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Muhammad MH, Idris AL, Fan X, Guo Y, Yu Y, Jin X, Qiu J, Guan X, Huang T. Beyond Risk: Bacterial Biofilms and Their Regulating Approaches. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:928. [PMID: 32508772 PMCID: PMC7253578 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are complex surface attached communities of bacteria held together by self-produced polymer matrixs mainly composed of polysaccharides, secreted proteins, and extracellular DNAs. Bacterial biofilm formation is a complex process and can be described in five main phases: (i) reversible attachment phase, where bacteria non-specifically attach to surfaces; (ii) irreversible attachment phase, which involves interaction between bacterial cells and a surface using bacterial adhesins such as fimbriae and lipopolysaccharide (LPS); (iii) production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by the resident bacterial cells; (iv) biofilm maturation phase, in which bacterial cells synthesize and release signaling molecules to sense the presence of each other, conducing to the formation of microcolony and maturation of biofilms; and (v) dispersal/detachment phase, where the bacterial cells depart biofilms and comeback to independent planktonic lifestyle. Biofilm formation is detrimental in healthcare, drinking water distribution systems, food, and marine industries, etc. As a result, current studies have been focused toward control and prevention of biofilms. In an effort to get rid of harmful biofilms, various techniques and approaches have been employed that interfere with bacterial attachment, bacterial communication systems (quorum sensing, QS), and biofilm matrixs. Biofilms, however, also offer beneficial roles in a variety of fields including applications in plant protection, bioremediation, wastewater treatment, and corrosion inhibition amongst others. Development of beneficial biofilms can be promoted through manipulation of adhesion surfaces, QS and environmental conditions. This review describes the events involved in bacterial biofilm formation, lists the negative and positive aspects associated with bacterial biofilms, elaborates the main strategies currently used to regulate establishment of harmful bacterial biofilms as well as certain strategies employed to encourage formation of beneficial bacterial biofilms, and highlights the future perspectives of bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tianpei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences & College of Plant Protection & International College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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2
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Selim MS, El-Safty SA, Shenashen MA, Higazy SA, Elmarakbi A. Progress in biomimetic leverages for marine antifouling using nanocomposite coatings. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:3701-3732. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Because of the environmental and economic casualties of biofouling on maritime navigation, modern studies have been devoted toward formulating advanced nanoscale composites in the controlled development of effective marine antifouling self-cleaning surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Selim
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki-ken 305-0047
- Japan
- Petroleum Application Department
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute
| | - Sherif A. El-Safty
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki-ken 305-0047
- Japan
| | - Mohamed A. Shenashen
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki-ken 305-0047
- Japan
- Petroleum Application Department
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute
| | - Shimaa A. Higazy
- Petroleum Application Department
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elmarakbi
- Department of Mechanical & Construction Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
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3
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Preparation and characterization of a novel antibacterial acrylate polymer composite modified with capsaicin. Chin J Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Taokaew S, Alghunaim A, Newby BMZ. Zosteric Acid, a Bioactive Component in Eelgrass Zostera marina, Reduced Collagen I Expression in a Repaired Mouse Fibroblast Scratch. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19850713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zosteric acid (ZA), a bioactive component in Zostera marina eelgrass, was applied to assess closure of normal mouse fibroblast scratch and collagen I expression. The cytotoxicity of ZA on the fibroblast at different ZA concentrations was evaluated. ZA showed low toxicity with ~80% of cell viability at a concentration of ~1600 ppm. A single scratch (~1500 μm) was made on a layer of fibroblast, and collagen expression was determined after 72 hours when the scratch fully closed for both ZA-treated and untreated samples. Compared to control, the ZA-treated cells were slightly less dense and randomly oriented in the closure region and had lower actin and vinculin expressions. The total collagen expressions were comparable to the control, whereas collagen I expression of the mouse fibroblast treated with 1600 ppm of ZA was significantly lower than untreated fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Taokaew
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, OH, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, School of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Kamitomioka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Abdullah Alghunaim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, OH, USA
| | - Bi-min Zhang Newby
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, OH, USA
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Zea-Obando C, Tunin-Ley A, Turquet J, Culioli G, Briand JF, Bazire A, Réhel K, Faÿ F, Linossier I. Anti-Bacterial Adhesion Activity of Tropical Microalgae Extracts. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092180. [PMID: 30158494 PMCID: PMC6225251 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of regulations concerning biocidal products aimed towards an increased protection of the environment (e.g., EU Regulation No 528/2012) requires the development of new non-toxic anti-fouling (AF) systems. As the marine environment is an important source of inspiration, such AF systems inhibiting the adhesion of organisms without any toxicity could be based on molecules of natural origin. In this context, the antibiofilm potential of tropical microalgal extracts was investigated. The tropics are particularly interesting in terms of solar energy and temperatures which provide a wide marine diversity and a high production of microalgae. Twenty microalgal strains isolated from the Indian Ocean were studied. Their extracts were characterized in terms of global chemical composition by high resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, toxicity against marine bacteria (viability and growth) and anti-adhesion effect. The different observations made by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed a significant activity of three extracts from Dinoflagellate strains against the settlement of selected marine bacteria without any toxicity at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. The Symbiodinium sp. (P-78) extract inhibited the adhesion of Bacillus sp. 4J6 (Atlantic Ocean), Shewanella sp. MVV1 (Indian Ocean) and Pseudoalteromonas lipolytica TC8 (Mediterranean Ocean) at 60, 76 and 52%, respectively. These results underlined the potential of using microalgal extracts to repel fouling organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zea-Obando
- Institut Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne-Sud, EA 3884, LBCM, F-56100 Lorient, France.
| | - Alina Tunin-Ley
- Laboratory c/o CYROL, NEXA, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion, France.
| | - Jean Turquet
- Laboratory c/o CYROL, NEXA, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion, France.
| | - Gérald Culioli
- MAPIEM, Biofouling et Substances Naturelles Marines, Université du Sud Toulon-Var, EA 4323, 83041 Toulon, France.
| | - Jean-François Briand
- MAPIEM, Biofouling et Substances Naturelles Marines, Université du Sud Toulon-Var, EA 4323, 83041 Toulon, France.
| | - Alexis Bazire
- Institut Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne-Sud, EA 3884, LBCM, F-56100 Lorient, France.
| | - Karine Réhel
- Institut Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne-Sud, EA 3884, LBCM, F-56100 Lorient, France.
| | - Fabienne Faÿ
- Institut Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne-Sud, EA 3884, LBCM, F-56100 Lorient, France.
| | - Isabelle Linossier
- Institut Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne-Sud, EA 3884, LBCM, F-56100 Lorient, France.
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Lu Z, Chen Z, Guo Y, Ju Y, Liu Y, Feng R, Xiong C, Ober CK, Dong L. Flexible Hydrophobic Antifouling Coating with Oriented Nanotopography and Nonleaking Capsaicin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:9718-9726. [PMID: 29464942 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating natural product antifoulants (NPAs) into coatings with controlled surface topography is considered a promising way to suppress marine fouling. However, the rapid leakage of NPAs and the relatively complicated process of constructing well-patterned topography remain unresolved problems for practical applications. In this work, capsaicin bonded to CoFe2O4/gelatin magnetic nanoparticles was mixed with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based block copolymer. When applied together by a simple spray-coating method, these materials formed a film. The leakage of capsaicin was restrained by the chemical bonds with the CoFe2O4/gelatin nanospheres. The primary nanorough structure was constructed by the phase separation of the PDMS-based copolymer. The secondary nanorough structure was formed by the incorporation of capsaicin-loaded CoFe2O4/gelatin nanospheres, which were demonstrated to improve the orientation of the PDMS-based block copolymer chains. The combination of oriented nanotopography and nonleaking capsaicin endows the coating with enhanced, long-lasting antifouling ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Lu
- Center for Smart Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Center for Smart Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Yi Guo
- Center for Smart Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Yanyun Ju
- Center for Smart Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Smart Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Rui Feng
- Center for Smart Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Chuanxi Xiong
- Center for Smart Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Lijie Dong
- Center for Smart Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
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7
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Vilas-Boas C, Sousa E, Pinto M, Correia-da-Silva M. An antifouling model from the sea: a review of 25 years of zosteric acid studies. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:927-942. [PMID: 29171304 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1391951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that natural marine compounds can prevent biofouling by a broad spectrum of organisms without toxic effects, encouraging their use in antifouling (AF) coatings. Studies over the past 25 years of the natural product zosteric acid (ZA) are systematically organized in this review. ZA is a sulfated phenolic acid produced by the seagrass Zostera marina that has very promising AF potential against several micro- and macrofouling organisms. ZA was shown to have appropriate environmental fate parameters such as high water solubility, a low log P, low bioaccumulation, and no ecotoxicity, which demonstrated the potential of ZA as a safe AF agent. This review also highlights that ZA has been successfully incorporated into several types of coatings. The synthesis of analogs is also considered in this review, and it has allowed a better understanding of ZA structure-AF activity relationships and clarified the mechanism of action of ZA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Vilas-Boas
- a Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- a Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
- b CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- a Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
- b CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- a Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
- b CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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8
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Moura M, Trentin D, Napoleão T, Primon-Barros M, Xavier A, Carneiro N, Paiva P, Macedo A, Coelho L. Multi-effect of the water-solubleMoringa oleiferalectin againstSerratia marcescensandBacillussp.: antibacterial, antibiofilm and anti-adhesive properties. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:861-874. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.C. Moura
- Departamento de Bioquímica; CCB; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife Pernambuco Brazil
| | - D.S. Trentin
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde; Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - T.H. Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica; CCB; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife Pernambuco Brazil
| | - M. Primon-Barros
- Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - A.S. Xavier
- Embrapa Maize and Sorghum; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária; Sete Lagoas Brazil
| | - N.P. Carneiro
- Embrapa Maize and Sorghum; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária; Sete Lagoas Brazil
| | - P.M.G. Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica; CCB; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife Pernambuco Brazil
| | - A.J. Macedo
- Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - L.C.B.B. Coelho
- Departamento de Bioquímica; CCB; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife Pernambuco Brazil
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9
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Kurth C, Welling M, Pohnert G. Sulfated phenolic acids from Dasycladales siphonous green algae. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 117:417-423. [PMID: 26188914 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated aromatic acids play a central role as mediators of chemical interactions and physiological processes in marine algae and seagrass. Among others, Dasycladus vermicularis (Scopoli) Krasser 1898 uses a sulfated hydroxylated coumarin derivative as storage metabolite for a protein cross linker that can be activated upon mechanical disruption of the alga. We introduce a comprehensive monitoring technique for sulfated metabolites based on fragmentation patterns in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and applied it to Dasycladales. This allowed the identification of two new aromatic sulfate esters 4-(sulfooxy)phenylacetic acid and 4-(sulfooxy)benzoic acid. The two metabolites were synthesized to prove the mass spectrometry-based structure elucidation in co-injections. We show that both metabolites are transformed to the corresponding desulfated phenols by sulfatases of bacteria. In biofouling experiments with Escherichia coli and Vibrio natriegens the desulfated forms were more active than the sulfated ones. Sulfatation might thus represent a measure of detoxification that enables the algae to store inactive forms of metabolites that are activated by settling organisms and then act as defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kurth
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Bioorganic Analytics, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthew Welling
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Bioorganic Analytics, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Bioorganic Analytics, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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10
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Kurth C, Cavas L, Pohnert G. Sulfation mediates activity of zosteric acid against biofilm formation. BIOFOULING 2015; 31:253-263. [PMID: 25915112 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1034697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Zosteric acid (ZA), a metabolite from the marine sea grass Zostera marina, has attracted much attention due to its attributed antifouling (AF) activity. However, recent results on dynamic transformations of aromatic sulfates in marine phototrophic organisms suggest potential enzymatic desulfation of metabolites like ZA. The activity of ZA was thus re-investigated using biofilm assays and simultaneous analytical monitoring by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Comparison of ZA and its non-sulfated form para-coumaric acid (CA) revealed that the active substance was in all cases the non-sulfated CA while ZA was virtually inactive. CA exhibited a strong biofilm inhibiting activity against Escherichia coli and Vibrio natriegens. The LC/MS data revealed that the apparent biofilm inhibiting effects of ZA on V. natriegens can be entirely attributed to CA released from ZA by sulfatase activity. In the light of various potential applications, the (a)biotic transformation of ZA to CA has thus to be considered in future AF formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kurth
- a Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Bioorganic Analytics , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena , Germany
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11
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Oliveira IB, Beiras R, Thomas KV, Suter MJF, Barroso CM. Acute toxicity of tralopyril, capsaicin and triphenylborane pyridine to marine invertebrates. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:1336-1344. [PMID: 24994544 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A need for environmentally acceptable alternative antifouling (AF) biocides has arisen through restrictions in the use of many common biocides in the European Union through the Biocidal Product Regulation (Regulation EU No. 528/2012). Three such alternatives are triphenylborane pyridine (TPBP), tralopyril and capsaicin. This study aims at extending the available information on the toxicity of these three emerging AF biocides to key marine invertebrates. Here we investigate the toxicity of tralopyril and capsaicin to the early life stages of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and also of tralopyril, capsaicin and TPBP to the early life stages of the copepod Tisbe battagliai. The EC50 that causes abnormal development of mussel's D-veliger larvae and impairs the growth of sea urchin pluteus larvae are respectively 3.1 and 3.0 μg/L for tralopyril and 3,868 and 5,248 μg/L for capsaicin. Regarding the copepod T. battagliai, the LC50 was 0.9 μg/L for tralopyril, 1,252 μg/L for capsaicin and 14 μg/L for TPBP. The results obtained for the three substances are compared to a reference AF biocide, tributyltin (TBT), and their ecological risk evaluated. These compounds pose a lower environmental risk than TBT but still, our results suggest that tralopyril and TPBP may represent a considerable threat to the ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel B Oliveira
- Biology Department and CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal,
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12
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Fletcher MH, Jennings MC, Wuest WM. Draining the moat: disrupting bacterial biofilms with natural products. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Pototsky A, Thiele U, Stark H. Stability of liquid films covered by a carpet of self-propelled surfactant particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:030401. [PMID: 25314381 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We consider a carpet of self-propelled particles at the liquid-gas interface of a liquid film on a solid substrate. The particles exert an excess pressure on the interface and also move along the interface while the swimming direction changes due to rotational diffusion. We study the intricate influence of these self-propelled insoluble surfactants on the stability of the film surface and show that depending on the strength of in-surface rotational diffusion and the absolute value of the in-surface swimming velocity, several characteristic instability modes can occur. In particular, rotational diffusion can either stabilize the film or induce instabilities of different character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Pototsky
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Uwe Thiele
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm Klemm Straße 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Evaluation of zosteric acid for mitigating biofilm formation of Pseudomonas putida isolated from a membrane bioreactor system. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9497-518. [PMID: 24879523 PMCID: PMC4100106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides data to define an efficient biocide-free strategy based on zosteric acid to counteract biofilm formation on the membranes of submerged bioreactor system plants. 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis showed that gammaproteobacteria was the prevalent taxa on fouled membranes of an Italian wastewater plant. Pseudomonas was the prevalent genus among the cultivable membrane-fouler bacteria and Pseudomonas putida was selected as the target microorganism to test the efficacy of the antifoulant. Zosteric acid was not a source of carbon and energy for P. putida cells and, at 200 mg/L, it caused a reduction of bacterial coverage by 80%. Biofilm experiments confirmed the compound caused a significant decrease in biomass (−97%) and thickness (−50%), and it induced a migration activity of the peritrichous flagellated P. putida over the polycarbonate surface not amenable to a biofilm phenotype. The low octanol-water partitioning coefficient and the high water solubility suggested a low bioaccumulation potential and the water compartment as its main environmental recipient and capacitor. Preliminary ecotoxicological tests did not highlight direct toxicity effects toward Daphnia magna. For green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata an effect was observed at concentrations above 100 mg/L with a significant growth of protozoa that may be connected to a concurrent algal growth inhibition.
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15
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Jenkins JS, Flickinger MC, Velev OD. Engineering Cellular Photocomposite Materials Using Convective Assembly. MATERIALS 2013; 6:1803-1825. [PMID: 28809244 PMCID: PMC5452526 DOI: 10.3390/ma6051803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fabricating industrial-scale photoreactive composite materials containing living cells, requires a deposition strategy that unifies colloid science and cell biology. Convective assembly can rapidly deposit suspended particles, including whole cells and waterborne latex polymer particles into thin (<10 µm thick), organized films with engineered adhesion, composition, thickness, and particle packing. These highly ordered composites can stabilize the diverse functions of photosynthetic cells for use as biophotoabsorbers, as artificial leaves for hydrogen or oxygen evolution, carbon dioxide assimilation, and add self-cleaning capabilities for releasing or digesting surface contaminants. This paper reviews the non-biological convective assembly literature, with an emphasis on how the method can be modified to deposit living cells starting from a batch process to its current state as a continuous process capable of fabricating larger multi-layer biocomposite coatings from diverse particle suspensions. Further development of this method will help solve the challenges of engineering multi-layered cellular photocomposite materials with high reactivity, stability, and robustness by clarifying how process, substrate, and particle parameters affect coating microstructure. We also describe how these methods can be used to selectively immobilize photosynthetic cells to create biomimetic leaves and compare these biocomposite coatings to other cellular encapsulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Jenkins
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 911 Partners Way, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Michael C Flickinger
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 911 Partners Way, NC 27695, USA.
- Golden LEAF Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, 850 Oval Drive, Centennial Campus, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Orlin D Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 911 Partners Way, NC 27695, USA.
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Abstract
Various antifouling (AF) coatings have been developed to protect submerged surfaces by deterring the settlement of the colonizing stages of fouling organisms. A review of the literature shows that effective AF compounds with specific targets are ones often considered non-toxic. Such compounds act variously on ion channels, quorum sensing systems, neurotransmitters, production/release of adhesive, and specific enzymes that regulate energy production or primary metabolism. In contrast, AF compounds with general targets may or may not act through toxic mechanisms. These compounds affect a variety of biological activities including algal photosynthesis, energy production, stress responses, genotoxic damage, immunosuppressed protein expression, oxidation, neurotransmission, surface chemistry, the formation of biofilms, and adhesive production/release. Among all the targets, adhesive production/release is the most common, possibly due to a more extensive research effort in this area. Overall, the specific molecular targets and the molecular mechanisms of most AF compounds have not been identified. Thus, the information available is insufficient to draw firm conclusions about the types of molecular targets to be used as sensitive biomarkers for future design and screening of compounds with AF potential. In this review, the relevant advantages and disadvantages of the molecular tools available for studying the molecular targets of AF compounds are highlighted briefly and the molecular mechanisms of the AF compounds, which are largely a source of speculation in the literature, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yuan Qian
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, HKSAR, China.
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Jenkins JS, Flickinger MC, Velev OD. Deposition of composite coatings from particle–particle and particle–yeast blends by convective-sedimentation assembly. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 380:192-200. [PMID: 22658210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Jenkins
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
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Řezanka T, Čejková A, Masák J. Natural Products: Strategic Tools for Modulation of Biofilm Formation. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59530-0.00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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19
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Villa F, Remelli W, Forlani F, Vitali A, Cappitelli F. Altered expression level of Escherichia coli proteins in response to treatment with the antifouling agent zosteric acid sodium salt. Environ Microbiol 2011; 14:1753-61. [PMID: 22176949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zosteric acid sodium salt is a powerful antifouling agent. However, the mode of its antifouling action has not yet been fully elucidated. Whole cell proteome of Escherichia coli was analysed to study the different protein patterns expressed by the surface-exposed planktonic cells without and with sublethal concentrations of the zosteric acid sodium salt. Proteomic analysis revealed that at least 27 proteins showed a significant (19 upregulated and 8 downregulated, P < 0.001) altered expression level in response to the antifoulant. The proteomic signatures of zosteric acid sodium salt-treated cells are characterized by stress-associated (e.g. AhpC, OsmC, SodB, GroES, IscU, DnaK), motility-related (FliC), quorum-sensing-associated (LuxS) and metabolism/biosynthesis-related (e.g. PptA, AroA, FabD, FabB, GapA) proteins. Consistent with the overexpression of LuxS enzyme, the antifouling agent increased autoinducer-2 (AI-2) concentration by twofold. Moreover, treated cells experienced a statistically significant but modest increase of reactive oxygen species (+ 23%), tryptophanase (1.2-fold) and indole (1.2-fold) synthesis. Overall, our data suggest that zosteric acid sodium salt acts as environmental cue leading to global stress on E. coli cells, which favours the expression of various protective proteins, the AI-2 production and the synthesis of flagella, to escape from adverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Villa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, Milan, Italy
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20
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Villa F, Pitts B, Stewart PS, Giussani B, Roncoroni S, Albanese D, Giordano C, Tunesi M, Cappitelli F. Efficacy of zosteric acid sodium salt on the yeast biofilm model Candida albicans. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2011; 62:584-598. [PMID: 21614460 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most notorious and the most widely studied yeast biofilm former. Design of experiments (DoE) showed that 10 mg/L zosteric acid sodium salt reduced C. albicans adhesion and the subsequent biofilm formation by at least 70%, on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces of 96-well plates. Indeed, biofilm imaging revealed the dramatic impact of zosteric acid sodium salt on biofilm thickness and morphology, due to the inability of the cells to form filamentous structures while remaining metabolically active. In the same way, 10 mg/L zosteric acid sodium salt inhibited C. albicans biofilm formation when added after the adhesion phase. Contrary to zosteric acid sodium salt, methyl zosterate did not affect yeast biofilm. In addition, zosteric acid sodium salt enhanced sensitivity to chlorhexidine, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, and cis-2-decenoic acid, with a reduction of 0.5 to 8 log units. Preliminary in vitro studies using suitable primary cell based models revealed that zosteric acid sodium salt did not compromise the cellular activity, adhesion, proliferation or morphology of either the murine fibroblast line L929 or the human osteosarcoma line MG-63. Thus the use of zosteric acid sodium salt could provide a suitable, innovative, preventive, and integrative approach to preventing yeast biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Villa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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21
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Peng B, Wang J, Peng Z, Zhou S, Wang F, Ji Y, Ye Z, Zhou X, Lin T, Zhang X. Studies on the synthesis, pungency and anti-biofouling performance of capsaicin analogues. Sci China Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-011-4307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Cao ZJ, Lu D, Luo LS, Deng YX, Bian YG, Zhang XQ, Zhou MH. Composition analysis and application of degradation products of whole feathers through a large scale of fermentation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 19:2690-2696. [PMID: 22293907 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Feathers are one of the most abundant bioresources. They are discarded as waste in most cases and could cause environmental pollution. On the other hand, keratin constituted by amino acids is the main component of feathers. In this article, we reported on biorefined feathers and integrants and application of degraded products. MATERIALS AND METHODS The fermentation of whole chicken feathers with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia DHHJ in a scale-up of a 5-L bioreactor was investigated in this article. The fermentation process was controlled at 0.08 MPa pressure, 2.5 L/min airflow, and 300 rpm as 100% oxygen saturation level, 40°C, and pH 7.8. RESULTS Feathers were almost completely degraded in the tested fermentation reaction with the following conditions: 80 g of whole feathers in 3 L fermentation broth for 72 h, seed age of 16 h, 100 mL inoculation amount, and 50% oxygen saturation level. The degraded products contain 397.1 mg/L soluble protein that has mass weight ranging from 10 to 160 kD, 336.9 mg/L amino acids, and many kinds of metal ions. The fermentation broth was evaluated as leaf fertilizer and found to increase plant growth to 82% or 66% for two- or fourfold dilutions, respectively. In addition, in a hair care assay, the broth showed a hair protective function by increasing weight, flexibility, and strength of the treated hair. CONCLUSIONS The whole feathers were degraded completely by S. maltophilia DHHJ. The degraded product includes many factors to life, such as peptides, amino acids, and mineral elements. It could be applied as leaf fertilizer and hair care product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Jun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Donghua University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201620, China
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Camps M, Briand JF, Guentas-Dombrowsky L, Culioli G, Bazire A, Blache Y. Antifouling activity of commercial biocides vs. natural and natural-derived products assessed by marine bacteria adhesion bioassay. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:1032-1040. [PMID: 21414639 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a key step during marine biofouling, the natural colonization of immersed substrata, leading to major economic and ecological consequences. Consequently, bacteria have been used for the screening of new non-toxic antifoulants: the adhesion of five strains isolated on three French locations was monitored using a fluorescence-based assay and toxicity was also evaluated. Nine biocides including commercial, natural and natural-derived products were tested. The commercial antifoulants, TBTO and Sea Nine showed low EC(50) but high toxicity. The non-commercial products TFA-Z showed significant anti-adhesion activities and appeared to be non-toxic, suggesting a specific anti-adhesion mechanism. In addition, the strains could be classified depending on their sensitivity to the molecules used even if strain sensitivity also depended on the molecules tested. In conclusion, TFA-Z would be a promising candidate as non-toxic antifoulant and our results strengthen the need to perform antifouling bioassays with a panel of strains showing different response profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Camps
- Laboratoire MAPIEM, EA 4323, Biofouling et Substances Naturelles Marines, Université du Sud Toulon-Var, 83162 La Valette-du-Var, France
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Villa F, Albanese D, Giussani B, Stewart PS, Daffonchio D, Cappitelli F. Hindering biofilm formation with zosteric acid. BIOFOULING 2010; 26:739-752. [PMID: 20711895 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2010.511197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The antifoulant, zosteric acid, was synthesized using a non-patented process. Zosteric acid at 500 mg l(-1) caused a reduction of bacterial (Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus) and fungal (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrinum) coverage by 90% and 57%, respectively. Calculated models allowed its antifouling activity to be predicted at different concentrations. Zosteric acid counteracted the effects of some colonization-promoting factors. Bacterial and fungal wettability was not affected, but the agent increased bacterial motility by 40%. A capillary accumulation test showed that zosteric acid did not act as a chemoeffector for E. coli, but stimulated a chemotactic response. Along with enhanced swimming migration of E. coli in the presence of zosteric acid, staining showed an increased production of flagella. Reverse transcriptase-PCR revealed an increased transcriptional level of the fliC gene and isolation and quantification of flagellar proteins demonstrated a higher flagellin amount. Biofilm experiments confirmed that zosteric acid caused a significant decrease in biomass (-92%) and thickness (-54%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Villa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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25
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Kim JS, Park M, Lee DJ, Kim BD. Characterization of putative capsaicin synthase promoter activity. Mol Cells 2009; 28:331-9. [PMID: 19809800 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin is a very important secondary metabolite that is unique to Capsicum. Capsaicin biosynthesis is regulated developmentally and environmentally in the placenta of hot pepper. To investigate regulation of capsaicin biosynthesis, the promoter (1,537 bp) of pepper capsaicin synthase (CS) was fused to GUS and introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) via Agrobacterium tumefaciens to produce CSPRO::GUS transgenic plants. The CS was specifically expressed in the placenta tissue of immature green fruit. However, the transgenic Arabidopsis showed ectopic GUS expressions in the leaves, flowers and roots, but not in the stems. The CSPRO activity was relatively high under light conditions and was induced by both heat shock and wounding, as CS transcripts were increased by wounding. Exogenous capsaicin caused strong suppression of the CSPRO activity in transgenic Arabidopsis, as demonstrated by suppression of CS expression in the placenta after capsaicin treatment. Furthermore, the differential expression levels of Kas, Pal and pAmt, which are associated with the capsaicinoid biosynthetic pathway, were also suppressed in the placenta by capsaicin treatment. These results support that capsaicin, a feedback inhibitor, plays a pivotal role in regulating gene expression which is involved in the biosynthesis of capsaicinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Sik Kim
- Department of Plant Science, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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26
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Villa F, Giacomucci L, Polo A, Principi P, Toniolo L, Levi M, Turri S, Cappitelli F. N-vanillylnonanamide tested as a non-toxic antifoulant, applied to surfaces in a polyurethane coating. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 31:1407-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-0031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Melander C, Moeller PDR, Ballard TE, Richards JJ, Huigens RW, Cavanagh J. Evaluation of dihydrooroidin as an antifouling additive in marine paint. INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION 2009; 63:529-532. [PMID: 23874076 PMCID: PMC3714116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Methods used to deter biofouling of underwater structures and marine vessels present a serious environmental issue and are both problematic and costly for government and commercial marine vessels worldwide. Current antifouling methods include compounds that are toxic to aquatic wildlife and marine ecosystems. Dihydrooroidin (DHO) was shown to completely inhibit Halomonas pacifica biofilms at 100 μM in a static biofilm inhibition assay giving precedence for the inhibition of other marine-biofilm-forming organisms. Herein we present DHO as an effective paint-based, non-cytotoxic, antifouling agent against marine biofouling processes in a marine mesocosm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Peter D. R. Moeller
- Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412-9110, USA
| | - T. Eric Ballard
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Justin J. Richards
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Robert W. Huigens
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - John Cavanagh
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7622, USA
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Briand JF. Marine antifouling laboratory bioassays: an overview of their diversity. BIOFOULING 2009; 25:297-311. [PMID: 19191083 DOI: 10.1080/08927010902745316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic environments, biofouling is a natural process of colonization of submerged surfaces, either living or artificial, involving a wide range of organisms from bacteria to invertebrates. Antifouling can be defined as preventing the attachment of organisms onto surfaces. This article reviews the laboratory bioassays that have been developed for studying the control of algae and invertebrates by epibiosis (chemical ecology) and the screening of new active compounds (natural products and biocides) to inhibit settlement or adhesion, ie fouling-release coatings. The assays utilize a range of organisms (mainly marine bacteria, diatoms, algae, barnacles). The main attributes of assays for micro- and macroorganisms are described in terms of their main characteristics and depending on the biological process assessed (growth, adhesion, toxicity, behavior). The validation of bioassays is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Briand
- MAPIEM, Biofouling et Substances Naturelles Marines, Universite du Sud Toulon-Var, La Valette-du-Var, France.
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Cao L, Wang W, Yang Y, Yang C, Yuan Z, Xiong S, Diana J. Environmental impact of aquaculture and countermeasures to aquaculture pollution in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2007; 14:452-462. [PMID: 18062476 DOI: 10.1065/espr2007.05.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND Aquaculture activities are well known to be the major contributor to the increasing level of organic waste and toxic compound in the aquaculture industry. Along with the development of intensive aquaculture in China, concerns are evoked about the possible effects of ever-increasing aquaculture waste both on productivity inside the aquaculture system and on the ambient aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, it is apparent that appropriate waste treatment processes are needed for sustaining aquaculture development. This review aims at identifying the current status of aquaculture and aquaculture waste production in China. MAIN FEATURES China is the world's largest fishery nation in terms of total seafood production volume, a position it has maintained continuously since 1990. Freshwater aquaculture is a major part of the Chinese fishery industry. Marine aquaculture in China consists of both land-based and offshore aquaculture, with the latter mostly operated in shallow seas, mud flats and protected bays. The environmental impacts of aquaculture are also striking. RESULTS Case studies on pollution hot spots caused by aquaculture have been introduced. The quality and quantity of waste from aquaculture depends mainly on culture system characteristics and the choice of species, but also on feed quality and management. Wastewater without treatment, if continuously discharged into the aquatic environment, could result in remarkable elevation of the total organic matter contents and cause considerable economy lost. Waste treatments can be mainly classified into three categories: physical, chemical and biological methods. DISCUSSION The environmental impacts of different aquaculture species are not the same. New waste treatments are introduced as references for the potential development of the waste treatment system in China. The most appropriate waste treatment system for each site should be selected according to the sites' conditions and financial status as well as by weighing the advantages and disadvantages of each system. Strategies and perspectives for sustainable aquaculture development are proposed, with the emphasis on environmental protection. CONCLUSIONS Negative effects of waste from aquaculture to aquatic environment are increasingly recognized, though they were just a small proportion to land-based pollutants. Properly planned use of aquaculture waste alleviates water pollution problems and not only conserves valuable water resources but also takes advantage of the nutrients contained in effluent. It is highly demanding to develop sustainable aquaculture which keeps stocking density and pollution loadings under environmental capacity. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES The traditional procedures for aquaculture waste treatment, mainly based on physical and chemical means, should be overcome by more site-specific approaches, taking into account the characteristics and resistibility of the aquatic environment. Further research needs to improve or optimize the current methods of wastewater treatment and reuse. Proposed new treatment technology should evaluate their feasibility at a larger scale for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cao
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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