounds were comparable to those of strain H(37)Rv, as indicated by the ratios of MICs for resistant and nonresistant strains, supporting the premise that 1,4-di-N-oxide quinoxaline derivatives have a novel mode of action unrelated to those of the currently used antitubercular drugs. Specific derivatives were further evaluated in a series of in vivo assays, including evaluations of the maximum tolerated doses, the levels of oral bioavailability, and the efficacies in a low-dose aerosol model of tuberculosis in mice. One compound, ethyl 7-chloro-3-methylquinoxaline-2-carboxylate 1,4-dioxide, was found to be (i) active in reducing CFU counts in both the lungs and spleens of infected mice following oral administration, (ii) active against PA-824-resistant Mycobacterium bovis, indicating that the pathway of bioreduction/activation is different from that of PA-824 (a bioreduced nitroimidazole that is in clinical trials), and (iii) very active against nonreplicating bacteria adapted to low-oxygen conditions. These data indicate that 1,4-di-N-oxide quinoxalines hold promise for the treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Vicente
- Unidad en Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Spain
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12
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Villar R, Vicente E, Solano B, Pérez-Silanes S, Aldana I, Maddry JA, Lenaerts AJ, Franzblau SG, Cho SH, Monge A, Goldman RC. In vitro and in vivo antimycobacterial activities of ketone and amide derivatives of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:547-54. [PMID: 18502817 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate a novel series of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides for in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and for efficacy in a mouse model of tuberculosis (TB). METHODS Ketone and amide derivatives of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo tests including: (i) activity against M. tuberculosis resistant to currently used antitubercular drugs including multidrug-resistant strains (MDR-TB resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin); (ii) activity against non-replicating persistent (NRP) bacteria; (iii) MBC; (iv) maximum tolerated dose, oral bioavailability and in vivo efficacy in mice; and (v) potential for cross-resistance with another bioreduced drug, PA-824. RESULTS Ten compounds were tested on single drug-resistant M. tuberculosis. In general, all compounds were active with ratios of MICs against resistant and non-resistant strains of <or=4.00. One compound, 5, was orally active in a murine model of TB, bactericidal, active against NRP bacteria and active on MDR-TB and poly drug-resistant clinical isolates (resistant to 3-5 antitubercular drugs). CONCLUSIONS Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides represent a new class of orally active antitubercular drugs. They are likely bioreduced to an active metabolite, but the pathway of bacterial activation was different from PA-824, a bioreducible nitroimidazole in clinical trials. Compound 5 was bactericidal and active on NRP organisms indicating that activation occurred in both growing and non-replicating bacteria leading to cell death. The presence of NRP bacteria is believed to be a major factor responsible for the prolonged nature of antitubercular therapy. If the bactericidal activity and activity on non-replicating bacteria in vitro translate to in vivo conditions, quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides may offer a path to shortened therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Villar
- Unidad en Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada (CIFA), Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31080 Pamplona, Spain
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Unexpected reduction of ethyl 3-phenylquinoxaline-2- carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives by amines. Molecules 2008; 13:78-85. [PMID: 18259131 PMCID: PMC6245414 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The unexpected tendency of amines and functionalized hydrazines to reduce ethyl 3-phenylquinoxaline-2-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide (1) to afford a quinoxaline 1c and mono-oxide quinoxalines 1a and 1b is described. The experimental conditions were standardized to the use of two equivalents of amine in ethanol under reflux for two hours, with the aim of studying the distinct reductive profiles of the amines and the chemoselectivity of the process. With the exception of hydrazine hydrate, which reduced compound 1 to a 3-phenyl-2-quinoxalinecarbohydrazide derivative, the amines only acted as reducing agents.
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