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Kimura S, Noguchi H, Yoshida K, Sato H, Nanbu U, Niino D, Shimajiri S, Nakayama T. Relationship of histamine expression with chemokine balance in the tumor microenvironment of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Head Neck 2022; 44:1554-1562. [PMID: 35411649 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment (TME), as a factor affecting lymphocytes, have received much attention. Both lymphocytes and macrophages can switch the expression of histamine receptors. In this study, we investigated the role of histamine in the TME of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). METHODS Sixty-seven patients with stage I tongue SCC were studied. Histamine was evaluated by the expression of L-histidine decarboxylase (HDC). Macrophages, T lymphocytes, and lymph vessel density, as well as the Ki-67 labeling index (LI) and depth of invasion (DOI), were compared with HDC expression. RESULTS HDC expression was significantly affected by the TME. The DOI, worst pattern of invasion, and Ki-67 LI were associated with histamine expression. C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 2 and CCL22 were co-expressed with histamine H1 and H2 receptors. Histamine expression was most affected by the DOI. CONCLUSIONS Tongue SCC expressing histamine affected the TME via histamine receptors and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kitakyushu City Yahata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Noguchi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Field of Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kosho Yoshida
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Uki Nanbu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Daisuke Niino
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shohei Shimajiri
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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2
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Gellrich D, Pfab F, Ortiz M, Binting S, Brinkhaus B, Gröger M. Acupuncture and its effect on cytokine and chemokine profiles in seasonal allergic rhinitis: a preliminary three-armed, randomized, controlled trial. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:4985-4995. [PMID: 35301577 PMCID: PMC8929452 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Numerous studies have demonstrated effectiveness for acupuncture in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). However, the underlying mechanism remains still unclear. Methods 29 SAR patients were recruited from a large randomized, controlled trial investigating the efficacy of acupuncture in SAR. 16 patients were treated by acupuncture plus rescue medication (RM, cetirizine), 6 patients received sham acupuncture plus RM and 8 patients RM alone over 8 weeks. Patients were blinded to the allocation to real or sham acupuncture. At baseline and different time-points during intervention, plasma and nasal concentration of mediators of various biological functions were determined in addition to validated disease-specific questionnaires. Results The concentration of biomarkers related to the Th1-, Th2-, and Treg-cluster was not changed in patients who received acupuncture, in neither plasma nor nasal fluid. However, with respect to eotaxin and some unspecific pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, IL-8, IP-10, MIP-1b, MCP-1), acupuncture led to a, partially significantly, lower nasal concentration than sham acupuncture or RM. Furthermore, the nasal symptom score was significantly reduced in patients only after real acupuncture. Conclusion In SAR, acupuncture reduces the intranasal unspecific inflammation, but does not seem to act immunologically on the Th1–Th2-imbalance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00405-022-07335-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Gellrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Florian Pfab
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Medical Center Residenz, Residenzstraße 9, Munich, Germany
| | - Miriam Ortiz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitält, Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Economics, Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia Binting
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitält, Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Economics, Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Benno Brinkhaus
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitält, Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Economics, Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Gröger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Riza YM, Parves MR, Tithi FA, Alam S. Quantum chemical calculation and binding modes of H1R; a combined study of molecular docking and DFT for suggesting therapeutically potent H1R antagonist. In Silico Pharmacol 2019; 7:1. [PMID: 30863716 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-019-0050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Histamine-1 receptor (H1R) belongs to the family of rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled receptors expressed in cells that mediates allergies and other pathophysiological diseases. For alleviation of allergic symptoms, H1R antagonists are therapeutic drugs; of which the most frequently prescribed are second generation drugs, such as; Cetirizine, Loratadine, Hydroxyzine, Desloratadine, Bepotastine, Acrivastine and Rupatadine. To understand their potency, binding affinity and interaction; we have employed molecular docking and quantum chemical study such as; Induced-fit docking and calculation of quantum chemical descriptors. This study also introduces the binding site characterization of H1R, with its known antagonists and Curcumin (our proposed alternative H1R antagonist); useful for future drug target site. The interactive binding site residues of H1R are found to be; Lys-191, Tyr-108, Asp-107, Tyr-100, Lys-179, Lys-191, Thr-194, Trp-428, Phe-432, Tyr-458, Hie-450, with most of these shown to be inhibited by naturally-occurring compound curcumin. Amongst the FDA approved drugs, Hydroxyzine showed best ligand binding affinity, calculated as - 141.491 kcal/mol and naturally occurring compound, Curcumin showed binding affinity of - 87.046 kcal/mol. The known antagonists of H1R has been used for hypothesizing curcumin as naturally occurring lead compound for the target using accurate molecular docking simulation study. Though the pharmacological action of known inhibitor is already established, they could differ from their reactivity, which we have also focused in our study for predicting drug reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Mohamed Riza
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Foy's Lake, Khushi-4202, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rimon Parves
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Foy's Lake, Khushi-4202, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Fahmida Alam Tithi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Foy's Lake, Khushi-4202, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Sanjida Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Foy's Lake, Khushi-4202, Chittagong, Bangladesh
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Ebenezer AJ, Arunachalam P, Elden BT. H4R activation utilizes distinct signaling pathways for the production of RANTES and IL-13 in human mast cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 37:133-140. [DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2016.1203938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Jemima Ebenezer
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prema Arunachalam
- Department of Pediatrics, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Berla Thangam Elden
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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5
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Chen M, Xu S, Zhou P, He G, Jie Q, Wu Y. Desloratadine citrate disodium injection, a potent histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, inhibits chemokine production in ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis guinea pig model and histamine-induced human nasal epithelial cells via inhibiting the ERK1/2 and NF-kappa B signal cascades. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 767:98-107. [PMID: 26455479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines have chemotactic properties on leukocyte subsets whose modulation plays a pivotal role in allergic inflammatory processes. Our present study was designed to investigate the anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties of desloratadine citrate disodium injection (DLC) and elucidate the molecular mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-allergic effects of DLC were evaluated based on allergic symptoms, serological marker production and histological changes of the nasal mucosa in guinea pigs model of allergic rhinitis. The anti-inflammatory properties and molecular mechanisms of DLC were explored by studying the regulation of a set of chemokines and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, after DLC treatment in guinea pigs model of allergic rhinitis in vivo and histamine-activated human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) in vitro. In vivo model in guinea pigs, DLC alleviated the rhinitis symptoms, inhibited inflammatory cells infiltration in nasal lavage fluid (NLF) and histamine, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed, and presumably secreted (RANTEs) and interleukin (IL)-8 release in sera and P-ERK1/2 and NF-κB activation in nasal mucosa. In vitro, DLC markedly inhibited histamine-induced production of MCP-1, RANTEs and IL-8 and suppressed c-Raf, mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) and ERK1/2 activation in HNECs. These results provide evidence that DLC possesses potent anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties. The mechanism of action underlying DLC in allergic inflammation appears to be inhibition of the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, in addition to blocking of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Chen
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuhong Xu
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peipei Zhou
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangwei He
- Hefei Yigong Medicine Co., Ltd., Hefei 230088, Anhui, China
| | - Qiong Jie
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulin Wu
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Matsui S, Murota H, Takahashi A, Yang L, Lee JB, Omiya K, Ohmi M, Kikuta J, Ishii M, Katayama I. Dynamic analysis of histamine-mediated attenuation of acetylcholine-induced sweating via GSK3β activation. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:326-334. [PMID: 23900020 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sweating has been associated with the exacerbation of atopic dermatitis (AD) in diverse ways. Acetylcholine (ACh)-mediated sweating is known to be attenuated in AD, but its cause remains obscure. To address this issue, the impact of histamine on ACh-induced sweating was evaluated. Sweating was measured by counting the number of active sweat pores by the starch-iodine reaction and dynamic optical coherence tomography; sweat was visualized using two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy in mice and the quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test in humans. Both histamine receptor antagonists and H1 receptor (H1R)-knockout (KO) mice were used to determine methodological specificity. Histamine demonstrably inhibited ACh-induced sweating in both mice and humans via H1R-mediated signaling. In sweat glands, ACh inactivated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), a kinase involved in endocytosis and secretion, whereas simultaneous stimulation with histamine activated GSK3β. Results of two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy confirmed the dynamic motion of sweat and sweat glands after ACh treatment, showing that simultaneous stimulation with histamine altered their dynamic properties. These results indicate that histamine inhibits sweat gland secretions by blocking ACh-induced inactivation of GSK3β. Histamine-mediated hypohidrosis might be involved in the mechanism of abnormal skin dryness in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Matsui
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murota
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Aya Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lingli Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jeong-Beom Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Chenan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kouta Omiya
- Course of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Ohmi
- Course of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junichi Kikuta
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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7
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Nathan RA. Intranasal steroids in the treatment of allergy-induced rhinorrhea. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011; 41:89-101. [PMID: 20514529 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While nasal congestion has been identified as one of the most bothersome and prevalent symptoms of allergic rhinitis, it is underappreciated that many patients find rhinorrhea also to be bothersome. Rhinorrhea as a symptom of allergic rhinitis virtually never occurs alone; about 97% of patients with allergic rhinitis suffer from at least two symptoms, a finding that underscores the advantage of treating a broad range of symptoms with a single medication. Along with sneezing and nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea is a classic acute symptom of allergic rhinitis; it appears as a late-phase symptom as well. In this review, the characterization and epidemiology of rhinorrhea, the pathophysiology of rhinorrhea in allergic rhinitis, the roles played by mediators in early- and late-phase rhinorrhea, the prevalence and impact of this symptom, and the efficacy and safety of available treatment options are all discussed in context of relevant literature. A review of the clinical studies assessing the efficacy of intranasal corticosteroids (INS) for rhinorrhea is presented. Many clinical studies and several meta-analyses conclusively demonstrate that, in addition to being safe and well-tolerated, INS are more effective than other agents (including oral and intranasal antihistamines) across the spectrum of AR symptoms, including rhinorrhea and nasal congestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Nathan
- Asthma and Allergy Associates, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA.
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8
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Fujikura T, Okubo K. Adrenomedullin level in the nasal discharge from allergic rhinitis cohort. Peptides 2011; 32:368-73. [PMID: 21050876 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a potent hypotensive and vasodilatory peptide. AM may exert protective actions against the development of many diseases by modulating the blood circulation and body fluid balance. In addition to these functions, it has recently been reported to play important roles in the development of allergy and infections. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the existence of AM in the human nasal mucosa and to discuss whether AM might contribute to the pathogenesis of nasal congestion. We measured the total AM concentrations in the nasal discharge. The total AM concentration in the nasal discharge was significantly higher in the non-allergy group (72.1 ± 55.5 fmol/ml) than in the allergy group (37.1 ± 44.2 fmol/ml). By immunohistochemical examination, we identified AM-containing cells in the nasal mucosa from both subjects with and without nasal allergy, and also in nasal polyps. Moreover, those cells were positive for anti-tryptase antibody which recognizes mast cells. In nasal allergy, vasodilatation and increase in vascular permeability are characteristic features of the immediate phase response. Reduced AM levels in the nasal discharge may be associated with attenuation of both of these factors. On the other hand, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated AM-immunoreactive cells in the chronic phase of rhinosinusitis. In the late and inflammatory phase, mast cells produce AM, which possibly acts as an inhibitor of inflammatory cell migration. In conclusion, AM may be actively secreted into the nasal discharge. AM in the nasal discharge may have protective and anti-inflammatory effects in the nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terumichi Fujikura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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9
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McLeod RL, Mingo GG, Xu X, Palamanda J, Hunter JC, Jia Y. Loratadine and montelukast administered in combination produce decongestion in an experimental feline model of nasal congestion. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2009; 23:e17-22. [PMID: 19769798 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2009.23.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histamine and leukotrienes act to exert numerous local and systemic effects that contribute to the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis. The aim of these experiments was to evaluate the nasal decongestant effects of loratadine and montelukast alone and in combination in a feline model of nasal congestion. We also studied the decongestant actions of the alpha-agonist adrenergic agonist D-pseudoephedrine with and without desloratadine. METHODS Acoustic rhinometry was used to determine nasal cavity dimensions after intranasal compound 48/80. Cats were given D-pseudoephedrine (0.3 mg/kg) alone or in combination with desloratadine (5 mg/kg) 1 hour before nasal provocation with compound 48/80 (1%, 75 microliters) to either the left or right nasal passageway. Using a similar design, the nasal decongestant effects of montelukast (1 mg/kg) and loratadine (10 mg/kg) were studied alone and in combination. RESULTS The addition of desloratadine to D-pseudoephedrine did not improve decongestant efficacy compared with each drug given individually. In contrast, when montelukast (1 mg/kg) was given in combination with loratadine (10 mg/kg), the decongestant activity was greater than when these drugs were administered separately. Sixty minutes after compound 48/80 provocation the nasal cavity volume ratio (volume ratio of the compound 48/80 treated/untreated nasal passageway) for the control, montelukast alone, loratadine alone, and the montelukast plus loratadine-treated groups were 0.20 +/- 0.03, 0.24 +/- 0.01, 0.28 +/- 0.03, and 0.50 +/- 0.03. CONCLUSION Concomitant montelukast plus loratadine produces a greater degree of nasal decongestion compared with montelukast or loratadine alone in an experimental model of nasal congestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie L McLeod
- Neurobiology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-0539, USA.
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Das AK, Mizuguchi H, Kodama M, Dev S, Umehara H, Kitamura Y, Matsushita C, Takeda N, Fukui H. Sho-seiryu-to suppresses histamine signaling at the transcriptional level in TDI-sensitized nasal allergy model rats. Allergol Int 2009; 58:81-8. [PMID: 19050374 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.o-07-526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic use of Kampo medicine, Sho-seiryu-to (SST) in allergic disorders is well known. As histamine plays a central role in allergic diseases, it is possible that SST affects the allergy-related histamine signaling. In this study, we investigated the effect of SST on allergy-related histamine signaling in the nasal mucosa of toluene 2, 4-diisocyanate (TDI)-sensitized nasal allergy model rats. METHODS Six-week-old male, Brown Norway rats were sensitized for 2 weeks with 10 microl of 10% TDI, and after a 1 week interval, provocation was initiated with the same amount of TDI. SST (0.6g/rat) was given orally 1 hour before TDI treatment began for a period of 3 weeks. Nasal symptoms were scored for 10 minutes immediately after TDI-provocation. The genes expression in nasal mucosa was determined using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS SST significantly suppressed TDI-induced nasal allergy-like symptoms. TDI provocation showed a significant up-regulation of histamine H(1) receptor (H1R) and histidine decarboxylase (HDC) gene expressions. Prolonged pre-treatment of SST significantly suppressed the mRNA levels of H1R and HDC that was up-regulated by TDI. SST also suppressed TDI-induced interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 mRNA elevation. However, SST showed no significant effect for TDI-induced mRNA elevation of IL-13. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that SST alleviates nasal symptoms by the inhibition of histamine signaling through suppression of TDI-induced H1R and HDC gene up-regulation. SST also suppresses cytokine signaling through suppression of IL-4 and IL-5 gene expression. Suppression of histamine signaling may be a novel mechanism of SST in preventing allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish Kumar Das
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Health-Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Mizuguchi H, Hatano M, Matsushita C, Umehara H, Kuroda W, Kitamura Y, Takeda N, Fukui H. Repeated pre-treatment with antihistamines suppresses [corrected] transcriptional up-regulations of histamine H(1) receptor and interleukin-4 genes in toluene-2,4-diisocyanate-sensitized rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 108:480-6. [PMID: 19075512 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08222fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antihistamines are effective for treatment of seasonal nasal allergy. Recently, prophylactic treatment with antihistamines in patients with pollinosis was reported to be more effective when started before the pollen season. The administration with antihistamines from 2 to 6 weeks before onset of the pollen season is recommended for management of allergic rhinitis in Japan. To determine the reason for the effectiveness of prophylactic treatment with antihistamines, the effects of repeated pre-treatment with antihistamines before provocation with toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) on their nasal allergy-like behavior and up-regulations of histamine H(1) receptors (H1R) and interleukin (IL)-4 mRNAs in their nasal mucosa were examined. Provocation with TDI induced sneezing and up-regulations of H1R and IL-4 mRNAs in the nasal mucosa of TDI-sensitized rats. Repeated pre-treatments with antihistamines including epinastine, olopatadine, or d-chlorpheniramine for 1 to 5 weeks before provocation with TDI suppressed TDI-induced sneezing and the up-regulations of H1R and IL-4 mRNAs in the nasal mucosa more than their administrations once or for 3 days before TDI provocation. Our data indicate that repeated pre-treatment with antihistamines before provocation with TDI is more effective than their single treatment in reducing nasal allergy-like behavior by causing additional suppression of up-regulations of H1R and IL-4 mRNAs in the nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Health-Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan
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Abstract
The diverse effects of histamine on immune regulation appear to be due to differential expression and regulation of four types of histamine receptors and their distinct intracellular signals. The differences in cellular expression and affinities of these receptors for histamine determine the biological effects of histamine and the drugs that target histamine receptors. In this issue, Dijkstra et al., demonstrate the expression and some of the functions of histamine H(4) receptors on inflammatory dendritic cells in atopic dermatitis skin.
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Di Sciascio MB, Vianale G, Verna N, Petrarca C, Perrone A, Toniato E, Muraro R, Conti P, Di Gioacchino M. Eosinophil recruiting chemokines are down-regulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of allergic patients treated with deflazacort or desloratadine. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2008; 20:745-51. [PMID: 18179747 DOI: 10.1177/039463200702000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are cytokines with chemotactic properties on leukocyte subsets whose modulation plays a key role in allergic inflammatory processes. To better understand the possible anti-inflammatory effects of histamine-1 receptor antagonists in allergic asthma, we studied the mRNA expression of a set of chemokines known to be involved in the eosinophils-basophils activation as well as recruitment and T-cell signaling events, before and after corticosteroid or antihistamine treatment in PBMCs from allergic-asthmatic patients ex vivo. Twelve patients were enrolled, all of whom were allergic to Parietaria judaica and suffering for mild persistent asthma: six were treated with desloratadine (10 mg/day), and six with deflazacort (12 mg/day). Before and after the treatment, PBMC samples were collected from each patient and analyzed for the expression of encoding mRNAs for several chemokines, I-309 (CCL1), MCP-1 (CCL2), MIP1-alpha (CCL3), MIP1-beta (CCL4), RANTES (CCL5), IL-8 (CXCL8), IP-10 (CXCL10), Lymphotactin (XCL1). Clinical and functional improvements were seen after 3 weeks of therapy; this was associated with a reduced expression in the mRNA levels for the chemokines RANTES, MIP1-alpha and MIP1-beta with either the corticosteroid or the antihistamine, compared to the pre-treatment levels. Chemokine downregulation was statistically significant in both groups of patients. These findings suggest that certain antihistamines may act as down-modulators of allergic inflammation, possibly through a negative regulation of the chemokines involved in activation and attraction of eosinophils. Our results suggest that clinical trials with long follow-ups may be useful in evaluating histamine-1 receptor antagonists as add-on therapy to steroids in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Di Sciascio
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Colle dell'Ara University Hospital, Chieti, Italy
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14
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15
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Yamauchi Y, Fujikura T, Shimosawa T. The effect of H1 antagonists carebastine and olopatadine on histamine induced expression of CC chemokines in cultured human nasal epithelial cells. Allergol Int 2007; 56:171-7. [PMID: 17460445 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.o-06-446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CC chemokines have been shown to play an important role in inducing selective recruitment of inflammatory cells into local allergic inflammatory sites. CC chemokines are also known as histamine releasing factors. We previously showed that histamine enhances transcription of CC chemokines from nasal mucosa which leads to further induction of histamine release. This cyclic cascade may cause prolonged allergic inflammation. The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between histamine and CC chemokine production by using human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) and to examine the potential of H1 receptor (H1R) antagonists in new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of nasal allergy. METHODS HNECs were isolated from the nasal turbinates of patients diagnosed with nasal allergy. HNEC monolayers were cultured for 48 hours with or without histamine (10(-3) to 10(-5) mol/L). Furthermore, an H1R antagonist, either carebastine or olopatadine, was added to the supernatant (10(-3) to 10(-7) mol/L) 30 minutes before incubation with histamine. The expression of Regulated on Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in the culture media were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The release of RANTES and MCP-1 was significantly upregulated by histamine compared with the control group. Both carebastine and olopatadine inhibited the release of CC chemokine production to the control level in both groups. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the interaction between histamine and CC chemokines may prolong allergic inflammation in human nasal mucosa. We also demonstrate the potential use of H1R antagonists in new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of nasal allergy through inhibiting this histamine-CC chemokine interaction.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Butyrophenones/pharmacology
- Butyrophenones/therapeutic use
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Child
- Dibenzoxepins/pharmacology
- Dibenzoxepins/therapeutic use
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Histamine/metabolism
- Histamine H1 Antagonists/pharmacology
- Histamine H1 Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nasal Mucosa/drug effects
- Nasal Mucosa/metabolism
- Nasal Mucosa/pathology
- Olopatadine Hydrochloride
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Piperidines/therapeutic use
- Rhinitis/drug therapy
- Rhinitis/metabolism
- Rhinitis/pathology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/drug therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/metabolism
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/drug therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yamauchi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nippon Medical School, Kanagawa, Japan.
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16
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Suzuki K, Morokata T, Morihira K, Sato I, Takizawa S, Kaneko M, Takahashi K, Shimizu Y. A dual antagonist for chemokine CCR3 receptor and histamine H1 receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 563:224-32. [PMID: 17336292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic chemokines and histamine play distinct but important roles in allergic diseases. Inhibition of both eosinophilic chemokines and histamine, therefore, is an ideal strategy for the treatment of allergic inflammation, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. YM-344484 was found to potently inhibit both the CCL11-induced Ca2+ influx in human CCR3-expressing cells (Kb=1.8 nM) and histamine-induced Ca2+ influx in histamine H1 receptor-expressing PC3 cells (Kb=47 nM). YM-344484 also inhibited the CCL11-induced chemotaxis of human CCR3-expressing cells (IC50=6.2 nM) and CCL11-induced eosinophil-derived neurotoxin release from human eosinophils (IC50=19 nM). Orally administered YM-344484 inhibited the increase in histamine-induced vascular permeability in mice (82% inhibition at a dose of 10 mg/kg) and the accumulation of eosinophils in a mouse asthma model (74% at a dose of 300 mg/kg). These results indicate that YM-344484, a novel and functional dual antagonist for chemokine CCR3 receptor and histamine H1 receptor, is an attractive candidate for development as a novel anti-allergic inflammation drug.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Allergic Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Allergic Agents/therapeutic use
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Asthma/chemically induced
- Asthma/complications
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Capillary Permeability/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin/metabolism
- Eosinophils/drug effects
- Eosinophils/metabolism
- Female
- Histamine/pharmacology
- Histamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Histamine Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Ovalbumin
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Pneumonia/etiology
- Pneumonia/prevention & control
- Pulmonary Eosinophilia/etiology
- Pulmonary Eosinophilia/prevention & control
- Pyridazines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H1/drug effects
- Receptors, Histamine H1/metabolism
- Skin/blood supply
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Suzuki
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Osaka 532-8514, Japan.
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17
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Miyamoto K, Iwase M, Nyui M, Arata S, Sakai Y, Gabazza EC, Kimura H, Homma I. Histamine type 1 receptor deficiency reduces airway inflammation in a murine asthma model. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 140:215-22. [PMID: 16685135 DOI: 10.1159/000093246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histamine plays an important role in immediate and late immune responses. The histamine type 1 (H1) receptor is expressed on several immune cell populations, but its role in a murine model of asthma remains unclear. The present study evaluated the role of histamine H1 receptors in airway allergic inflammation by comparing the development of bronchial asthma in histamine H1 receptor gene knockout (H1RKO) and wild-type mice. METHODS H1RKO and wild-type mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OVA) or saline, and then challenged with aerosolized OVA or saline. Ventilatory timing in response to inhaled methacholine was measured, and samples of blood, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung tissues were taken 24 h after the last OVA challenge. RESULTS OVA-treatedwild-type mice showed significantly increased airway eosinophilic infiltration, and airway response to methacholine compared to OVA-treated H1RKO mice. The serum level of immunoglobulin E and levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, and TGF-beta1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were lower in OVA-treated H1RKO mice than in OVA-treated wild-type mice, but there was no significant difference in interferon-gamma expression. Overall, deletion of histamine H1 receptors reduced allergic responses in a murine model of bronchial asthma. CONCLUSION Histamine plays an important role via H1 receptors in the development of T helper type 2 responses to enhance airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Miyamoto
- Second Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Abstract
In addition to its well-characterized effects in the acute allergic inflammatory responses, histamine has been demonstrated to affect chronic inflammation and regulate several essential events in the immune response. Histamine can selectively recruit the major effector cells into tissue sites and affect their maturation, activation, polarization, and other functions leading to chronic inflammation. Histamine also regulates dendritic cells, T cells and B cells, as well as related antibody isotype responses. In addition, acting through its receptor 2, histamine positively interferes with the peripheral antigen tolerance induced by T regulatory cells in several pathways. The diverse effects of histamine on immune regulation appear to be due to differential expression and regulation of 4 types of histamine receptors and their distinct intracellular signals. In addition, differences in affinities of these receptors for histamine is highly decisive for the biological effects of histamine and drugs that target histamine receptors. This article highlights recent discoveries in histamine immunobiology and discusses their relevance in allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Obere Strasse 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland.
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19
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Jutel M, Blaser K, Akdis CA. Histamine in allergic inflammation and immune modulation. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005; 137:82-92. [PMID: 15832054 DOI: 10.1159/000085108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Histamine, originally considered as a mediator of acute inflammatory and immediate hypersensitivity responses has also been demonstrated to affect chronic inflammation and regulate several essential events in the immune response. On the other hand, various cytokines control histamine synthesis, release and expression of histamine receptors (HRs). The cells involved in the regulation of immune response and hematopoiesis express HRs and also secrete histamine, which can selectively recruit the major effector cells into tissue sites and affect their maturation, activation, polarization and effector functions leading to chronic inflammation. Histamine, acting through its receptor type 2, positively interferes with the peripheral antigen tolerance induced by T regulatory cells in several pathways. Histamine also regulates antigen-specific Th1 and Th2 cells, as well as related antibody isotype responses. The diverse effects of histamine on immune regulation are due to differential expression and regulation of four HRs and their distinct intracellular signals. In addition, differences in affinities of these receptors are highly decisive on the biological effects of histamine and agents that target HRs. This article highlights the findings leading to a change of perspective in histamine immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Jutel
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos, Switzerland
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20
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Menzies-Gow A, Ying S, Phipps S, Kay AB. Interactions between eotaxin, histamine and mast cells in early microvascular events associated with eosinophil recruitment to the site of allergic skin reactions in humans. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:1276-82. [PMID: 15298570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism whereby allergen induces eotaxin expression at the site of allergic inflammation is incompletely understood. Structural cells, including endothelial cells, are a major source of eotaxin. OBJECTIVE We have investigated, in vivo and in vitro, the relationship between mast cell activation and the expression of eotaxin (eotaxin 1) by endothelial cells. METHODS The effects of intradermal allergen challenge and histamine injection on eotaxin mRNA and protein generation were studied in atopic subjects using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Histamine-induced expression of eotaxin mRNA and protein by endothelial cells was also measured, as was histamine-induced eosinophil adhesion to cultured endothelial cells. RESULTS A rapid increase in degranulating cutaneous mast cells, together with a concomitant increase in eosinophils, was observed 60 min after allergen challenge. This was accompanied by the appearance of immunoreactive eotaxin that peaked at 1 h around blood vessels and at 3 h within the tissue. Intradermal histamine injection produced an increase in the number of eotaxin+ cells in the tissues, which was maximal at the 3-h time-point. In vitro, endothelial cells produced eotaxin mRNA and protein product in a dose- and time-dependent fashion following incubation with histamine, an effect that was blocked by levocetirizine. Pre-incubation of endothelial cells with histamine also induced a significant increase in eosinophil adherence, an effect that was inhibited with an anti-eotaxin blocking monoclonal antibody. CONCLUSION The antigen-induced expression of eotaxin by endothelial cells and the adherence and subsequent migration of eosinophils from the microvasculature to the tissues are rapid events partially under the control of histamine released from degranulating mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Menzies-Gow
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- F Estelle R Simons
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research National Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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22
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Kim JJ, Lee JH, Jang CH, Kim YS, Chae SC, Chung HT, Choi TW, Lee JH. Chemokine RANTES promoter polymorphisms in allergic rhinitis. Laryngoscope 2004; 114:666-9. [PMID: 15064621 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200404000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS RANTES is one of the most widely studied of the chemokines linked to allergic diseases. Two polymorphisms of the RANTES promoter region (-403 G/A and -28 C/G) have been found. The authors investigated whether these RANTES promoter polymorphisms were associated with allergic rhinitis. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS Blood samples for genetic analysis were obtained from 151 individuals with allergic rhinitis and from 278 healthy individuals without atopic disease. Polymerase chain reaction-based assays for detection of the -403 G/A and -28 C/G polymorphisms of the RANTES gene were used for genotyping. RESULTS The frequencies of both the RANTES -403A and -28G alleles were significantly higher in patients with allergic rhinitis than in control subjects (P <.05 for both). CONCLUSION The study results indicated that the -403 and -28 alleles in the RANTES promoter region belong to the predictor gene set for allergic rhinitis and could be used in genomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Joong Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Wonkwang Institute of Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea
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23
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Abstract
Histamine H(1)-receptors are involved in the pathologic processes of allergy. Clinical trials of H(1)-receptor antagonists have demonstrated the efficacy of these agents in reducing the sneezing, pruritus, and rhinorrhea associated with allergic rhinitis. In the lung, H(1)-receptors mediate the bronchoconstrictive effects of histamine and increase vascular permeability, which lead to plasma exudation. H(1)-receptors are present on T cells, B cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes, and stimulation of these receptors induces pro-inflammatory effects. It has been suggested that a signal from the H(1)-receptor contributes to the antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathways that induce proliferative responses and lead to the production of cytokines and antibodies by T cells and B cells, respectively. It would appear, therefore, that the H(1)-receptor has a wider role in inflammatory processes than simply mediating the actions of histamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkis Togias
- Divisions of Clinical Immunology and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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24
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Abstract
Histamine was the first mediator implicated in mechanisms of allergy, asthma, and anaphylactic shock because it has been discovered to mimic several features of these diseases. In addition to its well-characterized effects in the acute inflammatory and allergic responses, it was recently demonstrated that histamine regulates several essential events in the immune response. Histamine affects the maturation of immune system cells and alters their activation, polarization, chemotaxis, and effector functions. Histamine also regulates antigen-specific T(H)1 and T(H)2 cells, as well as related antibody isotype responses. Histamine binds to 4 different G protein-coupled receptors that transduce signals to cells through distinct pathways. The expression of these receptors on different cells and cell subsets is regulated, and apparently, the diverse effects of histamine on immune regulation are due to differential expression of 4 histamine receptors and their distinct intracellular signals. This article highlights novel discoveries in histamine immunobiology and discusses clinical findings or disease models that indicate immune regulation by histamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos
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25
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Johnson EN, Druey KM. Heterotrimeric G protein signaling: role in asthma and allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109:592-602. [PMID: 11941304 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.122636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and rhinitis are pathophysiologic conditions associated with a prototypical allergic response to inhaled allergens consisting of both neuromechanical and inflammatory components. Heptahelical receptors that bind guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins (G proteins), referred to as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), have been intimately linked with asthma and allergic inflammation for many years. G protein signaling mediates responses throughout the immune, nervous, and muscular systems that might contribute to the pathogenesis of allergic processes and asthma. For example, GPCR agonists or antagonists are used as therapies for asthma either by promoting airway smooth muscle relaxation (beta2 adrenergic receptor agonists) or by inhibiting inflammation in the nasal mucosa and airways (cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists). The focus of this review is to explore how downstream signaling cascades elicited by GPCR activation contribute to the allergic phenotype and the mechanism by which pharmaceuticals alter signaling to generate a therapeutic effect. We also discuss physiologic modulators of G protein signaling, such as regulator of G protein signaling proteins and G protein receptor kinases, inasmuch as they represent potential new therapeutic targets in the treatment of atopy and other inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Johnson
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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