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Hong Y, Truong AD, Vu TH, Lee S, Heo J, Kang S, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH. Profiling and analysis of exosomal miRNAs derived from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1-infected White Leghorn chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102123. [PMID: 36087445 PMCID: PMC9468452 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small cell membrane-derived vesicles; they play important roles as mediators of cell-to-cell communication via delivery of their contents, such as proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs). In particular, exosomal miRNAs regulate the gene expression of recipient cells by inhibiting the expression of target mRNAs. In this study, we investigated the miRNA expression profiles of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1-infected White Leghorn chickens and analyzed the functions of their target genes. After 3 d of infection with A/chicken/Vietnam/NA-01/2019 (H5N1), exosomes were isolated from the blood serum of White Leghorn chickens for small RNA sequencing. We accordingly identified 10 differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs; 5 upregulated and 5 downregulated) by comparing the exosomes derived from infected and noninfected chickens. The target genes of DE miRNAs were predicted using miRDB and TargetScan for Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. A majority of the target genes was found to be associated with the MAPK signaling pathway; several immune-related genes were identified as being regulated by these DE miRNAs. Moreover, we predicted DE miRNA binding sites in HPAIV RNA segments using the RNAhybrid algorithm. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for gaining insights into the regulatory mechanisms of exosomal miRNAs in response to HPAIV H5N1 infection and the identification of novel vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeojin Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hao Vu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeon Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jubi Heo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Kang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Evseev D, Magor KE. Molecular Evolution of the Influenza A Virus Non-structural Protein 1 in Interspecies Transmission and Adaptation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693204. [PMID: 34671321 PMCID: PMC8521145 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A viruses plays important roles in viral fitness and in the process of interspecies adaptation. It is one of the most polymorphic and mutation-tolerant proteins of the influenza A genome, but its evolutionary patterns in different host species and the selective pressures that underlie them are hard to define. In this review, we highlight some of the species-specific molecular signatures apparent in different NS1 proteins and discuss two functions of NS1 in the process of viral adaptation to new host species. First, we consider the ability of NS1 proteins to broadly suppress host protein expression through interaction with CPSF4. This NS1 function can be spontaneously lost and regained through mutation and must be balanced against the need for host co-factors to aid efficient viral replication. Evidence suggests that this function of NS1 may be selectively lost in the initial stages of viral adaptation to some new host species. Second, we explore the ability of NS1 proteins to inhibit antiviral interferon signaling, an essential function for viral replication without which the virus is severely attenuated in any host. Innate immune suppression by NS1 not only enables viral replication in tissues, but also dampens the adaptive immune response and immunological memory. NS1 proteins suppress interferon signaling and effector functions through a variety of protein-protein interactions that may differ from host to host but must achieve similar goals. The multifunctional influenza A virus NS1 protein is highly plastic, highly versatile, and demonstrates a diversity of context-dependent solutions to the problem of interspecies adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharine E. Magor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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3
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Parums DV. Editorial: A Decline in Influenza During the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Emergence of Potential Epidemic and Pandemic Influenza Viruses. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e934949. [PMID: 34602605 PMCID: PMC8499673 DOI: 10.12659/msm.934949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been five viral pandemics in the past century, four were due to influenza, and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a 99% global reduction in the diagnosis of influenza. Also, from 2020, global mortality rates from influenza fell to record levels during the influenza seasons in the southern and northern hemispheres. However, as social restrictions become lifted and the winter season begins in the northern hemisphere, it is expected that influenza will re-emerge. The World Health Organization (WHO) FluNet surveillance platform provides global surveillance data on influenza, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) records national weekly infection rates. Both surveillance programs have identified zoonotic avian and swine influenza variants in humans. The WHO Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework requires WHO Member States to share data on cases of emerging influenza viruses with pandemic potential in a regular and timely way. The WHO PIP Framework organizes the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), a global network of public health laboratories developing candidate virus vaccines. This Editorial aims to present the reasons for concern regarding the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses driven by the social and public health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and highlights the importance of global influenza surveillance at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinah V Parums
- Science Editor, Medical Science Monitor, International Scientific Information, Inc., Melville, NY, USA
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4
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El-Shesheny R, Kandeil A, Mostafa A, Ali MA, Webby RJ. H5 Influenza Viruses in Egypt. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a038745. [PMID: 32122919 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For almost a decade, Egypt has been endemic for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses. In addition to being catastrophic for poultry production, A(H5N1) has also caused 359 human infections in the country (∼40% of global cases), with 120 being fatal. From 2017, A(H5N1) viruses have been gradually replaced by HPAI A(H5N8) viruses seeded from Southeast Asia through Europe; no human cases have been reported since. This lack of human cases is not a consequence of fewer H5 infections in poultry. Despite governmental outbreak control, the number of avian influenza outbreaks has increased since 2006 partially fueled by noncompliance with preventive measures and suboptimal vaccination programs. Adherence to control measures is low because of social norms, especially among women and children-the main caretakers of household flocks in rural areas-and declining public awareness in the community. Egypt has thus become an epicenter for A(H5) virus evolution, with no clear resolution in sight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA.,Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
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5
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Sun N, Li C, Li XF, Deng YQ, Jiang T, Zhang NN, Zu S, Zhang RR, Li L, Chen X, Liu P, Gold S, Lu N, Du P, Wang J, Qin CF, Cheng G. Type-IInterferon-Inducible SERTAD3 Inhibits Influenza A Virus Replication by Blocking the Assembly of Viral RNA Polymerase Complex. Cell Rep 2021; 33:108342. [PMID: 33147462 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection stimulates a type I interferon (IFN-I) response in host cells that exerts antiviral effects by inducing the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, most ISGs are poorly studied for their roles in the infection of IAV. Herein, we demonstrate that SERTA domain containing 3 (SERTAD3) has a significant inhibitory effect on IAV replication in vitro. More importantly, Sertad3-/- mice develop more severe symptoms upon IAV infection. Mechanistically, we find SERTAD3 reduces IAV replication through interacting with viral polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2), polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1), and polymerase acidic protein (PA) to disrupt the formation of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex. We further identify an 8-amino-acid peptide of SERTAD3 as a minimum interacting motif that can disrupt RdRp complex formation and inhibit IAV replication. Thus, our studies not only identify SERTAD3 as an antiviral ISG, but also provide the mechanism of potential application of SERTAD3-derived peptide in suppressing influenza replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of System Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Na-Na Zhang
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shulong Zu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of System Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhang
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lili Li
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of System Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ping Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sarah Gold
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ning Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peishuang Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of System Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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6
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Vibrational Spectroscopic Detection of a Single Virus by Mid-Infrared Photothermal Microscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4100-4107. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Barroso P, Acevedo P, Vicente J. The importance of long-term studies on wildlife diseases and their interfaces with humans and domestic animals: A review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1895-1909. [PMID: 33179417 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-term wildlife disease research (LTWDR) and its interfaces with humans and domestic animals provide perspective to understand the diseases' main drivers and how they operate. In a systematic review, we analysed the temporal trend of the studies on LTWDR, their aims, and the hosts, pathogens and geographic areas studied. We also evaluated the added value that such studies provide. For analysis, we selected a total of 538 articles from 1993 to 2017 with a study period greater than or equal to 4 consecutive years. A marked increase in the number of studies published during the last 20 years was observed that reflects a growing awareness of the outstanding role of wildlife as a reservoir of diseases. The most studied pathogen agents were viruses (39.2%), bacteria (38.5%) and protozoans (15.8%). Concerning the hosts, mammals (84.9%), particularly ungulates (40%) and carnivores (30.9%), and birds (12.5%) were the most represented in these long-term studies. Most articles reached conclusions concerning the effect of the disease on the infection/host dynamics (98.7%) and over 40% considered the economic consequences or proposed management and control measures. The research was mainly located in the Northern Hemisphere. While the definition of LTWDR is not only determined by the duration of the monitoring, the study must be long enough to: (a) address ecological and epidemiological questions that cannot be resolved with short-term observations or experiments, and (b) clarify the effects of different drivers. This review demonstrates that LTWDR has provided information about the causes and consequences of disease change that otherwise could not have been obtained. It may be used to inform decisions related to the emergence of disease and might help to design early warning systems of disease based on retrospective investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Barroso
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pelayo Acevedo
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Joaquin Vicente
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain.,E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Ciudad Real, Ronda de Calatrava, Ciudad Real, Spain
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8
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Zhang T, Fan K, Zhang X, Xu Y, Xu J, Xu B, Li R. Diversity of avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses in wild birds in southern China. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:902-909. [PMID: 32519938 PMCID: PMC7654745 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The predominance of H5N6 in ducks and continuous human cases have heightened its potential threat to public health in China. Therefore, the detection of emerging variants of H5N6 avian influenza viruses has become a priority for pandemic preparedness. Questions remain as to its origin and circulation within the wild bird reservoir and interactions at the wild-domestic interface. Samples were collected from migratory birds in Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province, PR China during the routine bird ring survey in 2014-16. Phylogenetic and coalescent analyses were conducted to uncover the evolutionary relationship among viruses circulating in wild birds. Here, we report the potential origin and phylogenetic diversity of H5N6 viruses isolated from wild birds in Poyang Lake. Sequence analyses indicated that Jiangxi H5N6 viruses most likely evolved from Eurasian-derived H5Nx and H6N6 viruses through multiple reassortment events. Crucially, the diversity of the HA gene implies that these Jiangxi H5N6 viruses have diverged into two primary clades - clade 2.3.4.4 and clade 2.3.2.1 c. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two independent pathways of reassortment during 2014-16 that might have facilitated the generation of emerging variants within wild bird populations as well as inter-species infections. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the genetic diversification of H5N6 viruses in the wild bird population. These results highlight the necessity of large-scale surveillance of wild birds in the Poyang Lake area to address the threat of regional epizootic epidemics and attendant pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- Centre for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kai Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yujuan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jian Xu
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, Ministry of Education’s Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Bing Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- Centre for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruiyun Li
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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9
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Toots M, Plemper RK. Next-generation direct-acting influenza therapeutics. Transl Res 2020; 220:33-42. [PMID: 32088166 PMCID: PMC7102518 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are a major threat to human health globally. In addition to further improving vaccine prophylaxis, disease management through antiviral therapeutics constitutes an important component of the current intervention strategy to prevent advance to complicated disease and reduce case-fatality rates. Standard-of-care is treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors that prevent viral dissemination. In 2018, the first mechanistically new influenza drug class for the treatment of uncomplicated seasonal influenza in 2 decades was approved for human use. Targeting the PA endonuclease subunit of the viral polymerase complex, this class suppresses viral replication. However, the genetic barrier against viral resistance to both drug classes is low, pre-existing resistance is observed in circulating strains, and resistant viruses are pathogenic and transmit efficiently. Addressing the resistance problem has emerged as an important objective for the development of next-generation influenza virus therapeutics. This review will discuss the status of influenza therapeutics including the endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir marboxil after its first year of clinical use and evaluate a subset of direct-acting antiviral candidates in different stages of preclinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Toots
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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11
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First Detection of a Novel Reassortant Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Clade 2.3.2.1c Virus, Isolated from a Wild Bird in China. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/36/e00797-19. [PMID: 31488532 PMCID: PMC6728642 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00797-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first isolation of a reassortant clade 2.3.2.1c avian influenza A(H5N6) virus isolated from a wild bird sample in Jiangxi, China, in 2016. Sequence analyses indicated that this virus most likely evolved from Eurasia-derived H5N1 and H6N6 viruses through frequent interactions at the wild-domestic bird interface. We report the first isolation of a reassortant clade 2.3.2.1c avian influenza A(H5N6) virus isolated from a wild bird sample in Jiangxi, China, in 2016. Sequence analyses indicated that this virus most likely evolved from Eurasia-derived H5N1 and H6N6 viruses through frequent interactions at the wild-domestic bird interface.
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12
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Abstract
How virulence evolves after a virus jumps to a new host species is central to disease emergence. Our current understanding of virulence evolution is based on insights drawn from two perspectives that have developed largely independently: long-standing evolutionary theory based on limited real data examples that often lack a genomic basis, and experimental studies of virulence-determining mutations using cell culture or animal models. A more comprehensive understanding of virulence mutations and their evolution can be achieved by bridging the gap between these two research pathways through the phylogenomic analysis of virus genome sequence data as a guide to experimental study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma L Geoghegan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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13
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Delabouglise A, Nguyen-Van-Yen B, Thanh NTL, Xuyen HTA, Tuyet PN, Lam HM, Boni MF. Poultry population dynamics and mortality risks in smallholder farms of the Mekong river delta region. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:205. [PMID: 31208467 PMCID: PMC6580564 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poultry farming is widely practiced by rural households in Vietnam and the vast majority of domestic birds are kept on small household farms. However, smallholder poultry production is constrained by several issues such as infectious diseases, including avian influenza viruses whose circulation remains a threat to public health. This observational study describes the demographic structure and dynamics of small-scale poultry farms of the Mekong river delta region. METHOD Fifty three farms were monitored over a 20-month period, with farm sizes, species, age, arrival/departure of poultry, and farm management practices recorded monthly. RESULTS Median flock population sizes were 16 for chickens (IQR: 10-40), 32 for ducks (IQR: 18-101) and 11 for Muscovy ducks (IQR: 7-18); farm size distributions for the three species were heavily right-skewed. Muscovy ducks were kept for long periods and outdoors, while chickens and ducks were farmed indoors or in pens. Ducks had a markedly higher removal rate (broilers: 0.14/week; layer/breeders: 0.05/week) than chickens and Muscovy ducks (broilers: 0.07/week; layer/breeders: 0.01-0.02/week) and a higher degree of specialization resulting in a substantially shorter life span. The rate of mortality due to disease did not differ much among species, with birds being less likely to die from disease at older ages, but frequency of disease symptoms differed by species. Time series of disease-associated mortality were correlated with population size for Muscovy ducks (Kendall's coefficient τ = 0.49, p-value < 0.01) and with frequency of outdoor grazing for ducks (τ = 0.33, p-value = 0.05). CONCLUSION The study highlights some challenges to disease control in small-scale multispecies poultry farms. The rate of interspecific contact and overlap between flocks of different ages is high, making small-scale farms a suitable environment for pathogens circulation. Muscovy ducks are farmed outdoors with little investment in biosecurity and few inter-farm movements. Ducks and chickens are more at-risk of introduction of pathogens through movements of birds from one farm to another. Ducks are farmed in large flocks with high turnover and, as a result, are more vulnerable to disease spread and require a higher vaccination coverage to maintain herd immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Delabouglise
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Millenium Sciences Complex, Pollock road, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Benjamin Nguyen-Van-Yen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,École Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8197, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France
| | - Nguyen Thi Le Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Huynh Thi Ai Xuyen
- Ca Mau sub-Department of Livestock Production and Animal Health, Ca Mau, Vietnam
| | - Phung Ngoc Tuyet
- Ca Mau sub-Department of Livestock Production and Animal Health, Ca Mau, Vietnam
| | - Ha Minh Lam
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maciej F Boni
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Millenium Sciences Complex, Pollock road, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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14
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Li X, Xu B, Shaman J. The Impact of Environmental Transmission and Epidemiological Features on the Geographical Translocation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16111890. [PMID: 31142047 PMCID: PMC6603588 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The factors affecting the transmission and geographic translocation of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) within wild migratory bird populations remain inadequately understood. In a previous study, we found that environmental transmission had little impact on AIV translocation in a model of a single migratory bird population. In order to simulate virus transmission and translocation more realistically, here we expanded this model system to include two migratory bird flocks. We simulated AIV transmission and translocation while varying four core properties: 1) Contact transmission rate; 2) infection recovery rate; 3) infection-induced mortality rate; and 4) migration recovery rate; and three environmental transmission properties: 1) Virion persistence; 2) exposure rate; and 3) re-scaled environmental infectiousness; as well as the time lag in the migration schedule of the two flocks. We found that environmental exposure rate had a significant impact on virus translocation in the two-flock model. Further, certain epidemiological features (i.e., low infection recovery rate, low mortality rate, and high migration transmission rate) in both flocks strongly affected the likelihood of virus translocation. Our results further identified the pathobiological features supporting AIV intercontinental dissemination risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Bing Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jeffrey Shaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Li X, Xu B, Shaman J. Pathobiological features favouring the intercontinental dissemination of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190276. [PMID: 31218065 PMCID: PMC6549942 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are a continued threat to global health and economy. Unlike other highly pathogenic AIVs, novel H5N8 disseminated very quickly from Korea to other areas in Asia, Europe and even North America following its first outbreak in 2014. However, the pathobiological features of the virus that favoured its global translocation remain unknown. In this study, we used a compartmental model to examine the avian epidemiological characteristics that would support the geographical spread of influenza by bird migration, and to provide recommendations for AIV surveillance in wild bird populations. We simulated virus transmission and translocation in a migratory bird population while varying four system properties: (i) contact transmission rate; (ii) infection recovery rate; (iii) mortality rate induced by infection; and (iv) migratory recovery rate. Using these simulations, we then calculated extinction and translocation probabilities for influenza during spring migration as a function of the altered properties. We find that lower infection recovery rates increase the likelihood of AIV translocation in migratory bird populations. In addition, lower mortality rates or migration recovery rates also favour translocation. Our results identify pathobiological features supporting AIV intercontinental dissemination risk and suggest that characteristic differences exist among H5N8 and other AIV subtypes that have not translocated as rapidly (e.g. H5N6 and H5N1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Li
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Tsinghua, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Tsinghua, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jeffrey Shaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Cao Y, Zhang K, Liu L, Li W, Zhu B, Zhang S, Xu P, Liu W, Li J. Global transcriptome analysis of H5N1 influenza virus-infected human cells. Hereditas 2019; 156:10. [PMID: 30774581 PMCID: PMC6366111 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-019-0085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A virus (IAV) belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family. IAV causes a highly contagious respiratory disease in humans that exacts severe economic losses globally. The virus uses strategies developed to exploit and subvert cellular proteins and pathways to increase its own replication and to inhibit antiviral immune response. Results A/bar-headed goose/Qinghai/1/2005 (A/QH) was able to infect A549 and 293 T cells, with a high infection rate for A549 cells. To identify host cellular responses of human cells to influenza infection, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AIV-infected groups and uninfected controls were identified using RNA-sequencing. The DEGs were annotated by Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses, which revealed that the DEGs were mainly linked to cellular function and metabolic processes, while the cellular function that is probably associated with host cellular response of human cells, including defense response to virus and protein modification. All the DEGs and pathways were possibly involved in the response to IAV invasion. Conclusions The global transcriptome analysis results revealed that sensitive genes and pathways of the cells were infected with the influenza virus and provided further evidence to investigate the complicated relationship between IAV and host cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41065-019-0085-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- 1School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,2CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- 3Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia USA
| | - Lirong Liu
- 2CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,4University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- 2CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- 3Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia USA
| | - Shuang Zhang
- 2CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Xu
- 3Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia USA
| | - Wenjun Liu
- 1School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,2CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,4University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- 2CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,4University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Yu Y, Tazeem, Xu Z, Du L, Jin M, Dong C, Zhou HB, Wu S. Design and synthesis of heteroaromatic-based benzenesulfonamide derivatives as potent inhibitors of H5N1 influenza A virus. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 10:89-100. [PMID: 31559005 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00474a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus is an enveloped negative single-stranded RNA virus that causes febrile respiratory infection and represents a clinically challenging threat to human health and even lives worldwide. Even more alarming is the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains such as H5N1, which possess much higher mortality rate (60%) than seasonal influenza strains in human infection. In this study, a novel series of heteroaromatic-based benzenesulfonamide derivatives were identified as M2 proton channel inhibitors. A systematic investigation of the structure-activity relationships and a molecular docking study demonstrated that the sulfonamide moiety and 2,5-dimethyl-substituted thiophene as the core structure played significant roles in the anti-influenza activity. Among the derivatives, compound 11k exhibited excellent antiviral activity against H5N1 virus with an EC50 value of 0.47 μM and selectivity index of 119.9, which are comparable to those of the reference drug amantadine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology , College of Life Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China . .,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals , Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China .
| | - Tazeem
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals , Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China . .,Department of Chemistry , Shia P. G. College (University of Lucknow) , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 226020 , India
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals , Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China .
| | - Liaoqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Virology , College of Life Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China .
| | - Mengyu Jin
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals , Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China .
| | - Chune Dong
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals , Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China .
| | - Hai-Bing Zhou
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals , Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China .
| | - Shuwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology , College of Life Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China .
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18
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Nooruzzaman M, Haque ME, Chowdhury EH, Islam MR. Pathology of clade 2.3.2.1 avian influenza virus (H5N1) infection in quails and ducks in Bangladesh. Avian Pathol 2018; 48:73-79. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1535165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Enamul Haque
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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19
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Sood R, Kumar N, Bhatia S, Chanu KV, Gupta CL, Pateriya AK, Mishra A, Khandia R, Mawale N, Singh VP. Neuraminidase inhibitors susceptibility profiles of highly pathogenic influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from avian species in India (2006-2015). Antiviral Res 2018; 158:143-146. [PMID: 30125616 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We tested 65 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses, isolated from avian species in India between 2006 and 2015, for susceptibility to the FDA approved neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs), oseltamivir and zanamivir using a phenotypic fluorescence-based assay. The overall incidence of resistant variants among HPAI A(H5N1) viruses was 7.69% (5/65). The NA inhibition assay identified 3 viruses resistant to oseltamivir (N294S substitution, N2 numbering) and 2 cross-resistant to oseltamivir and zanamivir (E119A or I117V+E119A substitutions), all of which belonged to hemagglutinin (HA) clade 2.2 (5/17) and predominantly circulated in Indian poultry during 2006-2010. In comparison to E119A substitution alone, viruses with I117V+E119A double substitutions showed greater reduction in susceptibility to both oseltamivir and zanamivir. The NAI resistance-associated NA markers, identified in this study, were as a result of naturally occurring mutations. Of note, 48 viruses of HA clade 2.3.2.1 that circulated in Indian poultry during 2011-2015 were susceptible to both oseltamivir and zanamivir. It is essential to monitor NAI susceptibility among human and avian HPAI A(H5N1) viruses that would provide baseline data to develop strategies for pandemic preparedness and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Sood
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Naveen Kumar
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Khangembam Victoria Chanu
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Chhedi Lal Gupta
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Atul Kumar Pateriya
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anamika Mishra
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Namrata Mawale
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vijendra Pal Singh
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
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20
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Avian influenza surveillance in domestic waterfowl and environment of live bird markets in Bangladesh, 2007-2012. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9396. [PMID: 29925854 PMCID: PMC6010472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27515-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses, including highly pathogenic strains, pose severe economic, animal and public health concerns. We implemented live bird market surveillance in Bangladesh to identify the subtypes of avian influenza A viruses in domestic waterfowl and market environments. We collected waterfowl samples monthly from 4 rural sites from 2007 to 2012 and environmental samples from 4 rural and 16 urban sites from 2009 to 2012. Samples were tested through real-time RT-PCR, virus culture, and sequencing to detect and characterize avian influenza A viruses. Among 4,308 waterfowl tested, 191 (4.4%) were positive for avian influenza A virus, including 74 (1.9%) avian influenza A/H5 subtype. The majority (99%, n = 73) of the influenza A/H5-positive samples were from healthy appearing waterfowl. Multiple subtypes, including H1N1, H1N3, H3N2, H3N6, H3N8, H4N1, H4N2, H4N6, H5N1 (clades 2.2.2, 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.4.2), H5N2, H6N1, H7N9, H9N2, H11N2 and H11N3, H11N6 were detected in waterfowl and environmental samples. Environmental samples tested positive for influenza A viruses throughout the year. Avian influenza viruses, including H5N1 and H9N2 subtypes were also identified in backyard and small-scale raised poultry. Live bird markets could be high-risk sites for harboring the viruses and have the potential to infect naive birds and humans exposed to them.
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Three amino acid substitutions in the NS1 protein change the virus replication of H5N1 influenza virus in human cells. Virology 2018; 519:64-73. [PMID: 29677653 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses have sophisticated strategies to promote their own replication. Here, we found that three H5N1 influenza viruses display different replication patterns in human A549 and macrophage cells. The HN01 virus displayed poor replication compared to HN021 and JS01. In addition, the HN01 virus was unable to counteract the interferon response and block general gene expression. This capability was restored by three amino acid substitutions on the NS1 protein: K55E, K66E, and C133F, resulting in recovered binding to CPSF30 and decreased interferon response activity. Furthermore, a recombinant HN01 virus expressing either NS1-C133F or the triple mutation replicate with higher titers in human A549 cells and macrophages compared to the parent virus. These three amino acid mutations reveal a new pathway to alter H5N1 virus replication.
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22
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Cho J, Yi H, Jang EY, Lee MS, Lee JY, Kang C, Lee CH, Kim K. Mycophenolic mofetil, an alternative antiviral and immunomodulator for the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 494:298-304. [PMID: 29017920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus results in a high incidence of mortality in humans. Severe complications from infection are often associated with hypercytokinemia. However, current neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) have several limitations including the appearance of oseltamivir-resistant H5N1 virus and the inability to completely ameliorate hyper-immune responses. To overcome these limitations, we evaluated the anti-viral activity of mycophenolic mofetil (MMF) against A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) virus infection using MDCK cells and mice. The IC50 of MMF (0.94 μM) was comparable to that of zanamivir (0.87 μM) in H5N1 virus-infected MDCK cells based on ELISA. Time-course assays demonstrated that MMF completely inhibited H5N1 viral mRNA replication and protein expression for approximately 8 h after the initiation of treatment. In addition, MMF treatment protected 100% of mice, and lung viral titers were substantially reduced. The anti-viral mechanism of MMF against H5N1 virus infection was further confirmed to depend on the inhibition of cellular inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) by exogenous guanosine, which inhibits viral mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, IL-1β, IFN-β, IL-6, and IP-10 mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated in MDCK cells with MMF treatment. These results indicated that MMF could represent a novel inhibitor of viral replication and a potent immunomodulator for the treatment of H5N1 virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyung Cho
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajung Yi
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Seon Lee
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science and Technology, Pai Chai University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Kang
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisoon Kim
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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Khan W, El Rifay AS, Malik M, Kayali G. Influenza Research in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Review. Oman Med J 2017; 32:359-364. [PMID: 29026466 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2017.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of influenza infections in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), we conducted a comprehensive literature review to analyze the status of influenza research in the region from 2012. Influenza research has gained more momentum recently with the emergence of H5N1 and new virus strains. Research covering epidemiological, veterinary, and basic science aspects is growing. More sequences were being generated per year, not only for diagnostic purposes but also for research. We included gray literature publications in our search and found several graduate student dissertations from Egypt, which were published on an online portal. However, the search revealed some weaknesses, mostly in the areas of study design and the lack of surveillance studies. Another weakness was the fact that the publications originated from very few countries, mainly Egypt and Iran. Although improving, influenza research in the EMR remains weak. We recommend encouraging countries in the EMR to conduct more influenza research using stronger methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasiq Khan
- World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira S El Rifay
- Center of Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mamun Malik
- World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Texas, USA.,Human Link, Hazmieh, Lebanon
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No Evidence of On-farm Circulation of Avian Influenza H5 Subtype in Ca Mau Province, Southern Vietnam, March 2016 - January 2017. PLOS CURRENTS 2017; 9. [PMID: 28736677 PMCID: PMC5501696 DOI: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.c816d7333370d68f8a0da33f69168986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Subtype H5N1 avian influenza viruses, both high pathogenicity and low pathogenicity, have been enzootic in Vietnam since 2001. The viruses are readily identified at live bird markets, but virus prevalence on smallholder poultry is typically zero or very low. If the true direction of the viral transmission chain is farm to market, it is unknown why farm prevalence should be low when market prevalence is moderate to high. Methods: We established a cohort of 50 smallholder poultry farms in Ca Mau province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. From March 2016 to January 2017, we collected naso-pharyngeal and cloacal samples from 156 ducks and 96 chickens. In addition, 126 environmental samples were collected. Samples were assayed for H5 subtype influenza by real-time RT-PCR. Results/Discussion: None of the 378 collected samples were positive for H5 influenza. This is likely to mean that circulation of subtype H5 influenza viruses was low in Ca Mau in 2016. Detection of avian influenza on smallholder poultry farms is necessary to determine the directionality and association between farm prevalence and market prevalence of avian influenza viruses. Larger farm-level studies should be planned as these will be critical for determining the presence and strength of this association.
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Harfoot R, Webby RJ. H5 influenza, a global update. J Microbiol 2017; 55:196-203. [PMID: 28243942 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-7062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
H5 influenza viruses have caused much alarm globally due to their high pathogenic potential. As yet we have not seen sustained spread of the virus amongst humans despite a high prevalence of the virus in avian populations. Nevertheless, isolated human cases of infection have demonstrated high mortality and there are substantial efforts being taken to monitor the evolution of the virus and to undertake preparedness activities. Here we review and discuss the evolution of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus with emphasis on recent events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhodri Harfoot
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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26
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Diversity, evolution and population dynamics of avian influenza viruses circulating in the live poultry markets in China. Virology 2017; 505:33-41. [PMID: 28222327 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Live poultry markets (LPMs) are an important source of novel avian influenza viruses (AIV). During 2015-2016 we surveyed AIV diversity in ten LPMs in Hubei, Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces, China. A high diversity and prevalence of AIVs (totaling 12 subtypes) was observed in LPMs in these provinces. Strikingly, however, the subtypes discovered during 2015-2016 were markedly different to those reported by us in these same localities one year previously, suggesting a dynamic shift in viral genetic diversity over the course of a single year. Phylogenetic analyses revealed frequent reassortment, including between high and low pathogenic AIV subtypes and among those that circulate in domestic and wild birds. Notably, the novel H5N6 reassortant virus, which contains a set of H9N2-like internal genes, was prevalent in all three regions surveyed. Overall, these data highlight the profound changes in genetic diversity and in patterns of reassortment in those AIVs that circulate in LPMs.
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27
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Wonderlich ER, Swan ZD, Bissel SJ, Hartman AL, Carney JP, O'Malley KJ, Obadan AO, Santos J, Walker R, Sturgeon TJ, Frye LJ, Maiello P, Scanga CA, Bowling JD, Bouwer AL, Duangkhae PA, Wiley CA, Flynn JL, Wang J, Cole KS, Perez DR, Reed DS, Barratt-Boyes SM. Widespread Virus Replication in Alveoli Drives Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Aerosolized H5N1 Influenza Infection of Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1616-1626. [PMID: 28062701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus are frequently fatal but the mechanisms of disease remain ill-defined. H5N1 infection is associated with intense production of proinflammatory cytokines, but whether this cytokine storm is the main cause of fatality or is a consequence of extensive virus replication that itself drives disease remains controversial. Conventional intratracheal inoculation of a liquid suspension of H5N1 influenza virus in nonhuman primates likely results in efficient clearance of virus within the upper respiratory tract and rarely produces severe disease. We reasoned that small particle aerosols of virus would penetrate the lower respiratory tract and blanket alveoli where target cells reside. We show that inhalation of aerosolized H5N1 influenza virus in cynomolgus macaques results in fulminant pneumonia that rapidly progresses to acute respiratory distress syndrome with a fatal outcome reminiscent of human disease. Molecular imaging revealed intense lung inflammation coincident with massive increases in proinflammatory proteins and IFN-α in distal airways. Aerosolized H5N1 exposure decimated alveolar macrophages, which were widely infected and caused marked influx of interstitial macrophages and neutrophils. Extensive infection of alveolar epithelial cells caused apoptosis and leakage of albumin into airways, reflecting loss of epithelial barrier function. These data establish inhalation of aerosolized virus as a critical source of exposure for fatal human infection and reveal that direct viral effects in alveoli mediate H5N1 disease. This new nonhuman primate model will advance vaccine and therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat human disease caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Wonderlich
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Zachary D Swan
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Stephanie J Bissel
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Amy L Hartman
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Jonathan P Carney
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Katherine J O'Malley
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Adebimpe O Obadan
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Jefferson Santos
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Reagan Walker
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Timothy J Sturgeon
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Lonnie J Frye
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219; and
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219; and
| | - Charles A Scanga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219; and
| | - Jennifer D Bowling
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Anthea L Bouwer
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Parichat A Duangkhae
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Clayton A Wiley
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219; and
| | - Jieru Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Kelly S Cole
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Douglas S Reed
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Simon M Barratt-Boyes
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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28
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Wang M, Zhang L, Yang R, Fei C, Wang X, Zhang K, Wang C, Zheng W, Xue F. Improvement of immune responses to influenza vaccine (H5N1) by sulfated yeast beta-glucan. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:203-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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29
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Bhat S, Nagarajan S, Kumar M, Murugkar HV, Kalaiyarasu S, Venkatesh G, Tosh C. Antigenic characterization of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry in India, 2006-2015. Arch Virol 2016; 162:487-494. [PMID: 27812833 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a major health concern worldwide. In this study, we focused on antigenic analysis of HPAI H5N1 viruses isolated from poultry in India between 2006 and 2015 comprising 25 isolates from four phylogenetic clades 2.2 (1 isolate), 2.2.2.1 (1 isolate), 2.3.2.1a (17 isolates) and 2.3.2.1c (6 isolates). Seven H5N1 isolates from all four clades were selected for production of chicken antiserum, and antigenic analysis was carried out by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. HI data indicated antigenic divergence (6-21 fold reduction in cross-reactivity) between the two recently emerged clades 2.3.2.1a and 2.3.2.1c. These two clades are highly divergent (21-128 fold reduction in HI titre) from the earlier clades 2.2 /2.2.2.1 isolated in India. However, a maximum of 2-fold and 4-fold reduction in cross-reactivity was observed within the isolates of homologous clades 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.2.1a, respectively. The molecular basis of inter-clade antigenic divergence was examined in the haemagglutinin (HA) antigenic sites of the H5N1 virus. Amino acid changes at 8 HA antigenic sites were observed between clades 2.3.2.1a and 2.3.2.1c, whereas 20-23 substitutions were observed between clades 2.3.2.1a/2.3.2.1c and 2.2/2.2.2.1. Therefore, a systematic analysis of antigenic drift of the contemporary field isolates is a pre-requisite for determining the suitable strain(s) for vaccine candidature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Bhat
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462 022, India.,ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Manoj Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462 022, India
| | - Harshad V Murugkar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462 022, India
| | - Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462 022, India
| | - Govindarajulu Venkatesh
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462 022, India
| | - Chakradhar Tosh
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462 022, India.
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30
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El-Shesheny R, Bagato O, Kandeil A, Mostafa A, Mahmoud SH, Hassanneen HM, Webby RJ, Ali MA, Kayali G. Re-emergence of amantadine-resistant variants among highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses in Egypt. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 46:102-109. [PMID: 27876611 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus continues to undergo substantial evolution. Emergence of antiviral resistance among H5N1 avian influenza viruses is a major challenge in the control of pandemic influenza. Numerous studies have focused on the genetic and evolutionary dynamics of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes; however, studies on the susceptibility of HPAI H5N1 viruses to amantadine and genetic diversity of the matrix (M) gene are limited. Accordingly, we studied the amantadine susceptibility of the HPAI H5N1 viruses isolated in Egypt during 2006-2015 based on genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. We analyzed data on 253 virus sequences and constructed a phylogenetic tree to calculate selective pressures on sites in the M2 gene associated with amantadine-resistance among different clades. Selection pressure was identified in the transmembrane domain of M2 gene at positions 27 and 31. Amantadine-resistant variants emerged in 2007 but were not circulating between 2012 and 2014. By 2015, amantadine-resistant HPAI H5N1 viruses re-emerged. This may be associated with the uncontrolled prescription of amantadine for prophylaxis and control of avian influenza infections in the poultry farm sector in Egypt. More epidemiological research is required to verify this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt; Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ola Bagato
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara H Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hamdi M Hassanneen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA; Human Link, Hazmieh, Lebanon.
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31
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Yang Y, Cheng H, Yan H, Wang PZ, Rong R, Zhang YY, Zhang CB, Du RK, Rong LJ. A cell-based high-throughput protocol to screen entry inhibitors of highly pathogenic viruses with Traditional Chinese Medicines. J Med Virol 2016; 89:908-916. [PMID: 27704591 PMCID: PMC7167059 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Emerging viruses such as Ebola virus (EBOV), Lassa virus (LASV), and avian influenza virus H5N1 (AIV) are global health concerns. Since there is very limited options (either vaccine or specific therapy) approved for humans against these viruses, there is an urgent need to develop prophylactic and therapeutic treatments. Previously we reported a high‐throughput screening (HTS) protocol to identify entry inhibitors for three highly pathogenic viruses (EBOV, LASV, and AIV) using a human immunodeficiency virus–based pseudotyping platform which allows us to perform the screening in a BSL‐2 facility. In this report, we have adopted this screening protocol to evaluate traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) in an effort to discover entry inhibitors against these viruses. Here we show that extracts of the following Chinese medicinal herbs exhibit potent anti‐Ebola viral activities: Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, Citrus aurantium L., Viola yedoensis Makino, Prunella vulgaris L., Coix lacryma‐jobi L. var. mayuen (Roman.) Stapf, Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit., and Morus alba L. This study represents a proof‐of‐principle investigation supporting the suitability of this assay for rapid screening TCMs and identifying putative entry inhibitors for these viruses. J. Med. Virol. 89:908–916, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Han Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hui Yan
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Peng-Zhan Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Rong Rong
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Rui-Kun Du
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Li-Jun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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32
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Wang J, Cao Z, Guo X, Zhang Y, Wang D, Xu S, Yin Y. Cytokine expression in three chicken host systems infected with H9N2 influenza viruses with different pathogenicities. Avian Pathol 2016; 45:630-639. [PMID: 27215697 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1193665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SD/818 and SD/196 are H9N2 influenza virus strains isolated from chickens from the same farm at different times that exhibited similar genetic evolution. However, strain SD/818 exhibited higher pathogenicity in chickens than strain SD/196 and other H9N2 influenza virus epidemic strains from China. The expression of cytokines is an important host defence mechanism following viral infection and their intensity is a major determinant of viral pathogenicity. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the increased pathogenicity of strain SD/818 from the host's perspective, viral replication and cytokine expression were dynamically studied using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR in chickens infected with strain SD/818 compared with chickens infected with strain SD/196 in this study. The results showed that the replication of strain SD/818 and the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-α and IFN-β induced by strain SD/818 were higher than those induced by strain SD/196 in the chicken host system. Expression of these cytokines in chickens coincided with or followed virus replication. These results suggested that high-level viral replication and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (but not decreased type I IFN expression) were associated with the higher pathogenicity of strain SD/818 in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Wang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejin Guo
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- b China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Shouzheng Xu
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbo Yin
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
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33
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Karash S, Wang R, Kelso L, Lu H, Huang TJ, Li Y. Rapid detection of avian influenza virus H5N1 in chicken tracheal samples using an impedance aptasensor with gold nanoparticles for signal amplification. J Virol Methods 2016; 236:147-156. [PMID: 27452670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 is a continuous threat to public health and poultry industry. The recurrence of the H5N1 led us to develop a robust, specific, and rapid detection method for the virus. In this study, an impedance aptasensor was developed for the virus detection using specific H5N1 aptamer and a gold interdigitated microelectrode. Streptavidin was immobilized on the microelectrode surface and biotin labeled H5N1 aptamer was bound to the immobilized streptavidin. The microelectrode was blocked with the polyethylene glycol and the bound aptamer captured the virus. The impedance change caused by the captured virus was measured using an impedance analyzer. To enhance impedance signal, a nanoparticle-based amplifier was designed and implemented by forming a network-like gold nanoparticles/H5N1-aptamer/thiocyanuric acid. The detection limit of the impedance aptasensor was 0.25 HAU for the pure virus and 1 HAU for the tracheal chicken swab samples spiked with the H5N1 virus. The detection time of aptasensor without employing the amplifier was less than an hour. The amplifier increased impedance by a 57-fold for the 1 HAU samples. Only negligible impedance change was observed for non-target viruses such as H5N2, H5N3, H7N2, H1N1, and H2N2. This aptasensor provides a foundation for the development of a portable aptasensor instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sardar Karash
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Ronghui Wang
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Lisa Kelso
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Huaguang Lu
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics & Material Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yanbin Li
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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34
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Rinder M, Lang V, Fuchs C, Hafner-Marx A, Bogner KH, Neubauer A, Büttner M, Rinder H. Genetic Evidence for Multi-Event Imports of Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1) into Bavaria, Germany. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:279-82. [PMID: 17459857 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The almost simultaneous initial detections of avian influenza A H5N1 viruses in central Europe in February 2006, at a time devoid of migratory bird activity, raised the question of the origin of these viruses. This report presents molecular data from Europe providing evidence for multiple and spatially overlapping H5N1 introductions into Bavaria, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rinder
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinaerstr. 2, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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35
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Host Protein Moloney Leukemia Virus 10 (MOV10) Acts as a Restriction Factor of Influenza A Virus by Inhibiting the Nuclear Import of the Viral Nucleoprotein. J Virol 2016; 90:3966-3980. [PMID: 26842467 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03137-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex of influenza A viruses (IAVs) contains an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex (RdRp) and nucleoprotein (NP) and is the functional unit for viral RNA transcription and replication. The vRNP complex is an important determinant of virus pathogenicity and host adaptation, implying that its function can be affected by host factors. In our study, we identified host protein Moloney leukemia virus 10 (MOV10) as an inhibitor of IAV replication, since depletion of MOV10 resulted in a significant increase in virus yield. MOV10 inhibited the polymerase activity in a minigenome system through RNA-mediated interaction with the NP subunit of vRNP complex. Importantly, we found that the interaction between MOV10 and NP prevented the binding of NP to importin-α, resulting in the retention of NP in the cytoplasm. Both the binding of MOV10 to NP and its inhibitory effect on polymerase activity were independent of its helicase activity. These results suggest that MOV10 acts as an anti-influenza virus factor through specifically inhibiting the nuclear transportation of NP and subsequently inhibiting the function of the vRNP complex. IMPORTANCE The interaction between the influenza virus vRNP complex and host factors is a major determinant of viral tropism and pathogenicity. Our study identified MOV10 as a novel host restriction factor for the influenza virus life cycle since it inhibited the viral growth rate. Conversely, importin-α has been shown as a determinant for influenza tropism and a positive regulator for viral polymerase activity in mammalian cells but not in avian cells. MOV10 disrupted the interaction between NP and importin-α, suggesting that MOV10 could also be an important host factor for influenza virus transmission and pathogenicity. Importantly, as an interferon (IFN)-inducible protein, MOV10 exerted a novel mechanism for IFNs to inhibit the replication of influenza viruses. Furthermore, our study potentially provides a new drug design strategy, the use of molecules that mimic the antiviral mechanism of MOV10.
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36
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Abdelwhab EM, Hassan MK, Abdel-Moneim AS, Naguib MM, Mostafa A, Hussein ITM, Arafa A, Erfan AM, Kilany WH, Agour MG, El-Kanawati Z, Hussein HA, Selim AA, Kholousy S, El-Naggar H, El-Zoghby EF, Samy A, Iqbal M, Eid A, Ibraheem EM, Pleschka S, Veits J, Nasef SA, Beer M, Mettenleiter TC, Grund C, Ali MM, Harder TC, Hafez HM. Introduction and enzootic of A/H5N1 in Egypt: Virus evolution, pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy ten years on. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 40:80-90. [PMID: 26917362 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
It is almost a decade since the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (A/H5N1) of clade 2.2.1 was introduced to Egypt in 2005, most likely, via wild birds; marking the longest endemic status of influenza viruses in poultry outside Asia. The endemic A/H5N1 in Egypt still compromises the poultry industry, poses serious hazards to public health and threatens to become potentially pandemic. The control strategies adopted for A/H5N1 in Egyptian poultry using diverse vaccines in commercialized poultry neither eliminated the virus nor did they decrease its evolutionary rate. Several virus clades have evolved, a few of them disappeared and others prevailed. Disparate evolutionary traits in both birds and humans were manifested by accumulation of clade-specific mutations across viral genomes driven by a variety of selection pressures. Viruses in vaccinated poultry populations displayed higher mutation rates at the immunogenic epitopes, promoting viral escape and reducing vaccine efficiency. On the other hand, viruses isolated from humans displayed changes in the receptor binding domain, which increased the viral affinity to bind to human-type glycan receptors. Moreover, viral pathogenicity exhibited several patterns in different hosts. This review aims to provide an overview of the viral evolution, pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy of A/H5N1 in Egypt during the last ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Abdelwhab
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - M K Hassan
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - A S Abdel-Moneim
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; Microbiology Department, Virology Division, College of Medicine, Taif University, Al-Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - M M Naguib
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - A Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt; Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - I T M Hussein
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - A Arafa
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - A M Erfan
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - W H Kilany
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - M G Agour
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - Z El-Kanawati
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - H A Hussein
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - A A Selim
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - S Kholousy
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - H El-Naggar
- Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, El-Sekka El-Beida St., PO Box 131, Cairo 11381, Egypt
| | - E F El-Zoghby
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - A Samy
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - M Iqbal
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - A Eid
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - E M Ibraheem
- Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - S Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - J Veits
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - S A Nasef
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - M Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - T C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - C Grund
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - M M Ali
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - T C Harder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - H M Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 63, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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Arriaga-Pizano L, Ferat-Osorio E, Rodríguez-Abrego G, Mancilla-Herrera I, Domínguez-Cerezo E, Valero-Pacheco N, Pérez-Toledo M, Lozano-Patiño F, Laredo-Sánchez F, Malagón-Rangel J, Nellen-Hummel H, González-Bonilla C, Arteaga-Troncoso G, Cérbulo-Vázquez A, Pastelin-Palacios R, Klenerman P, Isibasi A, López-Macías C. Differential Immune Profiles in Two Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Waves at Pandemic Epicenter. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:651-8. [PMID: 26696552 PMCID: PMC4914610 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aims Severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm2009 virus infection cases are characterized by sustained immune activation during influenza pandemics. Seasonal flu data suggest that immune mediators could be modified by wave-related changes. Our aim was to determine the behavior of soluble and cell-related mediators in two waves at the epicenter of the 2009 influenza pandemic. Methods Leukocyte surface activation markers were studied in serum from peripheral blood samples, collected from the 1st (April–May, 2009) and 2nd (October 2009–February 2010) pandemic waves. Patients with confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm2009 virus infection (H1N1), influenza-like illness (ILI) or healthy donors (H) were analyzed. Results Serum IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10 levels were elevated in H1N1 patients from the 2nd pandemic wave. Additionally, the frequency of helper and cytotoxic T cells was reduced during the 1st wave, whereas CD69 expression in helper T cells was increased in the 2nd wave for both H1N1 and ILI patients. In contrast, CD62L expression in granulocytes from the ILI group was increased in both waves but in monocytes only in the 2nd wave. Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells (TREM)-1 expression was elevated only in H1N1 patients at the 1st wave. Conclusions Our results show that during the 2009 influenza pandemic a T cell activation phenotype is observed in a wave-dependent fashion, with an expanded activation in the 2nd wave, compared to the 1st wave. Conversely, granulocyte and monocyte activation is infection-dependent. This evidence collected at the pandemic epicenter in 2009 could help us understand the differences in the underlying cellular mechanisms that drive the wave-related immune profile behaviors that occur against influenza viruses during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Arriaga-Pizano
- Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ferat-Osorio
- Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico; Gastrointestinal Surgery Service, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ismael Mancilla-Herrera
- Infectology and Immunology department, National Institute of Perinatology, SSA, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Esteban Domínguez-Cerezo
- Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico; Graduate Program on Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nuriban Valero-Pacheco
- Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico; Graduate Program on Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marisol Pérez-Toledo
- Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico; Graduate Program on Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernando Lozano-Patiño
- Internal Medicine Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernando Laredo-Sánchez
- Internal Medicine Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Malagón-Rangel
- Internal Medicine Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Haiko Nellen-Hummel
- Internal Medicine Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César González-Bonilla
- Unit for Epidemiological Surveillance, National Medical Center La Raza, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford Martin School, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Armando Isibasi
- Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico; Visiting Professor of Immunology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Complete Genome Sequences of an H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Pigeon in China in 2012. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/6/e01330-15. [PMID: 26564048 PMCID: PMC4999947 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01330-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An avian influenza virus strain, A/pigeon/Hubei/RP25/2012 (H5N1), was isolated from pigeons in Hubei province, China. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the HA gene belongs to clade 2.3.4 and the other internal genes present different recombination events. Information about the strain provides basic research data for epidemiological evidences for revealing influenza evolution.
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Bhat S, Bhatia S, Pillai AS, Sood R, Singh VK, Shrivas OP, Mishra SK, Mawale N. Genetic and antigenic characterization of H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.2.1 isolated in India. Microb Pathog 2015; 88:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Watson SJ, Langat P, Reid SM, Lam TTY, Cotten M, Kelly M, Van Reeth K, Qiu Y, Simon G, Bonin E, Foni E, Chiapponi C, Larsen L, Hjulsager C, Markowska-Daniel I, Urbaniak K, Dürrwald R, Schlegel M, Huovilainen A, Davidson I, Dán Á, Loeffen W, Edwards S, Bublot M, Vila T, Maldonado J, Valls L, Brown IH, Pybus OG, Kellam P. Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of Influenza Viruses Circulating within European Swine between 2009 and 2013. J Virol 2015; 89:9920-31. [PMID: 26202246 PMCID: PMC4577897 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00840-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The emergence in humans of the A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus, a complex reassortant virus of swine origin, highlighted the importance of worldwide influenza virus surveillance in swine. To date, large-scale surveillance studies have been reported for southern China and North America, but such data have not yet been described for Europe. We report the first large-scale genomic characterization of 290 swine influenza viruses collected from 14 European countries between 2009 and 2013. A total of 23 distinct genotypes were identified, with the 7 most common comprising 82% of the incidence. Contrasting epidemiological dynamics were observed for two of these genotypes, H1huN2 and H3N2, with the former showing multiple long-lived geographically isolated lineages, while the latter had short-lived geographically diffuse lineages. At least 32 human-swine transmission events have resulted in A(H1N1)pdm09 becoming established at a mean frequency of 8% across European countries. Notably, swine in the United Kingdom have largely had a replacement of the endemic Eurasian avian virus-like ("avian-like") genotypes with A(H1N1)pdm09-derived genotypes. The high number of reassortant genotypes observed in European swine, combined with the identification of a genotype similar to the A(H3N2)v genotype in North America, underlines the importance of continued swine surveillance in Europe for the purposes of maintaining public health. This report further reveals that the emergences and drivers of virus evolution in swine differ at the global level. IMPORTANCE The influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus contains a reassortant genome with segments derived from separate virus lineages that evolved in different regions of the world. In particular, its neuraminidase and matrix segments were derived from the Eurasian avian virus-like ("avian-like") lineage that emerged in European swine in the 1970s. However, while large-scale genomic characterization of swine has been reported for southern China and North America, no equivalent study has yet been reported for Europe. Surveillance of swine herds across Europe between 2009 and 2013 revealed that the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus is established in European swine, increasing the number of circulating lineages in the region and increasing the possibility of the emergence of a genotype with human pandemic potential. It also has implications for veterinary health, making prevention through vaccination more challenging. The identification of a genotype similar to the A(H3N2)v genotype, causing zoonoses at North American agricultural fairs, underlines the importance of continued genomic characterization in European swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Watson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Pinky Langat
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M Reid
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew Cotten
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Kelly
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yu Qiu
- Laboratory of Virology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Simon
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Emilie Bonin
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Emanuela Foni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Lars Larsen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Hjulsager
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kinga Urbaniak
- Department of Swine Diseases, Panstwowy Instytut Weterynaryjny, Pulawy, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ádám Dán
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Willie Loeffen
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michel Bublot
- Virology Department, Discovery Research, Merial, Lyon, France
| | - Thais Vila
- Virology Department, Discovery Research, Merial, Lyon, France
| | - Jaime Maldonado
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services DIAGNOS, Laboratorios HIPRA SA, Gerona, Spain
| | - Laura Valls
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services DIAGNOS, Laboratorios HIPRA SA, Gerona, Spain
| | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kellam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Newly Emergent Highly Pathogenic H5N9 Subtype Avian Influenza A Virus. J Virol 2015; 89:8806-15. [PMID: 26085150 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00653-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The novel H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) was demonstrated to cause severe human respiratory infections in China. Here, we examined poultry specimens from live bird markets linked to human H7N9 infection in Hangzhou, China. Metagenomic sequencing revealed mixed subtypes (H5, H7, H9, N1, N2, and N9). Subsequently, AIV subtypes H5N9, H7N9, and H9N2 were isolated. Evolutionary analysis showed that the hemagglutinin gene of the novel H5N9 virus originated from A/Muscovy duck/Vietnam/LBM227/2012 (H5N1), which belongs to clade 2.3.2.1. The neuraminidase gene of the novel H5N9 virus originated from human-infective A/Hangzhou/1/2013 (H7N9). The six internal genes were similar to those of other H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 virus strains. The virus harbored the PQRERRRKR/GL motif characteristic of highly pathogenic AIVs at the HA cleavage site. Receptor-binding experiments demonstrated that the virus binds α-2,3 sialic acid but not α-2,6 sialic acid. Identically, pathogenicity experiments also showed that the virus caused low mortality rates in mice. This newly isolated H5N9 virus is a highly pathogenic reassortant virus originating from H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes. Live bird markets represent a potential transmission risk to public health and the poultry industry. IMPORTANCE This investigation confirms that the novel H5N9 subtype avian influenza A virus is a reassortant strain originating from H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes and is totally different from the H5N9 viruses reported before. The novel H5N9 virus acquired a highly pathogenic H5 gene and an N9 gene from human-infecting subtype H7N9 but caused low mortality rates in mice. Whether this novel H5N9 virus will cause human infections from its avian host and become a pandemic subtype is not known yet. It is therefore imperative to assess the risk of emergence of this novel reassortant virus with potential transmissibility to public health.
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Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Transmission of influenza A viruses. Virology 2015; 479-480:234-46. [PMID: 25812763 PMCID: PMC4424116 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause respiratory infections that range from asymptomatic to deadly in humans. Widespread outbreaks (pandemics) are attributable to 'novel' viruses that possess a viral hemagglutinin (HA) gene to which humans lack immunity. After a pandemic, these novel viruses form stable virus lineages in humans and circulate until they are replaced by other novel viruses. The factors and mechanisms that facilitate virus transmission among hosts and the establishment of novel lineages are not completely understood, but the HA and basic polymerase 2 (PB2) proteins are thought to play essential roles in these processes by enabling avian influenza viruses to infect mammals and replicate efficiently in their new host. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of the contributions of HA, PB2, and other viral components to virus transmission and the formation of new virus lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Hu Y, Liu X, Zhang A, Zhou H, Liu Z, Chen H, Jin M. CHD3 facilitates vRNP nuclear export by interacting with NES1 of influenza A virus NS2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:971-82. [PMID: 25213355 PMCID: PMC4323543 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
NS2 from influenza A virus mediates Crm1-dependent vRNP nuclear export through interaction with Crm1. However, even though the nuclear export signal 1 (NES1) of NS2 does not play a requisite role in NS2-Crm1 interaction, there is no doubt that NES1 is crucial for vRNP nuclear export. While the mechanism of the NES1 is still unclear, it is speculated that certain host partners might mediate the NES1 function through their interaction with NES1. In the present study, chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 3 (CHD3) was identified as a novel host nuclear protein for locating NS2 and Crm1 on dense chromatin for NS2 and Crm1-dependent vRNP nuclear export. CHD3 was confirmed to interact with NES1 in NS2, and a disruption to this interaction by mutation in NES1 significantly delayed viral vRNPs export and viral propagation. Further, the knockdown of CHD3 would affect the propagation of the wild-type virus but not the mutant with the weakened NS2-CHD3 interaction. Therefore, this study demonstrates that NES1 is required for maximal binding of NS2 to CHD3, and that the NS2-CHD3 interaction on the dense chromatin contributed to the NS2-mediated vRNP nuclear export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaokun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Anding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziduo Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
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A novel humanized antibody neutralizes H5N1 influenza virus via two different mechanisms. J Virol 2015; 89:3712-22. [PMID: 25609802 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03014-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 continues to be a severe threat to public health, as well as the poultry industry, because of its high lethality and antigenic drift rate. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) can serve as a useful tool for preventing, treating, and detecting H5N1. In the present study, humanized H5 antibody 8A8 was developed from a murine H5 MAb. Both the humanized and mouse MAbs presented positive activity in hemagglutination inhibition (HI), virus neutralization, and immunofluorescence assays against a wide range of H5N1 strains. Interestingly, both human and murine 8A8 antibodies were able to detect H5 in Western blot assays under reducing conditions. Further, by sequencing of escape mutants, the conformational epitope of 8A8 was found to be located within the receptor binding domain (RBD) of H5. The linear epitope of 8A8 was identified by Western blotting of overlapping fragments and substitution mutant forms of HA1. Reverse genetic H5N1 strains with individual mutations in either the conformational or the linear epitope were generated and characterized in a series of assays, including HI, postattachment, and cell-cell fusion inhibition assays. The results indicate that for 8A8, virus neutralization mediated by RBD blocking relies on the conformational epitope while binding to the linear epitope contributes to the neutralization by inhibiting membrane fusion. Taken together, the results of this study show that a novel humanized H5 MAb binds to two types of epitopes on HA, leading to virus neutralization via two mechanisms. IMPORTANCE Recurrence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 in humans and poultry continues to be a serious public health concern. Preventive and therapeutic measures against influenza A viruses have received much interest in the context of global efforts to combat the current and future pandemics. Passive immune therapy is considered to be the most effective and economically prudent preventive strategy against influenza virus besides vaccination. It is important to develop a humanized neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) against all of the clades of H5N1. For the first time, we report in this study that a novel humanized H5 MAb binds to two types of epitopes on HA, leading to virus neutralization via two mechanisms. These findings further deepen our understanding of influenza virus neutralization.
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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. RADIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES: VOLUME 1 2015. [PMCID: PMC7120431 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9882-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by some viral strains of avian influenza virus A. Its severity is highly diverse ranging from common cold-like symptoms to septicemia, shock, multiple organ failure, Reye syndrome, pulmonary hemorrhage, and other complications leading to death. According to the laws, human infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza has been legally listed as class B infectious diseases in China. And it has been stipulated that it should be managed according to class A infectious diseases in China.
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Jiao P, Wei L, Song Y, Cui J, Song H, Cao L, Yuan R, Luo K, Liao M. D701N mutation in the PB2 protein contributes to the pathogenicity of H5N1 avian influenza viruses but not transmissibility in guinea pigs. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:642. [PMID: 25505461 PMCID: PMC4243574 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of clade 2.3.2 has been circulating in waterfowl in Southern China since 2003. Our previous studies showed that certain H5N1 HPAIV isolates within clade 2.3.2 from Southern China had high pathogenicity in different birds. Guinea pigs have been successfully used as models to evaluate the transmissibility of AIVs and other species of influenza viruses in mammalian hosts. However, few studies have reported pathogenicity and transmissibility of H5N1 HPAIVs of this clade in guinea pigs. In this study, we selected an H5N1 HPAIV isolate, A/duck/Guangdong/357/2008, to investigate the pathogenicity and transmissibility of the virus in guinea pigs. The virus had high pathogenicity in mice; additionally, it only replicated in some tissues of the guinea pigs without production of clinical signs, but was transmissible among guinea pigs. Interestingly, virus isolates from co-caged guinea pigs had the D701N mutation in the PB2 protein. These mutant viruses showed higher pathogenicity in mice and higher replication capability in guinea pigs but did not demonstrate enhanced the transmissibility among guinea pigs. These findings indicate the transmission of the H5N1 virus between mammals could induce virus mutations, and the mutant viruses might have higher pathogenicity in mammals without higher transmissibility. Therefore, the continued evaluation of the pathogenicity and transmissibility of avian influenza virus (AIVs) in mammals is critical to the understanding of the evolutionary characteristics of AIVs and the emergence of potential pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peirong Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangmeng Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China ; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University Shandong, China
| | - Yafen Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Runyu Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaijian Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
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Ely KH, Matsuoka M, DeBerge MP, Ruby JA, Liu J, Schneider MJ, Wang Y, Hahn YS, Enelow RI. Tissue-protective effects of NKG2A in immune-mediated clearance of virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108385. [PMID: 25251060 PMCID: PMC4177548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection triggers a CD8+ T cell response that aids in virus clearance, but also expresses effector functions that may result in tissue injury. CD8+ T cells express a variety of activating and inhibiting ligands, though regulation of the expression of inhibitory receptors is not well understood. The ligand for the inhibitory receptor, NKG2A, is the non-classical MHC-I molecule Qa1b, which may also serve as a putative restricting element for the T cell receptors of purported regulatory CD8+ T cells. We have previously shown that Qa1b-null mice suffer considerably enhanced immunopathologic lung injury in the context of CD8+ T cell-mediated clearance of influenza infection, as well as evidence in a non-viral system that failure to ligate NKG2A on CD8+ effector T cells may represent an important component of this process. In this report, we examine the requirements for induction of NKG2A expression, and show that NKG2A expression by CD8+ T cells occurs as a result of migration from the MLN to the inflammatory lung environment, irrespective of peripheral antigen recognition. Further, we confirmed that NKG2A is a mediator in limiting immunopathology in virus infection using mice with a targeted deletion of NKG2A, and infecting the mutants with two different viruses, influenza and adenovirus. In neither infection is virus clearance altered. In influenza infection, the enhanced lung injury was associated with increased chemoattractant production, increased infiltration of inflammatory cells, and significantly enhanced alveolar hemorrhage. The primary mechanism of enhanced injury was the loss of negative regulation of CD8+ T cell effector function. A similar effect was observed in the livers of mutant mice infected intravenously with adenovirus. These results demonstrate the immunoregulatory role of CD8+ NKG2A expression in virus infection, which negatively regulates T cell effector functions and contributes to protection of tissue integrity during virus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H. Ely
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KHE); (MM)
| | - Mitsuo Matsuoka
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KHE); (MM)
| | - Matthew P. DeBerge
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Ruby
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Young S. Hahn
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Richard I. Enelow
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
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49
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Wang G, Zhang T, Li X, Jiang Z, Jiang Q, Chen Q, Tu X, Chen Z, Chang J, Li L, Xu B. Serological evidence of H7, H5 and H9 avian influenza virus co-infection among herons in a city park in Jiangxi, China. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6345. [PMID: 25242001 PMCID: PMC4170210 DOI: 10.1038/srep06345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive surveillance of influenza A viruses in different avian species is critical for understanding its transmission. Here, a breeding colony of Little Egrets and Black-crowned Night Herons was monitored both serologically and virologically in a city park of Jiangxi in 2009. A portion of herons had antibodies against H7 (52%), H5 (55%) and H9 (6%) subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) in egg yolk samples, and 45% had antibodies against different AIV serotypes (H5, H7 or H9) simultaneously. Greater numbers of samples with anti-AIV H5N1 recombination-4 (Re-4, clade 7) antibodies were measured compared with those containing anti-H5N1 Re-1 (clade 0) and Re-5 (clade 2.3.4) antibodies. Eight strains of H5 and 9 strains of H9 were isolated from poultry of nearby markets. These results indicate wild birds are at risk from infection and co-infection with H7, H5, and H9 subtypes. Investigation of wild bird infection might provide an early warning sign of potential novel AIVs circulating in the nearby poultry industry and even in human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science, and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science, and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science, and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhiben Jiang
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science, and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaobin Tu
- Wildlife Conservation Division, Jiangxi Forest Bureau, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Ze Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jianyu Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Laixing Li
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning, 810008, China
| | - Bing Xu
- 1] Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science, and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China [2] College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China [3] Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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50
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Whole-Genome Sequence of a Reassortant H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from a Live Poultry Market in China, 2013. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/5/e00706-14. [PMID: 25212611 PMCID: PMC4161740 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00706-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An avian influenza virus, A/environment/Zhenjiang/C13/2013(H5N6), was isolated from a live poultry market in eastern China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolate was a novel reassortant virus with a neuraminidase (NA) gene from H6N6 viruses and the other seven genes from H5N1 viruses, which may pose a potential threat to human and animal health.
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