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Crawford LC, Kim S, Karelia D, Sepulveda DE, Morgan DJ, Lü J, Henderson-Redmond AN. Decursinol-mediated antinociception and anti-allodynia in acute and neuropathic pain models in male mice: Tolerance and receptor profiling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:968976. [PMID: 36249788 PMCID: PMC9558739 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.968976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Korean scientists have shown that oral administration of Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) root alcoholic extract and the metabolite of its pyranocoumarins, decursinol, have antinociceptive properties across various thermal and acute inflammatory pain models. The objectives of this study were 1) to assess whether tolerance develops to the antinociceptive effects of once-daily intraperitoneally administered decursinol (50 mg/kg) in acute thermal pain models, 2) to establish its anti-allodynic efficacy and potential tolerance development in a model of chemotherapy-evoked neuropathic pain (CENP) and 3) to probe the involvement of select receptors in mediating the pain-relieving effects with antagonists. The results show that decursinol induced antinociception in both the hot plate and tail-flick assays and reversed mechanical allodynia in mice with cisplatin-evoked neuropathic pain. Tolerance was detected to the antinociceptive effects of decursinol in the hot plate and tail-flick assays and to the anti-allodynic effects of decursinol in neuropathic mice. Pretreatment with either the 5-HT2 antagonist methysergide, the 5-HT2A antagonist volinanserin, or the 5-HT2C antagonist SB-242084 failed to attenuate decursinol-induced antinociception in the tail-flick assay. While pretreatment with the cannabinoid inverse agonists rimonabant and SR144528 failed to modify decursinol-induced anti-allodynia, pretreatment with the opioid antagonist naloxone partially attenuated the anti-allodynic effects of decursinol. In conclusion, our data support decursinol as an active phytochemical of AGN having both antinociceptive and anti-allodynic properties. Future work warrants a more critical investigation of potential receptor mechanisms as they are likely more complicated than initially reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTaijah C. Crawford
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Sangyub Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Deepkamal Karelia
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Diana E. Sepulveda
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Daniel J. Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Junxuan Lü
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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2
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Insights into Recent Studies on Biotransformation and Pharmacological Activities of Ginsenoside Rd. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040512. [PMID: 35454101 PMCID: PMC9031344 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that ginsenosides—major bioactive constituents of Panax ginseng—are attracting more attention due to their beneficial pharmacological activities. Ginsenoside Rd, belonging to protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides, exhibits diverse and powerful pharmacological activities. In recent decades, nearly 300 studies on the pharmacological activities of Rd—as a potential treatment for a variety of diseases—have been published. However, no specific, comprehensive reviews have been documented to date. The present review not only summarizes the in vitro and in vivo studies on the health benefits of Rd, including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, ischemic stroke, immunoregulation, and other pharmacological effects, it also delves into the inclusion of potential molecular mechanisms, providing an overview of future prospects for the use of Rd in the treatment of chronic metabolic diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. Although biotransformation, pharmacokinetics, and clinical studies of Rd have also been reviewed, clinical trial data of Rd are limited; the only data available are for its treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Therefore, clinical evidence of Rd should be considered in future studies.
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3
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Yang F, Hou W, Zhu D, Tang Y, Yu B. A Stereoselective Glycosylation Approach to the Construction of 1,2-trans-β-d-Glycosidic Linkages and Convergent Synthesis of Saponins. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104002. [PMID: 34859514 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Conventional syntheses of 1,2-trans-β-d- or α-l-glycosidic linkages rely mainly on neighboring group participation in the glycosylation reactions. The requirement for a neighboring participation group (NPG) excludes direct glycosylation with (1→2)-linked glycan donors, thus only allowing stepwise assembly of glycans and glycoconjugates containing this type of common motif. Here, a robust glycosylation protocol for the synthesis of 1,2-trans-β-d- or α-l-glycosidic linkages without resorting to NPG is disclosed; it employs an optimal combination of glycosyl N-phenyltrifluroacetimidates as donors, FeCl3 as promoter, and CH2 Cl2 /nitrile as solvent. A broad substrate scope has been demonstrated by glycosylations with 12 (1→2)-linked di- and trisaccharide donors and 13 alcoholic acceptors including eight complex triterpene derivatives. Most of the glycosylation reactions are high yielding and exclusively 1,2-trans selective. Ten representative, naturally occurring triterpene saponins were thus synthesized in a convergent manner after deprotection of the coupled glycosides. Intensive mechanistic studies indicated that this glycosylation proceeds by SN 2-type substitution of the glycosyl α-nitrilium intermediates. Importantly, FeCl3 dissociates and coordinates with nitrile into [Fe(RCN)n Cl2 ]+ and [FeCl4 ]- , and the ferric cationic species coordinates with the alcoholic acceptor to provide a protic species that activates the imidate, meanwhile the poor nucleophilicity of [FeCl4 ]- ensures an uninterruptive role for the glycosidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhu Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Wu Hou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
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4
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Dai Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Jeon Y, Zheng F, Ma L, Yue H. Identification and Evaluation of a Panel of Ginsenosides from Different Red Ginseng Extracts with Nootropic Effect. Chem Res Chin Univ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-018-7422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Feng L, Xu C, Li Z, Li J, Dai Y, Han H, Yu S, Liu S. Microbial conversion of ginsenoside Rd from Rb1 by the fungus mutant Aspergillus niger strain TH-10a. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 46:336-41. [PMID: 25831478 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2015.1031391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rd, one of the ginsenosides with significant pharmaceutical activities, is getting more and more attractions on its biotransformation. In this study, a novel fungus mutant, the Aspergillus niger strain TH-10a, which can efficiently convert ginsenoside Rd from Rb1, was obtained through screening survival library of LiCl and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The transformation product ginsenoside Rd, generated by removing the outer glucose residue from the position C20 of ginsenoside Rb1, was identified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Factors for the microbial culture and biotransformation were investigated in terms of the carbon sources, the nitrogen sources, pH values, and temperatures. This showed that maximum mycelia growth could be obtained at 28°C and pH 6.0 with cellobiose and tryptone as the carbon source and the nitrogen source, respectively. The highest transformation rate (∼86%) has been achieved at 32°C and pH 5.0 with the feeding time of substrate 48 hr. Also, Aspergillus niger strain TH-10a could tolerate even 40 mg/mL ginseng root extract as substrate with 60% bioconversion rate after 72 hr of treatment at the optimal condition. Our results highlight a novel ginsenoside Rd transformation fungus and illuminate its potentially practical application in the pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- a Jilin Ginseng Academy , Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Chunchun Xu
- a Jilin Ginseng Academy , Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Zhuo Li
- b The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Jing Li
- a Jilin Ginseng Academy , Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Yulin Dai
- a Jilin Ginseng Academy , Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | | | - Shanshan Yu
- a Jilin Ginseng Academy , Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Shuying Liu
- a Jilin Ginseng Academy , Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China.,d Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science , Changchun , China
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Xie J, Zhao D, Zhao L, Pei J, Xiao W, Ding G, Wang Z, Xu J. Characterization of a novel arabinose-tolerant α
-l-
arabinofuranosidase with high ginsenoside Rc to ginsenoside Rd bioconversion productivity. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:647-60. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing China
| | - D. Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing China
| | - L. Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomass Based Green Fuels and Chemicals; Nanjing China
| | - J. Pei
- College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomass Based Green Fuels and Chemicals; Nanjing China
| | - W. Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Lianyungang China
| | - G. Ding
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Lianyungang China
| | - Z. Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Lianyungang China
| | - J. Xu
- University of Massachusetts Lowell; Lowell MA USA
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Kainic Acid-Induced Excitotoxicity Experimental Model: Protective Merits of Natural Products and Plant Extracts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:972623. [PMID: 26793262 PMCID: PMC4697086 DOI: 10.1155/2015/972623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is well recognized as a major pathological process of neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases involving the central nervous system (CNS). In the animal models of neurodegeneration, excitotoxicity is commonly induced experimentally by chemical convulsants, particularly kainic acid (KA). KA-induced excitotoxicity in rodent models has been shown to result in seizures, behavioral changes, oxidative stress, glial activation, inflammatory mediator production, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and selective neurodegeneration in the brain upon KA administration. Recently, there is an emerging trend to search for natural sources to combat against excitotoxicity-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Natural products and plant extracts had attracted a considerable amount of attention because of their reported beneficial effects on the CNS, particularly their neuroprotective effect against excitotoxicity. They provide significant reduction and/or protection against the development and progression of acute and chronic neurodegeneration. This indicates that natural products and plants extracts may be useful in protecting against excitotoxicity-associated neurodegeneration. Thus, targeting of multiple pathways simultaneously may be the strategy to maximize the neuroprotection effect. This review summarizes the mechanisms involved in KA-induced excitotoxicity and attempts to collate the various researches related to the protective effect of natural products and plant extracts in the KA model of neurodegeneration.
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Skalicka-Woźniak K, Orhan IE, Cordell GA, Nabavi SM, Budzyńska B. Implication of coumarins towards central nervous system disorders. Pharmacol Res 2015; 103:188-203. [PMID: 26657416 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Coumarins are widely distributed, plant-derived, 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one derivatives which have attracted intense interest in recent years as a result of their diverse and potent pharmacological properties. Particularly, their effects on the central nervous system (CNS) have been established. The present review discusses the most important pharmacological effects of natural and synthetic coumarins on the CNS, including their interactions with benzodiazepine receptors, their dopaminergic and serotonergic affinity, and their ability to inhibit cholinesterases and monoamine oxidases. The structure-activity relationships pertaining to these effects are also discussed. This review posits that natural or synthetic coumarins have the potential for development in the therapy of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, schizophrenia, anxiety, epilepsy, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Geoffrey A Cordell
- Natural Products Inc., Evanston, IL 60203, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of FL, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Barbara Budzyńska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
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Ginsenoside Rd attenuates Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 239:12-8. [PMID: 26111763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain is the large number of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides accumulating in lesion areas. Ginsenosides are the most active components extracted from ginseng. Ginsenoside Rd (GRd) is a newly discovered saponin that has a stronger pharmacological activity than other ginsenosides, especially in neuroprotection. Here we examined the neuroprotective effects of GRd against neuronal insults induced by Aβ25-35 in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. A 10μM GRd treatment significantly prevented the loss of hippocampal neurons induced by Aβ25-35. In addition, GRd significantly ameliorated Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress by decreasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and increasing the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); which is similar in treatments with 10μM of probucol (PB) and 100μM of edaravone (EDA). Moreover, our present study demonstrated that GRd significantly enhanced the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA, and decreased the expressions of Bax mRNA and Cyt c mRNA. GRd also downregulated the protein level of cleaved Caspase-3 compared to controls. These results highlighted the neuroprotective effects of GRd against Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis, suggesting that this may be a promising therapeutics against AD.
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10
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Jang JY, Kim J, Cai J, Kim Y, Shin K, Kim TS, Lee SP, Park SK, Choi EK, Kim YB. An ethanolic extract of Angelica gigas improves atherosclerosis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Lab Anim Res 2014; 30:84-9. [PMID: 24999363 PMCID: PMC4079836 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2014.30.2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of an ethanolic extract of Angelica gigas (EAG) on the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and high-cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis were investigated. Rat aortic VSMCs were stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (25 ng/mL) for the induction of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. EAG (1-10 µg/mL) significantly inhibited both the thymidine incorporation and cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding male New Zealand white rabbits with 0.5% cholesterol in diet for 10 weeks, during which EAG (1% in diet) was given for the final 8 weeks after 2-week induction of hypercholesterolemia. Hypercholesterolemic rabbits exhibited great increases in serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) levels, and finally severe atheromatous plaque formation covering 28.4% of the arterial walls. EAG significantly increased high-density lipoproteins (HDL), slightly decreased LDL, and potentially reduced the atheroma area to 16.6%. The results indicate that EAG attenuates atherosclerosis not only by inhibiting VASC proliferation, but also by increasing blood HDL levels. Therefore, it is suggested that EAG could be an alternative or an adjunct therapy for the improvement of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Young Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jingmei Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Youngeun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyungha Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Ehn-Kyoung Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Yun-Bae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Chang KH, Jo MN, Kim KT, Paik HD. Evaluation of glucosidases of Aspergillus niger strain comparing with other glucosidases in transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenosides Rg3. J Ginseng Res 2013; 38:47-51. [PMID: 24558310 PMCID: PMC3915331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 into a specific minor ginsenoside using Aspergillus niger KCCM 11239, as well as the identification of the transformed products and the pathway via thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography were evaluated to develop a new biologically active material. The conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 generated Rd, Rg3, Rh2, and compound K although the reaction rates were low due to the low concentration. In enzymatic conversion, all of the ginsenoside Rb1 was converted to ginsenoside Rd and ginsenoside Rg3 after 24 h of incubation. The crude enzyme (β-glucosidase) from A. niger KCCM 11239 hydrolyzed the β-(1→6)-glucosidic linkage at the C-20 of ginsenoside Rb1 to generate ginsenoside Rd and ginsenoside Rg3. Our experimental demonstration showing that A. niger KCCM 11239 produces the ginsenoside-hydrolyzing β-glucosidase reflects the feasibility of developing a specific bioconversion process to obtain active minor ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hoon Chang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Na Jo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee-Tae Kim
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea ; Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Gao J, Hu Y, Ji L, Wang N, Wang J, Tai G, Zhou Y. A novel ginsenoside-hydrolyzing enzyme fromPenicillium oxalicumand its application in ginsenoside Rd production. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2013.857316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Yan BC, Park JH, Shin BN, Ahn JH, Kim IH, Lee JC, Yoo KY, Hwang IK, Choi JH, Park JH, Lee YL, Suh HW, Jun JG, Kwon YG, Kim YM, Kwon SH, Her S, Kim JS, Hyun BH, Kim CK, Cho JH, Lee CH, Won MH. Neuroprotective effect of a new synthetic aspirin-decursinol adduct in experimental animal models of ischemic stroke. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74886. [PMID: 24073226 PMCID: PMC3779249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death. Experimental animal models of cerebral ischemia are widely used for researching mechanisms of ischemic damage and developing new drugs for the prevention and treatment of stroke. The present study aimed to comparatively investigate neuroprotective effects of aspirin (ASA), decursinol (DA) and new synthetic aspirin-decursinol adduct (ASA-DA) against transient focal and global cerebral ischemic damage. We found that treatment with 20 mg/kg, not 10 mg/kg, ASA-DA protected against ischemia-induced neuronal death after transient focal and global ischemic damage, and its neuroprotective effect was much better than that of ASA or DA alone. In addition, 20 mg/kg ASA-DA treatment reduced the ischemia-induced gliosis and maintained antioxidants levels in the corresponding injury regions. In brief, ASA-DA, a new synthetic drug, dramatically protected neurons from ischemic damage, and neuroprotective effects of ASA-DA may be closely related to the attenuation of ischemia-induced gliosis and maintenance of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chun Yan
- Institute of Integrative traditional & western Medicine,Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Bich Na Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Park
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yun Lyul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hong-Won Suh
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Gab Jun
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Applied Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Vascular System Research Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hae Kwon
- Division of Analytical Bio-imaging, Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, Kangwon, South Korea
| | - Song Her
- Division of Analytical Bio-imaging, Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, Kangwon, South Korea
| | - Jin Su Kim
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung-Hwa Hyun
- Laboratory Animal Center, OSONG Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong, South Korea
| | - Chul-Kyu Kim
- Laboratory Animal Center, OSONG Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong, South Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Choong Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- * E-mail: (MHW); (CHL)
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- * E-mail: (MHW); (CHL)
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Hong H, Cui CH, Kim JK, Jin FX, Kim SC, Im WT. Enzymatic Biotransformation of Ginsenoside Rb1 and Gypenoside XVII into Ginsenosides Rd and F2 by Recombinant β-glucosidase from Flavobacterium johnsoniae. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:418-24. [PMID: 23717145 PMCID: PMC3659600 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.4.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the enzymatic biotransformation of the major ginsenoside Rb1 into Rd for the mass production of minor ginsenosides using a novel recombinant β-glucosidase from Flavobacterium johnsoniae. The gene (bglF3) consisting of 2,235 bp (744 amino acid residues) was cloned and the recombinant enzyme overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) was characterized. This enzyme could transform ginsenoside Rb1 and gypenoside XVII to the ginsenosides Rd and F2, respectively. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) fused BglF3 was purified with GST-bind agarose resin and characterized. The kinetic parameters for β-glucosidase had apparent Km values of 0.91±0.02 and 2.84±0.05 mM and Vmax values of 5.75±0.12 and 0.71±0.01 μmol·min-1·mg of protein-1 against p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and Rb1, respectively. At optimal conditions of pH 6.0 and 37℃, BglF3 could only hydrolyze the outer glucose moiety of ginsenoside Rb1 and gypenoside XVII at the C-20 position of aglycon into ginsenosides Rd and F2, respectively. These results indicate that the recombinant BglF3 could be useful for the mass production of ginsenosides Rd and F2 in the pharmaceutical or cosmetic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hong
- KAIST Institute for Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea ; College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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15
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Chang KH, Jo MN, Kim KT, Paik HD. Purification and characterization of a ginsenoside Rb(1)-hydrolyzing β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger KCCM 11239. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:12140-12152. [PMID: 23109906 PMCID: PMC3472798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130912140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rb(1)-hydrolyzing β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger KCCM 11239 was studied to develop a bioconversion process for minor ginsenosides. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 46.5 times greater than that of the crude enzyme. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was estimated to be approximately 123 kDa. The optimal pH of the purified enzyme was pH 4.0, and the enzyme proved highly stable over a pH range of 5.0-10.0. The optimal temperature was 70 °C, and the enzyme became unstable at temperatures above 60 °C. The enzyme was inhibited by Cu(2+), Mg(2+), Co(2+), and acetic acid (10 mM). In the specificity tests, the enzyme was found to be active against ginsenoside Rb(1), but showed very low levels of activity against Rb(2), Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg(1). The enzyme hydrolyzed the 20-C,β-(1→6)-glucoside of ginsenoside Rb(1) to generate ginsenoside Rd and Rg(3), and hydrolyzed 3-C,β-(1→2)-glucoside to generate F(2). The properties of the enzyme indicate that it could be a useful tool in biotransformation applications in the ginseng industry, as well as in the development of novel drug compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hoon Chang
- Division of Animal Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; E-Mails: (K.H.C); (M.N.J.)
| | - Mi Na Jo
- Division of Animal Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; E-Mails: (K.H.C); (M.N.J.)
| | - Kee-Tae Kim
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Division of Animal Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; E-Mails: (K.H.C); (M.N.J.)
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; E-Mail:
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Lee TH, Park JH, Kim JD, Lee JC, Kim IH, Yim Y, Lee SK, Yan BC, Ahn JH, Lee CH, Yoo KY, Choi JH, Hwang IK, Park JH, Won MH. Protective Effects of a Novel Synthetic Alpha-Lipoic Acid-Decursinol Hybrid Compound in Experimentally Induced Transient Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1209-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Yoon JH, Choi YJ, Cha SW, Lee SG. Anti-metastatic effects of ginsenoside Rd via inactivation of MAPK signaling and induction of focal adhesion formation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:284-292. [PMID: 21982435 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rd is a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside found in ginseng and is the active ingredient in several Oriental herbal medicines. We investigated the effects of ginsenoside Rd on tumor invasion and metastasis in the human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and its possible mechanism of action. HepG2 cells were treated with ginsenoside Rd at different concentrations. Scratch wound and Boyden chamber assays were used to determine the effects of ginsenoside Rd on the migration and invasiveness of HepG2 cells, respectively. The molecular mechanisms by which ginsenoside Rd inhibited the invasion and migration of HepG2 cells were investigated by RT-PCR, Western blotting, gelatin zymography, promoter assay, and treatment with inhibitors of MAPK signaling. Immunofluorescence analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of ginsenoside Rd on focal adhesion formation in HepG2 cells. Treatment with ginsenoside Rd dose- and time-dependently inhibited the migration and invasion of HepG2 cells. It achieved this by reducing the expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-7, by blocking MAPK signaling by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAPK, by inhibition of AP-1 activation, and by inducing focal adhesion formation and modulating vinculin localization and expression. Treatment of HepG2 cells with ginsenoside Rd significantly inhibited metastasis, most likely by blocking MMP activation and MAPK signaling pathways involved in cancer cell migration. These findings may be useful for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of malignant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hae Yoon
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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Song JS, Chae JW, Lee KR, Lee BH, Choi EJ, Ahn SH, Kwon KI, Bae MA. Pharmacokinetic characterization of decursinol derived from Angelica gigas Nakai in rats. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:895-902. [PMID: 21657833 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.587551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Decursinol is a major coumarin derived from the roots of Angelica gigas and has various pharmacological effects against inflammation, angiogenesis, nociceptive pain and Alzheimer's disease. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to characterize the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of decursinol. Decursinol exhibited high stability to oxidative and glucuronic metabolism in human and rat liver microsomes. In Caco-2 cell monolayers, decursinol showed high permeability (>14 × 10(-6) cm/s) at all tested concentrations in the absorptive direction, which saturated at 100 μM. Secretion increased in a concentration-dependent manner, with an efflux ratio of more than 2 at 50 μM, indicating the participation of an active efflux transporter such as P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein 2 or breast cancer resistance protein. The fraction of decursinol not bound to plasma proteins was 25-26% in the rat and 9-18% in humans. In human plasma, but not rat plasma, the percentage of unbound decursinol was concentration dependent. Following intravenous administration in rats, non-linear elimination of decursinol was observed with K(m) and V(max) values of 2.1 μg/mL and 2.5 mg·h(-1)·kg(-1), respectively. Following oral administration, decursinol exhibited high oral bioavailability (>45%) and rapid absorption (T(max), 0.4-0.9 h) over the dose range studied. In addition, dose-dependent absorption and elimination were observed at 20 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sook Song
- Drug Discovery Platform Technology Team, Division of Bio-organic Science, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Joo SS, Park D, Shin S, Jeon JH, Kim TK, Choi YJ, Lee SH, Kim JS, Park SK, Hwang BY, Lee DI, Kim YB. Anti-allergic effects and mechanisms of action of the ethanolic extract of Angelica gigas in dinitrofluorobenzene-induced inflammation models. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 30:127-133. [PMID: 21787642 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To confirm the anti-allergic effects of the ethanolic extract of Angelica gigas (EAG), the levels of ear erythema, ear weight, vascular leakage, heamatology, tumor-necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and immunoglobulin E from mice sensitized with 2,4-dinitroflurorobenzene were examined. The results showed that EAG reduced ear erythema and ear weight; we also found that Evan's blue leakage decreased. Furthermore, the levels of interleukin-6 and immunoglobulin E in the serum were significantly inhibited. In RAW264.7 cells, EAG drastically inhibited the mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthease, tumor-necrosis factor-α and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, suggesting that EAG may inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute neutrophilic inflammation. Western blot analysis showed that EAG inhibited nuclear factor-κB- and extracelullar signal-regulated protein kinase-dependent inflammatory pathways. Interestingly, EAG effectively inhibited the release of β-hexosaminidase, a granule marker from mast cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that EAG inhibits focal and systemic inflammatory and allergic reactions, and holds great promise for the treatment of several inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Soo Joo
- Division of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Republic of Korea
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20
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Shin S, Joo SS, Park D, Jeon JH, Kim TK, Kim JS, Park SK, Hwang BY, Kim YB. Ethanol extract of Angelica gigas inhibits croton oil-induced inflammation by suppressing the cyclooxygenase - prostaglandin pathway. J Vet Sci 2010; 11:43-50. [PMID: 20195064 PMCID: PMC2833429 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2010.11.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract of Angelica gigas (EAG) were investigated in vitro and in vivo using croton oil-induced inflammation models. Croton oil (20 microg/mL) up-regulated mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-I and COX-II in the macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, resulting in the release of high concentrations of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). EAG (1 approximately 10 microg/mL) markedly suppressed croton oil-induced COX-II mRNA expression and PGE(2) production. Application of croton oil (5% in acetone) to mouse ears caused severe local erythema, edema and vascular leakage, which were significantly attenuated by oral pre-treatment with EAG (50 approximately 500 mg/kg). Croton oil dramatically increased blood levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and PGE(2) without affecting tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and nitric oxide (NO) levels. EAG pre-treatment remarkably lowered IL-6 and PGE(2), but did not alter TNF-alpha or NO concentrations. These results indicate that EAG attenuates inflammatory responses in part by blocking the COX - PGE(2) pathway. Therefore, EAG could be a promising candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhee Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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21
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Ho YS, So KF, Chang RCC. Anti-aging herbal medicine--how and why can they be used in aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases? Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:354-62. [PMID: 19833234 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a universal biological process that leads to progressive and deleterious changes in organisms. From ancient time, mankind has already interested in preventing and keeping ourselves young. Anti-aging study is certainly not a new research area. Nowadays, the meaning of anti-aging has been changed from simply prolonging lifespan to increasing health span, which emphasizes more on the quality of life. This is the concept of healthy aging and prevention of pathological aging, which is associated with diseases. Keeping our brain functions as in young age is an important task for neuroscientists to prevent aging-associated neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's diseases (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The causes of these diseases are not fully understood, but it is believed that these diseases are affected by multiple factors. Neurodegenerative diseases can be cross-linked with a number of aging-associated conditions. Based on this, a holistic approach in anti-aging research seems to be more reasonable. Herbal medicine has a long history in Asian countries. It is believed that many of the medicinal herbs have anti-aging properties. Recent studies have shown that some medicinal herbs are effective in intervention or prevention of aging-associated neurological disorders. In this review, we use wolfberry and ginseng as examples to elaborate the properties of anti-aging herbs. The characteristics of medicinal herbs, especially their applications in different disease stages (prevention and intervention) and multi-targets properties, allow them to be potential anti-aging intervention in prevention and treatment of the aging-associated neurological disorders.
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23
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Kang SY, Kim YC. Decursinol and decursin protect primary cultured rat cortical cells from glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:863-70. [PMID: 17637179 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.6.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We previously reported six neuroprotective decursinol derivatives, coumarins from Angelica gigas (Umbelliferae) roots. To elucidate the action patterns of decursinol derivatives, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of decursinol and decursin, which showed highly significant activity and were major constituents of A. gigas, using primary cultures of rat cortical cells in-vitro. At concentrations of 0.1–10.0 μM, both decursinol and decursin exerted a significant neuroprotective activity pretreatment and throughout treatment. In addition, decursin had a neuroprotective impact in the post-treatment paradigm implying that decursin might possess different action mechanisms from that of decursinol in the protection of neurons against glutamate injury. Both decursinol and decursin effectively reduced the glutamate-induced increased intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in cortical cells, suggesting that these two coumarins may exert neuroprotection by reducing calcium influx by overactivation of glutamate receptors. This suggestion was supported by the result that decursinol and decursin protected neurons against kainic acid (KA)-induced neurotoxicity better than against that induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Moreover, both decursinol and decursin significantly prevented glutamate-induced decreases in glutathione, a cellular antioxidant, and glutathione peroxidase activity. In addition, both compounds efficiently reduced the overproduction of cellular peroxide in glutamate-injured cortical cells. These results suggested that both decursinol and decursin protected primary cultured rat cortical cells against glutamate-induced oxidative stress by both reducing calcium influx and acting on the cellular antioxidative defence system. Moreover, decursin is considered to probably have a different action mechanism from that of decursinol in protecting cortical cells against glutamate injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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24
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Shin S, Jeon JH, Park D, Jang JY, Joo SS, Hwang BY, Choe SY, Kim YB. Anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract of Angelica gigas in a Carrageenan-air pouch inflammation model. Exp Anim 2009; 58:431-6. [PMID: 19654443 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.58.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract of Angelica gigas (EAG; 50, 160, or 500 mg/kg) were investigated in a carrageenan-induced air pouch inflammation model. Injection of 1 ml of carrageenan (1%) into mouse air pouches markedly increased the exudate volume and exudate albumin concentration, which were significantly attenuated by oral pretreatment with EAG. EAG also markedly reduced carrageenan-induced infiltrations of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, but did not influence eosinophils or basophils. Carrageenan dramatically increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, which might be derived from the infiltrated cells. It also elevated nitric oxide, and slightly increased prostaglandin E(2). EAG pretreatment significantly lowered tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide, but did not alter interleukin-6 or prostaglandin E(2) levels. These results indicate that EAG attenuates some inflammatory responses by blocking the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-nitric oxide pathway, and that EAG could be a promising anti-inflammatory drug candidate for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhee Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine
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25
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The analgesic effect of decursinol. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:937-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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26
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Li J, Ding Y, Li XC, Ferreira D, Khan S, Smillie T, Khan IA. Scuteflorins A and B, dihydropyranocoumarins from Scutellaria lateriflora. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:983-987. [PMID: 19555121 DOI: 10.1021/np900068t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two new dihydropyranocoumarins, scuteflorins A (1) and B (2), together with the known compounds decursin (3), chrysin (4), oroxylin A (5), wogonin (6), 5,7-dihydroxy-8,2'-dimethoxyflavone, dihydrochrysin, dihydrooroxylin A, lupenol, scutellaric acid, pomolic acid, ursolic acid, beta-sitosterol, daucosterol, and palmitic acid, were isolated from the aerial parts of Scutellaria lateriflora, commonly used as a dietary supplement. The structures of 1 and 2 were established by means of 1D and 2D NMR spectra as well as HRMS data. The absolute configuration of coumarins 1 and 2 was determined by comparison of experimental and theoretical calculated CD spectra. The cytotoxicity and antioxidant effects of the methanol extract of this plant and some of the constituent flavonoids were evaluated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
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27
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Zhao X, Gao L, Wang J, Bi H, Gao J, Du X, Zhou Y, Tai G. A novel ginsenoside Rb1-hydrolyzing β-d-glucosidase from Cladosporium fulvum. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Pereira EC, Lucetti DL, Barbosa-Filho JM, de Brito EM, Monteiro VS, Patrocínio MCA, de Moura RR, Leal LKAM, Macedo DS, de Sousa FCF, de Barros Viana GS, Vasconcelos SMM. Coumarin effects on amino acid levels in mice prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2009; 454:139-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Zhao X, Wang J, Li J, Fu L, Gao J, Du X, Bi H, Zhou Y, Tai G. Highly selective biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to Rd by the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Fulvia fulva). J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 36:721-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-009-0542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Jung JS, Yan JJ, Song DK. Protective effect of decursinol on mouse models of sepsis: enhancement of interleukin-10. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 12:79-81. [PMID: 20157398 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2008.12.2.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of decursinol on various models of sepsis were investigated. Intra-peritoneal pretreatment of mice with various doses of decursinol (1~100 mg/kg) effectively suppressed lethality induced in three mouse models of experimental sepsis, i.e., lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (GalN), high-dose LPS (20 mg/kg), and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Intra-peritoneal pretreatment of mice with decursinol (50 mg/kg) markedly enhanced the LPS/GalN-induced increase of plasma interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels, without affecting plasma TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12 levels. These results suggest that decursinol could be effective for prevention or treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sub Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Natural Medicine, IDMRC, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
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31
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Kang SY, Kim YC. Neuroprotective coumarins from the root of Angelica gigas: structure-activity relationships. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 30:1368-73. [PMID: 18087802 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An n-butanol-soluble fraction of the root of Angelica gigas Nakai (Umbelliferae) exhibited significant protection against glutamate-induced toxicity in primary cultured rat cortical cells. Using neuroprotective activity-guided fractionation, nine coumarins; marmesinin (1), nodakenin (2), columbianetin-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), (S)-peucedanol-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4), (S)-peucedanol-3'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), skimmin (6), apiosylskimmin (7), isoapiosylskimmin (8) and magnolioside (9), were isolated from the n-butanol fraction. Of these nine coumarins, three dihydrofuranocoumarins; 1, 2 and 3, exhibited significant neuroprotective activities against glutamate-induced toxicity, exhibiting cell viabilities of about 50% at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 microM. To explore the structure-activity relationships of coumarins, sixteen previously isolated compounds; 10-25, were simultaneously evaluated in the same system. Our results revealed that cyclization of the isoprenyl group, such as dihydropyran or dihydrofuran, or the furan ring at the C-6 position of coumarin, as well as lipophilicity played an important role in the neuroprotective activity of coumarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kang
- Division of Food Science and Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam 550-749, Korea.
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Ginsenoside Rd attenuates neuroinflammation of dopaminergic cells in culture. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 2007:105-12. [PMID: 17982883 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-73574-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease clinical and experimental evidence suggest that neuroinflammatory changes in cytokines caused by microglial activation contribute to neuronal death. Experimentally, neuroinflammation of dopaminergic neurons can be evoked by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. In mesencephalic primary cultures LPS (100 microg/ml) resulted in 30-50% loss of dendritic processes, changes in the perikarya, cellular atrophy and neuronal cell loss of TH-immunoreactive (TH+) cells. iNOS activity was increased dose dependently as well as prostaglandin E2 concentrations. Ginsenosides, as the active compounds responsible for ginseng action, are reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Here ginsenoside Rd was used to counteract LPS neurodegeneration. Partial reduction of LPS neurotoxic action was seen in dopaminergic neurons. Cell death by LPS as well as neuroprotective action by ginsenoside Rd was not selective for dopaminergic neurons. Neuronal losses as well as cytoprotective effects were similar when counting NeuN identified neurons. The anti-inflammatory effect of ginsenoside Rd could equally be demonstrated by a reduction of NO-formation and PGE2 synthesis. Thus, protective mechanisms of ginsenoside Rd may involve interference with iNOS and COX-2 expression.
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33
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The Inhibition of Epileptogenesis During Status Epilepticus by Ginsenosides of Korean Red Ginseng and Ginseng Cell Culture (Dan25). J Ginseng Res 2007. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2007.31.3.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Guan YY, Zhou JG, Zhang Z, Wang GL, Cai BX, Hong L, Qiu QY, He H. Ginsenoside-Rd from panax notoginseng blocks Ca2+ influx through receptor- and store-operated Ca2+ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 548:129-36. [PMID: 16973156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it was found that total saponins from panax notoginseng inhibited Ca2+ influx coupling to activation of alpha1-adrenoceptor. This study was designed to investigate the effects of ginsenoside-Rd from total saponins of panax notoginseng on receptor-operated (ROCC) and store-operated (SOCC) Ca2+ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells using fura-2 fluorescence, whole cell patch clamp ion channel recording, radio-ligand-receptor binding, 45Ca2+ radio-trace and organ bath techniques. It was found that ginsenoside-Rd reduced phenylephrine-induced contractile responses and Ca2+ influx in normal media without significant effect on these responses in Ca2+ -free media. Ginsenoside-Rd also decreased phenylephrine- and thapsigargin-induced inward Ca2+ currents, and attenuated thapsigargin- and 1-oleoy-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG)-induced cation entries that are coupled to ROCC and SOCC respectively. Ginsenoside-Rd failed to inhibit KCl-induced contraction of rat aortal rings and Ca2+ influx, and did not alter voltage-dependent inward Ca2+ current (VDCC) which was blocked by nifedipine. Also, ginsenoside-Rd did not change binding site and affinity of [3H]-prazosin for alpha1-adrenoceptor in the vascular plasma membrane. These results suggest that ginsenoside-Rd, as an inhibitor, remarkably inhibits Ca2+ entry through ROCC and SOCC without effects on VDCC and Ca2+ release in vascular smooth muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Calcium Channels/drug effects
- Calcium Channels/physiology
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Ginsenosides/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Microsomes/drug effects
- Microsomes/metabolism
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Panax notoginseng/chemistry
- Phenylephrine/pharmacology
- Rabbits
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Thapsigargin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Lian XY, Zhang Z, Stringer JL. Anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides in rats. Epilepsy Res 2006; 70:244-56. [PMID: 16782310 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A partially purified extract from American ginseng has been shown to have anticonvulsant activity. To identify the active components in this extract, the activities of the individual ginsenosides (Rb(1), Rb(3) and Rd), mixtures of the purified ginsenosides and a newly prepared Rb fraction were determined. One hour after treatment with vehicle or one of the ginseng products, seizures were induced in adult, Sprague-Dawley rats with kainic acid (KA, 10 mg/kg), pilocarpine (300 mg/kg) or pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 50mg/kg i.p. or 90 mg/kg s.c.). Time to seizure onset, duration of seizure activity and seizure severity were determined. Weight change and neuronal damage were assessed 24h after administration of KA or pilocarpine. Mixtures of purified Rb(1), Rb(3) with or without Rd had significant anticonvulsant effects in all three models of acutely induced seizures demonstrating that the ginsenosides are the active components in the Rb extract. The individual ginsenosides significantly increased the latency to onset of seizures after administration of kainic acid. Since no one individual ginsenoside accounted for the majority of the activity of the Rb extract, the results suggest that the most effective anticonvulsant product is a combination of ginsenosides. In addition, all of the ginseng products had significant neuroprotective activity beyond the reduction in seizure severity and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Lian
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Maldonado C, Cea P, Adasme T, Collao A, Díaz-Araya G, Chiong M, Lavandero S. IGF-1 protects cardiac myocytes from hyperosmotic stress-induced apoptosis via CREB. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:1112-8. [PMID: 16168389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hyperosmotic stress stimulates a rapid and pronounced apoptosis in cardiac myocytes which is attenuated by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Because in these cells IGF-1 induces intracellular Ca(2+) increase, we assessed whether the cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is activated by IGF-1 through Ca(2+)-dependent signalling pathways. In cultured cardiac myocytes, IGF-1 induced phosphorylation (6.5 +/- 1.0-fold at 5 min), nuclear translocation (30 min post-stimulus) and DNA binding activity of CREB. IGF-1-induced CREB phosphorylation was mediated by MEK1/ERK, PI3-K, p38-MAPK, as well as Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase and calcineurin. Exposure of cardiac myocytes to hyperosmotic stress (sorbitol 600 mOsm) decreased IGF-1-induced CREB activation Moreover, overexpression of a dominant negative CREB abolished the anti-apoptotic effects of IGF-1. Our results suggest that IGF-1 activates CREB through a complex signalling pathway, and this transcription factor plays an important role in the anti-apoptotic action of IGF-1 in cultured cardiac myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Maldonado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
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Abstract
PURPOSE To test the anticonvulsant activity of three preparations of American ginseng: whole root extract, whole leaves/stems extract, and a partially purified extract that concentrates the Rb ginsenosides (Rb extract). METHODS One hour after treatment with normal saline, or one of the three ginseng preparations, seizures were induced in adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats with kainic acid (KA; 10 mg/kg), pilocarpine (300 mg/kg, preceded by methylscopolamine, 1 mg/kg, s.c.), or pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 50 mg/kg). Time to onset of seizure activity, duration of seizure activity for PTZ, seizure severity, and weight change for KA and pilocarpine were determined for each animal. The brains from animals who had received KA or pilocarpine were examined for severe neuronal stress, by using immunoreactivity for heat-shock protein (HSP)72. RESULTS The Rb extract had a dose-dependent anticonvulsant effect in all three models of chemically induced seizures: increasing the latency to the seizures; decreasing the seizure score, weight loss, and subsequent neuronal damage after pilocarpine; and shortening the seizure duration and reducing mortality after PTZ. The Rb extract also significantly reduced the effects of KA, including completely blocking behavioral seizures. The root preparation increased the mortality rate after administration of pilocarpine, but had no other significant effects. The leaves/stems preparation, at 120 mg/kg, reduced the weight loss after pilocarpine, but had no other significant effects. CONCLUSIONS Ginseng extract made from either the root or leaves/stems is ineffective against chemically induced seizures. A partial purification of the whole extract that concentrates the Rb1 and Rb3 ginsenosides has significant anticonvulsant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Lian
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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