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Zheng J, He X, Zhou X, Liu X, Yi Y, Su D, Zhang W, Liao Y, Ye J, Xu F. The Ginkgo biloba microRNA160-ERF4 module participates in terpene trilactone biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1446-1460. [PMID: 38431523 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Terpene trilactones (TTLs) are important secondary metabolites in ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba); however, their biosynthesis gene regulatory network remains unclear. Here, we isolated a G. biloba ethylene response factor 4 (GbERF4) involved in TTL synthesis. Overexpression of GbERF4 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) significantly increased terpenoid content and upregulated the expression of key enzyme genes (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase [HMGR], 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase [HMGS], 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase [DXR], 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase [DXS], acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase [AACT], and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase [GGPPS]) in the terpenoid pathway in tobacco, suggesting that GbERF4 functions in regulating the synthesis of terpenoids. The expression pattern analysis and previous microRNA (miRNA) sequencing showed that gb-miR160 negatively regulates the biosynthesis of TTLs. Transgenic experiments showed that overexpression of gb-miR160 could significantly inhibit the accumulation of terpenoids in tobacco. Targeted inhibition and dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed that gb-miR160 targets and negatively regulates GbERF4. Transient overexpression of GbERF4 increased TTL content in G. biloba, and further transcriptome analysis revealed that DXS, HMGS, CYPs, and transcription factor genes were upregulated. In addition, yeast 1-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that GbERF4 could bind to the promoters of the HMGS1, AACT1, DXS1, levopimaradiene synthase (LPS2), and GGPPS2 genes in the TTL biosynthesis pathway and activate their expression. In summary, this study investigated the molecular mechanism of the gb-miR160-GbERF4 regulatory module in regulating the biosynthesis of TTLs. It provides information for enriching the understanding of the regulatory network of TTL biosynthesis and offers important gene resources for the genetic improvement of G. biloba with high contents of TTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Zheng
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiao He
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Yuwei Yi
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Dongxue Su
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Yongling Liao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Jiabao Ye
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
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Guo J, Tang W, Tang W, Gao T, Yuan M, Wu Y, Wang G. Research progress on the types, functions, biosynthesis, and metabolic regulation of ginkgo terpenoids. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108754. [PMID: 38824693 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. is a relict plant endemic to China that is commonly considered a "living fossil". It contains unique medicinal compounds that play important roles in its response to various stresses and help maintain human health. Ginkgo terpenoids are known to be important active ingredients but have received less attention than flavonoids. Hence, this review focuses on recent progress in research on the pharmacological effects of ginkgo terpenoid and the bioactivities of different terpenoid monomers. Many key structural genes, enzyme-encoding genes, transcription factors, and noncoding RNAs involved in the ginkgo terpenoid pathway were identified. Finally, many external factors (ecological factors, hormones, etc.) that regulate the biosynthesis and metabolism of terpenoids were proposed. All these findings improve the understanding of the biosynthesis, accumulation, and medicinal functions of terpenoids. Finally, this review includes an in-depth discussion regarding the limitations of terpenoid-related studies and potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenjie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tianhui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Meng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yaqiong Wu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Guibin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
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González-Cabanelas D, Perreca E, Rohwer JM, Schmidt A, Engl T, Raguschke B, Gershenzon J, Wright LP. Deoxyxylulose 5-Phosphate Synthase Does Not Play a Major Role in Regulating the Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate Pathway in Poplar. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4181. [PMID: 38673766 PMCID: PMC11049974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The plastidic 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway supplies the precursors of a large variety of essential plant isoprenoids, but its regulation is still not well understood. Using metabolic control analysis (MCA), we examined the first enzyme of this pathway, 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), in multiple grey poplar (Populus × canescens) lines modified in their DXS activity. Single leaves were dynamically labeled with 13CO2 in an illuminated, climate-controlled gas exchange cuvette coupled to a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer, and the carbon flux through the MEP pathway was calculated. Carbon was rapidly assimilated into MEP pathway intermediates and labeled both the isoprene released and the IDP+DMADP pool by up to 90%. DXS activity was increased by 25% in lines overexpressing the DXS gene and reduced by 50% in RNA interference lines, while the carbon flux in the MEP pathway was 25-35% greater in overexpressing lines and unchanged in RNA interference lines. Isoprene emission was also not altered in these different genetic backgrounds. By correlating absolute flux to DXS activity under different conditions of light and temperature, the flux control coefficient was found to be low. Among isoprenoid end products, isoprene itself was unchanged in DXS transgenic lines, but the levels of the chlorophylls and most carotenoids measured were 20-30% less in RNA interference lines than in overexpression lines. Our data thus demonstrate that DXS in the isoprene-emitting grey poplar plays only a minor part in controlling flux through the MEP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego González-Cabanelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
| | - Erica Perreca
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
| | - Johann M. Rohwer
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa;
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
| | - Tobias Engl
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Bettina Raguschke
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
| | - Louwrance P. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
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Afroz S, Khatoon K, Warsi Z, Husain Z, Kumar Verma S, Ur Rahman L. Molecular cloning and heterologous expression analysis of 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose-5-Phosphate Synthase gene in Centella asiatica L. Gene 2024; 895:148015. [PMID: 37984537 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Many genes involved in triterpenoid saponins in plants control isoprenoid flux and constitute the precursor pool, which is channeled into various downstream pathways leading to the synthesis of triterpenoid saponins in C. asiatica. Full-length 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose-5-Phosphate-Synthase (CaDXS) gene was isolated for the study from the previously annotated Centella asiatica leaves transcriptomic data. The CaDXS gene sequence was submitted to the NCBI databases with GenBank accession number MZ997832. The full-length CaDXS gene contained a 2244 base pair open reading frame that encoded a 747 amino acid polypeptide. The predicted molecular weight (MW) and theoretical pI of DXS are 76.28 kDa and 6.86, respectively. Multiple amino acid sequence alignment of amino acids and phylogenetic studies suggest that CaDXS shares high similarities with DXS from other plants DXS belonging to different families. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis (MEGA) version 10.1.6. Structural analysis provided fundamental information about the three-dimensional features and physicochemical parameters of the CaDXS protein. Quantitative expression analysis showed that CaDXS transcripts were maximally expressed in leaf, followed by petiole, roots, and node tissues. CaDXS was cloned into the expression vector pET28a, expressed heterologously in DH5α bacteria, confirmed by sequencing, and subsequently characterized by protein expression and functional complementation. The study focused on understanding the protein structure, biological significance, regulatory mechanism, functional analysis, and gene characterization of the centellosides biosynthetic pathway gene DXS for the first time in the plant. It would provide new information about the metabolic pathway and its relative contribution to isoprenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Afroz
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226022, India
| | - Kahkashan Khatoon
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226022, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Zafar Warsi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226022, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Zakir Husain
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226022, India
| | - Sanjeet Kumar Verma
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226022, India
| | - Laiq Ur Rahman
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226022, India.
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Lin Y, Hu Q, Ye Q, Zhang H, Bao Z, Li Y, Mo LJ. Diosgenin biosynthesis pathway and its regulation in Dioscorea cirrhosa L. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16702. [PMID: 38282859 PMCID: PMC10812585 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Dioscorea cirrhosa L. (D. cirrhosa) tuber is a traditional medicinal plant that is abundant in various pharmacological substances. Although diosgenin is commonly found in many Dioscoreaceae plants, its presence in D. cirrhosa remained uncertain. To address this, HPLC-MS/MS analysis was conducted and 13 diosgenin metabolites were identified in D. cirrhosa tuber. Furthermore, we utilized transcriptome data to identify 21 key enzymes and 43 unigenes that are involved in diosgenin biosynthesis, leading to a proposed pathway for diosgenin biosynthesis in D. cirrhosa. A total of 3,365 unigenes belonging to 82 transcription factor (TF) families were annotated, including MYB, AP2/ERF, bZIP, bHLH, WRKY, NAC, C2H2, C3H, SNF2 and Aux/IAA. Correlation analysis revealed that 22 TFs are strongly associated with diosgenin biosynthesis genes (-r2- > 0.9, P < 0.05). Moreover, our analysis of the CYP450 gene family identified 206 CYP450 genes (CYP450s), with 40 being potential CYP450s. Gene phylogenetic analysis revealed that these CYP450s were associated with sterol C-22 hydroxylase, sterol-14-demethylase and amyrin oxidase in diosgenin biosynthesis. Our findings lay a foundation for future genetic engineering studies aimed at improving the biosynthesis of diosgenin compounds in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Dongguan Institute of Forestry Science, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuyan Hu
- Dongguan Institute of Forestry Science, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Ye
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haohua Zhang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyu Bao
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongping Li
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Luo Jian Mo
- Dongguan Institute of Forestry Science, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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Li L, Yu J, Li L, Rao S, Wu S, Wang S, Cheng S, Cheng H. Treatment of Ginkgo biloba with Exogenous Sodium Selenite Affects Its Physiological Growth, Changes Its Phytohormones, and Synthesizes Its Terpene Lactones. Molecules 2022; 27:7548. [PMID: 36364373 PMCID: PMC9655945 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginkgolide is a unique terpenoid natural compound in Ginkgo biloba, and it has an important medicinal value. Proper selenium has been reported to promote plant growth and development, and improve plant quality, stress resistance, and disease resistance. In order to study the effects of exogenous selenium (Se) on the physiological growth and the content of terpene triolactones (TTLs) in G. biloba seedlings, the seedlings in this work were treated with Na2SeO3. Then, the physiological indexes, the content of the TTLs, and the expression of the related genes were determined. The results showed that a low dose of Na2SeO3 was beneficial to plant photosynthesis as it promoted the growth of ginkgo seedlings and increased the root to shoot ratio. Foliar Se application significantly increased the content of soluble sugar and protein and promoted the content of TTLs in ginkgo leaves; indeed, it reached the maximum value of 7.95 mg/g in the ninth week, whereas the application of Se to the roots inhibited the synthesis of TTLs. Transcriptome analysis showed that foliar Se application promoted the expression levels of GbMECPs, GbMECT, GbHMGR, and GbMVD genes, whereas its application to the roots promoted the expression of GbDXS and GbDXR genes. The combined analysis results of metabolome and transcriptome showed that genes such as GbDXS, GbDXR, GbHMGR, GbMECPs, and GbCYP450 were significantly positively correlated with transcription factors (TFs) GbWRKY and GbAP2/ERF, and they were also positively correlated with the contents of terpene lactones (ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide M, and bilobalide). Endogenous hormones (MeJA-ILE, ETH, and GA7) were also involved in this process. The results suggested that Na2SeO3 treatment affected the transcription factors related to the regulation of endogenous hormones in G. biloba, and further regulated the expression of genes related to the terpene synthesis structure, thus promoting the synthesis of ginkgo TTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linling Li
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Shen Rao
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Shiyan Wang
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Hua Cheng
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
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Hoqani UA, León R, Purton S. Over-expression of a cyanobacterial gene for 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii perturbs chlorophyll: carotenoid ratios. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY. SCIENCE 2022; 34:None. [PMID: 35923766 PMCID: PMC9329130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a diverse class of naturally occurring compounds consisting of more than 50,000 structurally different molecules and are found in all living organisms. Many terpenoid compounds, in particular those isolated from plants, have applications in various commercial sectors including medicine, agriculture and cosmetics. However, these high value terpenoids are produced in relatively small quantities in their natural hosts and their chemical synthesis for large scale production is costly and complicated. Therefore, there is much focus on producing these compounds in novel biological hosts using metabolic engineering technologies. As a photosynthetic system, the unicellular green alga C. reinhardtii is of particular interest as the most well-studied model alga with well-established molecular tools for genetic manipulation. However, the direct manipulation of terpenoid biosynthetic pathways in C. reinhardtii necessitates a thorough understanding of the basic terpenoid metabolism. To gain a better understanding of the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway that leads to terpenoid biosynthesis in the chloroplast of C. reinhardtii, hence this study has investigated the effect of over-expressing 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) on plastidic downstream terpenoids. We produced marker-free chloroplast transformants of C. reinhardtii lines that express an additional cyanobacterial gene for DXS. The analysis of terpenoid content for the transgenic line demonstrates that overexpressing DXS resulted in a two-fold decrease in the chlorophyll levels while carotenoid levels showed variable changes: zeaxanthin and antherxanthin levels increased several-fold, lutein levels dropped to approximately half, but β-carotene and violaxanthin did not show a significant change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umaima Al Hoqani
- Applied Biology Section, Applied Sciences Department, Higher College of Technology, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Al-Khuwair 133, Oman
- Algal Research Group, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa León
- Lab Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Dpto Química, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Huelva, Avda Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Saul Purton
- Algal Research Group, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Szymczyk P, Szymańska G, Kuźma Ł, Jeleń A, Balcerczak E. Methyl Jasmonate Activates the 2C Methyl-D-erithrytol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate Synthase Gene and Stimulates Tanshinone Accumulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza Solid Callus Cultures. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061772. [PMID: 35335134 PMCID: PMC8950807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study characterizes the 5′ regulatory region of the SmMEC gene. The isolated fragment is 1559 bp long and consists of a promoter, 5′UTR and 31 nucleotide 5′ fragments of the CDS region. In silico bioinformatic analysis found that the promoter region contains repetitions of many potential cis-active elements. Cis-active elements associated with the response to methyl jasmonate (MeJa) were identified in the SmMEC gene promoter. Co-expression studies combined with earlier transcriptomic research suggest the significant role of MeJa in SmMEC gene regulation. These findings were in line with the results of the RT-PCR test showing SmMEC gene expression induction after 72 h of MeJa treatment. Biphasic total tanshinone accumulation was observed following treatment of S. miltiorrhiza solid callus cultures with 50–500 μM methyl jasmonate, with peaks observed after 10–20 and 50–60 days. An early peak of total tanshinone concentration (0.08%) occurred after 20 days of 100 μM MeJa induction, and a second, much lower one, was observed after 50 days of 50 μM MeJa stimulation (0.04%). The dominant tanshinones were cryptotanshinone (CT) and dihydrotanshinone (DHT). To better understand the inducing effect of MeJa treatment on tanshinone biosynthesis, a search was performed for methyl jasmonate-responsive cis-active motifs in the available sequences of gene proximal promoters associated with terpenoid precursor biosynthesis. The results indicate that MeJa has the potential to induce a significant proportion of the presented genes, which is in line with available transcriptomic and RT-PCR data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Szymczyk
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Grażyna Szymańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Kuźma
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Jeleń
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland; (A.J.); (E.B.)
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland; (A.J.); (E.B.)
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Chen X, Chen B, Shang X, Fang S. RNA in situ hybridization and expression of related genes regulating the accumulation of triterpenoids in Cyclocarya paliurus. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:2189-2197. [PMID: 33960380 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja, a woody medicinal species in the Juglandaceae, grows extensively in subtropical areas of China. Triterpenoids in the leaves have health-promoting effects, including hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. To understand triterpenoid biosynthesis, transport and accumulation in C. paliurus during the growing season, gene cloning, gene expression and RNA in situ hybridization of related genes were used, and accumulation was examined in various organs. The complete coding sequences (CDSs) of three genes, CpHMGR, CpDXR and CpSQS, were obtained from GenBank and RACE. RNA in situ hybridization signals of the three genes mainly occurred in the epidermis, palisade tissue, phloem and xylem of leaf, shoot and root, with the signals generally consistent with the accumulation of metabolites in tissues, except in the xylem. Both gene expression and triterpenoid accumulations showed seasonal variations in all organs. However, total triterpenoid content in the leaves was significantly higher than that in the shoots, with the maximum in shoots in August and in leaves in October. According to Pearson correlation analysis, triterpenoid accumulation in the leaves was significantly positively related with the relative expression of CpSQS. However, the relation between gene expression and accumulation was dependent on the role of the gene in the pathway as well as on the plant organ. The results suggested that most of the intermediates catalyzed by CpHMGR and CpDXR in young shoots and roots were used in growth and flowering in the spring, whereas subsequent triterpenoid biosynthesis in the downstream catalyzed by CpSQS mainly occurred in the leaves by using transferred and in situ intermediates as substrates. Thus, this study provides a reference to improve triterpenoid accumulation in future C. paliurus plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Chen
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Biqin Chen
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xulan Shang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shengzuo Fang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
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10
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Zhou T, Yang X, Wang G, Cao F. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a WRKY transcription factor gene, GbWRKY20, from Ginkgo biloba. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1930442. [PMID: 34024256 PMCID: PMC8331020 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1930442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors are important regulators of diverse plant life processes. Our aim was to clone and characterize GbWRKY20, a WRKY gene of group IIc, derived from Ginkgo biloba. The cDNA sequence of GbWRKY20 was 818 bp long, encoding a 271-amino acid proteins and containing two introns and three exons. The proteinic molecular weight was 30.99 kDa, with a relevant theoretical isoelectric point of 8.15. Subcellular localization analysis confirmed that the GbWRKY20 protein localized to the nucleus. In total, 75 cis-regulatory elements of 19 different types were identified in the GbWRKY20 promoter sequence, including some elements involved in light responsiveness, anaerobic induction and circadian control, low-temperature responsiveness, as well as salicylic acid (SA) and auxin responsiveness. Expression pattern analysis of plant samples from different developmental stages and tissue types, revealed differential GbWRKY20 expression. The GbWRKY20 transcript was downregulated 12 h after heat treatment and at 4-12 h after drought treatment, but was upregulated 12 h after NaCl, cold and methyl jasmonate treatments. For abscisic acid and SA treatments, the GbWRKY20 transcript was upregulated at 24 h. In summary, GbWRKY20 encoded a newly cloned WRKY transcription factor of G. biloba that might be involved in plant growth and plant responses to abiotic stresses and hormones treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guibin Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- CONTACT Fuliang Cao Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, NanjingChina
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11
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Liu XG, Lu X, Gao W, Li P, Yang H. Structure, synthesis, biosynthesis, and activity of the characteristic compounds from Ginkgo biloba L. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:474-511. [PMID: 34581387 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00026h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1928-2021Ginkgo biloba L. is one of the most distinctive plants to have emerged on earth and has no close living relatives. Owing to its phylogenetic divergence from other plants, G. biloba contains many compounds with unique structures that have served to broaden the chemical diversity of herbal medicine. Examples of such compounds include terpene trilactones (ginkgolides), acylated flavonol glycosides (ginkgoghrelins), biflavones (ginkgetin), ginkgotides and ginkgolic acids. The extract of G. biloba leaf is used to prevent and/or treat cardiovascular diseases, while many ginkgo-derived compounds are currently at various stages of preclinical and clinical trials worldwide. The global annual sales of G. biloba products are estimated to total US$10 billion. However, the content and purity of the active compounds isolated by traditional methods are usually low and subject to varying environmental factors, making it difficult to meet the huge demand of the international market. This highlights the need to develop new strategies for the preparation of these characteristic compounds from G. biloba. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the structures and bioactivities of these compounds and summarize the recent research on the development of strategies for the synthesis, biosynthesis, and biotechnological production of the characteristic terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkylphenols/alkylphenolic acids of G. biloba. Our aim is to provide an important point of reference for all scientists who research ginkgo-related compounds for medicinal or other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Wen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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12
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Forestier EC, Czechowski T, Cording AC, Gilday AD, King AJ, Brown GD, Graham IA. Developing a Nicotiana benthamiana transgenic platform for high-value diterpene production and candidate gene evaluation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1614-1623. [PMID: 33657678 PMCID: PMC8384591 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To engineer Nicotiana benthamiana to produce novel diterpenoids, we first aimed to increase production of the diterpenoid precursor geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) by up-regulation of key genes of the non-mevalonate (MEP) pathway sourced from Arabidopsis thaliana. We used transient expression to evaluate combinations of the eight MEP pathway genes plus GGPP synthase and a Jatropha curcas casbene synthase (JcCAS) to identify an optimal combination for production of casbene from GGPP. AtDXS and AtHDR together with AtGGPPS and JcCAS gave a 410% increase in casbene production compared to transient expression of JcCAS alone. This combination was cloned into a single construct using the MoClo toolkit, and stably integrated into the N. benthamiana genome. We also created multigene constructs for stable transformation of two J. curcas cytochrome P450 genes, JcCYP726A20 and JcCYP71D495 that produce the more complex diterpenoid jolkinol C from casbene when expressed transiently with JcCAS in N. benthamiana. Stable transformation of JcCYP726A20, JcCYP71D495 and JcCAS did not produce any detectable jolkinol C until these genes were co-transformed with the optimal set of precursor-pathway genes. One such stable homozygous line was used to evaluate by transient expression the involvement of an 'alkenal reductase'-like family of four genes in the further conversion of jolkinol C, leading to the demonstration that one of these performs reduction of the 12,13-double bond in jolkinol C. This work highlights the need to optimize precursor supply for production of complex diterpenoids in stable transformants and the value of such lines for novel gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith C.F. Forestier
- Centre for Novel Agricultural ProductsDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
| | - Tomasz Czechowski
- Centre for Novel Agricultural ProductsDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
| | - Amy C. Cording
- Centre for Novel Agricultural ProductsDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
| | - Alison D. Gilday
- Centre for Novel Agricultural ProductsDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
| | - Andrew J. King
- Centre for Novel Agricultural ProductsDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
| | | | - Ian A. Graham
- Centre for Novel Agricultural ProductsDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
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Spatial and developmental regulation of putative genes associated with the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes and pyrethrin I in Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Walters KJ, Lopez RG, Behe BK. Leveraging Controlled-Environment Agriculture to Increase Key Basil Terpenoid and Phenylpropanoid Concentrations: The Effects of Radiation Intensity and CO 2 Concentration on Consumer Preference. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:598519. [PMID: 33597958 PMCID: PMC7883826 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.598519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Altering the radiation intensity in controlled environments can influence volatile organic compound (VOC) biosynthetic pathways, including those of terpenoids and phenylpropanoids. In turn, the concentrations of these compounds can have a profound effect on flavor and sensory attributes. Because sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) is a popular culinary herb, our objectives were to (1) determine the extent radiation intensity and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration influence seedling terpenoid and phenylpropanoid concentrations; (2) determine if differences in phenylpropanoid and terpenoid concentrations influence consumer preference; and (3) characterize consumer preferences to better inform production and marketing strategies. "Nufar" sweet basil was grown with CO2 concentrations of 500 or 1,000 μmol ⋅ mol-1 under sole-source radiation intensities of 100, 200, 400, or 600 μmol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ s-1 with a 16 h photoperiod to create daily light integrals of 6, 12, 23, and 35 mol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ d-1. After 2 weeks, concentrations of the terpenoids 1,8 cineole and linalool and the phenylpropanoids eugenol and methyl chavicol were quantified, and consumer sensory panel evaluations were conducted to quantify preferences. Overall, increasing radiation intensity from 100 to 600 μmol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ s-1 increased 1,8 cineole, linalool, and eugenol concentrations 2. 4-, 8. 8-, and 3.3-fold, respectively, whereas CO2 concentration did not influence VOCs. Contrary to our hypothesis, increased VOC concentrations were not correlated with consumer preference. However, overall liking was correlated with aftertaste and flavor. The conclusion that consumer preference is dependent on flavor can be drawn. However, increasing VOC concentrations to increase flavor did not improve flavor preference. Many consumer sensory preference characteristics (favorable preference for aftertaste, bitterness/sweetness, color, flavor, overall liking, and texture) were correlated with basil grown under a radiation intensity of 200 μmol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ s-1. This led us to determine that consumers prefer to detect the characteristic basil flavor made up of 1,8 cineole, eugenol, and linalool, which was not as prevalent in basil grown under 100 μmol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ s-1, but too high in basil grown under 400 and 600 μmol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ s-1, which led to lower consumer preference.
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Lin CY, Eudes A. Strategies for the production of biochemicals in bioenergy crops. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:71. [PMID: 32318116 PMCID: PMC7158082 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Industrial crops are grown to produce goods for manufacturing. Rather than food and feed, they supply raw materials for making biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and specialty chemicals, as well as feedstocks for fabricating fiber, biopolymer, and construction materials. Therefore, such crops offer the potential to reduce our dependency on petrochemicals that currently serve as building blocks for manufacturing the majority of our industrial and consumer products. In this review, we are providing examples of metabolites synthesized in plants that can be used as bio-based platform chemicals for partial replacement of their petroleum-derived counterparts. Plant metabolic engineering approaches aiming at increasing the content of these metabolites in biomass are presented. In particular, we emphasize on recent advances in the manipulation of the shikimate and isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways, both of which being the source of multiple valuable compounds. Implementing and optimizing engineered metabolic pathways for accumulation of coproducts in bioenergy crops may represent a valuable option for enhancing the commercial value of biomass and attaining sustainable lignocellulosic biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yuan Lin
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Aymerick Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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16
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Tavakoli H, Tavakoli N, Moradi F. The effect of the elicitors on the steviol glycosides biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:787-795. [PMID: 31104695 DOI: 10.1071/fp19014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni has been promoted for having sweet leaves as well as pharmaceutical and industrial properties. The sweet taste of Stevia leaves is due to the presence of steviol glycosides (a group of diterpene glycosides) found in a small number of plants. In the biosynthetic pathway of steviol glycosides (SGs), 15 enzymes that express the genes are associated with these enzymes under the influence of the elicitors. Due to the individuality of the stevia and few studies on the biosynthesis pathway of SGs, this paper attempted to investigate the effects of some of the elicitors, including methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), auxins (Aux), cytokinins (CKs), gibberellins (GAs) and its inhibitors including paclobutrazol (BPZ) and chloroquate (CCC)), on the responsible genes for the biosynthesis of SGs. Some of these elicitors, including MeJA, SA and GA have great potential in increasing secondary metabolites. Moreover, the biosynthetic pathway of GAs and SGs are shared till ent-kaurenoic acid (ent-KA) biosynthesis, which raises the question of whether this hormone and its inhibitors are effective in the SGs biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hourieh Tavakoli
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breading, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, and Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Iran
| | - Nasibeh Tavakoli
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breading, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, and Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Iran
| | - Foad Moradi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation (AREEO), Karaj, Iran; and Corresponding author.
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17
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Zhang F, Liu W, Xia J, Zeng J, Xiang L, Zhu S, Zheng Q, Xie H, Yang C, Chen M, Liao Z. Molecular Characterization of the 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Synthase Gene Family in Artemisia annua. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:952. [PMID: 30116250 PMCID: PMC6084332 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua produces artemisinin, an effective antimalarial drug. In recent decades, the later steps of artemisinin biosynthesis have been thoroughly investigated; however, little is known about the early steps of artemisinin biosynthesis. Comparative transcriptomics of glandular and filamentous trichomes and 13CO2 radioisotope study have shown that the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, rather than the mevalonate pathway, plays an important role in artemisinin biosynthesis. In this study, we have cloned three 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) genes from A. annua (AaDXS1, AaDXS2, and AaDXS3); the DXS enzyme catalyzes the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the MEP pathway. We analyzed the expression of these three genes in different tissues in response to multiple treatments. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that each of the three DXS genes belonged to a distinct clade. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that all three AaDXS proteins are targeted to chloroplasts, which is consistent with the presence of plastid transit peptides in their N-terminal regions. Expression analyses revealed that the expression pattern of AaDXS2 in specific tissues and in response to different treatments, including methyl jasmonate, light, and low temperature, was similar to that of artemisinin biosynthesis genes. To further investigate the tissue-specific expression pattern of AaDXS2, the promoter of AaDXS2 was cloned upstream of the β-glucuronidase gene and was introduced in arabidopsis. Histochemical staining assays demonstrated that AaDXS2 was mainly expressed in the trichomes of Arabidopsis leaves. Together, these results suggest that AaDXS2 might be the only member of the DXS family in A. annua that is involved in artemisinin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junlan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lien Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shunqin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiumin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - He Xie
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Chunxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Chen
- SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihua Liao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Meng X, Song Q, Ye J, Wang L, Xu F. Characterization, Function, and Transcriptional Profiling Analysis of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA Synthase Gene (GbHMGS1) towards Stresses and Exogenous Hormone Treatments in Ginkgo biloba. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101706. [PMID: 29023415 PMCID: PMC6151752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS) is one of the rate-limiting enzymes in the mevalonate pathway as it catalyzes the condensation of acetoacetyl-CoA to form 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA. In this study, A HMGS gene (designated as GbHMGS1) was cloned from Ginkgo biloba for the first time. GbHMGS1 contained a 1422-bp open-reading frame encoding 474 amino acids. Comparative and bioinformatics analysis revealed that GbHMGS1 was extensively homologous to HMGSs from other plant species. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the GbHMGS1 belonged to the plant HMGS superfamily, sharing a common evolutionary ancestor with other HMGSs, and had a further relationship with other gymnosperm species. The yeast complement assay of GbHMGS1 in HMGS-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YSC6274 demonstrated that GbHMGS1 gene encodes a functional HMGS enzyme. The recombinant protein of GbHMGS1 was successfully expressed in E. coli. The in vitro enzyme activity assay showed that the kcat and Km values of GbHMGS1 were 195.4 min−1 and 689 μM, respectively. GbHMGS1 was constitutively expressed in all tested tissues, including the roots, stems, leaves, female flowers, male flowers and fruits. The transcript accumulation for GbHMGS1 was highest in the leaves. Expression profiling analyses revealed that GbHMGS1 expression was induced by abiotic stresses (ultraviolet B and cold) and hormone treatments (salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and ethephon) in G. biloba, indicating that GbHMGS1 gene was involved in the response to environmental stresses and plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Meng
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Qiling Song
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Jiabao Ye
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Lanlan Wang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
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Liu X, Yu W, Zhang X, Wang G, Cao F, Cheng H. Identification and expression analysis under abiotic stress of the R2R3- MYB genes in Ginkgo biloba L. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 23:503-516. [PMID: 28878490 PMCID: PMC5567697 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-017-0436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The R2R3-MYB gene family is the largest MYB subfamily in plants and is involved in the regulation of plant secondary metabolism and specific morphogenesis, as well as the response to biotic and abiotic stress. However, a systematic identification and characterization of this gene family has not been carried out in Ginkgo biloba. In this study, we performed a transcriptome-wide survey from four tissues of G. biloba to determine the genetic variation and expression pattern of the R2R3-MYB genes. We analyzed 45 GbMYBs and identified 42 with a complete coding sequence via conserved motif searches. The MYB domain and other motifs in GbMYBs are highly conserved with Arabidopsis thaliana AtMYBs. Phylogenetic analysis of the GbMYBs and AtMYBs categorized the R2R3-MYBs into 26 subgroups, of which 11 subgroups included proteins from both G. biloba and Arabidopsis, and 1 subgroup was specific to G. biloba. Moreover, the GbMYBs expression patterns were analyzed in different tissues and abiotic stress conditions. The results revealed that GbMYBs were differentially expressed in various tissues and following abiotic stresses and phytohormone treatments, indicating their possible roles in biological processes and abiotic stress tolerance and adaptation. Our study demonstrated the functional diversity of the GbMYBs and will provide a foundation for future research into their biological and molecular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, 330032 China
| | - Wanwen Yu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Guibin Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Hua Cheng
- Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Resources of Hubei Key Laboratories, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000 China
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20
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Jadaun JS, Sangwan NS, Narnoliya LK, Singh N, Bansal S, Mishra B, Sangwan RS. Over-expression of DXS gene enhances terpenoidal secondary metabolite accumulation in rose-scented geranium and Withania somnifera: active involvement of plastid isoprenogenic pathway in their biosynthesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 159:381-400. [PMID: 27580641 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.) is one of the most important aromatic plants and is well known for its diverse perfumery uses. Its economic importance is due to presence of fragrance rich essential oil in its foliage. The essential oil is a mixture of various volatile phytochemicals which are mainly terpenes (isoprenoids) in nature. In this study, on the geranium foliage genes related to isoprenoid biosynthesis (DXS, DXR and HMGR) were isolated, cloned and confirmed by sequencing. Further, the first gene of 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (GrDXS), was made full length by using rapid amplification of cDNA ends strategy. GrDXS contained a 2157 bp open reading frame that encoded a polypeptide of 792 amino acids having calculated molecular weight 77.5 kDa. This study is first report on heterologous expression and kinetic characterization of any gene from this economically important plant. Expression analysis of these genes was performed in different tissues as well as at different developmental stages of leaves. In response to external elicitors, such as methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, light and wounding, all the three genes showed differential expression profiles. Further GrDXS was over expressed in the homologous (rose-scented geranium) as well as in heterologous (Withania somnifera) plant systems through genetic transformation approach. The over-expression of GrDXS led to enhanced secondary metabolites production (i.e. essential oil in rose-scented geranium and withanolides in W. somnifera). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing the expression profile of the three genes related to isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways operated in rose-scented geranium as well as functional characterization study of any gene from rose-scented geranium through a genetic transformation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singh Jadaun
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Lokesh K Narnoliya
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Shilpi Bansal
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Bhawana Mishra
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Rajender Singh Sangwan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India), C-127, Phase-8, Industrial Area, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali - 160071, Punjab, India
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21
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Chen Q, Yan J, Meng X, Xu F, Zhang W, Liao Y, Qu J. Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Functional Analysis of Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase and Mevalonate Kinase Genes Involved in Terpene Trilactone Biosynthesis from Ginkgo biloba. Molecules 2017; 22:E74. [PMID: 28045448 PMCID: PMC6155782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgolides and bilobalide, collectively termed terpene trilactones (TTLs), are terpenoids that form the main active substance of Ginkgo biloba. Terpenoids in the mevalonate (MVA) biosynthetic pathway include acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (AACT) and mevalonate kinase (MVK) as core enzymes. In this study, two full-length (cDNAs) encoding AACT (GbAACT, GenBank Accession No. KX904942) and MVK (GbMVK, GenBank Accession No. KX904944) were cloned from G. biloba. The deduced GbAACT and GbMVK proteins contain 404 and 396 amino acids with the corresponding open-reading frame (ORF) sizes of 1215 bp and 1194 bp, respectively. Tissue expression pattern analysis revealed that GbAACT was highly expressed in ginkgo fruits and leaves, and GbMVK was highly expressed in leaves and roots. The functional complementation of GbAACT in AACT-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain Δerg10 and GbMVK in MVK-deficient strain Δerg12 confirmed that GbAACT mediated the conversion of mevalonate acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA and GbMVK mediated the conversion of mevalonate to mevalonate phosphate. This observation indicated that GbAACT and GbMVK are functional genes in the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) biosynthesis pathway. After G. biloba seedlings were treated with methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid, the expression levels of GbAACT and GbMVK increased, and TTL production was enhanced. The cloning, characterization, expression and functional analysis of GbAACT and GbMVK will be helpful to understand more about the role of these two genes involved in TTL biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangwen Chen
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Jiaping Yan
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiangxiang Meng
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Yongling Liao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Jinwang Qu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
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22
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Tong Y, Su P, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Gao W, Huang L. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of DXS and DXR Genes in the Terpenoid Biosynthetic Pathway of Tripterygium wilfordii. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25516-35. [PMID: 26512659 PMCID: PMC4632813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) genes are the key enzyme genes of terpenoid biosynthesis but still unknown in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. Here, three full-length cDNA encoding DXS1, DXS2 and DXR were cloned from suspension cells of T. wilfordii with ORF sizes of 2154 bp (TwDXS1, GenBank accession no.KM879187), 2148 bp (TwDXS2, GenBank accession no.KM879186), 1410 bp (TwDXR, GenBank accession no.KM879185). And, the TwDXS1, TwDXS2 and TwDXR were characterized by color complementation in lycopene accumulating strains of Escherichia coli, which indicated that they encoded functional proteins and promoted lycopene pathway flux. TwDXS1 and TwDXS2 are constitutively expressed in the roots, stems and leaves and the expression level showed an order of roots > stems > leaves. After the suspension cells were induced by methyl jasmonate, the mRNA expression level of TwDXS1, TwDXS2, and TwDXR increased, and triptophenolide was rapidly accumulated to 149.52 µg·g−1, a 5.88-fold increase compared with the control. So the TwDXS1, TwDXS2, and TwDXR could be important genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Tong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Ping Su
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yujun Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yujia Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xianan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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23
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Yang Y, Huang S, Han Y, Yuan H, Gu C, Wang Z. Environmental cues induce changes of steviol glycosides contents and transcription of corresponding biosynthetic genes in Stevia rebaudiana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 86:174-180. [PMID: 25500454 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and secondary metabolism are commonly regulated by external cues such as light, temperature and water availability. In this study, the influences of low and high temperatures, dehydration, photoperiods, and different growing stages on the changes of steviol glycosides (SGs) contents and transcription levels of fifteen genes involved in SGs biosynthesis of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni were examined using HPLC and RT-PCR. The observations showed that the transcript levels of all the fifteen genes were maximum under 25 °C treatment, and the transcription of SrDXS, SrDXR, SrMCT, SrCMK, SrMDS, SrHDS, SrHDR, SrIDI, SrGGDPS, SrCPPS1, SrUGT85C2 and SrUGT76G1 were restrained both in low temperature (15 °C) and high temperature (35 °C). Most genes in SGs biosynthesis pathway exhibited down-regulation in dehydration. To elucidate the effect of photoperiods, the plants were treated by different simulated photoperiods (8 L/16 D, 1 0L/14 D, 14 L/10 D and 16 L/8 D), but no significant transcription changes were observed. In the study of growing stages, there were evident changes of SGs contents, and the transcript levels of all the fifteen genes were minimal in fast growing period, and exhibited evident increase both in flower-bud appearing stage and flowering stage. The obtained results strongly suggest that the effect of environmental cues on steviol glycosides contents and transcription of corresponding biosynthetic genes in S. rebaudiana is significant. It is worth to study deeply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongheng Yang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Suzhen Huang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Yulin Han
- Experimental Teaching Center of Ecological Environment of Jiangxi Province, Department of Landscape Architecture, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang 330032, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chunsun Gu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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24
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Ikram NKBK, Zhan X, Pan XW, King BC, Simonsen HT. Stable heterologous expression of biologically active terpenoids in green plant cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:129. [PMID: 25852702 PMCID: PMC4364152 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants biosynthesize a great diversity of biologically active small molecules of interest for fragrances, flavors, and pharmaceuticals. Among specialized metabolites, terpenoids represent the greatest molecular diversity. Many terpenoids are very complex, and total chemical synthesis often requires many steps and difficult chemical reactions, resulting in a low final yield or incorrect stereochemistry. Several drug candidates with terpene skeletons are difficult to obtain by chemical synthesis due to their large number of chiral centers. Thus, biological production remains the preferred method for industrial production for many of these compounds. However, because these chemicals are often found in low abundance in the native plant, or are produced in plants which are difficult to cultivate, there is great interest in engineering increased production or expression of the biosynthetic pathways in heterologous hosts. Although there are many examples of successful engineering of microbes such as yeast or bacteria to produce these compounds, this often requires extensive changes to the host organism's metabolism. Optimization of plant gene expression, post-translational protein modifications, subcellular localization, and other factors often present challenges. To address the future demand for natural products used as drugs, new platforms are being established that are better suited for heterologous production of plant metabolites. Specifically, direct metabolic engineering of plants can provide effective heterologous expression for production of valuable plant-derived natural products. In this review, our primary focus is on small terpenoids and we discuss the benefits of plant expression platforms and provide several successful examples of stable production of small terpenoids in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Kusaira B. K. Ikram
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xin Zhan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xi-Wu Pan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian C. King
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik T. Simonsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Henrik T. Simonsen, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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25
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Corniani N, Velini ED, Silva FML, Nanayakkara NPD, Witschel M, Dayan FE. Novel bioassay for the discovery of inhibitors of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and terpenoid pathways leading to carotenoid biosynthesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103704. [PMID: 25077957 PMCID: PMC4117606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway leads to the synthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate in plastids. It is a major branch point providing precursors for the synthesis of carotenoids, tocopherols, plastoquinone and the phytyl chain of chlorophylls, as well as the hormones abscisic acid and gibberellins. Consequently, disruption of this pathway is harmful to plants. We developed an in vivo bioassay that can measure the carbon flow through the carotenoid pathway. Leaf cuttings are incubated in the presence of a phytoene desaturase inhibitor to induce phytoene accumulation. Any compound reducing the level of phytoene accumulation is likely to interfere with either one of the steps in the MEP pathway or the synthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate. This concept was tested with known inhibitors of steps of the MEP pathway. The specificity of this in vivo bioassay was also verified by testing representative herbicides known to target processes outside of the MEP and carotenoid pathways. This assay enables the rapid screen of new inhibitors of enzymes preceding the synthesis of phytoene, though there are some limitations related to the non-specific effect of some inhibitors on this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Corniani
- São Paulo State University, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo D. Velini
- São Paulo State University, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - N. P. Dhammika Nanayakkara
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States of America
| | | | - Franck E. Dayan
- USDA-ARS Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, MS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Prasath D, Karthika R, Habeeba NT, Suraby EJ, Rosana OB, Shaji A, Eapen SJ, Deshpande U, Anandaraj M. Comparison of the transcriptomes of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) in response to the bacterial wilt infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99731. [PMID: 24940878 PMCID: PMC4062433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial wilt in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most important production constraints in tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperature regions of the world. Lack of resistant genotype adds constraints to the crop management. However, mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.), which is resistant to R. solanacearum, is a potential donor, if the exact mechanism of resistance is understood. To identify genes involved in resistance to R. solanacearum, we have sequenced the transcriptome from wilt-sensitive ginger and wilt-resistant mango ginger using Illumina sequencing technology. A total of 26387032 and 22268804 paired-end reads were obtained after quality filtering for C. amada and Z. officinale, respectively. A total of 36359 and 32312 assembled transcript sequences were obtained from both the species. The functions of the unigenes cover a diverse set of molecular functions and biological processes, among which we identified a large number of genes associated with resistance to stresses and response to biotic stimuli. Large scale expression profiling showed that many of the disease resistance related genes were expressed more in C. amada. Comparative analysis also identified genes belonging to different pathways of plant defense against biotic stresses that are differentially expressed in either ginger or mango ginger. The identification of many defense related genes differentially expressed provides many insights to the resistance mechanism to R. solanacearum and for studying potential pathways involved in responses to pathogen. Also, several candidate genes that may underline the difference in resistance to R. solanacearum between ginger and mango ginger were identified. Finally, we have developed a web resource, ginger transcriptome database, which provides public access to the data. Our study is among the first to demonstrate the use of Illumina short read sequencing for de novo transcriptome assembly and comparison in non-model species of Zingiberaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Prasath
- Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode (Calicut), Kerala, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Avaroth Shaji
- Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode (Calicut), Kerala, India
| | | | - Uday Deshpande
- Labindia-GPOD Research and Training Division, Thane, Maharashtra, India
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27
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Zeng Z, Zhu J, Chen L, Wen W, Yu R. Biosynthesis pathways of ginkgolides. Pharmacogn Rev 2013; 7:47-52. [PMID: 23922456 PMCID: PMC3731879 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.112848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ginkgolides, acting as anti-platelet-activating factors, have been studied for many years. The biosynthetic pathway of ginkgolides is still far away from unveiling at the level of molecular genetics and biochemistry. There are at least 11 kinds of enzymes having been cloned from Ginkgo biloba L., which catalyze the formation of ginkgolides via a series of reactions. Some researchers have indicated that the addition of precursors and elicitors can influence the accumulation of ginkgolides in the suspension cell cultures of G. biloba. There are also other factors that can influence the production of ginkgolides. This review focuses on the aforementioned aspects to discuss the biosynthetic pathways of the ginkgolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zeng
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Banerjee A, Wu Y, Banerjee R, Li Y, Yan H, Sharkey TD. Feedback inhibition of deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase regulates the methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16926-16936. [PMID: 23612965 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.464636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway leads to the biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP), the precursors for isoprene and higher isoprenoids. Isoprene has significant effects on atmospheric chemistry, whereas other isoprenoids have diverse roles ranging from various biological processes to applications in commercial uses. Understanding the metabolic regulation of the MEP pathway is important considering the numerous applications of this pathway. The 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) enzyme was cloned from Populus trichocarpa, and the recombinant protein (PtDXS) was purified from Escherichia coli. The steady-state kinetic parameters were measured by a coupled enzyme assay. An LC-MS/MS-based assay involving the direct quantification of the end product of the enzymatic reaction, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP), was developed. The effect of different metabolites of the MEP pathway on PtDXS activity was tested. PtDXS was inhibited by IDP and DMADP. Both of these metabolites compete with thiamine pyrophosphate for binding with the enzyme. An atomic structural model of PtDXS in complex with thiamine pyrophosphate and Mg(2+) was built by homology modeling and refined by molecular dynamics simulations. The refined structure was used to model the binding of IDP and DMADP and indicated that IDP and DMADP might bind with the enzyme in a manner very similar to the binding of thiamine pyrophosphate. The feedback inhibition of PtDXS by IDP and DMADP constitutes an important mechanism of metabolic regulation of the MEP pathway and indicates that thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzymes may often be affected by IDP and DMADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Honggao Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824.
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824.
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29
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Xu F, Huang XH, Li LL, Deng G, Cheng H, Rong XF, Li JB, Cheng SY. Molecular cloning and characterization of GbDXS and GbGGPPS gene promoters from Ginkgo biloba. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2013; 12:293-301. [PMID: 23408416 DOI: 10.4238/2013.february.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgolides are key pharmaceutical components in Ginkgo biloba leaves. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (GbDXS) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GbGGPPS) genes are critical genes involved in ginkgolide biosynthesis. In this study, the promoters of GbDXS and GGPPS, with 676 and 570 bp in length, respectively, were cloned by chromosome walking. The cis-elements of GbDXS and GbGGPPS promoters were predicted and analyzed by the plant cis-acting regulatory element (CARE) database. We found some major cis-elements in the sequence of GbDXS and GbGGPPS promoters. The GbDXS promoter has 3 TATA boxes, 10 CAAT boxes, 6 GATA boxes, and 1 I box. The GbGGPPS promoter has 1 TATA box, 6 CAAT boxes, 6 GATA boxes, and 4 I boxes. Furthermore, some stress-related cis-elements in the promoters of GbDXS and GbGGPPS were found to be light-regulated elements, including sequences over-represented in light-induced promoters (SORLIP1- AT), GATA box, and I box, a gibberellin-responsive element (WRKY), salicylic acid-induced (GT-1), cold- and dehydration-responsive (MYC-Core), and copper-inducible (CURE-Core). Further analyses of these cis-elements will aid in elucidating the molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of the GbDXS and GbGGPPS genes during ginkgolide accumulation in G. biloba.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
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30
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Liu W, Chen R, Chen M, Zhang H, Peng M, Yang C, Ming X, Lan X, Liao Z. Tryptophan decarboxylase plays an important role in ajmalicine biosynthesis in Rauvolfia verticillata. PLANTA 2012; 236:239-50. [PMID: 22331368 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) converts tryptophan into tryptamine that is the indole moiety of ajmalicine. The full-length cDNA of Rauvolfia verticillata (RvTDC) was 1,772 bps that contained a 1,500-bp ORF encoding a 499-amino-acid polypeptide. Recombinant 55.5 kDa RvTDC converted tryptophan into tryptamine. The K (m) of RvTDC for tryptophan was 2.89 mM, higher than those reported in other TIAs-producing plants. It demonstrated that RvTDC had lower affinity to tryptophan than other plant TDCs. The K (m) of RvTDC was also much higher than that of strictosidine synthase and strictosidine glucosidase in Rauvolfia. This suggested that TDC might be the committed-step enzyme involved in ajmalicine biosynthesis in R. verticillata. The expression of RvTDC was slightly upregulated by MeJA; the five MEP pathway genes and SGD showed no positive response to MeJA; and STR was sharply downregulated by MeJA. MeJA-treated hairy roots produced higher level of ajmalicine (0.270 mg g(-1) DW) than the EtOH control (0.183 mg g(-1) DW). Highest RvTDC expression level was detected in hairy root, about respectively 11, 19, 65, and 109-fold higher than in bark, young leaf, old leaf, and root. Highest ajmalicine content was also found in hairy root (0.249 mg g(-1) DW) followed by in bark (0.161 mg g(-1) DW) and young leaf (0.130 mg g(-1) DW), and least in root (0.014 mg g(-1) DW). Generally, the expression level of RvTDC was positively consistent with the accumulation of ajmalicine. Therefore, it could be deduced that TDC might be the key enzyme involved in ajmalicine biosynthesis in Rauvolfia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Laboratory of Natural Products and Metabolic Engineering, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sweetpotato, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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31
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Kumar H, Kaul K, Bajpai-Gupta S, Kaul VK, Kumar S. A comprehensive analysis of fifteen genes of steviol glycosides biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni). Gene 2012; 492:276-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Hemmerlin A, Harwood JL, Bach TJ. A raison d'être for two distinct pathways in the early steps of plant isoprenoid biosynthesis? Prog Lipid Res 2011; 51:95-148. [PMID: 22197147 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When compared to other organisms, plants are atypical with respect to isoprenoid biosynthesis: they utilize two distinct and separately compartmentalized pathways to build up isoprene units. The co-existence of these pathways in the cytosol and in plastids might permit the synthesis of many vital compounds, being essential for a sessile organism. While substrate exchange across membranes has been shown for a variety of plant species, lack of complementation of strong phenotypes, resulting from inactivation of either the cytosolic pathway (growth and development defects) or the plastidial pathway (pigment bleaching), seems to be surprising at first sight. Hundreds of isoprenoids have been analyzed to determine their biosynthetic origins. It can be concluded that in angiosperms, under standard growth conditions, C₂₀-phytyl moieties, C₃₀-triterpenes and C₄₀-carotenoids are made nearly exclusively within compartmentalized pathways, while mixed origins are widespread for other types of isoprenoid-derived molecules. It seems likely that this coexistence is essential for the interaction of plants with their environment. A major purpose of this review is to summarize such observations, especially within an ecological and functional context and with some emphasis on regulation. This latter aspect still requires more work and present conclusions are preliminary, although some general features seem to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBMP-CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 28 Rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Lin X, Zhang J, Li Y, Luo H, Wu Q, Sun C, Song J, Li X, Wei J, Lu A, Qian Z, Khan IA, Chen S. Functional genomics of a living fossil tree, Ginkgo, based on next-generation sequencing technology. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 143:207-18. [PMID: 21834857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is monotypic species native to China and has old, dioecious, medicinally important characteristics. The functional genes related to these characteristics have not been effectively explored due to a limited number of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from Ginkgo. To discover novel functional genes efficiently and to understand the development of a living fossil tree, Ginkgo, we used massive parallel pyrosequencing on the Roche 454 GS FLX Titanium platform to generate 64 057 ESTs. The ESTs combined with the 21 590 Ginkgo ESTs in genbank were assembled into 22 304 unique putative transcripts, in which 13 922 novel unique putative transcripts were identified by 454 sequencing. After being assigned to putative functions with Gene Ontology terms, a detailed view of the Ginkgo biological systems was displayed, including characterization of unique putative transcripts with homology to known key enzymes and transcription factors involved in ginkgolide/bilobalide and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways, as well as unique putative transcripts related to development, response to disease and defence. The fact that three full-length Ginkgo genes encoding key enzymes were found and cloned, suggests that high-throughput sequencing technology is superior to traditional gene-by-gene approach in discovery of genes. Additionally, a total of 204 simple sequence repeat motifs were detected. Our study not only lays the foundations for transcriptome-led studies in biosynthetic mechanisms, but also contributes significantly to the understanding of functional genomics and development in non-model plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Pszczolkowski MA, Durden K, Sellars S, Cowell B, Brown JJ. Effects of Ginkgo biloba constituents on fruit-infesting behavior of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) in apples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10879-10886. [PMID: 21905729 DOI: 10.1021/jf202386c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is a cosmopolitan pest of apple, potentially causing severe damage to the fruit. Currently used methods of combating this insect do not warrant full success or are harmful to the environment. The use of plant-derived semiochemicals for manipulation with fruit-infesting behavior is one of the new avenues for controlling this pest. Here, we explore the potential of Ginkgo biloba and its synthetic metabolites for preventing apple feeding and infestation by neonate larvae of C. pomonella. Experiments with crude extracts indicated that deterrent constituents of ginkgo are present among alkylphenols, terpene trilactones, and flavonol glycosides. Further experiments with ginkgo synthetic metabolites of medical importance, ginkgolic acids, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, ginkgolides, and bilobalide, indicated that three out of these chemicals have feeding deterrent properties. Ginkgolic acid 15:0 prevented fruit infestation at concentrations as low as 1 mg/mL, bilobalide had deterrent effects at 0.1 mg/mL and higher concentrations, and ginkgolide B at 10 mg/mL. On the other hand, kaempferol and quercetin promoted fruit infestation by codling moth neonates. Ginkgolic acids 13:0, 15:1, and 17:1, isorhamnetin, and ginkgolides A and C had no effects on fruit infestation-related behavior. Our research is the first report showing that ginkgo constituents influence fruit infestation behavior and have potential applications in fruit protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej A Pszczolkowski
- William H. Darr School of Agriculture, Fruit Experiment Station, Missouri State University, 9470 Red Spring Road Mountain Grove, Missouri 65711, United States.
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Mazikin KV, Ershov YV, Goncharenko AV, Ostrovskii DN. 2-14C-methylerythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate incorporation into bacterial and plant isoprenoids. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683809050081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Seetang-Nun Y, Sharkey TD, Suvachittanont W. Isolation and characterization of two distinct classes ofDXSgenes inHevea brasiliensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 19:291-300. [PMID: 17852343 DOI: 10.1080/10425170701576768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Two cDNAs encoding two distinct classes of DXSs were cloned from leaves (HbDXS1) and latex (HbDXS2) of Hevea brasiliensis by RT-PCR based methods. HbDXS1 encodes a protein of 720 amino acids, with a high homology to the class I of plant DXS proteins, and HbDXS2 encodes a protein predicted to contain 711 amino acids and with a high homology to the plant DXS class II proteins. Several important motifs and amino acid positions characteristic of DXS proteins are strictly conserved in both new HbDXS proteins. The two HbDXS genes were differentially expressed in various tissues of H. brasiliensis. The transcriptional levels of HbDXS2 were similar in both a high-yielding rubber clone (RRIM 600) and the wild type. Ethephon increased the latex yield and caused a transient increase of expression of the HbDXS2 gene. The expression of HbDXS2 in latex indicates that it may have a primary function in carotenoid biosynthesis rather than for natural rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yortyot Seetang-Nun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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Battilana J, Costantini L, Emanuelli F, Sevini F, Segala C, Moser S, Velasco R, Versini G, Stella Grando M. The 1-deoxy-D: -xylulose 5-phosphate synthase gene co-localizes with a major QTL affecting monoterpene content in grapevine. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2009; 118:653-69. [PMID: 19037624 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-008-0927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Muscat flavor is a relevant trait both in winemaking and in fresh grape consumption. From a chemical point of view, it is strongly related to the accumulation of monoterpenes in berries. However, knowledge of the genetic mechanisms underlying its regulation is still limited. The objective of this study was to dissect the genetic determinism of aroma in grapevine by applying the analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and the candidate gene (CG) approach. Two F(1) segregating progenies were evaluated through high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS) for the amounts of individual monoterpenes over 3 and 2 years. In the Italia x Big Perlon cross 34 CGs, chosen according to gene ontology (GO) terms, were placed on a complete map and tested for linkage with QTLs for linalool, nerol and geraniol levels. Two CGs mapped within a QTL for linalool content on LG 10. A third one co-localized with a major QTL for the level of the three monoterpenes on LG 5; this gene encodes 1-deoxy-D: -xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), which is the first enzyme in the plastidial pathway of terpene biosynthesis. Depending on these findings, we report the first in silico analysis of grapevine DXS genes based on the whole genome sequence. Further research on the functional significance of these associations might help to understand the genetic control of Muscat flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Battilana
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, IASMA Research Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Kirby J, Keasling JD. Biosynthesis of plant isoprenoids: perspectives for microbial engineering. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 60:335-55. [PMID: 19575586 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.091955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are a large and highly diverse group of natural products with many functions in plant primary and secondary metabolism. Isoprenoids are synthesized from common prenyl diphosphate precursors through the action of terpene synthases and terpene-modifying enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Many isoprenoids have important applications in areas such as human health and nutrition, and much effort has been directed toward their production in microbial hosts. However, many hurdles must be overcome in the elucidation and functional microbial expression of the genes responsible for biosynthesis of an isoprenoid of interest. Here, we review investigations into isoprenoid function and gene discovery in plants as well as the latest advances in isoprenoid pathway engineering in both plant and microbial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kirby
- California Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Cordoba E, Salmi M, León P. Unravelling the regulatory mechanisms that modulate the MEP pathway in higher plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:2933-43. [PMID: 19584121 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway is responsible for the biosynthesis of a substantial number of natural compounds of biological and biotechnological importance. In recent years, this pathway has become an obvious target to develop new herbicides and antimicrobial drugs. In addition, the production of a variety of compounds of medical and agricultural interest may be possible through the genetic manipulation of this pathway. To this end, a complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate this pathway is of tremendous importance. Recent data have accumulated that show some of the multiple mechanisms that regulate the methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway in plants. In this review we will describe some of these and discuss their implications. It has been demonstrated that 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), the first enzyme of this route, plays a major role in the overall regulation of the pathway. A small gene family codes for this enzyme in most of the plants which have been analysed so far, and the members of these gene families belong to different phylogenetic groups. Each of these genes exhibits a distinct expression pattern, suggesting unique functions. One of the most interesting regulatory mechanisms recently described for this pathway is the post-transcriptional regulation of the level of DXS and DXR proteins. In the case of DXS, this regulation appears conserved among plants, supporting its importance. The evidence accumulated suggests that this regulation might link the activity of this pathway with the plant's physiological conditions and the metabolic demand for the final products of this route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Cordoba
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Col Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, México
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Ahn CS, Pai HS. Physiological function of IspE, a plastid MEP pathway gene for isoprenoid biosynthesis, in organelle biogenesis and cell morphogenesis in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 66:503-17. [PMID: 18180879 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants occurs by two independent pathways: the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the plastidic methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. In this study, we investigated the cellular effects of depletion of IspE, a protein involved in the MEP pathway, using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). The IspE gene is preferentially expressed in young tissues, and induced by light and methyl jasmonate. The GFP fusion protein of IspE was targeted to chloroplasts. Reduction of IspE expression by VIGS resulted in a severe leaf yellowing phenotype. At the cellular level, depletion of IspE severely affected chloroplast development, dramatically reducing both the number and size of chloroplasts. Interestingly, mitochondrial development was also impaired, suggesting a possibility that the plastidic MEP pathway contributes to mitochondrial isoprenoid biosynthesis in leaves. A deficiency in IspE activity decreased cellular levels of the metabolites produced by the MEP pathway, such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, and stimulated expression of some of the downstream MEP pathway genes, particularly IspF and IspG. Interestingly, the IspE VIGS lines had significantly increased numbers of cells of reduced size in all leaf layers, compared with TRV control and other VIGS lines for the MEP pathway genes. The increased cell division in the IspE VIGS lines was particularly pronounced in the abaxial epidermal layer, in which the over-proliferated cells bulged out of the plane, making the surface uneven. In addition, trichome numbers dramatically increased and the stomata size varied in the affected tissues. Our results show that IspE deficiency causes novel developmental phenotypes distinct from the phenotypes of other MEP pathway mutants, indicating that IspE may have an additional role in plant development besides its role in isoprenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sook Ahn
- Department of Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
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Abstract
Terpenoids are a diverse class of natural products that have many functions in the plant kingdom and in human health and nutrition. Their chemical diversity has led to the discovery of over 40,000 different structures, with several classes serving as important pharmaceutical agents, including the anticancer agents paclitaxel (Taxol) and terpenoid-derived indole alkaloids. Many terpenoid compounds are found in low yield from natural sources, so plant cell cultures have been investigated as an alternate production strategy. Metabolic engineering of whole plants and plant cell cultures is an effective tool to both increase terpenoid yield and alter terpenoid distribution for desired properties such as enhanced flavor, fragrance or color. Recent advances in defining terpenoid metabolic pathways, particularly in secondary metabolism, enhanced knowledge concerning regulation of terpenoid accumulation, and application of emerging plant systems biology approaches, have enabled metabolic engineering of terpenoid production. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge of terpenoid metabolism, with a special focus on production of important pharmaceutically active secondary metabolic terpenoids in plant cell cultures. Strategies for defining pathways and uncovering rate-influencing steps in global metabolism, and applying this information for successful terpenoid metabolic engineering, are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Roberts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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Lu J, Wu W, Cao S, Zhao H, Zeng H, Lin L, Sun X, Tang K. Molecular cloning and characterization of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate reductase gene from Ginkgo biloba. Mol Biol Rep 2007; 35:413-20. [PMID: 17530439 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-007-9101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba contains terpene triclactones of high pharmaceutical value such as ginkgolides. 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate (HMBPP) reductase (HDR) is proved to be the terminal-acting enzyme in the plastid MEP pathway which provides isoprenoid precursors for the biosynthesis of ginkgolides. The full-length cDNA encoding HDR, designated as GbHDR (Genbank Accession Number DQ364231), was isolated for the first time from G. biloba by RACE method. GbHDR contained a 1,422-bp open reading frame encoding 474 amino acids. The deduced GbHDR protein, showing high identity to HDRs of other plant species, was predicted to possess a chloroplast transit peptide at the N-terminal and four conserved cysteine residues. Two-dimensional structural analysis showed that GbHDR had a similar secondary structure with HDR from Arabidopsis thaliana. Southern blot analysis indicated that GbHDR belonged to a small gene family. Transcription pattern analysis revealed that GbHDR had high transcription in roots, and low in leaves and stems. The cloning of GbHDR gene will enable us to further understand the role of GbHDR involved in terpene triclatones biosynthetic pathway in G. biloba at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Morgan-Tan International Center for Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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