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Li Q, Liao Q, Qi S, Huang H, He S, Lyu W, Liang J, Qin H, Cheng Z, Yu F, Dong X, Wang Z, Han L, Han Y. Opportunities and perspectives of small molecular phosphodiesterase inhibitors in neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116386. [PMID: 38614063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) is a superfamily of enzymes that are responsible for the hydrolysis of two second messengers: cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). PDE inhibition promotes the gene transcription by activating cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), initiating gene transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The procedure exerts neuroprotective profile, and motor and cognitive improving efficacy. From this point of view, PDE inhibition will provide a promising therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegenerative disorders. Herein, we summarized the PDE inhibitors that have entered the clinical trials or been discovered in recent five years. Well-designed clinical or preclinical investigations have confirmed the effectiveness of PDE inhibitors, such as decreasing Aβ oligomerization and tau phosphorylation, alleviating neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress, modulating neuronal plasticity and improving long-term cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Qinghong Liao
- Shandong Kangqiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266033, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shulei Qi
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Siyu He
- Guizhou Province Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Weiping Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Jinxin Liang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Huan Qin
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zimeng Cheng
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fan Yu
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ziming Wang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 256699, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lingfei Han
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yantao Han
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China.
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Jino K, Miyamoto K, Kanbara T, Unemura C, Horiguchi N, Ago Y. Allosteric inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4D induces biphasic memory-enhancing effects associated with learning-activated signaling pathways. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:805-816. [PMID: 38114603 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Phosphodiesterase 4D negative allosteric modulators (PDE4D NAMs) enhance memory and cognitive function in animal models without emetic-like side effects. However, the relationship between increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and the effects of PDE4D NAM remains elusive. OBJECTIVE To investigate the roles of hippocampal cAMP metabolism and synaptic activation in the effects of D159687, a PDE4D NAM, under baseline and learning-stimulated conditions. RESULTS At 3 mg/kg, D159687 enhanced memory formation and consolidation in contextual fear conditioning; however, neither lower (0.3 mg/kg) nor higher (30 mg/kg) doses induced memory-enhancing effects. A biphasic (bell-shaped) dose-response effect was also observed in a scopolamine-induced model of amnesia in the Y-maze, whereas D159687 dose-dependently caused an emetic-like effect in the xylazine/ketamine anesthesia test. At 3 mg/kg, D159687 increased cAMP levels in the hippocampal CA1 region after conditioning in the fear conditioning test, but not in the home-cage or conditioning cage (i.e., context only). By contrast, 30 mg/kg of D159687 increased hippocampal cAMP levels under all conditions. Although both 3 and 30 mg/kg of D159687 upregulated learning-induced Fos expression in the hippocampal CA1 30 min after conditioning, 3 mg/kg, but not 30 mg/kg, of D159687 induced phosphorylation of synaptic plasticity-related proteins such as cAMP-responsive element-binding protein, synaptosomal-associated protein 25 kDa, and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2A. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that learning-stimulated conditions can alter the effects of a PDE4D NAM on hippocampal cAMP levels and imply that a PDE4D NAM exerts biphasic memory-enhancing effects associated with synaptic plasticity-related signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Jino
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyamoto
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tomoe Kanbara
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Chie Unemura
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Naotaka Horiguchi
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan.
| | - Yukio Ago
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
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Hiyama H, Arichika N, Okada M, Koyama N, Tahara T, Haruta J. Pharmacological Profile of Difamilast, a Novel Selective Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor, for Topical Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 386:45-55. [PMID: 37041087 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PDE4 inhibitors are expected to be anti-inflammatory agents based on their mechanism of action, but the application of this drug class is limited by a narrow therapeutic window due to adverse effects associated with gastrointestinal function. Difamilast, a novel selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, demonstrated significant efficacy without adverse reactions such as nausea and diarrhea in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and was recently approved in Japan. In this study, we investigated the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of difamilast to provide nonclinical data to help understand the clinical effects. Difamilast selectively inhibited recombinant human PDE4 activity in assays. The IC50 of difamilast against PDE4B, a PDE4 subtype that plays an important role in the inflammatory response, was 0.0112 μM, representing a 6.6-fold decrease compared with the IC50 against PDE4D (0.0738 μM), a subtype that can trigger emesis. Difamilast inhibited TNF-α production in human (IC50 = 0.0109 μM) and mouse (IC50 = 0.0035 μM) peripheral blood mononuclear cells and improved skin inflammation in a mouse model of chronic allergic contact dermatitis. These effects of difamilast on TNF-α production and dermatitis were superior to those of other topical PDE4 inhibitors: CP-80633, cipamfylline, and crisaborole. In pharmacokinetic studies using miniature pigs and rats, the concentrations of difamilast in the blood and brain after topical application were not sufficient to support pharmacological activity. This nonclinical study contributes to explain the efficacy and safety of difamilast with a sufficient therapeutic window in the clinical trials. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This is the first report on the nonclinical pharmacological profile of difamilast ointment, a novel topical PDE4 inhibitor that demonstrated utility in clinical trials in patients with atopic dermatitis. Difamilast, which has high PDE4 selectivity (especially for the PDE4B subtype), ameliorated chronic allergic contact dermatitis in mice after topical application, with a pharmacokinetic profile in animals that suggests few systemic side effects; thus, difamilast is a promising new therapeutic treatment for atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Hiyama
- Ako Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hyogo, Japan (H.H., N.A., M.O., J.H.) and Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan (N.K., T.T.)
| | - Naoya Arichika
- Ako Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hyogo, Japan (H.H., N.A., M.O., J.H.) and Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan (N.K., T.T.)
| | - Minoru Okada
- Ako Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hyogo, Japan (H.H., N.A., M.O., J.H.) and Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan (N.K., T.T.)
| | - Noriyuki Koyama
- Ako Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hyogo, Japan (H.H., N.A., M.O., J.H.) and Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan (N.K., T.T.)
| | - Tomonori Tahara
- Ako Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hyogo, Japan (H.H., N.A., M.O., J.H.) and Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan (N.K., T.T.)
| | - Junpei Haruta
- Ako Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hyogo, Japan (H.H., N.A., M.O., J.H.) and Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan (N.K., T.T.)
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Sani G, Kotzalidis GD, Fiaschè F, Manfredi G, Ghaemi SN. Second messengers and their importance for novel drug treatments of patients with bipolar disorder. Int Rev Psychiatry 2022; 34:736-752. [PMID: 36786113 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2022.2119073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Second messenger systems, like the cyclic nucleotide, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, phosphoinositide, and arachidonic acid cascades, are involved in bipolar disorder (BD). We investigated their role on the development of novel therapeutic drugs using second messenger mechanisms. PubMed search and narrative review. We used all relevant keywords for each second messenger cascade combining it with BD and related terms and combined all with novel/innovative treatments/drugs. Our search produced 31 papers most were reviews, and focussed on the PI3K/AKT-GSK-3β/Nrf2-NF-ĸB pathways. Only two human randomized clinical trials were identified, of ebselen, an antioxidant, and celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, both with poor unsatisfactory results. Despite the fact that all second messenger systems are involved in the pathophysiology of BD, there are few experiments with novel drugs using these mechanisms. These mechanisms are a neglected and potentially major opportunity to transform the treatment of bipolar illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sani
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios D Kotzalidis
- Centro Lucio Bini, Rome, Italy.,NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Fiaschè
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy.,ASL Rieti, Servizio Psichiatrico Diagnosi e Cura, Ospedale San Camillo de Lellis, Rieti, Italy
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Centro Lucio Bini, Rome, Italy.,NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - S Nassir Ghaemi
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Lecturer on Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Effects of Roflumilast on Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Treated with Inhaled Corticosteroid/Long-Acting β2 Agonist: A Meta-analysis. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8101099. [PMID: 35915771 PMCID: PMC9338846 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective Roflumilast is a novel therapeutic drug for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of roflumilast combining inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)/long-acting β2 agonist (LABA) in treating COPD patients through the meta-analysis. Methods Randomized controlled trials of roflumilast combining ICS/LABA in treating patients with severe and profound COPD were searched from PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases from their establishment to February 2022. The quality of included studies was assessed by Cochrane risk bias assessment tool. The main outcomes of these studies should include at least one of the following clinical outcome indicators: forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), exacerbation rate, and adverse events (AEs) such as diarrhea, nasopharyngitis, and headache. Results Six articles were included in the study, including 9,715 patients. Meta-analysis revealed that compared with placebo, roflumilast gained superiority for severe COPD patients treated with ICS/LABA combinations in FEV1 before bronchodilator administration (MD = 46.62, 95% CI (30.69, 62.55), P < 0.00001), FEV1 after bronchodilator administration (MD = 45.62, 95% CI (34.95, 56.28), P < 0.00001), and COPD exacerbation rate (RR = 0.90, 95% CI (0.87, 0.94), P = 0.001). In terms of safety, the incidence of diarrhea, headache, nausea, weight loss, back pain, loss of appetite, and insomnia was notably higher in the roflumilast group than in the placebo group. Conclusion Roflumilast is suggested to be significantly effective for severe COPD patients with ICS/LABA combination therapy, which reduces the exacerbation rate but also leads to PDE4 inhibitor-related adverse reactions.
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Paes D, Schepers M, Rombaut B, van den Hove D, Vanmierlo T, Prickaerts J. The Molecular Biology of Phosphodiesterase 4 Enzymes as Pharmacological Targets: An Interplay of Isoforms, Conformational States, and Inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:1016-1049. [PMID: 34233947 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) enzyme family plays a pivotal role in regulating levels of the second messenger cAMP. Consequently, PDE4 inhibitors have been investigated as a therapeutic strategy to enhance cAMP signaling in a broad range of diseases, including several types of cancers, as well as in various neurologic, dermatological, and inflammatory diseases. Despite their widespread therapeutic potential, the progression of PDE4 inhibitors into the clinic has been hampered because of their related relatively small therapeutic window, which increases the chance of producing adverse side effects. Interestingly, the PDE4 enzyme family consists of several subtypes and isoforms that can be modified post-translationally or can engage in specific protein-protein interactions to yield a variety of conformational states. Inhibition of specific PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, or conformational states may lead to more precise effects and hence improve the safety profile of PDE4 inhibition. In this review, we provide an overview of the variety of PDE4 isoforms and how their activity and inhibition is influenced by post-translational modifications and interactions with partner proteins. Furthermore, we describe the importance of screening potential PDE4 inhibitors in view of different PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, and conformational states rather than testing compounds directed toward a specific PDE4 catalytic domain. Lastly, potential mechanisms underlying PDE4-mediated adverse effects are outlined. In this review, we illustrate that PDE4 inhibitors retain their therapeutic potential in myriad diseases, but target identification should be more precise to establish selective inhibition of disease-affected PDE4 isoforms while avoiding isoforms involved in adverse effects. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although the PDE4 enzyme family is a therapeutic target in an extensive range of disorders, clinical use of PDE4 inhibitors has been hindered because of the adverse side effects. This review elaborately shows that safer and more effective PDE4 targeting is possible by characterizing 1) which PDE4 subtypes and isoforms exist, 2) how PDE4 isoforms can adopt specific conformations upon post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions, and 3) which PDE4 inhibitors can selectively bind specific PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, and/or conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Paes
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Ben Rombaut
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Daniel van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
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Ručilová V, Świerczek A, Vanda D, Funk P, Lemrová B, Gawalska A, Bucki A, Nowak B, Zadrożna M, Pociecha K, Soural M, Wyska E, Pawłowski M, Chłoń-Rzepa G, Zajdel P. New imidazopyridines with phosphodiesterase 4 and 7 inhibitory activity and their efficacy in animal models of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 209:112854. [PMID: 33022582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the rapid synthesis of a focused library of trisubstituted imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines and imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines from 2,4-dichloro-3-nitropyridine using the combination of solution-phase/solid-phase chemistry as new potential anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Structure-activity relationship studies, followed by the structure optimization, provided hit compounds (17 and 28) which inhibited phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) with IC50 values comparable to rolipram and displayed different inhibitory potency against phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7). Among them, compound 17 showed a beneficial effect in all the studied animal models of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases (concanavalin A-induced hepatitis, lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia, collagen-induced arthritis, and MOG35-55-induced encephalomyelitis). In addition, compound 17 showed a favorable pharmacokinetic profile after intraperitoneal administration; it was characterized by a fast absorption from the peritoneal cavity and a relatively long terminal half-life in rats. It was found to penetrate brain barrier in mice. The performed experiments sheds light on the impact of PDE7A inhibition for the efficacy of PDE4 inhibitors in these disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Ručilová
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Artur Świerczek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - David Vanda
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Funk
- Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Lemrová
- Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alicja Gawalska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Nowak
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacobiology, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Zadrożna
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacobiology, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pociecha
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Miroslav Soural
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Elżbieta Wyska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Pawłowski
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grażyna Chłoń-Rzepa
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Zajdel
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
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Guijarro-Belmar A, Domanski DM, Bo X, Shewan D, Huang W. The therapeutic potential of targeting exchange protein directly activated by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (Epac) for central nervous system trauma. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:460-469. [PMID: 32985466 PMCID: PMC7996029 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.293256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are affected by traumatic spinal cord injury, which usually results in permanent sensorimotor disability. Damage to the spinal cord leads to a series of detrimental events including ischaemia, haemorrhage and neuroinflammation, which over time result in further neural tissue loss. Eventually, at chronic stages of traumatic spinal cord injury, the formation of a glial scar, cystic cavitation and the presence of numerous inhibitory molecules act as physical and chemical barriers to axonal regrowth. This is further hindered by a lack of intrinsic regrowth ability of adult neurons in the central nervous system. The intracellular signalling molecule, cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP), is known to play many important roles in the central nervous system, and elevating its levels as shown to improve axonal regeneration outcomes following traumatic spinal cord injury in animal models. However, therapies directly targeting cAMP have not found their way into the clinic, as cAMP is ubiquitously present in all cell types and its manipulation may have additional deleterious effects. A downstream effector of cAMP, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 2 (Epac2), is mainly expressed in the adult central nervous system, and its activation has been shown to mediate the positive effects of cAMP on axonal guidance and regeneration. Recently, using ex vivo modelling of traumatic spinal cord injury, Epac2 activation was found to profoundly modulate the post-lesion environment, such as decreasing the activation of astrocytes and microglia. Pilot data with Epac2 activation also suggested functional improvement assessed by in vivo models of traumatic spinal cord injury. Therefore, targeting Epac2 in traumatic spinal cord injury could represent a novel strategy in traumatic spinal cord injury repair, and future work is needed to fully establish its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Guijarro-Belmar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen; Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dominik Mateusz Domanski
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Xuenong Bo
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Derryck Shewan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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9
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Schreiber R, Hollands R, Blokland A. A Mechanistic Rationale for PDE-4 Inhibitors to Treat Residual Cognitive Deficits in Acquired Brain Injury. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:188-201. [PMID: 31660837 PMCID: PMC7327948 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191010103044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) suffer from cognitive deficits that interfere significantly with their daily lives. These deficits are long-lasting and no treatment options are available. A better understanding of the mechanistic basis for these cognitive deficits is needed to develop novel treatments. Intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels are decreased in ABI. Herein, we focus on augmentation of cAMP by PDE4 inhibitors and the potentially synergistic mechanisms in traumatic brain injury. A major acute pathophysiological event in ABI is the breakdown of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Intracellular cAMP pathways are involved in the subsequent emergence of edema, inflammation and hyperexcitability. We propose that PDE4 inhibitors such as roflumilast can improve cognition by modulation of the activity in the cAMP-Phosphokinase A-Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (RAC1) inflammation pathway. In addition, PDE4 inhibitors can also directly enhance network plasticity and attenuate degenerative processes and cognitive dysfunction by increasing activity of the canonical cAMP/phosphokinase-A/cAMP Responsive Element Binding protein (cAMP/PKA/CREB) plasticity pathway. Doublecourtin and microtubule-associated protein 2 are generated following activation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway and are decreased or even absent after injury. Both proteins are involved in neuronal plasticity and may consist of viable markers to track these processes. It is concluded that PDE4 inhibitors may consist of a novel class of drugs for the treatment of residual symptoms in ABI attenuating the pathophysiological consequences of a BBB breakdown by their anti-inflammatory actions via the cAMP/PKA/RAC1 pathway and by increasing synaptic plasticity via the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway. Roflumilast improves cognition in young and elderly humans and would be an excellent candidate for a proof of concept study in ABI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Schreiber
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Section Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Romain Hollands
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Section Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Arjan Blokland
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Section Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
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10
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Dominant-Negative Attenuation of cAMP-Selective Phosphodiesterase PDE4D Action Affects Learning and Behavior. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165704. [PMID: 32784895 PMCID: PMC7460819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PDE4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases reduce 3′, 5′ cAMP levels in the CNS and thereby regulate PKA activity and the phosphorylation of CREB, fundamental to depression, cognition, and learning and memory. The PDE4 isoform PDE4D5 interacts with the signaling proteins β-arrestin2 and RACK1, regulators of β2-adrenergic and other signal transduction pathways. Mutations in PDE4D in humans predispose to acrodysostosis, associated with cognitive and behavioral deficits. To target PDE4D5, we developed mice that express a PDE4D5-D556A dominant-negative transgene in the brain. Male transgenic mice demonstrated significant deficits in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning, as assayed in the Morris water maze. In contrast, associative learning, as assayed in a fear conditioning assay, appeared to be unaffected. Male transgenic mice showed augmented activity in prolonged (2 h) open field testing, while female transgenic mice showed reduced activity in the same assay. Transgenic mice showed no demonstrable abnormalities in prepulse inhibition. There was also no detectable difference in anxiety-like behavior, as measured in the elevated plus-maze. These data support the use of a dominant-negative approach to the study of PDE4D5 function in the CNS and specifically in learning and memory.
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11
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Bhat A, Ray B, Mahalakshmi AM, Tuladhar S, Nandakumar DN, Srinivasan M, Essa MM, Chidambaram SB, Guillemin GJ, Sakharkar MK. Phosphodiesterase-4 enzyme as a therapeutic target in neurological disorders. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105078. [PMID: 32673703 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDE) are a diverse family of enzymes (11 isoforms so far identified) responsible for the degradation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) which are involved in several cellular and biochemical functions. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is the major isoform within this group and is highly expressed in the mammalian brain. An inverse association between PDE4 and cAMP levels is the key mechanism in various pathophysiological conditions like airway inflammatory diseases-chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and neurological disorders etc. In 2011, roflumilast, a PDE4 inhibitor (PDE4I) was approved for the treatment of COPD. Subsequently, other PDE4 inhibitors (PDE4Is) like apremilast and crisaborole were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for psoriasis, atopic dermatitis etc. Due to the adverse effects like unbearable nausea and vomiting, dose intolerance and diarrhoea, PDE4 inhibitors have very less clinical compliance. Efforts are being made to develop allosteric modulation with high specificity to PDE4 isoforms having better efficacy and lesser adverse effects. Interestingly, repositioning PDE4Is towards neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and sleep disorders, is gaining attention. This review is an attempt to summarize the data on the effects of PDE4 overexpression in neurological disorders and the use of PDE4Is and newer allosteric modulators as therapeutic options. We have also compiled a list of on-going clinical trials on PDE4 inhibitors in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Bhat
- Dept. of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Bipul Ray
- Dept. of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | | | - Sunanda Tuladhar
- Dept. of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - D N Nandakumar
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Malathi Srinivasan
- Department of Lipid Science, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), CFTRI Campus, Mysuru, 570020, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Dept. of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107, Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada
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Pinter A, Beigel F, Körber A, Homey B, Beissert S, Gerdes S, Staubach-Renz P, Radtke MA, Mössner R. [Gastrointestinal side effects of apremilast : Characterization and management]. Hautarzt 2019; 70:354-362. [PMID: 30937481 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-019-4396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Apremilast is an oral inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) that is licensed for the second-line treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Data from several phase III clinical trials and real-world studies showed a good benefit-risk profile, with diarrhea and nausea as the most common adverse events. Diarrhea and nausea most frequently occurred during the first month of treatment. In most cases, they were mild or moderate in severity and tended to resolve over time with continued dosing and without intervention. In this review we summarize available data on gastrointestinal side effects of apremilast in patients with psoriasis and psoriasis arthritis and provide practical strategies for managing these symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pinter
- Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt a. M., Frankfurt a. M., Deutschland
| | - Florian Beigel
- Medizinische Klinik II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Deutschland
| | | | - Bernhard Homey
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - Stefan Beissert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Sascha Gerdes
- Universitäts-Hautklinik, Campus Kiel, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Deutschland
| | | | | | - Rotraut Mössner
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland.
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13
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Cui SY, Yang MX, Zhang YH, Zheng V, Zhang HT, Gurney ME, Xu Y, O'Donnell JM. Protection from Amyloid β Peptide-Induced Memory, Biochemical, and Morphological Deficits by a Phosphodiesterase-4D Allosteric Inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:250-259. [PMID: 31488603 PMCID: PMC6815937 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent imaging studies of amyloid and tau in cognitively normal elderly subjects imply that Alzheimer's pathology can be tolerated by the brain to some extent due to compensatory mechanisms operating at the cellular and synaptic levels. The present study investigated the effects of an allosteric inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4D (PDE4D), known as BPN14770 (2-(4-((2-(3-Chlorophenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)phenyl)acetic Acid), on impairment of memory, dendritic structure, and synaptic proteins induced by bilateral microinjection of oligomeric amyloid beta (Aβ 1-42 into the hippocampus of humanized PDE4D (hPDE4D) mice. The hPDE4D mice provide a unique and powerful genetic tool for assessing PDE4D target engagement. Behavioral studies showed that treatment with BPN14770 significantly improved memory acquisition and retrieval in the Morris water maze test and the percentage of alternations in the Y-maze test in the model of Aβ impairment. Microinjection of oligomeric Aβ 1-42 caused decreases in the number of dendrites, dendritic length, and spine density of pyramid neurons in the hippocampus. These changes were prevented by BPN14770 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, molecular studies showed that BPN14770 prevented Aβ-induced decreases in synaptophysin, postsynaptic density protein 95, phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)/CREB, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and nerve growth factor inducible protein levels in the hippocampus. The protective effects of BPN14770 against Aβ-induced memory deficits, synaptic damage, and the alteration in the cAMP-meditated cell signaling cascade were blocked by H-89 (N-[2-(p-Bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride), an inhibitor of protein kinase A. These results suggest that BPN14770 may activate compensatory mechanisms that support synaptic health even with the onset of amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study demonstrates that a phosphodiesterase-4D allosteric inhibitor, BPN14770, protects against memory loss and neuronal atrophy induced by oligomeric Aβ 1-42. The study provides useful insight into the potential role of compensatory mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease in a model of oligomeric Aβ 1-42 neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ying Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China (S.-Y.C., Y.-H.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (S.-Y.C., M.-X.Y., V.Z., Y.X., J.M.O.); Departments of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, The Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia (H.-T.Z.); and Tetra Discovery Partners Inc., Grand Rapids, Michigan (M.E.G.)
| | - Ming-Xin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China (S.-Y.C., Y.-H.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (S.-Y.C., M.-X.Y., V.Z., Y.X., J.M.O.); Departments of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, The Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia (H.-T.Z.); and Tetra Discovery Partners Inc., Grand Rapids, Michigan (M.E.G.)
| | - Yong-He Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China (S.-Y.C., Y.-H.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (S.-Y.C., M.-X.Y., V.Z., Y.X., J.M.O.); Departments of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, The Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia (H.-T.Z.); and Tetra Discovery Partners Inc., Grand Rapids, Michigan (M.E.G.)
| | - Victor Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China (S.-Y.C., Y.-H.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (S.-Y.C., M.-X.Y., V.Z., Y.X., J.M.O.); Departments of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, The Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia (H.-T.Z.); and Tetra Discovery Partners Inc., Grand Rapids, Michigan (M.E.G.)
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China (S.-Y.C., Y.-H.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (S.-Y.C., M.-X.Y., V.Z., Y.X., J.M.O.); Departments of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, The Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia (H.-T.Z.); and Tetra Discovery Partners Inc., Grand Rapids, Michigan (M.E.G.)
| | - Mark E Gurney
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China (S.-Y.C., Y.-H.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (S.-Y.C., M.-X.Y., V.Z., Y.X., J.M.O.); Departments of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, The Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia (H.-T.Z.); and Tetra Discovery Partners Inc., Grand Rapids, Michigan (M.E.G.)
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China (S.-Y.C., Y.-H.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (S.-Y.C., M.-X.Y., V.Z., Y.X., J.M.O.); Departments of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, The Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia (H.-T.Z.); and Tetra Discovery Partners Inc., Grand Rapids, Michigan (M.E.G.)
| | - James M O'Donnell
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China (S.-Y.C., Y.-H.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (S.-Y.C., M.-X.Y., V.Z., Y.X., J.M.O.); Departments of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, The Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia (H.-T.Z.); and Tetra Discovery Partners Inc., Grand Rapids, Michigan (M.E.G.)
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Bartolotti N, Lazarov O. CREB signals as PBMC-based biomarkers of cognitive dysfunction: A novel perspective of the brain-immune axis. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 78:9-20. [PMID: 30641141 PMCID: PMC6488430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, there is no reliable biomarker for the assessment or determination of cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and related dementia. Such a biomarker would not only aid in diagnostics, but could also serve as a measure of therapeutic efficacy. It is widely acknowledged that the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, namely, amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles, as well as their precursors and metabolites, are poorly correlated with cognitive function and disease stage and thus have low diagnostic or prognostic value. A lack of biomarkers is one of the major roadblocks in diagnosing the disease and in assessing the efficacy of potential therapies. The phosphorylation of cAMP Response Element Binding protein (pCREB) plays a major role in memory acquisition and consolidation. In the brain, CREB activation by phosphorylation at Ser133 and the recruitment of transcription cofactors such as CREB binding protein (CBP) is a critical step for the formation of memory. This set of processes is a prerequisite for the transcription of genes thought to be important for synaptic plasticity, such as Egr-1. Interestingly, recent work suggests that the expression of pCREB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) positively correlates with pCREB expression in the postmortem brain of Alzheimer's patients, suggesting not only that pCREB expression in PBMC might serve as a biomarker of cognitive dysfunction, but also that the dysfunction of CREB signaling may not be limited to the brain in AD, and that a link may exist between the regulation of CREB in the blood and in the brain. In this review we consider the evidence suggesting a correlation between the level of CREB signals in the brain and blood, the current knowledge about CREB in PBMC and its association with CREB in the brain, and the implications and mechanisms for a neuro-immune cross talk that may underlie this communication. This Review will discuss the possibility that peripheral dysregulation of CREB is an early event in AD pathogenesis, perhaps as a facet of immune system dysfunction, and that this impairment in peripheral CREB signaling modifies CREB signaling in the brain, thus exacerbating cognitive decline in AD. A more thorough understanding of systemic dysregulation of CREB in AD will facilitate the search for a biomarker of cognitive function in AD, and also aid in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Bartolotti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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15
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Discovery of arylbenzylamines as PDE4 inhibitors with potential neuroprotective effect. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 168:221-231. [PMID: 30822711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence confirms the potential of PDE4 inhibitors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Our reported PDE4 inhibitors FCPR16 and FCPR03 have displayed neuroprotective effects in SH-SY5Y cells, but have very low oral bioavailability. To access analogues with improved bioavailability, a new series of arylbenzylamine derivatives were designed and synthesized. Preliminary screening results of the series showed that arylbenzylamine derivatives bearing a pyridin-3-amine side chain displayed good inhibitory activities against human PDE4B1 and PDE4D7 isoforms. Moreover, kinetic studies revealed that the most potent compounds 11r and 11s with mid-nanomolar IC50 values partially bind to PDE4B1 (Imax = 93% and 90% respectively). Molecular docking results revealed the possible interactions of compounds 11r and 11s with upstream conserved region 2 (UCR2) of PDE4B1, which illuminate possible reasons for their partial inhibition against PDE4. Using a cell-based model of PD, compounds 11r and 11s were found to alleviate cellular apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells induced by MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium), with this neuroprotective effect being greater than PDE4 inhibitor rolipram. Furthermore, compound 11r displayed nearly sevenfold oral bioavailability (8.20%) than FCPR03 (1.23%).
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16
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Blokland A, Van Duinen MA, Sambeth A, Heckman PRA, Tsai M, Lahu G, Uz T, Prickaerts J. Acute treatment with the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast improves verbal word memory in healthy old individuals: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 77:37-43. [PMID: 30776650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is ample evidence that phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibition can improve memory performance in animal studies. In the present study, we examined the acute effects of the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast on memory performance in healthy individuals (60-80 years of age). We tested the effects of acute roflumilast administration (100, 250, 1000 μg) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-way crossover design. Participants were first screened for their verbal word memory performance to ensure normal memory performance (within 0.5 standard deviation from norm score; n = 20) Drug effects on memory performance were tested in a verbal memory test and a spatial memory test. Reported side effects of drug treatment were registered. Roflumilast (100 μg) improved the delayed recall performance of the participants (Cohen's d, 0.69). No effects were observed in the spatial memory task. Roflumilast was well tolerated at this low dose. Although no clear adverse side effects were reported at the low dose, mild adverse events (including headache, dizziness, insomnia, and diarrhea) were reported after the 1000 μg dose. The present study provides first evidence that the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast improves verbal memory performance in old participants. The current data encourage further development of PDE4 inhibitors for improving memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Blokland
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marlies A Van Duinen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anke Sambeth
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pim R A Heckman
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Max Tsai
- Department of Clinical Development, Takeda Development Center Americas, Deerfield, IL, USA
| | - Gezim Lahu
- Department of Clinical Development, Takeda Development Center Americas, Deerfield, IL, USA
| | - Tolga Uz
- Department of Clinical Development, Takeda Development Center Americas, Deerfield, IL, USA
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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17
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Muo IM, Park SJ, Smith A, A Springer D, Allen MD, Hagen TJ, Chung JH. Compound D159687, a phosphodiesterase 4D inhibitor, induces weight and fat mass loss in aged mice without changing lean mass, physical and cognitive function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:1059-1064. [PMID: 30409425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Therapies that recapitulate the health benefits of caloric restriction in older adults are needed. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors demonstrate such promise. We examined their effects on body weight and composition, physical and cognitive function in aged mice using Compound D159687 (D159687). METHODS Nineteen 18-months old mice were randomized to receive either control (DMSO) or D159687 for seven weeks. We assessed food intake, body weight and body composition over time and performed once the following tests: treadmill, inverted grip strength, rotarod, spontaneous Y maze tests and skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. RESULTS Four of the D159687 treated mice died in the first week. Necropsy suggests acute lung injury. D159687 treated mice weighed more than control mice at baseline. After controlling for baseline weight, D159687 treated mice lost 4.2 grams(g) more weight than control mice, mainly from fat mass loss (p value < 0.001). Muscle mass was unchanged between the two mice groups. D159587 mice ate significantly more food than the control mice. We found no difference between the two groups in the results of treadmill, rotarod and spontaneous Y maze tests and in mitochondrial biogenesis. CONCLUSION Compound D159687 induced weight loss, predominantly fat mass loss and increased food intake in aged mice. The caloric restriction and lean mass preservation potential of PDE4D inhibitors deserve further verification. Findings may have major therapeutic implications when translated to the older adult population. Although physical and cognitive parameters were unchanged in this study, further studies would be needed to verify these results. The high death rate in the D159687 treated mice may have been due to the technical aspects of oral gavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma M Muo
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, NHLBI, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sung-Jun Park
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, NHLBI, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Antoine Smith
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, NHLBI, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Danielle A Springer
- Murine Phenotyping Core, NHLBI National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Michele D Allen
- Murine Phenotyping Core, NHLBI National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Timothy J Hagen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
| | - Jay H Chung
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, NHLBI, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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18
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Acute administration of roflumilast enhances immediate recall of verbal word memory in healthy young adults. Neuropharmacology 2018; 131:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Hansen RT, Zhang HT. The Past, Present, and Future of Phosphodiesterase-4 Modulation for Age-Induced Memory Loss. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 17:169-199. [PMID: 28956333 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58811-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the state of progress for phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) modulation as a potential therapeutic for psychiatric illness, and to draw attention to particular hurdles and obstacles that must be overcome in future studies to develop PDE4-mediated therapeutics. Pathological and non-pathological related memory loss will be the focus of the chapter; however, we will at times also touch upon other psychiatric illnesses like anxiety and depression. First, we will provide a brief background of PDE4, and the rationale for its extensive study in cognition. Second, we will explore fundamental differences in individual PDE4 subtypes, and then begin to address differences between pathological and non-pathological aging. Alterations of cAMP/PDE4 signaling that occur within normal vs. pathological aging, and the potential for PDE4 modulation to combat these alterations within each context will be described. Finally, we will finish the chapter with obstacles that have hindered the field, and future studies and alternative viewpoints that need to be addressed. Overall, we hope this chapter will demonstrate the incredible complexity of PDE4 signaling in the brain, and will be useful in forming a strategy to develop future PDE4-mediated therapeutics for psychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf T Hansen
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9137, USA
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA. .,Institute of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, China.
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Campbell SL, van Groen T, Kadish I, Smoot LHM, Bolger GB. Altered phosphorylation, electrophysiology, and behavior on attenuation of PDE4B action in hippocampus. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:77. [PMID: 29197324 PMCID: PMC5712142 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background PDE4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases regulate 3′, 5′ cAMP abundance in the CNS and thereby regulate PKA activity and phosphorylation of CREB, which has been implicated in learning and memory, depression and other functions. The PDE4 isoform PDE4B1 also interacts with the DISC1 protein, implicated in neural development and behavioral disorders. The cellular functions of PDE4B1 have been investigated extensively, but its function(s) in the intact organism remained unexplored. Results To specifically disrupt PDE4B1, we developed mice that express a PDE4B1-D564A transgene in the hippocampus and forebrain. The transgenic mice showed enhanced phosphorylation of CREB and ERK1/2 in hippocampus. Hippocampal neurogenesis was increased in the transgenic mice. Hippocampal electrophysiological studies showed increased baseline synaptic transmission and enhanced LTP in male transgenic mice. Behaviorally, male transgenic mice showed increased activity in prolonged open field testing, but neither male nor female transgenic mice showed detectable anxiety-like behavior or antidepressant effects in the elevated plus-maze, tail-suspension or forced-swim tests. Neither sex showed any significant differences in associative fear conditioning or showed any demonstrable abnormalities in pre-pulse inhibition. Conclusions These data support the use of an isoform-selective approach to the study of PDE4B1 function in the CNS and suggest a probable role of PDE4B1 in synaptic plasticity and behavior. They also provide additional rationale and a refined approach to the development of small-molecule PDE4B1-selective inhibitors, which have potential functions in disorders of cognition, memory, mood and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Campbell
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Center for Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Thomas van Groen
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Inga Kadish
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Lisa High Mitchell Smoot
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, NP 2501, 1720 2nd Ave S, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3300, USA
| | - Graeme B Bolger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, NP 2501, 1720 2nd Ave S, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3300, USA. .,Center for Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA.
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Gong MF, Wen RT, Xu Y, Pan JC, Fei N, Zhou YM, Xu JP, Liang JH, Zhang HT. Attenuation of ethanol abstinence-induced anxiety- and depressive-like behavior by the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor rolipram in rodents. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:3143-3151. [PMID: 28748375 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Withdrawal symptoms stand as a core feature of alcohol dependence. Our previous results have shown that inhibition of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) decreased ethanol seeking and drinking in alcohol-preferring rodents. However, little is known about whether PDE4 is involved in ethanol abstinence-related behavior. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to characterize the role of PDE4 in the development of anxiety- and depressive-like behavior induced by abstinence from ethanol exposure in different animal models. METHODS Using three rodent models of ethanol abstinence, we examined the effects of rolipram, a prototypical, selective PDE4 inhibitor, on (1) anxiety-like behavior induced by repeated ethanol abstinence in the elevated plus maze test in fawn-hooded (FH/Wjd) rats, (2) anxiety-like behavior in the open-field test and light-dark transition test following acute ethanol abstinence in C57BL/6J mice, and (3) anxiety- and depressive-like behavior induced by protracted ethanol abstinence in the elevated plus maze, forced-swim, and tail-suspension tests in C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS Pretreatment with rolipram (0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg) significantly increased entries and time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze test in rats with repeated ethanol abstinence. Similarly, in mice with acute ethanol abstinence, administration of rolipram (0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg) dose-dependently increased the crossings in the central zone of the open-field test and duration and transitions on the light side of the light-dark transition test, suggesting anxiolytic-like effects of rolipram. Consistent with these, chronic treatment with rolipram (0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg) increased entries in the open arms of the elevated plus maze test; it also reduced the increased duration of immobility in both the forced-swim and tail-suspension tests in mice after protracted ethanol abstinence, suggesting antidepressant-like effects of rolipram. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the first demonstration for that PDE4 plays a role in modulating the development of negative emotional reactions associated with ethanol abstinence, including anxiety and depression. PDE4 inhibitors may be a novel class of drugs for treatment of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fang Gong
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Rui-Ting Wen
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.,Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Jian-Chun Pan
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Ning Fei
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yan-Meng Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China
| | - Jiang-Ping Xu
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Jian-Hui Liang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA. .,Institute of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China.
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Memory-enhancing effects of GEBR-32a, a new PDE4D inhibitor holding promise for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46320. [PMID: 28402318 PMCID: PMC5389348 DOI: 10.1038/srep46320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory loss characterizes several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Inhibition of type 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE4) and elevation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to treat cognitive deficits. However, PDE4 exists in several isoforms and pan inhibitors cannot be used in humans due to severe emesis. Here, we present GEBR-32a, a new PDE4D full inhibitor that has been characterized both in vitro and in vivo using biochemical, electrophysiological and behavioural analyses. GEBR-32a efficiently enhances cAMP in neuronal cultures and hippocampal slices. In vivo pharmacokinetic analysis shows that GEBR-32a is rapidly distributed within the central nervous system with a very favourable brain/blood ratio. Specific behavioural tests (object location and Y-maze continuous alternation tasks) demonstrate that this PDE4D inhibitor is able to enhance memory in AD transgenic mice and concomitantly rescues their hippocampal long-term potentiation deficit. Of great relevance, our preliminary toxicological analysis indicates that GEBR-32a is not cytotoxic and genotoxic, and does not seem to possess emetic-like side effects. In conclusion, GEBR-32a could represent a very promising cognitive-enhancing drug with a great potential for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Guo H, Cheng Y, Wang C, Wu J, Zou Z, Niu B, Yu H, Wang H, Xu J. FFPM, a PDE4 inhibitor, reverses learning and memory deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice via cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling and anti-inflammatory effects. Neuropharmacology 2017; 116:260-269. [PMID: 28065587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thus far, phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors have not been approved for application in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a clinical setting due to severe side effects, such as nausea and vomiting. In this study, we investigated the effect of FFPM, a novel PDE4 inhibitor, on learning and memory abilities, as well as the underlying mechanism in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. Pharmacokinetic studies have revealed that FFPM efficiently permeates into the brain, and reached peak values in plasma 2 h after orally dosing. A 3-week treatment with FFPM, at doses of 0.25 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, significantly improved the learning and memory abilities of APP/PS1 transgenic mice in the Morris water maze and the Step-down passive avoidance task. Interestingly, we found that while rolipram (0.5 mg/kg) reduced the duration of the α2 adrenergic receptor-mediated anesthesia induced by xylazine/ketamine, FFPM (0.5 mg/kg) or the vehicle did not have an evident effect. FFPM increased the cAMP, PKA and CREB phosphorylation and BDNF levels, and reduced the NF-κB p65, iNOS, TNF-α and IL-1β levels in the hippocampi of APP/PS1 trangenic mice, as observed by ELISA and Western blot analysis. Taken together, our data demonstrated that the reversal effect of FFPM on cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice might be related to stimulation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB/BDNF pathway and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, FFPM appears to have potential as an effective PDE4 inhibitor in AD treatment with little emetic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibiao Guo
- Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Modern Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Baiyunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yufang Cheng
- Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Canmao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Jingang Wu
- Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhengqiang Zou
- Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bo Niu
- Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Jiangping Xu
- Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Bolger GB. The PDE4 cAMP-Specific Phosphodiesterases: Targets for Drugs with Antidepressant and Memory-Enhancing Action. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:63-102. [PMID: 28956330 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58811-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The PDE4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases are essential regulators of cAMP abundance in the CNS through their ability to regulate PKA activity, the phosphorylation of CREB, and other important elements of signal transduction. In pre-clinical models and in early-stage clinical trials, PDE4 inhibitors have been shown to have antidepressant and memory-enhancing activity. However, the development of clinically-useful PDE4 inhibitors for CNS disorders has been limited by variable efficacy and significant side effects. Recent structural studies have greatly enhanced our understanding of the molecular configuration of PDE4 enzymes, especially the "long" PDE4 isoforms that are abundant in the CNS. The new structural data provide a rationale for the development of a new generation of PDE4 inhibitors that specifically act on long PDE4 isoforms. These next generation PDE4 inhibitors may also be capable of targeting the interactions of select long forms with their "partner" proteins, such as RACK1, β-arrestin, and DISC1. They would therefore have the ability to affect cAMP levels in specific cellular compartments and target localized cellular functions, such as synaptic plasticity. These new agents might also be able to target PDE4 populations in select regions of the CNS that are implicated in learning and memory, affect, and cognition. Potential therapeutic uses of these agents could include affective disorders, memory enhancement, and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme B Bolger
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, NP 2501, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3300, USA.
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Bolger GB. RACK1 and β-arrestin2 attenuate dimerization of PDE4 cAMP phosphodiesterase PDE4D5. Cell Signal 2016; 28:706-12. [PMID: 26257302 PMCID: PMC4744576 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PDE4 family cAMP-selective cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases are important in the regulation of cAMP abundance in numerous systems, and thereby play an important role in the regulation of PKA and EPAC activity and the phosphorylation of CREB. We have used the yeast 2-hybrid system to demonstrate recently that long PDE4 isoforms form homodimers, consistent with data obtained recently by structural studies. The long PDE4 isoform PDE4D5 interacts selectively with β-arrestin2, implicated in the regulation of G-protein-coupled receptors and other cell signaling components, and also with the β-propeller protein RACK1. In the present study, we use 2-hybrid approaches to demonstrate that RACK1 and β-arrestin2 inhibit the dimerization of PDE4D5. We also show that serine-to-alanine mutations at PKA and ERK1/2 phosphorylation sites on PDE4D5 detectably ablate dimerization. Conversely, phospho-mimic serine-to-aspartate mutations at the MK2 and oxidative stress kinase sites ablate dimerization. Analysis of PDE4D5 that is locked into the dimeric configuration by the formation of a trans disulfide bond between Ser261 and Ser602 shows that RACK1 interacts strongly with both the monomeric and dimeric forms, but that β-arrestin2 interacts exclusively with the monomeric form. This is consistent with the concept that β-arrestin2 can preferentially recruit the monomeric, or "open," form of PDE4D5 to β2-adrenergic receptors, where it can regulate cAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme B Bolger
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, USA.
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Soares LM, De Vry J, Steinbusch HW, Milani H, Prickaerts J, Weffort de Oliveira RM. Rolipram improves cognition, reduces anxiety- and despair-like behaviors and impacts hippocampal neuroplasticity after transient global cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2016; 326:69-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Vanmierlo T, Creemers P, Akkerman S, van Duinen M, Sambeth A, De Vry J, Uz T, Blokland A, Prickaerts J. The PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast improves memory in rodents at non-emetic doses. Behav Brain Res 2016; 303:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Khan MZ. A possible significant role of zinc and GPR39 zinc sensing receptor in Alzheimer disease and epilepsy. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 79:263-72. [PMID: 27044837 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc the essential trace element, plays a significant role in the brain development and in the proper brain functions at every stage of life. Misbalance of zinc (Zn(2+)) ions in the central nervous system is involved in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Depression, and Epilepsy. In brain, Zn(2+) has been identified as a ligand, capable of activating and inhibiting the receptors including the NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs), GABAA receptors, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), glycine receptors (glyR) and serotonin receptors (5-HT3). Recently GPR39 has been identified as a zinc-specific receptor, widely expressed in brain tissues including the frontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. GPR39, when binding with Zn(2+) has shown promising therapeutic potentials. This review presents current knowledge regarding the role of GPR39 zinc sensing receptor in brain, with a focus on Alzheimer's disease and Epilepsy. Although the results are encouraging, further research is needed to clarify zinc and GPR39 role in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Liu X, Guo H, Sayed MDS, Lu Y, Yang T, Zhou D, Chen Z, Wang H, Wang C, Xu J. cAMP/PKA/CREB/GLT1 signaling involved in the antidepressant-like effects of phosphodiesterase 4D inhibitor (GEBR-7b) in rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:219-27. [PMID: 26855578 PMCID: PMC4725689 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s90960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES GEBR-7b, a potential phosphodiesterase 4D inhibitor, has been shown to have memory-enhancing effects in rodents. However, it is still unknown whether GEBR-7b also has the antidepressant-like effects in rats. Herein, we examined the potential of GEBR-7b to attenuate depression-like behaviors in the rat model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Next, we also investigated the alterations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunit (PKAca), cAMP response element-binding (CREB), and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) levels produced by GEBR-7b in the rats model of depression. METHODS Effects of GEBR-7b on CUS (35 days)-induced depression-like behaviors were examined by measuring immobility time in the forced swimming test (FST). Hippocampal cAMP levels were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas PKAca, phosphorylation of CREB (pCREB), CREB, and GLT1 in the hippocampus of rats were subjected to Western blot analysis. RESULTS CUS exposure caused a depression-like behavior evidenced by the increased immobility time in FST. Depression-like behavior induced by CUS was accompanied by a significant increased GLT, decreased cAMP, PKAca, pCREB activities in hippocampus. However, repeated GEBR-7b administration significantly reversed CUS-induced depression-like behavior and changes of cAMP/PKA/CREB/GLT1 signaling. No alteration was observed in locomotor activity in open field test. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that GEBR-7b reversed the depression-like behaviors induced by CUS in rats, which is at least in part mediated by modulating cAMP, PKAca, pCREB, and GLT1 levels in the hippocampus of rats, supporting its neuroprotective potential against behavioral and biochemical dysfunctions induced by CUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibiao Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohammad Daud Som Sayed
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangping Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Vickers SP, Hackett D, Murray F, Hutson PH, Heal DJ. Effects of lisdexamfetamine in a rat model of binge-eating. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:1290-307. [PMID: 26589243 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115615107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Binge-eating disorder is a common psychiatric disorder affecting ~2% of adults. Binge-eating was initiated in freely-fed, lean, adult, female rats by giving unpredictable, intermittent access to ground, milk chocolate over four weeks. The rats avidly consumed chocolate during 2 hr binge sessions, with compensatory reductions of normal chow intake in these sessions and the days thereafter. Bodyweights of binge-eating rats were normal. The model's predictive validity was explored using nalmefene (0.1-1.0mg/kg), R-baclofen (1.0-10mg/kg) and SB-334867 (3.0-30 mg/kg) (orexin-1 antagonist), which all selectively decreased chocolate bingeing without reducing chow intake. Sibutramine (0.3-5.0mg/kg) non-selectively reduced chocolate and chow consumption. Olanzapine (0.3-3.0mg/kg) was without effect and rolipram (1.0-10mg/kg) abolished all ingestive behaviour. The pro-drug, lisdexamfetamine (LDX; 0.1-1.5mg/kg), dose-dependently reduced chocolate bingeing by ⩽ 71% without significantly decreasing normal chow intake. Its metabolite, D-amphetamine (0.1-1.0mg/kg), dose-dependently and preferentially decreased chocolate bingeing ⩽ 56%. Using selective antagonists to characterize LDX's actions revealed the reduction of chocolate bingeing was partially blocked by prazosin (α1-adrenoceptor; 0.3 and 1.0mg/kg) and possibly by SCH-23390 (D1; 0.1mg/kg). RX821002 (α2-adrenoceptor; 0.1 and 0.3mg/kg) and raclopride (D2; 0.3 and 0.5mg/kg) were without effect. The results indicate that LDX, via its metabolite, d-amphetamine, reduces chocolate bingeing, partly by indirect activation of α1-adrenoceptors and perhaps D1 receptors.
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Li Y, Cheng Y, Zeng B, Niu B, Guo H, Li G, Feng H, Xu J, Yang X. Determination of a novel phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor chlorbipram in mouse plasma and brain by UFLC–MS/MS: Application in pharmacokinetic studies after intravenous administration. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1007:49-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bollen E, Akkerman S, Puzzo D, Gulisano W, Palmeri A, D'Hooge R, Balschun D, Steinbusch HWM, Blokland A, Prickaerts J. Object memory enhancement by combining sub-efficacious doses of specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Neuropharmacology 2015; 95:361-6. [PMID: 25896769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The second messengers cGMP and cAMP have a vital role in synaptic plasticity and memory processes. As such, phosphodiesterases inhibitors (PDE-Is), which prevent the breakdown of these cyclic nucleotides, represent a potential treatment strategy in memory decline. Recently it has been demonstrated that cGMP and cAMP signaling act in sequence during memory consolidation, with early cGMP signaling requiring subsequent cAMP signaling. Here, we sought to confirm this relationship, and to evaluate its therapeutic implications. Combining sub-efficacious doses of the cGMP-specific PDE type 5 inhibitor vardenafil (0.1 mg/kg) and cAMP-specific PDE type 4 inhibitor rolipram (0.01 mg/kg) during the early and late memory consolidation phase, respectively, led to improved memory performance in a 24 h interval object recognition task. Similarly, such a sub-efficacious combination treatment enhanced the transition of early-phase long-term potentiation (LTP) to late-phase LTP in hippocampal slices. In addition, both object memory and LTP were improved after administration of two sub-efficacious doses of the dual substrate PDE type 2 inhibitor BAY60 7550 (0.3 mg/kg) at the early and late consolidation phase, respectively. Taken together, combinations of sub-efficacious doses of cAMP- and cGMP-specific PDE-Is have an additive effect on long-term synaptic plasticity and memory formation and might prove a superior alternative to single PDE-I treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bollen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S Akkerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - D Puzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences - Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - W Gulisano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences - Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - A Palmeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences - Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - R D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Balschun
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - H W M Steinbusch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Blokland
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Teich AF, Nicholls RE, Puzzo D, Fiorito J, Purgatorio R, Fa’ M, Arancio O. Synaptic therapy in Alzheimer's disease: a CREB-centric approach. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:29-41. [PMID: 25575647 PMCID: PMC4322064 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic attempts to cure Alzheimer's disease (AD) have failed, and new strategies are desperately needed. Motivated by this reality, many laboratories (including our own) have focused on synaptic dysfunction in AD because synaptic changes are highly correlated with the severity of clinical dementia. In particular, memory formation is accompanied by altered synaptic strength, and this phenomenon (and its dysfunction in AD) has been a recent focus for many laboratories. The molecule cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) is at a central converging point of pathways and mechanisms activated during the processes of synaptic strengthening and memory formation, as CREB phosphorylation leads to transcription of memory-associated genes. Disruption of these mechanisms in AD results in a reduction of CREB activation with accompanying memory impairment. Thus, it is likely that strategies aimed at these mechanisms will lead to future therapies for AD. In this review, we will summarize literature that investigates 5 possible therapeutic pathways for rescuing synaptic dysfunction in AD: 4 enzymatic pathways that lead to CREB phosphorylation (the cyclic adenosine monophosphate cascade, the serine/threonine kinases extracellular regulated kinases 1 and 2, the nitric oxide cascade, and the calpains), as well as histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (2 enzymes that regulate the histone acetylation necessary for gene transcription).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Teich
- />Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Russell E. Nicholls
- />Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Daniela Puzzo
- />Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, 95125 Italy
| | - Jole Fiorito
- />Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Rosa Purgatorio
- />Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Mauro Fa’
- />Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- />Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
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Efficacy of selective PDE4D negative allosteric modulators in the object retrieval task in female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). PLoS One 2014; 9:e102449. [PMID: 25050979 PMCID: PMC4106781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling plays an important role in synaptic plasticity and information processing in the hippocampal and basal ganglia systems. The augmentation of cAMP signalling through the selective inhibition of phosphodiesterases represents a viable strategy to treat disorders associated with dysfunction of these circuits. The phosphodiesterase (PDE) type 4 inhibitor rolipram has shown significant pro-cognitive effects in neurological disease models, both in rodents and primates. However, competitive non-isoform selective PDE4 inhibitors have a low therapeutic index which has stalled their clinical development. Here, we demonstrate the pro-cognitive effects of selective negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of PDE4D, D159687 and D159797 in female Cynomolgous macaques, in the object retrieval detour task. The efficacy displayed by these NAMs in a primate cognitive task which engages the corticostriatal circuitry, together with their suitable pharmacokinetic properties and safety profiles, suggests that clinical development of these allosteric modulators should be considered for the treatment of a variety of brain disorders associated with cognitive decline.
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Richter W, Menniti FS, Zhang HT, Conti M. PDE4 as a target for cognition enhancement. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1011-27. [PMID: 23883342 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.818656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The second messengers cAMP and cGMP mediate fundamental aspects of brain function relevant to memory, learning, and cognitive functions. Consequently, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), the enzymes that inactivate the cyclic nucleotides, are promising targets for the development of cognition-enhancing drugs. AREAS COVERED PDE4 is the largest of the 11 mammalian PDE families. This review covers the properties and functions of the PDE4 family, highlighting procognitive and memory-enhancing effects associated with their inactivation. EXPERT OPINION PAN-selective PDE4 inhibitors exert a number of memory- and cognition-enhancing effects and have neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties in preclinical models. The major hurdle for their clinical application is to target inhibitors to specific PDE4 isoforms relevant to particular cognitive disorders to realize the therapeutic potential while avoiding side effects, in particular emesis and nausea. The PDE4 family comprises four genes, PDE4A-D, each expressed as multiple variants. Progress to date stems from characterization of rodent models with selective ablation of individual PDE4 subtypes, revealing that individual subtypes exert unique and non-redundant functions in the brain. Thus, targeting specific PDE4 subtypes, as well as splicing variants or conformational states, represents a promising strategy to separate the therapeutic benefits from the side effects of PAN-PDE4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wito Richter
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94143-0556, USA.
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Mrzljak L, Munoz-Sanjuan I. Therapeutic Strategies for Huntington's Disease. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2013; 22:161-201. [PMID: 24277342 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2013_250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease, caused by expansion of the CAG repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene and characterized pathologically by the loss of pyramidal neurons in several cortical areas, of striatal medium spiny neurons, and of hypothalamic neurons. Clinically, a distinguishing feature of the disease is uncontrolled involuntary movements (chorea, dyskensias) accompanied by progressive cognitive, motor, and psychiatric impairment. This review focuses on the current state of therapeutic development for the treatment of HD, including the preclinical and clinical development of small molecules and molecular therapies.
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Hikida T, Gamo NJ, Sawa A. DISC1 as a therapeutic target for mental illnesses. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:1151-60. [PMID: 23130881 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.719879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many genetic studies have indicated that DISC1 is not merely "disrupted-in-schizophrenia," but is more generally implicated in various brain dysfunctions associated with aberrant neurodevelopment and intracellular signaling pathways. Thus, the DISC1 gene is mildly associated with a variety of brain disorders, including schizophrenia, mood disorders, and autism. This novel concept fits with the results from biological studies of DISC1, which include cell and animal models. AREAS COVERED We review the molecular structure and functions of DISC1, particularly those in conjunction with its important interactors. Functions of these interacting proteins are also introduced under the concept of the "DISC1 interactome." Finally, we discuss how the DISC1 interactome can provide potential therapeutic targets for mental illnesses. EXPERT OPINION Modulation of DISC1 stability and post-transcriptional modifications may be key targets to address DISC1-related pathology. In addition, modulation of DISC1 interactors and the mechanisms of their interactions with DISC1 may also provide drug targets. Disc1 rodent models can subsequently be used as templates for in vivo validations of compounds designed for DISC1 and its interacting proteins. Furthermore, these rodents will serve as genetic models for schizophrenia and related conditions, especially in conjunction with their pathologies during the neurodevelopmental trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Hikida
- Kyoto University School of Medicine, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto, Japan.
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Mood disorders. Transl Neurosci 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511980053.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Drug-eluting microfibrous patches for the local delivery of rolipram in spinal cord repair. J Control Release 2012; 161:910-7. [PMID: 22634093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a major challenge for regenerative medicine. Following SCI, axon growth inhibitors and other inflammatory responses prevent functional recovery. Previous studies have demonstrated that rolipram, an anti-inflammatory and cyclic adenosine monophosphate preserving small molecule, improves spinal cord regeneration when delivered systemically. However, more recent studies showed that rolipram has some adverse effects in spinal cord repair. Here, we developed a drug-delivery platform for the local delivery of rolipram into the spinal cord. The potential of drug-eluting microfibrous patches for continuous delivery of high and low-dose rolipram concentrations was characterized in vitro. Following C5 hemisections, athymic rats were treated with patches loaded with low and high doses of rolipram. In general, animals treated with low-dose rolipram experienced greater functional and anatomical recovery relative to all other groups. Outcomes from the high-dose rolipram treatment were similar to those with no treatment. In addition, high-dose treated animals experienced reduced survival rates suggesting that systemic toxicity was reached. With the ability to control the release of drug dosage locally within the spinal cord, drug-eluting microfibrous patches demonstrate the importance of appropriate local release-kinetics of rolipram, proving their usefulness as a therapeutic platform for the study and repair of SCI.
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Schaefer TL, Braun AA, Amos-Kroohs RM, Williams MT, Ostertag E, Vorhees CV. A new model of Pde4d deficiency: genetic knock-down of PDE4D enzyme in rats produces an antidepressant phenotype without spatial cognitive effects. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2012; 11:614-22. [PMID: 22487514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of intracellular second messenger cyclic nucleotide hydrolyzing enzymes composed of 12 families. The Pde4 family has been implicated in depression and cognition, and PDE4 inhibitors have been evaluated as antidepressants and possible cognitive enhancers. Pde4d(-/-) mice show an antidepressant phenotype and learning enhancement on some tests, but not others as do mice treated with PDE4 inhibitors. Here, we report for the first time the behavioral phenotype of a new Pde4d knock-down (KD) rat model of PDE4D deficiency. Consistent with other data on PDE4D deficiency, Pde4d KD rats showed depression resistance in the Porsolt forced swim test and hyperreactivity of the acoustic startle response with no differential response on prepulse inhibition, suggesting no sensorimotor gating defect. Pde4d KD rats also exhibited a small exploratory activity reduction but no difference following habituation, and no enhanced spatial learning or reference memory in the Morris water maze. A selective improvement in route-based learning in the Cincinnati water maze was seen as well as enhanced contextual and cued fear conditioning and a more rapid rate of cued extinction from their higher freezing level that declined to wild-type (WT) levels only after ∼20 extinction trials. The rat model confirms Pde4d's role in depression but not in spatial learning or memory enhancement and shows for the first time higher fear conditioning and altered extinction compared with controls. The new model provides a tool by which to better understand the role of PDE4D in neuropsychiatric disorders and for the development of alternate treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Schaefer
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45229-3039, USA
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Bruno O, Fedele E, Prickaerts J, Parker LA, Canepa E, Brullo C, Cavallero A, Gardella E, Balbi A, Domenicotti C, Bollen E, Gijselaers HJM, Vanmierlo T, Erb K, Limebeer CL, Argellati F, Marinari UM, Pronzato MA, Ricciarelli R. GEBR-7b, a novel PDE4D selective inhibitor that improves memory in rodents at non-emetic doses. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:2054-63. [PMID: 21649644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Strategies designed to enhance cerebral cAMP have been proposed as symptomatic treatments to counteract cognitive deficits. However, pharmacological therapies aimed at reducing PDE4, the main class of cAMP catabolizing enzymes in the brain, produce severe emetic side effects. We have recently synthesized a 3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde derivative, structurally related to rolipram, and endowed with selective PDE4D inhibitory activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the new drug, namely GEBR-7b, on memory performance, nausea, hippocampal cAMP and amyloid-β (Aβ) levels. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To measure memory performance, we performed object recognition tests on rats and mice treated with GEBR-7b or rolipram. The emetic potential of the drug, again compared with rolipram, was evaluated in rats using the taste reactivity test and in mice using the xylazine/ketamine anaesthesia test. Extracellular hippocampal cAMP was evaluated by intracerebral microdialysis in freely moving rats. Levels of soluble Aβ peptides were measured in hippocampal tissues and cultured N2a cells by elisa. KEY RESULTS GEBR-7b increased hippocampal cAMP, did not influence Aβ levels and improved spatial, as well as object memory performance in the object recognition tests. The effect of GEBR-7b on memory was 3 to 10 times more potent than that of rolipram, and its effective doses had no effect on surrogate measures of emesis in rodents. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results demonstrate that GEBR-7b enhances memory functions at doses that do not cause emesis-like behaviour in rodents, thus offering a promising pharmacological perspective for the treatment of memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Bruno
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences/Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Wiescholleck V, Manahan-Vaughan D. PDE4 inhibition enhances hippocampal synaptic plasticity in vivo and rescues MK801-induced impairment of long-term potentiation and object recognition memory in an animal model of psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e89. [PMID: 22832854 PMCID: PMC3309535 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) by rolipram (4-(3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one) has been the focus of many behavioral and molecular studies in the recent years. Rolipram exhibits memory-enhancing effects in rodents. In vitro studies have shown that long-term potentiation (LTP), which may comprise a cellular substrate for learning, is also enhanced by rolipram. However, effects have not been assessed in vivo. Rolipram has antipsychotic properties. Psychosis affects cognition and in animal models of psychosis LTP is impaired. In this study, we investigated if PDE4 inhibition improves LTP in healthy animals in vivo and if PDE4 inhibition rescues impaired LTP and prevents object recognition memory deficits in an animal model of psychosis. Recordings were made from the hippocampus of adult, freely behaving Wistar rats. Thirty minutes after treatment with rolipram or vehicle, a tetanus was applied to the medial perforant path to elicit short-term potentiation (STP) in the dentate gyrus. At this time-point, radioimmunoassay revealed that rolipram significantly elevated cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in the dorsal hippocampus, in line with reports by others that rolipram mediates decreased PDE4 activity. In healthy animals, both intracerebroventricular and subcutaneous treatment with rolipram facilitated STP into LTP, suggesting that PDE4 inhibition may have a permissive role in plasticity mechanisms that are relevant for learning and memory. One week after a single systemic treatment with the irreversible N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, MK801, LTP and object recognition memory were significantly impaired, but could be rescued by PDE4 inhibition. These data suggest that the relief of cognitive disturbances in psychosis models by rolipram may be mediated in part by a rescue of hippocampal LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Wiescholleck
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - D Manahan-Vaughan
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany,Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr University Bochum, MA 4/149, Universitaetsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany. E-mail:
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Hu W, Lu T, Chen A, Huang Y, Hansen R, Chandler LJ, Zhang HT. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase-4 decreases ethanol intake in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 218:331-9. [PMID: 21509503 PMCID: PMC4210373 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cyclic AMP (cAMP)-protein kinase A signaling has been implicated in the regulation of ethanol consumption. Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) specifically hydrolyzes cAMP and plays a critical role in controlling intracellular cAMP levels in the brain. However, the role of PDE4 in ethanol consumption remains unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to examine whether PDE4 was involved in regulating ethanol intake. METHODS The two-bottle choice paradigm was used to assess intake of ethanol, sucrose, and quinine in C57BL/6J mice treated with the selective PDE4 inhibitor rolipram or Ro 20-1724; locomotor activity was also monitored using the open-field test in mice treated with rolipram. RESULTS Administration (i.p.) of either rolipram (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) or Ro 20-1724 (10 mg/kg) reduced ethanol intake and preference by 60-80%, but did not alter total fluid intake. In contrast, rolipram even at the higher dose of 0.5 mg/kg was not able to affect intake of sucrose or quinine, alcohol-induced sedation, or blood ethanol elimination. At 0.5 mg/kg, rolipram did decrease locomotor activity, but the effect only lasted for approximately 40 min, which did not likely affect behavior of ethanol drinking. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PDE4 is a novel target for drugs that reduce ethanol intake; PDE4 inhibitors may be used for treatment of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV26506, USA
| | - Tina Lu
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV26506, USA
| | - Alan Chen
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV26506, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV26506, USA
| | - Rolf Hansen
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV26506, USA
| | - L. Judson Chandler
- Department of Neurosciences and Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV26506, USA
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Johansson EM, Sanabra C, Cortés R, Vilaró MT, Mengod G. Lipopolysaccharide administration in vivo induces differential expression of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4B mRNA splice variants in the mouse brain. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1761-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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An inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase induces behavioural and neurological antidepressant-like effects in rats. Neurosci Lett 2011; 498:158-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rutten K, Wallace TL, Works M, Prickaerts J, Blokland A, Novak TJ, Santarelli L, Misner DL. Enhanced long-term depression and impaired reversal learning in phosphodiesterase 4B-knockout (PDE4B-/-) mice. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:138-47. [PMID: 21458469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
3'-5'-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is known to be an important regulator of synaptic plasticity. The effects of cAMP are mediated through downstream effectors such as protein kinase A (PKA), Ca(2+) and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB). The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) family of enzymes, which is comprised of four genes and at least 25 protein isoforms, mediates the hydrolysis of cAMP, yet little is presently known about the contribution of specific PDE4 isoforms to synaptic plasticity and cognitive behavior. The purpose of the present studies was to determine the contribution of the PDE4B gene in mediating synaptic plasticity and cognitive behavior. Electrophysiological recordings from hippocampal slice preparations of mice deficient in the PDE4B gene (PDE4B(-/-)) showed that knockout animals displayed markedly enhanced basal postsynaptic responses to stimulation and long-term depression as compared to wild-type littermates. Interestingly, no genotypic differences were noted in long-term potentiation experiments following several different induction protocols. On the behavioral level PDE4B(-/-) mice displayed impaired reversal learning in the Morris water maze compared to wild-type littermates, but no differences in acquisition and retention of spatial memory and fear conditioning. Taken together, these results suggest that the PDE4B gene may play a role in synaptic activity and long-term depression and is involved in spatial reversal memory. Our findings support the view that various PDE4 isoforms are non-redundant and have distinct neurological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Rutten
- CNS Discovery Research, Roche Palo Alto, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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47
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Williams M. Overview: Challenges in the Search for CNS Therapeutics in the 1990's. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.1.5.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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48
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Yuan P, Tragon T, Xia M, Leclair CA, Skoumbourdis AP, Zheng W, Thomas CJ, Huang R, Austin CP, Chen G, Guitart X. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors enhance sexual pleasure-seeking activity in rodents. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 98:349-55. [PMID: 21296104 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pleasure-seeking deficits, including lack of libido, are a core feature of depression. Animal and preliminary clinical studies both suggest that phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is a target for developing novel antidepressants. This study examined the potential involvement of PDE4 in the pathology of depression in both animal models and human postmortem brains. In humans, PDE4B and PDE4D levels were elevated in cingulate cortical tissue from individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to controls. Using the female urine smelling test (FUST), a recently refined method for monitoring sexual pleasure-seeking activity in mice, we found that icv infusion of selective potent PDE4 inhibitors enhanced sexual pleasure-seeking activity in male mice that underwent the learned helplessness or serotonin depletion paradigms. The infusion also increased sexual pleasure-seeking activity in naïve male mice. The results suggest that PDE4 may be a plausible contributor to the sexual pleasure-seeking deficits seen in depressed patients; inhibiting PDE4 may restore these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixiong Yuan
- Biomarker Laboratory, National Institute of Mental Health, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Rennard SI, Calverley PMA, Goehring UM, Bredenbröker D, Martinez FJ. Reduction of exacerbations by the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast--the importance of defining different subsets of patients with COPD. Respir Res 2011; 12:18. [PMID: 21272339 PMCID: PMC3040135 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease it is unlikely that all patients will benefit equally from a given therapy. Roflumilast, an oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, has been shown to improve lung function in moderate and severe COPD but its effect on exacerbations in unselected populations was inconclusive. This led to the question of whether a responsive subset existed that could be investigated further. METHODS The datasets of two previous replicate, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies (oral roflumilast 500 μg or placebo once daily for 52 weeks) that were inconclusive regarding exacerbations were combined in a post-hoc, pooled analysis to determine whether roflumilast reduced exacerbations in a more precisely defined patient subset. RESULTS The pooled analysis included 2686 randomized patients. Roflumilast significantly decreased exacerbations by 14.3% compared with placebo (p = 0.026). Features associated with this reduction were: presence of chronic bronchitis with or without emphysema (26.2% decrease, p = 0.001), presence of cough (20.9% decrease, p = 0.006), presence of sputum (17.8% decrease, p = 0.03), and concurrent use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS; 18.8% decrease, p = 0.014). The incidence of adverse events was similar with roflumilast and placebo (81.5% vs 80.1%), but more patients in the roflumilast group had events assessed as likely or definitely related to the study drug (21.5% vs 8.3%). CONCLUSIONS This post-hoc, pooled analysis showed that roflumilast reduced exacerbation frequency in a subset of COPD patients whose characteristics included chronic bronchitis with/without concurrent ICS. These observations aided the design of subsequent phase 3 studies that prospectively confirmed the reduction in exacerbations with roflumilast treatment. TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT00076089 and NCT00430729.
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Tralau-Stewart CJ, Williamson RA, Nials AT, Gascoigne M, Dawson J, Hart GJ, Angell ADR, Solanke YE, Lucas FS, Wiseman J, Ward P, Ranshaw LE, Knowles RG. GSK256066, an exceptionally high-affinity and selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 suitable for administration by inhalation: in vitro, kinetic, and in vivo characterization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:145-54. [PMID: 21205923 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.173690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitors such as roflumilast have established the potential of PDE4 inhibition for the treatment of respiratory diseases. However, PDE4 inhibitor efficacy is limited by mechanism-related side effects such as emesis and nausea. Delivering the inhibitor by the inhaled route may improve therapeutic index, and we describe 6-({3-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]phenyl}sulfonyl)-8-methyl-4-{[3-methyloxy) phenyl]amino}-3-quinolinecarboxamide (GSK256066), an exceptionally high-affinity inhibitor of PDE4 designed for inhaled administration. GSK256066 is a slow and tight binding inhibitor of PDE4B (apparent IC(50) 3.2 pM; steady-state IC(50) <0.5 pM), which is more potent than any previously documented compound, for example, roflumilast (IC(50) 390 pM), tofimilast (IC(50) 1.6 nM), and cilomilast (IC(50) 74 nM). Consistent with this, GSK256066 inhibited tumor necrosis factor α production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human peripheral blood monocytes with 0.01 nM IC(50) (compared with IC(50) values of 5, 22, and 389 nM for roflumilast, tofimilast, and cilomilast, respectively) and by LPS-stimulated whole blood with 126 pM IC(50). GSK256066 was highly selective for PDE4 (>380,000-fold versus PDE1, PDE2, PDE3, PDE5, and PDE6 and >2500-fold against PDE7), inhibited PDE4 isoforms A-D with equal affinity, and had a substantial high-affinity rolipram binding site ratio (>17). When administered intratracheally to rats, GSK256066 inhibited LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophilia with ED(50) values of 1.1 μg/kg (aqueous suspension) and 2.9 μg/kg (dry powder formulation) and was more potent than an aqueous suspension of the corticosteroid fluticasone propionate (ED(50) 9.3 μg/kg). Thus, GSK256066 has been demonstrated to have exceptional potency in vitro and in vivo and is being clinically investigated as a treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy J Tralau-Stewart
- Drug Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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