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Mi X, Zhang M, Li Z. Ultrafast X-ray Diffraction Probe of Coherent Spin-State Dynamics in Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:681-686. [PMID: 38206838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
We propose an approach to probe coherent spin-state dynamics of molecules using circularly polarized hard X-ray pulses. For the dynamically aligned nitric oxide molecules in a coherent superposition spin-orbit coupled electronic state that can be prepared through stimulated Raman scattering, we demonstrate the capability of ultrafast X-ray diffraction to not only reveal the quantum beating of the coherent spin-state wave packet but also image the spatial spin density of the molecule. With a circularly polarized ultrafast X-ray diffraction signal, we show that the electronic density matrix can be retrieved. The spatiotemporal resolving power of ultrafast X-ray diffraction paves the way for tracking transient spatial wave function in molecular dynamics involving the spin degree of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Mi
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
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2
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Cendejas MC, Paredes Mellone OA, Kurumbail U, Zhang Z, Jansen JH, Ibrahim F, Dong S, Vinson J, Alexandrova AN, Sokaras D, Bare SR, Hermans I. Tracking Active Phase Behavior on Boron Nitride during the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane Using Operando X-ray Raman Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25686-25694. [PMID: 37931025 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is a highly selective catalyst for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODHP) to propylene. Using a variety of ex situ characterization techniques, the activity of the catalyst has been attributed to the formation of an amorphous boron oxyhydroxide surface layer. The ODHP reaction mechanism proceeds via a combination of surface mediated and gas phase propagated radical reactions with the relative importance of both depending on the surface-to-void-volume ratio. Here we demonstrate the unique capability of operando X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS) to investigate the oxyfunctionalization of the catalyst under reaction conditions (1 mm outer diameter reactor, 500 to 550 °C, P = 30 kPa C3H8, 15 kPa O2, 56 kPa He). We probe the effect of a water cofeed on the surface of the activated catalyst and find that water removes boron oxyhydroxide from the surface, resulting in a lower reaction rate when the surface reaction dominates and an enhanced reaction rate when the gas phase contribution dominates. Computational description of the surface transformations at an atomic-level combined with high precision XRS spectra simulations with the OCEAN code rationalize the experimental observations. This work establishes XRS as a powerful technique for the investigation of light element-containing catalysts under working conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Cendejas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Oscar A Paredes Mellone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Unni Kurumbail
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zisheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jacob H Jansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Faysal Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Son Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John Vinson
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Simon R Bare
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ive Hermans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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3
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Muhunthan P, Paredes Mellone O, Kroll T, Sokaras D, Ihme M. The Local Electronic Structure of Supercritical CO 2 from X-ray Raman Spectroscopy and Atomistic-Scale Modeling. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:4955-4961. [PMID: 37216638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical CO2 is encountered in several technical and natural systems related to biology, geophysics, and engineering. While the structure of gaseous CO2 has been studied extensively, the properties of supercritical CO2, particularly close to the critical point, are not well-known. In this work, we combine X-ray Raman spectroscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations to characterize the local electronic structure of supercritical CO2 at conditions around the critical point. The X-ray Raman oxygen K-edge spectra manifest systematic trends associated with the phase change of CO2 and the intermolecular distance. Extensive first-principles DFT calculations rationalize these observations on the basis of the 4sσ Rydberg state hybridization. X-ray Raman spectroscopy is found to be a sensitive tool for characterizing electronic properties of CO2 under challenging experimental conditions and is demonstrated to be a unique probe for studying the electronic structure of supercritical fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Muhunthan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Thomas Kroll
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Matthias Ihme
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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4
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Paredes-Mellone OA, Nielsen MH, Vinson J, Moua K, Skoien KD, Sokaras D, Willey TM. Investigating the electronic structure of high explosives with X-ray Raman spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19460. [PMCID: PMC9663711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWe investigate the sensitivity and potential of a synergistic experiment-theory X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS) methodology on revealing and following the static and dynamic electronic structure of high explosive molecular materials. We show that advanced ab-initio theoretical calculations accounting for the core-hole effect based on the Bethe-Salpeter Equation (BSE) approximation are critical for accurately predicting the shape and the energy position of the spectral features of C and N core-level spectra. Moreover, the incident X-ray dose typical XRS experiments require can induce, in certain unstable structures, a prominent radiation damage at room temperature. Upon developing a compatible cryostat module for enabling cryogenic temperatures ($$\approx$$
≈
10 K) we suppress the radiation damage and enable the acquisition of reliable experimental spectra in excellent agreement with the theory. Overall, we demonstrate the high sensitivity of the recently available state-of-the-art X-ray Raman spectroscopy capabilities in characterizing the electronic structure of high explosives. At the same time, the high accuracy of the theoretical approach may enable reliable identification of intermediate structures upon rapid chemical decomposition during detonation. Considering the increasing availability of X-ray free-electron lasers, such a combined experiment-theory approach paves the way for time-resolved dynamic studies of high explosives under detonation conditions.
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5
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Edwards NP, Bargar JR, van Campen D, van Veelen A, Sokaras D, Bergmann U, Webb SM. A new μ-high energy resolution fluorescence detection microprobe imaging spectrometer at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource beamline 6-2. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:083101. [PMID: 36050052 PMCID: PMC9392580 DOI: 10.1063/5.0095229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe a new synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) imaging instrument with an integrated High Energy Fluorescence Detection X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS) spectrometer at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource at beamline 6-2. The X-ray beam size on the sample can be defined via a range of pinhole apertures or focusing optics. XRF imaging is performed using a continuous rapid scan system with sample stages covering a travel range of 250 × 200 mm2, allowing for multiple samples and/or large samples to be mounted. The HERFD spectrometer is a Johann-type with seven spherically bent 100 mm diameter crystals arranged on intersecting Rowland circles of 1 m diameter with a total solid angle of about 0.44% of 4π sr. A wide range of emission lines can be studied with the available Bragg angle range of ∼64.5°-82.6°. With this instrument, elements in a sample can be rapidly mapped via XRF and then selected features targeted for HERFD-XAS analysis. Furthermore, utilizing the higher spectral resolution of HERFD for XRF imaging provides better separation of interfering emission lines, and it can be used to select a much narrower emission bandwidth, resulting in increased image contrast for imaging specific element species, i.e., sparse excitation energy XAS imaging. This combination of features and characteristics provides a highly adaptable and valuable tool in the study of a wide range of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Edwards
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - John R. Bargar
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Douglas van Campen
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Arjen van Veelen
- Material Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Physics Department, University of Wisonsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1390, USA
| | - Samuel M. Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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6
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Georgiou R, Sahle CJ, Sokaras D, Bernard S, Bergmann U, Rueff JP, Bertrand L. X-ray Raman Scattering: A Hard X-ray Probe of Complex Organic Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12977-13005. [PMID: 35737888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a review of the characterization of organic systems via X-ray Raman scattering (XRS) and a step-by-step guidance for its application. We present the fundamentals of XRS required to use the technique and discuss the main parameters of the experimental set-ups to optimize spectral and spatial resolution while maximizing signal-to-background ratio. We review applications that target the analysis of mixtures of organic compounds, the identification of minor spectral features, and the spatial discrimination in heterogeneous systems. We discuss the recent development of the direct tomography technique, which utilizes the XRS process as a contrast mechanism for assessing the three-dimensional spatially resolved carbon chemistry of complex organic materials. We conclude by exposing the current limitations and provide an outlook on how to overcome some of the existing challenges and advance future developments and applications of this powerful technique for complex organic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella Georgiou
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, UVSQ, MNHN, IPANEMA, F-91192 Saint-Aubin, France.,Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Sylvain Bernard
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jean-Pascal Rueff
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Loïc Bertrand
- Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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7
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Disentangling the chemistry of Australian plant exudates from a unique historical collection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116021119. [PMID: 35617429 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116021119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance For millennia, Aboriginal Australian peoples have used the extraordinary physicochemical properties of plant exudates from practical applications to cultural expression. We employ state-of-the-art spectroscopy to characterize the molecular compositions of well-preserved, native Australian plant exudates (Xanthorrhoea, Callitris, Eucalyptus, and Acacia) from a historic collection assembled over a century ago. This work demonstrates the benefits of X-ray Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of these complex natural systems. It provides key information for a broader understanding of their terpenoid, aromatic, phenolic, and polysaccharide composition and subsequent chemical classification. It complements Fourier-transform infrared and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry by allowing bulk-sensitive analysis in a fully noninvasive manner and probes molecular features which remain silent in these commonly employed analyses.
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8
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Said AH, Kim JH, Aran EK, Gog T. Novel fabrication technique for high-resolution spherical crystal analyzers using a microporous aluminium base. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:749-754. [PMID: 35511007 PMCID: PMC9070708 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522001886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Modern inelastic X-ray spectrometers employ curved, bent and diced analyzers to capture sufficiently large solid angles of radially emitted scattered radiation emanating from the sample. Fabricating these intricate analyzers, especially when a high energy resolution of a few millielectronvolts is required, is very time-consuming, expensive and often a hit-or-miss affair. A novel fabrication technique is introduced, utilizing a concave-spherical, microporous aluminium base to hold an assembly of a thin glass substrate with a diced crystal wafer bonded to it. Under uniform vacuum forces, the glass substrate is drawn into the aluminium base, achieving the desired bending radius, while dicing of the diffracting crystal layer prevents bending strain from being imposed on the individual crystal pixels. This technique eliminates the need for permanently bonding the crystal assembly to the concave lens, offering the opportunity for correcting figure errors, avoiding long-term degradation of the permanent bond, and making both lens and crystal reusable. Process and material costs are thus substantially decreased. Two analyzers, Si(844) and Ge(337) with intrinsic resolutions of 14.6 meV and 36.5 meV, respectively, were produced in this fashion and characterized in resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) measurements. The achieved overall energy resolutions for both analyzers were 29.4 meV for Si(844) and 56.6 meV for Ge(337). Although the RIXS technique is veru sensitive to analyzer imperfections, the analyzers were found to be equal, if not superior, in quality to their traditional, permanently bonded counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman H. Said
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Emily K. Aran
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Thomas Gog
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
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9
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Tack P, De Pauw E, Tkalcec B, Longo A, Sahle CJ, Brenker F, Vincze L. Identification of the Calcium, Aluminum, and Magnesium Distribution within Millimeter-Sized Extraterrestrial Materials Using Nonresonant X-ray Raman Spectroscopy in Preparation for the Hayabusa2 Sample Return Mission. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14651-14658. [PMID: 34698490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The nondestructive investigation of millimeter-sized meteoritic materials is often hindered by self-absorption effects. Using X-ray-based analytical methods, the information depth for many elements (Z < 30) is in the range of up to only a few hundred micrometers, and for low-Z elements (Z < 20), this is reduced even further to only a few tens of micrometers. However, the investigation of these low-Z elements, in particular calcium, aluminum, and magnesium, is of great importance to planetary geologists and cosmochemists, as these elements are regularly used to characterize and identify specific features of interest in extraterrestrial materials, especially primitive chondritic material. In this work, nonresonant inelastic X-ray scattering from core electrons was performed at beamline ID20 of the ESRF in a direct tomography approach in order to visualize these low-Z elements within the millimeter-sized meteoritic samples. The obtained 3D elemental distribution volumes were compared to results from X-ray fluorescence-CT and absorption CT experiments and were found to be in good agreement. Additionally, several regions of interest could be identified within the inelastic scattering volumes, containing information that is not available through the other presented means. As such, the proposed approach presents a valuable tool for the nondestructive investigation of low-Z elemental distributions within millimeter-sized extraterrestrial materials, such as the samples of the Hayabusa2 sample return mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Tack
- X-ray Micro-spectroscopy and Imaging Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ella De Pauw
- X-ray Micro-spectroscopy and Imaging Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Beverley Tkalcec
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Frank Brenker
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laszlo Vincze
- X-ray Micro-spectroscopy and Imaging Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Glatzel P, Harris A, Marion P, Sikora M, Weng TC, Guilloud C, Lafuerza S, Rovezzi M, Detlefs B, Ducotté L. The five-analyzer point-to-point scanning crystal spectrometer at ESRF ID26. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:362-371. [PMID: 33399588 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520015416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
X-ray emission spectroscopy in a point-to-point focusing geometry using instruments that employ more than one analyzer crystal poses challenges with respect to mechanical design and performance. This work discusses various options for positioning the components and provides the formulas for calculating their relative placement. Ray-tracing calculations were used to determine the geometrical contributions to the energy broadening including the source volume as given by the beam footprint on the sample. The alignment of the instrument is described and examples are given for the performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Glatzel
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Philippe Marion
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marcin Sikora
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tsu Chien Weng
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Cyril Guilloud
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sara Lafuerza
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mauro Rovezzi
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Blanka Detlefs
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ludovic Ducotté
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Honkanen AP, Huotari S. General method to calculate the elastic deformation and X-ray diffraction properties of bent crystal wafers. IUCRJ 2021; 8:102-115. [PMID: 33520246 PMCID: PMC7793001 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252520014165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toroidally and spherically bent single crystals are widely employed as optical elements in hard X-ray spectrometry at synchrotron and free-electron laser light sources, and in laboratory-scale instruments. To achieve optimal spectrometer performance, a solid theoretical understanding of the diffraction properties of such crystals is essential. In this work, a general method to calculate the internal stress and strain fields of toroidally bent crystals and how to apply it to predict their diffraction properties is presented. Solutions are derived and discussed for circular and rectangular spherically bent wafers due to their prevalence in contemporary instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari-Pekka Honkanen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Higgins LJR, Sahle CJ, Balasubramanian M, Mishra B. X-ray Raman scattering for bulk chemical and structural insight into green carbon. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18435-18446. [PMID: 32776038 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00417k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
X-ray Raman scattering (XRS) spectroscopy is an emerging inelastic scattering technique which uses hard X-rays to study the X-ray absorption edges of low-Z elements (e.g. C, N, O) in bulk. This study applies XRS spectroscopy to pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbons. These materials are thermochemically-produced carbon from renewable resources and represent a route for the sustainable production of carbon materials for many applications. Results confirm local structural differences between biomass-derived (Oak, Quercus Ilex) pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbon. In comparison with NEXAFS, XRS spectroscopy has been shown to be more resilient to experimental artefacts such as self-absorption. Density functional theory XRS calculations of potential structural sub-units confirm that hydrothermal carbon is a highly disordered carbon material formed principally of furan units linked by the α carbon atoms. Comparison of two pyrolysis temperatures (450 °C and 650 °C) shows the development of an increasingly condensed carbon structure. Based on our results, we have proposed a semi-quantitative route to pyrolysis condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J R Higgins
- School of Chemical & Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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13
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Tian C, Xu Y, Kan WH, Sokaras D, Nordlund D, Shen H, Chen K, Liu Y, Doeff M. Distinct Surface and Bulk Thermal Behaviors of LiNi 0.6Mn 0.2Co 0.2O 2 Cathode Materials as a Function of State of Charge. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:11643-11656. [PMID: 32057227 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how structural and chemical transformations take place in particles under thermal conditions can inform designing thermally robust electrode materials. Such a study necessitates the use of diagnostic techniques that are capable of probing the transformations at multiple length scales and at different states of charge (SOC). In this study, the thermal behavior of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC-622) was examined as a function of SOC, using an array of bulk and surface-sensitive techniques. In general, thermal stability decreases as lithium content is lowered and conversion in the bulk to progressively reduced metal oxides (spinels, rock salt) occurs as the temperature is raised. Hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS) experiments, which probe the bulk, reveal that Ni and Co are eventually reduced when partially delithiated samples (regardless of the SOC) are heated, although Mn is not. Surface-sensitive synchrotron techniques, such as soft XAS and transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM), however, reveal that for 50% delithiated samples, apparent oxidation of nickel occurs at particle surfaces under some circumstances. This is partially compensated by reduction of cobalt but may also be a consequence of redistribution of lithium ions upon heating. TXM results indicate the movement of reduced nickel ions into particle interiors or oxidized nickel ions to the surface or both. These experiments illustrate the complexity of the thermal behavior of NMC cathode materials. The study also informs the importance of investigating the surface and bulk difference as a function of SOC when studying the thermal behaviors of battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chixia Tian
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Academy of Integrated Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yahong Xu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Wang Hay Kan
- Dongguan Neutron Science Center, Dongguan, Guangdong 523803, China
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hao Shen
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Marca Doeff
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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14
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Nowak SH, Armenta R, Schwartz CP, Gallo A, Abraham B, Garcia-Esparza AT, Biasin E, Prado A, Maciel A, Zhang D, Day D, Christensen S, Kroll T, Alonso-Mori R, Nordlund D, Weng TC, Sokaras D. A versatile Johansson-type tender x-ray emission spectrometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:033101. [PMID: 32259983 DOI: 10.1063/1.5121853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a high energy resolution x-ray spectrometer for the tender x-ray regime (1.6-5.0 keV) that was designed and operated at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. The instrument is developed on a Rowland geometry (500 mm of radius) using cylindrically bent Johansson analyzers and a position sensitive detector. By placing the sample inside the Rowland circle, the spectrometer operates in an energy-dispersive mode with a subnatural line-width energy resolution (∼0.32 eV at 2400 eV), even when an extended incident x-ray beam is used across a wide range of diffraction angles (∼30° to 65°). The spectrometer is enclosed in a vacuum chamber, and a sample chamber with independent ambient conditions is introduced to enable a versatile and fast-access sample environment (e.g., solid/gas/liquid samples, in situ cells, and radioactive materials). The design, capabilities, and performance are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Nowak
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Armenta
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C P Schwartz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Gallo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B Abraham
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A T Garcia-Esparza
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E Biasin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Prado
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Maciel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Zhang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Day
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Christensen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - T Kroll
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Alonso-Mori
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T-C Weng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Sokaras
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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15
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Jahrman EP, Holden WM, Ditter AS, Kozimor SA, Kihara SL, Seidler GT. Vacuum formed temporary spherically and toroidally bent crystal analyzers for x-ray absorption and x-ray emission spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:013106. [PMID: 30709184 DOI: 10.1063/1.5057231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that vacuum forming of 10-cm diameter silicon wafers of various crystallographic orientations under an x-ray permeable, flexible window can easily generate spherically bent crystal analyzers and toroidally bent crystal analyzers with ∼1-eV energy resolution and a 1-m major radius of curvature. In applications at synchrotron light sources, x-ray free electron lasers, and laboratory spectrometers, these characteristics are generally sufficient for many x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES), and resonant inelastic x-ray scattering applications in the chemical sciences. Unlike existing optics manufacturing methods using epoxy or anodic bonding, vacuum forming without adhesive is temporary in the sense that the bent wafer can be removed when vacuum is released and exchanged for a different orientation wafer. Therefore, the combination of an x-ray compatible vacuum-forming chamber, a library of thin wafers, and a small number of forms having different secondary curvatures can give extreme flexibility in spectrometer energy range. As proof of this method, we determine the energy resolution and reflectivity for several such vacuum-formed bent crystal analyzers in laboratory-based XAFS and XES studies using a conventional x-ray tube. For completeness, we also show x-ray images collected on the detector plane to characterize the resulting focal spots and optical aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Jahrman
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - William M Holden
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Alexander S Ditter
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Stosh A Kozimor
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Scott L Kihara
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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16
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Ablett JM, Prieur D, Céolin D, Lassalle-Kaiser B, Lebert B, Sauvage M, Moreno T, Bac S, Balédent V, Ovono A, Morand M, Gélebart F, Shukla A, Rueff JP. The GALAXIES inelastic hard X-ray scattering end-station at Synchrotron SOLEIL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:263-271. [PMID: 30655494 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751801559x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
GALAXIES is an in-vacuum undulator hard X-ray micro-focused beamline dedicated to the study of the electronic structure of materials with high energy resolution using both photoelectron spectroscopy and inelastic X-ray scattering and under both non-resonant (NR-IXS) and resonant (RIXS) conditions. Due to the penetrating power of hard X-rays and the `photon-in/photon-out' technique, the sample environment is not a limitation. Materials under extreme conditions, for example in diamond anvil cells or catalysis chambers, thus constitute a major research direction. Here, the design and performance of the inelastic X-ray scattering end-station that operates in the energy range from ∼4 keV up to 12 keV is reported, and its capabilities are highlighted using a selection of data taken from recently performed experiments. The ability to scan `on the fly' the incident and scattered/emitted X-ray energies, and the sample position enables fast data collection and high experimental throughput. A diamond X-ray transmission phase retarder, which can be used to generate circularly polarized light, will also be discussed in the light of the recent RIXS-MCD approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ablett
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, Saint Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - D Prieur
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, Saint Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - D Céolin
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, Saint Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - B Lassalle-Kaiser
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, Saint Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - B Lebert
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, Saint Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Sauvage
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, Saint Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Th Moreno
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, Saint Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Bac
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, Saint Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - V Balédent
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - A Ovono
- École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Limoges, France
| | - M Morand
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, IRD UMR 206, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - F Gélebart
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, IRD UMR 206, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - A Shukla
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, IRD UMR 206, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - J P Rueff
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, Saint Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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17
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Malzer W, Grötzsch D, Gnewkow R, Schlesiger C, Kowalewski F, Van Kuiken B, DeBeer S, Kanngießer B. A laboratory spectrometer for high throughput X-ray emission spectroscopy in catalysis research. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:113111. [PMID: 30501328 DOI: 10.1063/1.5035171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have built a laboratory spectrometer for X-ray emission spectroscopy. The instrument is employed in catalysis research. The key component is a von Hamos full cylinder optic with Highly Annealed Pyrolytic Graphite (HAPG) as a dispersive element. With this very efficient optic, the spectrometer subtends an effective solid angle of detection of around 1 msr, allowing for the analysis of dilute samples. The resolving power of the spectrometer is approximately E/ΔE = 4000, with an energy range of ∼2.3 keV-10 keV. The instrument and its characteristics are described herein. Further, a comparison with a prototype spectrometer, based on the same principle, shows the substantial improvement in the spectral resolution and energy range for the present setup. The paper concludes with a discussion of sample handling. A compilation of HAPG fundamentals and related publications are given in a brief Appendix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Malzer
- Institute for Optic and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Grötzsch
- Institute for Optic and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Gnewkow
- Institute for Optic and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Schlesiger
- Institute for Optic and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Kowalewski
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin Van Kuiken
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Birgit Kanngießer
- Institute for Optic and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Pomerantz AE, Crace E, Weng TC, Sokaras D, Nordlund D. Carbon Core Electron Spectra of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5730-5734. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b04922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ethan Crace
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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19
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Lin F, Liu Y, Yu X, Cheng L, Singer A, Shpyrko OG, Xin HL, Tamura N, Tian C, Weng TC, Yang XQ, Meng YS, Nordlund D, Yang W, Doeff MM. Synchrotron X-ray Analytical Techniques for Studying Materials Electrochemistry in Rechargeable Batteries. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13123-13186. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94035, United States
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department
of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Oleg G. Shpyrko
- Department
of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Huolin L. Xin
- Center for
Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Nobumichi Tamura
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chixia Tian
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ying Shirley Meng
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94035, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marca M. Doeff
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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20
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Gueriau P, Rueff JP, Bernard S, Kaddissy JA, Goler S, Sahle CJ, Sokaras D, Wogelius RA, Manning PL, Bergmann U, Bertrand L. Noninvasive Synchrotron-Based X-ray Raman Scattering Discriminates Carbonaceous Compounds in Ancient and Historical Materials. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10819-10826. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gueriau
- IPANEMA, CNRS, Ministère
de la Culture, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, BP 48 Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, BP 48 Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Pascal Rueff
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, BP 48 Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie
Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Bernard
- IMPMC,
CNRS UMR
7590, Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC, IRD UMR 206, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Josiane A. Kaddissy
- IPANEMA, CNRS, Ministère
de la Culture, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, BP 48 Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sarah Goler
- Columbia
Nano Initiative, Columbia University, 530 West 120th Street, MC8903 1001
CEPSR, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Christoph J. Sahle
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Roy A. Wogelius
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science & Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M139PL, U.K
| | - Phillip L. Manning
- Department
of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, College of Charleston, 66 George Street, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford
Road, Manchester, M139PL, U.K
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Loïc Bertrand
- IPANEMA, CNRS, Ministère
de la Culture, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, BP 48 Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, BP 48 Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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21
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A Dispersive Inelastic X-ray Scattering Spectrometer for Use at X-ray Free Electron Lasers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7090899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Holden WM, Hoidn OR, Ditter AS, Seidler GT, Kas J, Stein JL, Cossairt BM, Kozimor SA, Guo J, Ye Y, Marcus MA, Fakra S. A compact dispersive refocusing Rowland circle X-ray emission spectrometer for laboratory, synchrotron, and XFEL applications. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:073904. [PMID: 28764488 DOI: 10.1063/1.4994739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
X-ray emission spectroscopy is emerging as an important complement to x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, providing a characterization of the occupied electronic density of states local to the species of interest. Here, we present details of the design and performance of a compact x-ray emission spectrometer that uses a dispersive refocusing Rowland (DRR) circle geometry to achieve excellent performance for the 2-2.5 keV range, i.e., especially for the K-edge emission from sulfur and phosphorous. The DRR approach allows high energy resolution even for unfocused x-ray sources. This property enables high count rates in laboratory studies, approaching those of insertion-device beamlines at third-generation synchrotrons, despite use of only a low-powered, conventional x-ray tube. The spectrometer, whose overall scale is set by use of a 10-cm diameter Rowland circle and a new small-pixel complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor x-ray camera, is easily portable to synchrotron or x-ray free electron laser beamlines. Photometrics from measurements at the Advanced Light Source show excellent overall instrumental efficiency. In addition, the compact size of this instrument lends itself to future multiplexing to gain large factors in net collection efficiency or its implementation in controlled gas gloveboxes either in the lab or in an endstation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Holden
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Oliver R Hoidn
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Alexander S Ditter
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Joshua Kas
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Jennifer L Stein
- Chemistry Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Brandi M Cossairt
- Chemistry Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Stosh A Kozimor
- Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yifan Ye
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Matthew A Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sirine Fakra
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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23
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Joly Y, Cavallari C, Guda SA, Sahle CJ. Full-Potential Simulation of X-ray Raman Scattering Spectroscopy. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:2172-2177. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Joly
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes & CNRS, Institut NÉEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Chiara Cavallari
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Sergey A. Guda
- Institute
for Mathematics, Mechanics, and Computer Science, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Christoph J. Sahle
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
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24
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Huotari S, Sahle CJ, Henriquet C, Al-Zein A, Martel K, Simonelli L, Verbeni R, Gonzalez H, Lagier MC, Ponchut C, Moretti Sala M, Krisch M, Monaco G. A large-solid-angle X-ray Raman scattering spectrometer at ID20 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2017; 24:521-530. [PMID: 28244449 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577516020579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An end-station for X-ray Raman scattering spectroscopy at beamline ID20 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility is described. This end-station is dedicated to the study of shallow core electronic excitations using non-resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. The spectrometer has 72 spherically bent analyzer crystals arranged in six modular groups of 12 analyzer crystals each for a combined maximum flexibility and large solid angle of detection. Each of the six analyzer modules houses one pixelated area detector allowing for X-ray Raman scattering based imaging and efficient separation of the desired signal from the sample and spurious scattering from the often used complicated sample environments. This new end-station provides an unprecedented instrument for X-ray Raman scattering, which is a spectroscopic tool of great interest for the study of low-energy X-ray absorption spectra in materials under in situ conditions, such as in operando batteries and fuel cells, in situ catalytic reactions, and extreme pressure and temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Huotari
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ch J Sahle
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ch Henriquet
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - A Al-Zein
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - K Martel
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - L Simonelli
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - R Verbeni
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - H Gonzalez
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - M C Lagier
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - C Ponchut
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - M Moretti Sala
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - M Krisch
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - G Monaco
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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25
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Inkinen J, Niskanen J, Talka T, Sahle CJ, Müller H, Khriachtchev L, Hashemi J, Akbari A, Hakala M, Huotari S. X-ray induced dimerization of cinnamic acid: Time-resolved inelastic X-ray scattering study. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15851. [PMID: 26568420 PMCID: PMC4644965 DOI: 10.1038/srep15851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A classic example of solid-state topochemical reactions is the ultraviolet-light induced photodimerization of α-trans-cinnamic acid (CA). Here, we report the first observation of an X-ray-induced dimerization of CA and monitor it in situ using nonresonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy (NRIXS). The time-evolution of the carbon core-electron excitation spectra shows the effects of two X-ray induced reactions: dimerization on a short time-scale and disintegration on a long time-scale. We used spectrum simulations of CA and its dimerization product, α-truxillic acid (TA), to gain insight into the dimerization effects. From the time-resolved spectra, we extracted component spectra and time-dependent weights corresponding to CA and TA. The results suggest that the X-ray induced dimerization proceeds homogeneously in contrast to the dimerization induced by ultraviolet light. We also utilized the ability of NRIXS for direct tomography with chemical-bond contrast to image the spatial progress of the reactions in the sample crystal. Our work paves the way for other time-resolved studies on chemical reactions using inelastic X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Inkinen
- Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Niskanen
- Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Talka
- Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christoph J Sahle
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Harald Müller
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Leonid Khriachtchev
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Javad Hashemi
- Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Hakala
- Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Chow P, Xiao YM, Rod E, Bai LG, Shen GY, Sinogeikin S, Gao N, Ding Y, Mao HK. Focusing polycapillary to reduce parasitic scattering for inelastic x-ray measurements at high pressure. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:072203. [PMID: 26233343 DOI: 10.1063/1.4926890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The double-differential scattering cross-section for the inelastic scattering of x-ray photons from electrons is typically orders of magnitude smaller than that of elastic scattering. With samples 10-100 μm size in a diamond anvil cell at high pressure, the inelastic x-ray scattering signals from samples are obscured by scattering from the cell gasket and diamonds. One major experimental challenge is to measure a clean inelastic signal from the sample in a diamond anvil cell. Among the many strategies for doing this, we have used a focusing polycapillary as a post-sample optic, which allows essentially only scattered photons within its input field of view to be refocused and transmitted to the backscattering energy analyzer of the spectrometer. We describe the modified inelastic x-ray spectrometer and its alignment. With a focused incident beam which matches the sample size and the field of view of polycapillary, at relatively large scattering angles, the polycapillary effectively reduces parasitic scattering from the diamond anvil cell gasket and diamonds. Raw data collected from the helium exciton measured by x-ray inelastic scattering at high pressure using the polycapillary method are compared with those using conventional post-sample slit collimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chow
- HPCAT, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Y M Xiao
- HPCAT, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - E Rod
- HPCAT, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - L G Bai
- HPCAT, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - G Y Shen
- HPCAT, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - S Sinogeikin
- HPCAT, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - N Gao
- Center for X-Ray Optics, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, USA and X-Ray Optical Systems, Inc., 90 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12205, USA
| | - Y Ding
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - H-K Mao
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20015, USA
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27
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Alonso-Mori R, Sokaras D, Zhu D, Kroll T, Chollet M, Feng Y, Glownia JM, Kern J, Lemke HT, Nordlund D, Robert A, Sikorski M, Song S, Weng TC, Bergmann U. Photon-in photon-out hard X-ray spectroscopy at the Linac Coherent Light Source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2015; 22:612-20. [PMID: 25931076 PMCID: PMC4416677 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515004488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) have opened unprecedented possibilities to study the structure and dynamics of matter at an atomic level and ultra-fast timescale. Many of the techniques routinely used at storage ring facilities are being adapted for experiments conducted at FELs. In order to take full advantage of these new sources several challenges have to be overcome. They are related to the very different source characteristics and its resulting impact on sample delivery, X-ray optics, X-ray detection and data acquisition. Here it is described how photon-in photon-out hard X-ray spectroscopy techniques can be applied to study the electronic structure and its dynamics of transition metal systems with ultra-bright and ultra-short FEL X-ray pulses. In particular, some of the experimental details that are different compared with synchrotron-based setups are discussed and illustrated by recent measurements performed at the Linac Coherent Light Source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Alonso-Mori
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Diling Zhu
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Mathieu Chollet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Yiping Feng
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - James M. Glownia
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jan Kern
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Henrik T. Lemke
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Aymeric Robert
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Marcin Sikorski
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sanghoon Song
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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28
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Sahle CJ, Mirone A, Niskanen J, Inkinen J, Krisch M, Huotari S. Planning, performing and analyzing X-ray Raman scattering experiments. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2015; 22:400-409. [PMID: 25723942 PMCID: PMC4786055 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577514027581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A compilation of procedures for planning and performing X-ray Raman scattering (XRS) experiments and analyzing data obtained from them is presented. In particular, it is demonstrated how to predict the overall shape of the spectra, estimate detection limits for dilute samples, and how to normalize the recorded spectra to absolute units. In addition, methods for processing data from multiple-crystal XRS spectrometers with imaging capability are presented, including a super-resolution method that can be used for direct tomography using XRS spectra as the contrast. An open-source software package with these procedures implemented is also made available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch. J. Sahle
- Department of Physics, PO Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - A. Mirone
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - J. Niskanen
- Department of Physics, PO Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J. Inkinen
- Department of Physics, PO Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Krisch
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - S. Huotari
- Department of Physics, PO Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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29
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Liu X, Wang YJ, Barbiellini B, Hafiz H, Basak S, Liu J, Richardson T, Shu G, Chou F, Weng TC, Nordlund D, Sokaras D, Moritz B, Devereaux TP, Qiao R, Chuang YD, Bansil A, Hussain Z, Yang W. Why LiFePO4is a safe battery electrode: Coulomb repulsion induced electron-state reshuffling upon lithiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:26369-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04739k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combined spectroscopic and theoretical study clarifies the electron states associated with the intrinsic safety of LiFePO4electrodes.
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30
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Gallo E, Glatzel P. Valence to core X-ray emission spectroscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:7730-46. [PMID: 24861500 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This Progress Report discusses the chemical sensitivity of Kβ valence to core X-ray emission spectroscopy (vtc-XES) and its applications for investigating 3d-transition-metal based materials. Vtc-XES can be used for ligand identification and for the characterization of the valence electronic levels. The technique provides information that is similar to valence band photoemission spectroscopy but the sample environment can be chosen freely and thus allows measurements in presence of gases and liquids and it can be applied for measurements under in situ/operando or extreme conditions. The theoretical basis of the technique is presented using a one-electron approach and the vtc-XES spectral features are interpreted using ground state density functional theory calculations. Some recent results obtained by vtc-XES in various scientific fields are discussed to demonstrate the potential and future applications of this technique. Resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy is briefly introduced with some applications for the study of 3d and 5d-transition-metal based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Gallo
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, Grenoble, 38000, France
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31
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Liu X, Yang W, Liu Z. Recent progress on synchrotron-based in-situ soft X-ray spectroscopy for energy materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:7710-29. [PMID: 24799004 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Soft X-ray spectroscopy (SXS) techniques such as photoelectron spectroscopy, soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray emission spectroscopy are efficient and direct tools to probe electronic structures of materials. Traditionally, these surface sensitive soft X-ray techniques that detect electrons or photons require high vacuum to operate. Many recent in situ instrument developments of these techniques have overcome this vacuum barrier. One can now study many materials and model devices under near ambient, semi-realistic, and operando conditions. Further developments of integrating the realistic sample environments with efficient and high resolution detection methods, particularly at the high brightness synchrotron light sources, are making SXS an important tool for the energy research community. In this progress report, we briefly describe the basic concept of several SXS techniques and discuss recent development of SXS instruments. We then present several recent studies, mostly in situ SXS experiments, on energy materials and devices. Using these studies, we would like to highlight that the integration of SXS and in situ environments can provide in-depth insight of material's functionality and help researchers in new energy material developments. The remaining challenges and critical research directions are discussed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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32
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Seidler GT, Mortensen DR, Remesnik AJ, Pacold JI, Ball NA, Barry N, Styczinski M, Hoidn OR. A laboratory-based hard x-ray monochromator for high-resolution x-ray emission spectroscopy and x-ray absorption near edge structure measurements. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:113906. [PMID: 25430123 DOI: 10.1063/1.4901599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a laboratory-based Rowland-circle monochromator that incorporates a low power x-ray (bremsstrahlung) tube source, a spherically bent crystal analyzer, and an energy-resolving solid-state detector. This relatively inexpensive, introductory level instrument achieves 1-eV energy resolution for photon energies of ∼5 keV to ∼10 keV while also demonstrating a net efficiency previously seen only in laboratory monochromators having much coarser energy resolution. Despite the use of only a compact, air-cooled 10 W x-ray tube, we find count rates for nonresonant x-ray emission spectroscopy comparable to those achieved at monochromatized spectroscopy beamlines at synchrotron light sources. For x-ray absorption near edge structure, the monochromatized flux is small (due to the use of a low-powered x-ray generator) but still useful for routine transmission-mode studies of concentrated samples. These results indicate that upgrading to a standard commercial high-power line-focused x-ray tube or rotating anode x-ray generator would result in monochromatized fluxes of order 10(6)-10(7) photons/s with no loss in energy resolution. This work establishes core technical capabilities for a rejuvenation of laboratory-based hard x-ray spectroscopies that could have special relevance for contemporary research on catalytic or electrical energy storage systems using transition-metal, lanthanide, or noble-metal active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Seidler
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - D R Mortensen
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - A J Remesnik
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - J I Pacold
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - N A Ball
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - N Barry
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - M Styczinski
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - O R Hoidn
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
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33
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The application of synchrotron radiation and in particular X-ray absorption spectroscopy to matrix isolated species. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Inkinen J, Niskanen J, Sakko A, Ruotsalainen KO, Pylkkänen T, Galambosi S, Hakala M, Monaco G, Hämäläinen K, Huotari S. Interplay between temperature-activated vibrations and nondipolar effects in the valence excitations of the CO₂ molecule. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:3288-94. [PMID: 24678617 DOI: 10.1021/jp5019058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a study on the temperature dependence of the valence electron excitation spectrum of CO2 performed using nonresonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy. The excitation spectra were measured at the temperatures of 300 and 850 K with momentum-transfer values of 0.4-4.8 Å(-1), i.e., from the dipole limit to the higher-multipole regime, and were simulated using high-level coupled cluster calculations on the dipole and quadrupole level. The results demonstrate the emergence of dipole-forbidden excitations owing to temperature-induced bending mode activation and finite momentum transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Inkinen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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35
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Pascal TA, Boesenberg U, Kostecki R, Richardson TJ, Weng TC, Sokaras D, Nordlund D, McDermott E, Moewes A, Cabana J, Prendergast D. Finite temperature effects on the X-ray absorption spectra of lithium compounds: First-principles interpretation of X-ray Raman measurements. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:034107. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4856835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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36
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Miedema PS, Ngene P, van der Eerden AMJ, Sokaras D, Weng TC, Nordlund D, Au YS, de Groot FMF. In situ X-ray Raman spectroscopy study of the hydrogen sorption properties of lithium borohydride nanocomposites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:22651-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02918f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoconfined LiBH4 has been studied in situ with X-ray Raman spectroscopy. With 1 bar of hydrogen, partial re-hydrogenation can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piter S. Miedema
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ngene
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad M. J. van der Eerden
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Menlo Park, USA
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Menlo Park, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Menlo Park, USA
| | - Yuen S. Au
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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37
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Doeff MM, Chen G, Cabana J, Richardson TJ, Mehta A, Shirpour M, Duncan H, Kim C, Kam KC, Conry T. Characterization of electrode materials for lithium ion and sodium ion batteries using synchrotron radiation techniques. J Vis Exp 2013:e50594. [PMID: 24300777 DOI: 10.3791/50594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercalation compounds such as transition metal oxides or phosphates are the most commonly used electrode materials in Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. During insertion or removal of alkali metal ions, the redox states of transition metals in the compounds change and structural transformations such as phase transitions and/or lattice parameter increases or decreases occur. These behaviors in turn determine important characteristics of the batteries such as the potential profiles, rate capabilities, and cycle lives. The extremely bright and tunable x-rays produced by synchrotron radiation allow rapid acquisition of high-resolution data that provide information about these processes. Transformations in the bulk materials, such as phase transitions, can be directly observed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), while X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) gives information about the local electronic and geometric structures (e.g. changes in redox states and bond lengths). In situ experiments carried out on operating cells are particularly useful because they allow direct correlation between the electrochemical and structural properties of the materials. These experiments are time-consuming and can be challenging to design due to the reactivity and air-sensitivity of the alkali metal anodes used in the half-cell configurations, and/or the possibility of signal interference from other cell components and hardware. For these reasons, it is appropriate to carry out ex situ experiments (e.g. on electrodes harvested from partially charged or cycled cells) in some cases. Here, we present detailed protocols for the preparation of both ex situ and in situ samples for experiments involving synchrotron radiation and demonstrate how these experiments are done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marca M Doeff
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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38
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Chen C, Huang C, Waluyo I, Nordlund D, Weng TC, Sokaras D, Weiss T, Bergmann U, Pettersson LGM, Nilsson A. Solvation structures of protons and hydroxide ions in water. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:154506. [PMID: 23614429 DOI: 10.1063/1.4801512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS) combined with small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) were used to study aqueous solutions of HCl and NaOH. Hydrated structures of H(+) and OH(-) are not simple mirror images of each other. While both ions have been shown to strengthen local hydrogen bonds in the hydration shell as indicated by XRS, SAXS suggests that H(+) and OH(-) have qualitatively different long-range effects. The SAXS structure factor of HCl (aq) closely resembles that of pure water, while NaOH (aq) behaves similar to NaF (aq). We propose that protons only locally enhance hydrogen bonds while hydroxide ions induce tetrahedrality in the overall hydrogen bond network of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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39
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Szlachetko M, Berset M, Dousse JC, Hoszowska J, Szlachetko J. High-resolution Laue-type DuMond curved crystal spectrometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:093104. [PMID: 24089813 DOI: 10.1063/1.4821621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on a high-resolution transmission-type curved crystal spectrometer based on the modified DuMond slit geometry. The spectrometer was developed at the University of Fribourg for the study of photoinduced X-ray spectra. K and L X-ray transitions with energies above about 10 keV can be measured with an instrumental resolution comparable to their natural linewidths. Construction details and operational characteristics of the spectrometer are presented. The variation of the energy resolution as a function of the focal distance and diffraction order is discussed. The high sensitivity of the spectrometer is demonstrated via the 2s-1s dipole-forbidden X-ray transition of Gd which could be observed despite its extremely low intensity. The precision of the instrument is illustrated by comparing the sum of the energies of the Au K-L2 and L2-M3 cascading transitions with the energy of the crossover K-M3 transition as well as by considering the energy differences of the Gd Kα1 X-ray line measured at five different diffraction orders. Finally, to demonstrate the versatility of the spectrometer, it is shown that the latter can also be used for in-house extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Szlachetko
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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40
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Mortensen DR, Seidler GT, Bradley JA, Lipp MJ, Evans WJ, Chow P, Xiao YM, Boman G, Bowden ME. A versatile medium-resolution x-ray emission spectrometer for diamond anvil cell applications. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:083908. [PMID: 24007080 DOI: 10.1063/1.4819257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present design and performance details for a polycapillary-coupled x-ray spectrometer that provides very high collection efficiency at a moderate energy resolution suitable for many studies of nonresonant x-ray emission spectroscopy, especially for samples of heavy elements under high pressures. Using a single Bragg analyzer operating close to backscattering geometry so as to minimize the effect of the weak divergence of the quasicollimated exit beam from the polycapillary optic, this instrument can maintain a typical energy resolution of 5 eV over photon energies from 5 keV to 10 keV. We find dramatically improved count rates as compared to a traditional higher-resolution instrument based on a single spherically bent crystal analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Mortensen
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
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41
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Sun YP, Miao Q, Pietzsch A, Hennies F, Schmitt T, Strocov VN, Andersson J, Kennedy B, Schlappa J, Föhlisch A, Gel'mukhanov F, Rubensson JE. Interference between resonant and nonresonant inelastic x-ray scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:223001. [PMID: 23767717 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.223001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study of inelastic x-ray scattering from the ground state to the 3Σg(3σ(g)(-1)3s(g)1) state of the O2 molecule is presented. The observed angular anisotropy shows that the vibrational excitations within this final state are strongly dependent on the polarization of the incident radiation. The analysis demonstrates that this is a manifestation of interference between resonant and direct nonresonant inelastic x-ray scattering. This interference provides a new tool to monitor nuclear dynamics by relative rotation of the polarization vectors of the incident and scattered photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-P Sun
- School of Science, Shandong University of Technology, ZiBo, 255049 Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Sokaras D, Weng TC, Nordlund D, Alonso-Mori R, Velikov P, Wenger D, Garachtchenko A, George M, Borzenets V, Johnson B, Rabedeau T, Bergmann U. A seven-crystal Johann-type hard x-ray spectrometer at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:053102. [PMID: 23742527 PMCID: PMC4108715 DOI: 10.1063/1.4803669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We present a multicrystal Johann-type hard x-ray spectrometer (~5-18 keV) recently developed, installed, and operated at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. The instrument is set at the wiggler beamline 6-2 equipped with two liquid nitrogen cooled monochromators--Si(111) and Si(311)--as well as collimating and focusing optics. The spectrometer consists of seven spherically bent crystal analyzers placed on intersecting vertical Rowland circles of 1 m of diameter. The spectrometer is scanned vertically capturing an extended backscattering Bragg angular range (88°-74°) while maintaining all crystals on the Rowland circle trace. The instrument operates in atmospheric pressure by means of a helium bag and when all the seven crystals are used (100 mm of projected diameter each), has a solid angle of about 0.45% of 4π sr. The typical resolving power is in the order of E/ΔE ~ 10,000. The spectrometer's high detection efficiency combined with the beamline 6-2 characteristics permits routine studies of x-ray emission, high energy resolution fluorescence detected x-ray absorption and resonant inelastic x-ray scattering of very diluted samples as well as implementation of demanding in situ environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
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43
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Minasian SG, Keith JM, Batista ER, Boland KS, Bradley JA, Daly SR, Kozimor SA, Lukens WW, Martin RL, Nordlund D, Seidler GT, Shuh DK, Sokaras D, Tyliszczak T, Wagner GL, Weng TC, Yang P. Covalency in Metal–Oxygen Multiple Bonds Evaluated Using Oxygen K-edge Spectroscopy and Electronic Structure Theory. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1864-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ja310223b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G. Minasian
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Jason M. Keith
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Enrique R. Batista
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Kevin S. Boland
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Joseph A. Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United
States
| | - Scott R. Daly
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Stosh A. Kozimor
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Wayne W. Lukens
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Richard L. Martin
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - David K. Shuh
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Tolek Tyliszczak
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Gregory L. Wagner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Tsu-Chein Weng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ping Yang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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44
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Inkinen J, Sakko A, Ruotsalainen KO, Pylkkänen T, Niskanen J, Galambosi S, Hakala M, Monaco G, Huotari S, Hämäläinen K. Temperature dependence of CO2 and N2 core-electron excitation spectra at high pressure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:9231-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50512j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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45
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Liu X, Liu J, Qiao R, Yu Y, Li H, Suo L, Hu YS, Chuang YD, Shu G, Chou F, Weng TC, Nordlund D, Sokaras D, Wang YJ, Lin H, Barbiellini B, Bansil A, Song X, Liu Z, Yan S, Liu G, Qiao S, Richardson TJ, Prendergast D, Hussain Z, de Groot FMF, Yang W. Phase Transformation and Lithiation Effect on Electronic Structure of LixFePO4: An In-Depth Study by Soft X-ray and Simulations. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13708-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303225e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruimin Qiao
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Hong Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Liumin Suo
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Yong-sheng Hu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | | | - Guojiun Shu
- Center for Condensed Matter
Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei,
10617 Taiwan
| | - Fangcheng Chou
- Center for Condensed Matter
Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei,
10617 Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- Stanford Synchrotron
Radiation
Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron
Radiation
Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron
Radiation
Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Yung Jui Wang
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
United States
| | - Hsin Lin
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
United States
| | - Bernardo Barbiellini
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
United States
| | - Arun Bansil
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
United States
| | | | | | - Shishen Yan
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | | | - Shan Qiao
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials,
Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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46
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Alonso-Mori R, Kern J, Sokaras D, Weng TC, Nordlund D, Tran R, Montanez P, Delor J, Yachandra VK, Yano J, Bergmann U. A multi-crystal wavelength dispersive x-ray spectrometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:073114. [PMID: 22852678 PMCID: PMC3422323 DOI: 10.1063/1.4737630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A multi-crystal wavelength dispersive hard x-ray spectrometer with high-energy resolution and large solid angle collection is described. The instrument is specifically designed for time-resolved applications of x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and x-ray Raman scattering (XRS) at X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFEL) and synchrotron radiation facilities. It also simplifies resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) studies of the whole 2d RIXS plane. The spectrometer is based on the Von Hamos geometry. This dispersive setup enables an XES or XRS spectrum to be measured in a single-shot mode, overcoming the scanning needs of the Rowland circle spectrometers. In conjunction with the XFEL temporal profile and high-flux, it is a powerful tool for studying the dynamics of time-dependent systems. Photo-induced processes and fast catalytic reaction kinetics, ranging from femtoseconds to milliseconds, will be resolvable in a wide array of systems circumventing radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Alonso-Mori
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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47
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Llorens I, Lahera E, Delnet W, Proux O, Braillard A, Hazemann JL, Prat A, Testemale D, Dermigny Q, Gelebart F, Morand M, Shukla A, Bardou N, Ulrich O, Arnaud S, Berar JF, Boudet N, Caillot B, Chaurand P, Rose J, Doelsch E, Martin P, Solari PL. High energy resolution five-crystal spectrometer for high quality fluorescence and absorption measurements on an x-ray absorption spectroscopy beamline. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:063104. [PMID: 22755612 DOI: 10.1063/1.4728414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence detection is classically achieved with a solid state detector (SSD) on x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) beamlines. This kind of detection however presents some limitations related to the limited energy resolution and saturation. Crystal analyzer spectrometers (CAS) based on a Johann-type geometry have been developed to overcome these limitations. We have tested and installed such a system on the BM30B/CRG-FAME XAS beamline at the ESRF dedicated to the structural investigation of very dilute systems in environmental, material and biological sciences. The spectrometer has been designed to be a mobile device for easy integration in multi-purpose hard x-ray synchrotron beamlines or even with a laboratory x-ray source. The CAS allows to collect x-ray photons from a large solid angle with five spherically bent crystals. It will cover a large energy range allowing to probe fluorescence lines characteristic of all the elements from Ca (Z = 20) to U (Z = 92). It provides an energy resolution of 1-2 eV. XAS spectroscopy is the main application of this device even if other spectroscopic techniques (RIXS, XES, XRS, etc.) can be also achieved with it. The performances of the CAS are illustrated by two experiments that are difficult or impossible to perform with SSD and the complementarity of the CAS vs SSD detectors is discussed.
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