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Kohlmeier M, Baah E, Washko M, Adams K. Genotype-informed nutrition counselling in clinical practice. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 2023; 6:407-412. [PMID: 38618528 PMCID: PMC11009529 DOI: 10.1136/bmjnph-2023-000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kohlmeier
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine and Gillings School of Global Public Health, and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emmanuel Baah
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine and Gillings School of Global Public Health, and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Washko
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine and Gillings School of Global Public Health, and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kelly Adams
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine and Gillings School of Global Public Health, and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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2
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Li W, Li C, Liu T, Song Y, Chen P, Liu L, Wang B, Qu J. The association of serum choline concentrations with the risk of cancers: a community-based nested case-control study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22144. [PMID: 38092871 PMCID: PMC10719238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have been designed to investigate the effect of serum choline on the risk of incident cancer. This study aims to explore the association between serum choline and the risk of new-onset cancer. We conducted a case-control study, including 199 patients with incident cancer and 199 matched controls during a median of 3.9 years of follow-up, nested within the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial. Cubic spline regression (RCS) and conditional logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of serum choline and incident cancer risk. We observed a positive dose-response association between serum choline levels and the risk of overall (p for overall = 0.046) and digestive system cancer (p for overall = 0.039). Compared with patients with the lowest choline levels (Q1 group), patients in the highest levels of choline (Q4) had a 3.69-fold and 6.01-fold increased risk of overall (OR = 3.69, 95% CI 1.17-11.63) and digestive system cancer (OR = 6.01, 95% CI 1.14-31.67). Elevated choline levels (per SD, 11.49 μg/mL) were associated with a higher risk of overall cancer among participants who were older, male, and smokers in the subgroup analyses. We found a positive association between elevated levels of serum choline with increased risk of incident cancer. Our findings have critical clinical implications for cancer prevention and diagnosis.Trial registration CSPPT, NCT00794885. Registered: November 20, 2008. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00794885 https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00794885.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Oncology, Dazu Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402360, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Clinical Nutrition, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yun Song
- Shenzhen Evergreen Medical Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Shenzhen Evergreen Medical Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Lishun Liu
- Shenzhen Evergreen Medical Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Binyan Wang
- Shenzhen Evergreen Medical Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of General Surgery, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100038, China.
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3
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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Knutsen HK, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pentieva K, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Bresson J, Fiolet T, Siani A. Choline and contribution to normal liver function of the foetus and exclusively breastfed infants: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08115. [PMID: 37502017 PMCID: PMC10369243 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Following an application from Procter & Gamble BV pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of Belgium, the Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to choline and contribution to normal liver function of the foetus and exclusively breastfed infant. The scope of the application was proposed to fall under a health claim referring to children's development and health. The Panel considers that choline is sufficiently characterised. The claimed effect proposed by the applicant is contribution 'to normal foetal and infant development, especially liver'. The proposed target population is 'unborn fetuses and breastfed infants'. Choline is involved in the structure of cell membranes, cell signalling, metabolism and transport of lipids and cholesterol and neurotransmitter synthesis. Although choline can be synthesised de novo by the human body, depletion-repletion studies in humans show that low choline intake leads to liver dysfunction and muscle damage, which are reverted by the administration of dietary choline. For these functions, de novo synthesis of choline by the human body is insufficient and choline must be obtained from dietary sources. No human studies have addressed the effect of low maternal dietary choline intake on liver function in the fetus or exclusively breastfed infants. However, the Panel considers that the biological role of choline in normal liver function and dietary choline being essential for the function applies to all ages, including fetus and infants. The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the intake of choline by pregnant and lactating women and contribution to normal liver function of the fetus and exclusively breastfed infants.
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4
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DiStefano JK. The Role of Choline, Soy Isoflavones, and Probiotics as Adjuvant Treatments in the Prevention and Management of NAFLD in Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients 2023; 15:2670. [PMID: 37375574 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent condition among postmenopausal women that can lead to severe liver dysfunction and increased mortality. In recent years, research has focused on identifying potential lifestyle dietary interventions that may prevent or treat NAFLD in this population. Due to the complex and multifactorial nature of NAFLD in postmenopausal women, the disease can present as different subtypes, with varying levels of clinical presentation and variable treatment responses. By recognizing the significant heterogeneity of NAFLD in postmenopausal women, it may be possible to identify specific subsets of individuals who may benefit from targeted nutritional interventions. The purpose of this review was to examine the current evidence supporting the role of three specific nutritional factors-choline, soy isoflavones, and probiotics-as potential nutritional adjuvants in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD in postmenopausal women. There is promising evidence supporting the potential benefits of these nutritional factors for NAFLD prevention and treatment, particularly in postmenopausal women, and further research is warranted to confirm their effectiveness in alleviating hepatic steatosis in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K DiStefano
- Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Research Unit, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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5
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Piras IS, Raju A, Don J, Schork NJ, Gerhard GS, DiStefano JK. Hepatic PEMT Expression Decreases with Increasing NAFLD Severity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169296. [PMID: 36012560 PMCID: PMC9409182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline deficiency causes hepatic fat accumulation, and is associated with a higher risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and more advanced NAFLD-related hepatic fibrosis. Reduced expression of hepatic phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT), which catalyzes the production of phosphatidylcholine, causes steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice. In humans, common PEMT variants impair phosphatidylcholine synthesis, and are associated with NAFLD risk. We investigated hepatic PEMT expression in a large cohort of patients representing the spectrum of NAFLD, and examined the relationship between PEMT genetic variants and gene expression. Hepatic PEMT expression was reduced in NAFLD patients with inflammation and fibrosis (i.e., nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or NASH) compared to participants with normal liver histology (β = −1.497; p = 0.005). PEMT levels also declined with increasing severity of fibrosis with cirrhosis < incomplete cirrhosis < bridging fibrosis (β = −1.185; p = 0.011). Hepatic PEMT expression was reduced in postmenopausal women with NASH compared to those with normal liver histology (β = −3.698; p = 0.030). We detected a suggestive association between rs7946 and hepatic fibrosis (p = 0.083). Although none of the tested variants were associated with hepatic PEMT expression, computational fine mapping analysis indicated that rs4646385 may impact PEMT levels in the liver. Hepatic PEMT expression decreases with increasing severity of NAFLD in obese individuals and postmenopausal women, and may contribute to disease pathogenesis in a subset of NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio S. Piras
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Anish Raju
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Janith Don
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | | | - Glenn S. Gerhard
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Johanna K. DiStefano
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Personalized Nutrition in the Management of Female Infertility: New Insights on Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091918. [PMID: 35565885 PMCID: PMC9105997 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence on the significance of nutrition in reproduction is emerging from both animal and human studies, suggesting a mutual association between nutrition and female fertility. Different “fertile” dietary patterns have been studied; however, in humans, conflicting results or weak correlations are often reported, probably because of the individual variations in genome, proteome, metabolome, and microbiome and the extent of exposure to different environmental conditions. In this scenario, “precision nutrition”, namely personalized dietary patterns based on deep phenotyping and on metabolomics, microbiome, and nutrigenetics of each case, might be more efficient for infertile patients than applying a generic nutritional approach. In this review, we report on new insights into the nutritional management of infertile patients, discussing the main nutrigenetic, nutrigenomic, and microbiomic aspects that should be investigated to achieve effective personalized nutritional interventions. Specifically, we will focus on the management of low-grade chronic inflammation, which is associated with several infertility-related diseases.
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can develop in lean individuals. Despite a better metabolic profile, the risk of disease progression to hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and decompensated cirrhosis in the lean is similar to that in obesity-related NAFLD and lean individuals may experience more severe hepatic consequences and higher mortality relative to those with a higher body mass index (BMI). In the absence of early symptoms and abnormal laboratory findings, lean individuals are not likely to be screened for NAFLD or related comorbidities; however, given the progressive nature of the disease and the increased risk of morbidity and mortality, a clearer understanding of the natural history of NAFLD in lean individuals, as well as efforts to raise awareness of the potential health risks of NAFLD in lean individuals, are warranted. In this review, we summarize available data on NAFLD prevalence, clinical characteristics, outcomes, and mortality in lean individuals and discuss factors that may contribute to the development of NAFLD in this population, including links between dietary and genetic factors, menopausal status, and ethnicity. We also highlight the need for greater representation of lean individuals in NAFLD-related clinical trials, as well as more studies to better characterize lean NAFLD, develop improved screening algorithms, and determine specific treatment strategies based on underlying etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K. DiStefano
- Diabetes and Fibrotic Disease Research Unit, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, USA
| | - Glenn S. Gerhard
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
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Nieman DC. Multiomics Approach to Precision Sports Nutrition: Limits, Challenges, and Possibilities. Front Nutr 2022; 8:796360. [PMID: 34970584 PMCID: PMC8712338 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.796360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most sports nutrition guidelines are based on group average responses and professional opinion. Precision nutrition for athletes aims to improve the individualization of nutrition practices to optimize long-term performance and health. This is a 2-step process that first involves the acquisition of individual-specific, science-based information using a variety of sources including lifestyle and medical histories, dietary assessment, physiological assessments from the performance lab and wearable sensors, and multiomics data from blood, urine, saliva, and stool samples. The second step consists of the delivery of science-based nutrition advice, behavior change support, and the monitoring of health and performance efficacy and benefits relative to cost. Individuals vary widely in the way they respond to exercise and nutritional interventions, and understanding why this metabolic heterogeneity exists is critical for further advances in precision nutrition. Another major challenge is the development of evidence-based individualized nutrition recommendations that are embraced and efficacious for athletes seeking the most effective enhancement of performance, metabolic recovery, and health. At this time precision sports nutrition is an emerging discipline that will require continued technological and scientific advances before this approach becomes accurate and practical for athletes and fitness enthusiasts at the small group or individual level. The costs and scientific challenges appear formidable, but what is already being achieved today in precision nutrition through multiomics and sensor technology seemed impossible just two decades ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Nieman
- North Carolina Research Campus, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
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9
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Ye S, Yousuf A, McVey D. Relationship between red meat metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and cardiovascular disease. HEART AND MIND 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/hm.hm_8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Mild Choline Deficiency and MTHFD1 Synthetase Deficiency Interact to Increase Incidence of Developmental Delays and Defects in Mice. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010127. [PMID: 35011003 PMCID: PMC8747146 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Folate and choline are interconnected metabolically. The MTHFD1 R653Q SNP is a risk factor for birth defects and there are concerns that choline deficiency may interact with this SNP and exacerbate health risks. 80–90% of women do not meet the Adequate Intake (AI) for choline. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of choline deficiency on maternal one-carbon metabolism and reproductive outcomes in the MTHFD1-synthetase deficient mouse (Mthfd1S), a model for MTHFD1 R653Q. Mthfd1S+/+ and Mthfd1S+/− females were fed control (CD) or choline-deficient diets (ChDD; 1/3 the amount of choline) before mating and during pregnancy. Embryos were evaluated for delays and defects at 10.5 days gestation. Choline metabolites were measured in the maternal liver, and total folate measured in maternal plasma and liver. ChDD significantly decreased choline, betaine, phosphocholine, and dimethylglycine in maternal liver (p < 0.05, ANOVA), and altered phosphatidylcholine metabolism. Maternal and embryonic genotype, and diet-genotype interactions had significant effects on defect incidence. Mild choline deficiency and Mthfd1S+/− genotype alter maternal one-carbon metabolism and increase incidence of developmental defects. Further study is required to determine if low choline intakes contribute to developmental defects in humans, particularly in 653QQ women.
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Krishnan S, O’Connor LE, Wang Y, Gertz ER, Campbell WW, Bennett BJ. Adopting a Mediterranean-style eating pattern with low, but not moderate, unprocessed, lean red meat intake reduces fasting serum trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in adults who are overweight or obese. Br J Nutr 2021; 128:1-21. [PMID: 34823615 PMCID: PMC9133270 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A Mediterranean-style eating pattern (MED-EP) may include moderate red meat intake. However, it is unknown if the pro-atherogenic metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is affected by the amount of red meat consumed with a MED-EP. The results presented are from a secondary, retrospective objective of an investigator-blinded, randomized, crossover, controlled feeding trial (two 5-wk interventions separated by a 4-wk washout) to determine if a MED-EP with 200g unprocessed lean red meat/wk (MED-CONTROL) reduces circulating TMAO concentrations compared to a MED-EP with 500g unprocessed lean red meat/wk (MED-RED). Participants were 27 women and 12 men (n=39 total) who were either overweight or obese (BMI: 30.5 ± 0.3 kg/m2 mean ± SEM). Serum samples were obtained following an overnight fast both before (pre) and after (post) each intervention. Fasting serum TMAO, choline, carnitine, and betaine concentrations were measured using a targeted Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed to assess if (a) TMAO and related metabolites differed by intervention, and (b) if changes in TMAO were associated with changes in Framingham 10-year risk score. Serum TMAO was lower post-intervention following MED-CONTROL compared to MED-RED intervention (post-MED-CONTROL 3.1 ± 0.2 µM vs. post-MED-RED 5.0 ± 0.5 µM, p<0.001), and decreased following MED-CONTROL (pre- vs post-MED-CONTROL, p = 0.025). Exploratory analysis using mixed model analysis of covariance identified a positive association between changes in TMAO and changes in HOMA-IR (p = 0.036). These results suggest that lower amounts of red meat intake leads to lower TMAO concentrations in the context of a MED-EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Krishnan
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lauren E. O’Connor
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Erik R. Gertz
- USDA-Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Wayne W. Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Brian J. Bennett
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- USDA-Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
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12
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Krill-Oil-Dependent Increases in HS-Omega-3 Index, Plasma Choline and Antioxidant Capacity in Well-Conditioned Power Training Athletes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124237. [PMID: 34959789 PMCID: PMC8708578 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that both omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and choline can influence sports performance, but information establishing their combined effects when given in the form of krill oil during power training protocols is missing. The purpose of this study was therefore to characterize n-3 PUFA and choline profiles after a one-hour period of high-intensity physical workout after 12 weeks of supplementation. Thirty-five healthy power training athletes received either 2.5 g/day of Neptune krill oilTM (550 mg EPA/DHA and 150 mg choline) or olive oil (placebo) in a randomized double-blind design. After 12 weeks, only the krill oil group showed a significant HS-Omega-3 Index increase from 4.82 to 6.77% and a reduction in the ARA/EPA ratio (from 50.72 to 13.61%) (p < 0.001). The krill oil group showed significantly higher recovery of choline concentrations relative to the placebo group from the end of the first to the beginning of the second exercise test (p = 0.04) and an 8% decrease in total antioxidant capacity post-exercise versus 21% in the placebo group (p = 0.35). In conclusion, krill oil can be used as a nutritional strategy for increasing the HS-Omega-3 Index, recover choline concentrations and address oxidative stress after intense power trainings.
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Martínez-Montoro JI, Cornejo-Pareja I, Gómez-Pérez AM, Tinahones FJ. Impact of Genetic Polymorphism on Response to Therapy in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:4077. [PMID: 34836332 PMCID: PMC8625016 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has reached pandemic proportions with derived major health and socioeconomic consequences; this tendency is expected to be further aggravated in the coming years. Obesity, insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes mellitus, sedentary lifestyle, increased caloric intake and genetic predisposition constitute the main risk factors associated with the development and progression of the disease. Importantly, the interaction between the inherited genetic background and some unhealthy dietary patterns has been postulated to have an essential role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Weight loss through lifestyle modifications is considered the cornerstone of the treatment for NAFLD and the inter-individual variability in the response to some dietary approaches may be conditioned by the presence of different single nucleotide polymorphisms. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the influence of the association between genetic susceptibility and dietary habits in NAFLD pathophysiology, as well as the role of gene polymorphism in the response to lifestyle interventions and the potential interaction between nutritional genomics and other emerging therapies for NAFLD, such as bariatric surgery and several pharmacologic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Martínez-Montoro
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.I.M.-M.); (F.J.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Cornejo-Pareja
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Gómez-Pérez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.I.M.-M.); (F.J.T.)
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.I.M.-M.); (F.J.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Iglesias-Carres L, Neilson AP. Utilizing preclinical models of genetic diversity to improve translation of phytochemical activities from rodents to humans and inform personalized nutrition. Food Funct 2021; 12:11077-11105. [PMID: 34672309 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02782d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models are an essential tool in different areas of research, including nutrition and phytochemical research. Traditional inbred mouse models have allowed the discovery of therapeutical targets and mechanisms of action and expanded our knowledge of health and disease. However, these models lack the genetic variability typically found in human populations, which hinders the translatability of the results found in mice to humans. The development of genetically diverse mouse models, such as the collaborative cross (CC) or the diversity outbred (DO) models, has been a useful tool to overcome this obstacle in many fields, such as cancer, immunology and toxicology. However, these tools have not yet been widely adopted in the field of phytochemical research. As demonstrated in other disciplines, use of CC and DO models has the potential to provide invaluable insights for translation of phytochemicals from rodents to humans, which are desperately needed given the challenges and numerous failed clinical trials in this field. These models may prove informative for personalized use of phytochemicals in humans, including: predicting interindividual variability in phytochemical bioavailability and efficacy, identifying genetic loci or genes governing response to phytochemicals, identifying phytochemical mechanisms of action and therapeutic targets, and understanding the impact of genetic variability on individual response to phytochemicals. Such insights would prove invaluable for personalized implementation of phytochemicals in humans. This review will focus on the current work performed with genetically diverse mouse populations, and the research opportunities and advantages that these models can offer to phytochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisard Iglesias-Carres
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA.
| | - Andrew P Neilson
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA.
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15
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Goh YQ, Cheam G, Wang Y. Understanding Choline Bioavailability and Utilization: First Step Toward Personalizing Choline Nutrition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10774-10789. [PMID: 34392687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Choline is an essential macronutrient involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, cell-membrane signaling, lipid transport, and methyl-group metabolism. Nevertheless, the vast majority are not meeting the recommended intake requirement. Choline deficiency is linked to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, skeletal muscle atrophy, and neurodegenerative diseases. The conversion of dietary choline to trimethylamine by gut microbiota is known for its association with atherosclerosis and may contribute to choline deficiency. Choline-utilizing bacteria constitutes less than 1% of the gut community and is modulated by lifestyle interventions such as dietary patterns, antibiotics, and probiotics. In addition, choline utilization is also affected by genetic factors, further complicating the impact of choline on health. This review overviews the complex interplay between dietary intakes of choline, gut microbiota and genetic factors, and the subsequent impact on health. Understanding of gut microbiota metabolism of choline substrates and interindividual variability is warranted in the development of personalized choline nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qi Goh
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921
| | - Guoxiang Cheam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Yulan Wang
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921
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16
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Bai U, Su X, Zheng Z, Zhang L, Ma Y, Dou Y, Zhang X, Su G, Li G, Zhang L. Comparative metabolomics analysis of Small-Tailed Han and DairyMeade ovine milk. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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17
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Młodzik-Czyżewska MA, Szwengiel A, Malinowska AM, Chmurzynska A. Comparison of Associations between One-Carbon Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, and Fatty Liver Markers in Normal-Weight and Overweight People Aged 20-40 Years. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2021; 77:221-230. [PMID: 34233321 DOI: 10.1159/000517911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare biomarkers of one-carbon metabolism (OCM), lipid metabolism, and fatty liver in people with normal and increased body weight. The study was performed on 421 participants, aged 20-40 years, enrolled in Poznan, Poland, in 2016-2018. Choline and betaine intakes were assessed. DNA samples were genotyped for polymorphisms of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT; rs7946 and rs12325817), methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR; rs180113), methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD1; rs2236225), and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR; rs70991108). To assess the associations between blood metabolites (choline, betaine, folate, L-carnitine, o-acetyl-L-carnitine, and trimethylamine N-oxide]), circulating lipids, and fatty liver indices, multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. Overweight/obese participants had 5.8% higher choline (p < 0.05) and 10% higher L-carnitine (p < 0.001) levels than normal-weight subjects. Serum folate and betaine levels were associated with lower total cholesterol (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively), triacylglycerols (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001), and triglyceride glucose index (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively), though only in overweight/obese people. The PEMT rs12325817 CC genotype was associated with higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (p < 0.01) in overweight/obese people. The associations between OCM markers, fatty liver indices, and blood lipids differ in subjects with normal and excessive body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur Szwengiel
- Department of Fermentation and Biosynthesis, Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna M Malinowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Chmurzynska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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18
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Smith SM, Virdee MS, Eckerle JK, Sandness KE, Georgieff MK, Boys CJ, Zeisel SH, Wozniak JR. Polymorphisms in SLC44A1 are associated with cognitive improvement in children diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: an exploratory study of oral choline supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:617-627. [PMID: 33876196 PMCID: PMC8326038 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The essential nutrient choline provides one-carbon units for metabolite synthesis and epigenetic regulation in tissues including brain. Dietary choline intake is often inadequate, and higher intakes are associated with improved cognitive function. OBJECTIVE Choline supplements confer cognitive improvement for those diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), a common set of neurodevelopmental impairments; however, the effect sizes have been modest. In this retrospective analysis, we report that genetic polymorphisms affecting choline utilization are associated with cognitive improvement following choline intervention. METHODS Fifty-two children from the upper midwestern United States and diagnosed with FASD, ages 2-5 y, were randomly assigned to receive choline (500 mg/d; n = 26) or placebo (n = 26) for 9 mo, and were genotyped for 384 choline-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Memory and cognition were assessed at enrollment, study terminus, and at 4-y follow-up for a subset. RESULTS When stratified by intervention (choline vs. placebo), 14-16 SNPs within the cellular choline transporter gene solute carrier family 44 member 1 (SLC44A1) were significantly associated with performance in an elicited imitation sequential memory task, wherein the effect alleles were associated with the greatest pre-/postintervention improvement. Of these, rs3199966 is a structural variant (S644A) and rs2771040 is a single-nucleotide variant within the 3' untranslated region of the plasma membrane isoform. An additive genetic model best explained the genotype associations. Lesser associations were observed for cognitive outcome and polymorphisms in flavin monooxygenase-3 (FMO3), methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-1 (MTHFD1), fatty acid desaturase-2 (FADS2), and adiponectin receptor 1 (ADIPOR1). CONCLUSIONS These SLC44A1 variants were previously associated with greater vulnerability to choline deficiency. Our data potentially support the use of choline supplements to improve cognitive function in individuals diagnosed with FASD who carry these effect alleles. Although these findings require replication in both retrospective and prospective confirmatory trials, they emphasize the need to incorporate similar genetic analyses of choline-related polymorphisms in other FASD-choline trials, and to test for similar associations within the general FASD population. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01149538.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manjot S Virdee
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Judith K Eckerle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristin E Sandness
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christopher J Boys
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Steven H Zeisel
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Wozniak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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19
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Cheng Y, Gan-Schreier H, Seeßle J, Staffer S, Tuma-Kellner S, Khnykin D, Stremmel W, Merle U, Herrmann T, Chamulitrat W. Methionine- and Choline-Deficient Diet Enhances Adipose Lipolysis and Leptin Release in aP2-Cre Fatp4-Knockout Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000361. [PMID: 32991778 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Inadequate intake of choline commonly leads to liver diseases. Methionine- and choline-deficient diets (MCDD) induce fatty liver in mice which is partly mediated by triglyceride (TG) lipolysis in white adipose tissues (WATs). Because Fatp4 knockdown has been shown to increase adipocyte lipolysis in vitro, here, the effects of MCDD on WAT lipolysis in aP2-Cre Fatp4-knockout (Fatp4A-/- ) mice are determined. METHODS AND RESULTS Isolated WATs of Fatp4A-/- mice exposed to MCD medium show an increase in lipolysis, and the strongest effect is noted on glycerol release from subcutaneous fat. Fatp4A-/- mice fed with MCDD for 4 weeks show an increase in serum glycerol, TG, and leptin levels associated with the activation of hormone-sensitive lipase in subcutaneous fat. Chow-fed Fatp4A-/- mice also show an increase in serum leptin and very-low-density lipoproteins as well as liver phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin levels. Both chow- and MCDD-fed Fatp4A-/- mice show a decrease in serum ketone and WAT sphingomyelin levels which supports a metabolic shift to TG for subsequent WAT lipolysis CONCLUSIONS: Adipose Fatp4 deficiency leads to TG lipolysis and leptin release, which are exaggerated by MCDD. The data imply hyperlipidemia risk by a low dietary choline intake and gene mutations that increase adipose TG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hongying Gan-Schreier
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Seeßle
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Staffer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Tuma-Kellner
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Denis Khnykin
- Department of Pathology and Center for Immune Regulation, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wolfgang Stremmel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Westkuesten Hospital, Esmarchstraße 50, 25746, Heide, Germany
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Gentile F, Doneddu PE, Riva N, Nobile-Orazio E, Quattrini A. Diet, Microbiota and Brain Health: Unraveling the Network Intersecting Metabolism and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7471. [PMID: 33050475 PMCID: PMC7590163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence gives support for the idea that extra-neuronal factors may affect brain physiology and its predisposition to neurodegenerative diseases. Epidemiological and experimental studies show that nutrition and metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes increase the risk of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases after midlife, while the relationship with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is uncertain, but suggests a protective effect of features of metabolic syndrome. The microbiota has recently emerged as a novel factor engaging strong interactions with neurons and glia, deeply affecting their function and behavior in these diseases. In particular, recent evidence suggested that gut microbes are involved in the seeding of prion-like proteins and their spreading to the central nervous system. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the impact of metabolism, diet and microbiota in neurodegeneration, by affecting simultaneously several aspects of health regarding energy metabolism, immune system and neuronal function. Advancing technologies may allow researchers in the future to improve investigations in these fields, allowing the buildup of population-based preventive interventions and development of targeted therapeutics to halt progressive neurologic disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gentile
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (N.R.)
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy; (P.E.D.); (E.N.-O.)
| | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy; (P.E.D.); (E.N.-O.)
| | - Nilo Riva
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (N.R.)
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy; (P.E.D.); (E.N.-O.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (N.R.)
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21
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Ilozumba MN, Cheng TYD, Neuhouser ML, Miller JW, Beresford SAA, Duggan DJ, Toriola AT, Song X, Zheng Y, Bailey LB, Shadyab AH, Liu S, Malysheva O, Caudill MA, Ulrich CM. Associations between Plasma Choline Metabolites and Genetic Polymorphisms in One-Carbon Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. J Nutr 2020; 150:2874-2881. [PMID: 32939549 PMCID: PMC7675024 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choline plays an integral role in one-carbon metabolism in the body, but it is unclear whether genetic polymorphisms are associated with variations in plasma choline and its metabolites. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the association of genetic variants in choline and one-carbon metabolism with plasma choline and its metabolites. METHODS We analyzed data from 1423 postmenopausal women in a case-control study nested within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Plasma concentrations of choline, betaine, dimethylglycine (DMG), and trimethylamine N-oxide were determined in 12-h fasting blood samples collected at baseline (1993-1998). Candidate and tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT), BHMT2, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent 1) (MTHFD1), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR), and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase (MTRR). Linear regression was used to derive percentage difference in plasma concentrations per variant allele, adjusting for confounders, including B-vitamin biomarkers. Potential effect modification by plasma vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, and folate concentrations and folic-acid fortification periods was examined. RESULTS The candidate SNP BHMT R239Q (rs3733890) was associated with lower concentrations of plasma betaine and DMG concentrations (-4.00% and -6.75% per variant allele, respectively; both nominal P < 0.05). Another candidate SNP, BHMT2 rs626105 A>G, was associated with higher plasma DMG concentration (13.0%; P < 0.0001). Several tagSNPs in these 2 genes were associated with plasma concentrations after correction for multiple comparisons. Vitamin B-12 status was a significant effect modifier of the association between the genetic variant BHMT2 rs626105 A>G and plasma DMG concentration. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variations in metabolic enzymes were associated with plasma concentrations of choline and its metabolites. Our findings contribute to the knowledge on the variation in blood nutrient concentrations in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua W Miller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Shirley A A Beresford
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David J Duggan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Adetunji T Toriola
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiaoling Song
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yingye Zheng
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lynn B Bailey
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Olga Malysheva
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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22
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Bernhard W. Choline in cystic fibrosis: relations to pancreas insufficiency, enterohepatic cycle, PEMT and intestinal microbiota. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:1737-1759. [PMID: 32797252 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder with life-threatening organ manifestations. 87% of CF patients develop exocrine pancreas insufficiency, frequently starting in utero and requiring lifelong pancreatic enzyme substitution. 99% develop progressive lung disease, and 20-60% CF-related liver disease, from mild steatosis to cirrhosis. Characteristically, pancreas, liver and lung are linked by choline metabolism, a critical nutrient in CF. Choline is a tightly regulated tissue component in the form of phosphatidylcholine (Ptd'Cho) and sphingomyelin (SPH) in all membranes and many secretions, particularly of liver (bile, lipoproteins) and lung (surfactant, lipoproteins). Via its downstream metabolites, betaine, dimethylglycine and sarcosine, choline is the major one-carbon donor for methionine regeneration from homocysteine. Methionine is primarily used for essential methylation processes via S-adenosyl-methionine. CLINICAL IMPACT CF patients with exocrine pancreas insufficiency frequently develop choline deficiency, due to loss of bile Ptd'Cho via feces. ~ 50% (11-12 g) of hepatic Ptd'Cho is daily secreted into the duodenum. Its re-uptake requires cleavage to lyso-Ptd'Cho by pancreatic and small intestinal phospholipases requiring alkaline environment. Impaired CFTR-dependent bicarbonate secretion, however, results in low duodenal pH, impaired phospholipase activity, fecal Ptd'Cho loss and choline deficiency. Low plasma choline causes decreased availability for parenchymal Ptd'Cho metabolism, impacting on organ functions. Choline deficiency results in hepatic choline/Ptd'Cho accretion from lung tissue via high density lipoproteins, explaining the link between choline deficiency and lung function. Hepatic Ptd'Cho synthesis from phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT) partly compensates for choline deficiency, but frequent single nucleotide polymorphisms enhance choline requirement. Additionally, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) frequently causes intraluminal choline degradation in CF patients prior to its absorption. As adequate choline supplementation was clinically effective and adult as well as pediatric CF patients suffer from choline deficiency, choline supplementation in CF patients of all ages should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bernhard
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Calwer Straße 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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23
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Xu M, Xue RQ, Lu Y, Yong SY, Wu Q, Cui YL, Zuo XT, Yu XJ, Zhao M, Zang WJ. Choline ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy by regulating metabolic remodelling and UPRmt through SIRT3-AMPK pathway. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:530-545. [PMID: 30165480 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac hypertrophy is characterized by a shift in metabolic substrate utilization, but the molecular events underlying the metabolic remodelling remain poorly understood. We explored metabolic remodelling and mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac hypertrophy and investigated the cardioprotective effects of choline. METHODS AND RESULTS The experiments were conducted using a model of ventricular hypertrophy by partially banding the abdominal aorta of Sprague Dawley rats. Cardiomyocyte size and cardiac fibrosis were significantly increased in hypertrophic hearts. In vitro cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was induced by exposing neonatal rat cardiomyocytes to angiotensin II (Ang II) (10-6 M, 24 h). Choline attenuated the mito-nuclear protein imbalance and activated the mitochondrial-unfolded protein response (UPRmt) in the heart, thereby preserving the ultrastructure and function of mitochondria in the context of cardiac hypertrophy. Moreover, choline inhibited myocardial metabolic dysfunction by promoting the expression of proteins involved in ketone body and fatty acid metabolism in response to pressure overload, accompanied by the activation of sirtuin 3/AMP-activated protein kinase (SIRT3-AMPK) signalling. In vitro analyses demonstrated that SIRT3 siRNA diminished choline-mediated activation of ketone body metabolism and UPRmt, as well as inhibition of hypertrophic signals. Intriguingly, serum from choline-treated abdominal aorta banding models (where β-hydroxybutyrate was increased) attenuated Ang II-induced myocyte hypertrophy, which indicates that β-hydroxybutyrate is important for the cardioprotective effects of choline. CONCLUSION Choline attenuated cardiac dysfunction by modulating the expression of proteins involved in ketone body and fatty acid metabolism, and induction of UPRmt; this was likely mediated by activation of the SIRT3-AMPK pathway. Taken together, these results identify SIRT3-AMPK as a key cardiac transcriptional regulator that helps orchestrate an adaptive metabolic response to cardiac stress. Choline treatment may represent a new therapeutic strategy for optimizing myocardial metabolism in the context of hypertrophy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Run-Qing Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Su-Yun Yong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ting Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Wei-Jin Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
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24
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Zeisel SH. Precision (Personalized) Nutrition: Understanding Metabolic Heterogeneity. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2020; 11:71-92. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
People differ in their requirements for and responses to nutrients and bioactive molecules in the diet. Many inputs contribute to metabolic heterogeneity (including variations in genetics, epigenetics, microbiome, lifestyle, diet intake, and environmental exposure). Precision nutrition is not about developing unique prescriptions for individual people but rather about stratifying people into different subgroups of the population on the basis of biomarkers of the above-listed sources of metabolic variation and then using this stratification to better estimate the different subgroups’ dietary requirements, thereby enabling better dietary recommendations and interventions. The hope is that we will be able to subcategorize people into ever-smaller groups that can be targeted in terms of recommendations, but we will never achieve this at the individual level, thus, the choice of precision nutrition rather than personalized nutrition to designate this new field. This review focuses mainly on genetically related sources of metabolic heterogeneity and identifies challenges that need to be overcome to achieve a full understanding of the complex interactions between the many sources of metabolic heterogeneity that make people differ from one another in their requirements for and responses to foods. It also discusses the commercial applications of precision nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H. Zeisel
- Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
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25
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Radziejewska A, Muzsik A, Milagro FI, Martínez JA, Chmurzynska A. One-Carbon Metabolism and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Crosstalk between Nutrients, Microbiota, and Genetics. Lifestyle Genom 2019; 13:53-63. [PMID: 31846961 DOI: 10.1159/000504602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide. Its etiology includes nutritional, genetic, and lifestyle factors. Several mechanisms may link one-carbon metabolism - the associated metabolic pathways of folate, methionine, and choline - to the onset of NAFLD. In this review, we attempted to assess how choline, folate, methionine, and betaine affect NAFLD development, mainly through their role in the secretion of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) from the liver. We also reviewed recent articles that have described the relation between microbiota metabolism and NAFLD progression. Moreover, we describe the effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in genes related to one-carbon metabolism and disease prevalence. We additionally seek SNP identified by genome-wide associations that may increase the risk of this disease. Even though the evidence available is not entirely consistent, it seems that the concentrations of choline, methionine, folate, and betaine may affect the progression of NAFLD. Since there is no effective therapy for NAFLD, further investigations into the link between nutrition, gut microbiota, genetic factors, and NAFLD are still necessary, with a particular emphasis on methyl donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Radziejewska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Muzsik
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Fermín I Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra's Health Research Institute (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra's Health Research Institute (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agata Chmurzynska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland,
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26
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Bekdash RA. Neuroprotective Effects of Choline and Other Methyl Donors. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122995. [PMID: 31817768 PMCID: PMC6950346 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that physical and mental health are influenced by an intricate interaction between genes and environment. Environmental factors have been shown to modulate neuronal gene expression and function by epigenetic mechanisms. Exposure to these factors including nutrients during sensitive periods of life could program brain development and have long-lasting effects on mental health. Studies have shown that early nutritional intervention that includes methyl-donors improves cognitive functions throughout life. Choline is a micronutrient and a methyl donor that is required for normal brain growth and development. It plays a pivotal role in maintaining structural and functional integrity of cellular membranes. It also regulates cholinergic signaling in the brain via the synthesis of acetylcholine. Via its metabolites, it participates in pathways that regulate methylation of genes related to memory and cognitive functions at different stages of development. Choline-related functions have been dysregulated in some neurodegenerative diseases suggesting choline role in influencing mental health across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola A Bekdash
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Moore CJ, Perreault M, Mottola MF, Atkinson SA. Diet in Early Pregnancy: Focus on Folate, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, and Choline. CAN J DIET PRACT RES 2019; 81:58-65. [PMID: 31512510 DOI: 10.3148/cjdpr-2019-025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Prenatal multivitamins are recommended in pregnancy. This study assessed food and supplement intakes of folate, vitamin B12 (B12), vitamin D, and choline in pregnant women living in Southern Ontario in comparison with current recommendations. Methods: Women recruited to the Be Healthy in Pregnancy RCT (NCT01693510) completed 3-day diet/supplement records at 12-17 weeks gestation. Intakes of folate, B12, vitamin D, and choline were quantified and compared with recommendations for pregnant women. Results: Folate intake (median (min, max)) was 1963 μg/day dietary folate equivalents (153, 10 846); 90% of women met the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) but 77% exceeded the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) (n = 232). B12 intake was 12.1 μg/day (0.3, 2336); 96% of women met the EAR with 7% exceeding the EAR 100-fold (n = 232). Vitamin D intake was 564 IU/day (0.0, 11 062); 83% met the EAR, whereas 1.7% exceeded the UL (n = 232). Choline intake was 338 mg/day (120, 1016); only 18% met the Adequate Intake and none exceeded the UL (n = 158). Conclusion: To meet the nutrient requirements of pregnancy many women rely on prenatal vitamins. Reformulating prenatal multivitamin supplements to provide doses of vitamins within recommendations to complement a balanced healthy diet would ensure appropriate micronutrient intakes for pregnant women.
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Wallace TC, Blusztajn JK, Caudill MA, Klatt KC, Zeisel SH. Choline: The Neurocognitive Essential Nutrient of Interest to Obstetricians and Gynecologists. J Diet Suppl 2019; 17:733-752. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2019.1639875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C. Wallace
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Think Healthy Group, Inc, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jan Krzysztof Blusztajn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie A. Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kevin C. Klatt
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven H. Zeisel
- Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC, USA
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Zeisel SH. A Conceptual Framework for Studying and Investing in Precision Nutrition. Front Genet 2019; 10:200. [PMID: 30936893 PMCID: PMC6431609 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrients and food-derived bioactive molecules must transit complex metabolic pathways, and these pathways vary between people. Metabolic heterogeneity is caused by genetic variation, epigenetic variation, differences in microbiome composition and function, lifestyle differences and by variation in environmental exposures. This review discusses a number of these sources of metabolic heterogeneity and presents some of the research investments that will be needed to make applications of precision nutrition practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Zeisel
- Nutrition Research Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States
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Guest NS, Horne J, Vanderhout SM, El-Sohemy A. Sport Nutrigenomics: Personalized Nutrition for Athletic Performance. Front Nutr 2019; 6:8. [PMID: 30838211 PMCID: PMC6389634 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An individual's dietary and supplement strategies can influence markedly their physical performance. Personalized nutrition in athletic populations aims to optimize health, body composition, and exercise performance by targeting dietary recommendations to an individual's genetic profile. Sport dietitians and nutritionists have long been adept at placing additional scrutiny on the one-size-fits-all general population dietary guidelines to accommodate various sporting populations. However, generic "one-size-fits-all" recommendations still remain. Genetic differences are known to impact absorption, metabolism, uptake, utilization and excretion of nutrients and food bioactives, which ultimately affects a number of metabolic pathways. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics are experimental approaches that use genomic information and genetic testing technologies to examine the role of individual genetic differences in modifying an athlete's response to nutrients and other food components. Although there have been few randomized, controlled trials examining the effects of genetic variation on performance in response to an ergogenic aid, there is a growing foundation of research linking gene-diet interactions on biomarkers of nutritional status, which impact exercise and sport performance. This foundation forms the basis from which the field of sport nutrigenomics continues to develop. We review the science of genetic modifiers of various dietary factors that impact an athlete's nutritional status, body composition and, ultimately athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanci S Guest
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Nutrigenomix Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Justine Horne
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Shelley M Vanderhout
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Nutrigenomix Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmed El-Sohemy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Nutrigenomix Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
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Hedtke V, Bakovic M. Choline transport for phospholipid synthesis: An emerging role of choline transporter-like protein 1. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:655-662. [PMID: 30776907 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219830997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This review will provide a summary of recent advances in choline transport research and highlight important novel areas of focus in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Hedtke
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kohlmeier
- School of Medicine, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
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Wallace TC, Blusztajn JK, Caudill MA, Klatt KC, Natker E, Zeisel SH, Zelman KM. Choline: The Underconsumed and Underappreciated Essential Nutrient. NUTRITION TODAY 2018; 53:240-253. [PMID: 30853718 PMCID: PMC6259877 DOI: 10.1097/nt.0000000000000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Choline has been recognized as an essential nutrient by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academies of Medicine since 1998. Its metabolites have structural, metabolic, and regulatory roles within the body. Humans can endogenously produce small amounts of choline via the hepatic phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase pathway. However, the nutrient must be consumed exogenously to prevent signs of deficiency. The Adequate Intake (AI) for choline was calculated at a time when dietary intakes across the population were unknown for the nutrient. Unlike the traditional National Academy of Medicine approach of calculating an AI based on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of intake by a group (or groups) of healthy individuals, calculation of the AI for choline was informed in part by a depletion-repletion study in adult men who, upon becoming deficient, developed signs of liver damage. The AI for other gender and life-stage groups was calculated based on standard reference weights, except for infants 0 to 6 months, whose AI reflects the observed mean intake from consuming human breast milk. Recent analyses indicate that large portions of the population (ie, approximately 90% of Americans), including most pregnant and lactating women, are well below the AI for choline. Moreover, the food patterns recommended by the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans are currently insufficient to meet the AI for choline in most age-sex groups. An individual's requirement for choline is dependent on common genetic variants in genes required for choline, folate, and 1-carbon metabolism, potentially increasing more than one-third of the population's susceptibly to organ dysfunction. The American Medical Association and American Academy of Pediatrics have both recently reaffirmed the importance of choline during pregnancy and lactation. New and emerging evidence suggests that maternal choline intake during pregnancy, and possibly lactation, has lasting beneficial neurocognitive effects on the offspring. Because choline is found predominantly in animal-derived foods, vegetarians and vegans may have a greater risk for inadequacy. With the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommending expansion of dietary information for pregnant women, and the inclusion of recommendations for infants and toddlers 0 to 2 years, better communication of the role that choline plays, particularly in the area of neurocognitive development, is critical. This narrative review summarizes the peer-reviewed literature and discussions from the 2018 Choline Science Summit, held in Washington, DC, in February 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C Wallace
- is the principal and CEO at the Think Healthy Group, Inc, and is a adjunct professor in the Department of Nutrition and Food Studies at George Mason University
- is a professor in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine
- is a professor in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University
- is a PhD candidate in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University
- is the principal at Sage Leaf Communications
- is the director of the University of North Carolina Nutrition Research Institute, the director of the University of North Carolina Obesity Research Center, and aprofessor in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina
- is the principal of Nonsense Nutrition and has served as the Director of Nutrition for WebMD
| | - Jan Krzysztof Blusztajn
- is the principal and CEO at the Think Healthy Group, Inc, and is a adjunct professor in the Department of Nutrition and Food Studies at George Mason University
- is a professor in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine
- is a professor in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University
- is a PhD candidate in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University
- is the principal at Sage Leaf Communications
- is the director of the University of North Carolina Nutrition Research Institute, the director of the University of North Carolina Obesity Research Center, and aprofessor in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina
- is the principal of Nonsense Nutrition and has served as the Director of Nutrition for WebMD
| | - Marie A Caudill
- is the principal and CEO at the Think Healthy Group, Inc, and is a adjunct professor in the Department of Nutrition and Food Studies at George Mason University
- is a professor in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine
- is a professor in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University
- is a PhD candidate in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University
- is the principal at Sage Leaf Communications
- is the director of the University of North Carolina Nutrition Research Institute, the director of the University of North Carolina Obesity Research Center, and aprofessor in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina
- is the principal of Nonsense Nutrition and has served as the Director of Nutrition for WebMD
| | - Kevin C Klatt
- is the principal and CEO at the Think Healthy Group, Inc, and is a adjunct professor in the Department of Nutrition and Food Studies at George Mason University
- is a professor in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine
- is a professor in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University
- is a PhD candidate in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University
- is the principal at Sage Leaf Communications
- is the director of the University of North Carolina Nutrition Research Institute, the director of the University of North Carolina Obesity Research Center, and aprofessor in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina
- is the principal of Nonsense Nutrition and has served as the Director of Nutrition for WebMD
| | - Elana Natker
- is the principal and CEO at the Think Healthy Group, Inc, and is a adjunct professor in the Department of Nutrition and Food Studies at George Mason University
- is a professor in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine
- is a professor in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University
- is a PhD candidate in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University
- is the principal at Sage Leaf Communications
- is the director of the University of North Carolina Nutrition Research Institute, the director of the University of North Carolina Obesity Research Center, and aprofessor in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina
- is the principal of Nonsense Nutrition and has served as the Director of Nutrition for WebMD
| | - Steven H Zeisel
- is the principal and CEO at the Think Healthy Group, Inc, and is a adjunct professor in the Department of Nutrition and Food Studies at George Mason University
- is a professor in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine
- is a professor in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University
- is a PhD candidate in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University
- is the principal at Sage Leaf Communications
- is the director of the University of North Carolina Nutrition Research Institute, the director of the University of North Carolina Obesity Research Center, and aprofessor in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina
- is the principal of Nonsense Nutrition and has served as the Director of Nutrition for WebMD
| | - Kathleen M Zelman
- is the principal and CEO at the Think Healthy Group, Inc, and is a adjunct professor in the Department of Nutrition and Food Studies at George Mason University
- is a professor in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine
- is a professor in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University
- is a PhD candidate in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University
- is the principal at Sage Leaf Communications
- is the director of the University of North Carolina Nutrition Research Institute, the director of the University of North Carolina Obesity Research Center, and aprofessor in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina
- is the principal of Nonsense Nutrition and has served as the Director of Nutrition for WebMD
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Seremak-Mrozikiewicz A, Barlik M, Różycka A, Kurzawińska G, Klejewski A, Wolski H, Drews K. Importance of polymorphic variants of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) gene in the etiology of intrauterine fetal death in the Polish population. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018; 231:43-47. [PMID: 30321787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) is a multifactorial disorder and one of the most severe obstetrical complications. Our primary aim was to study the possible associations between polymorphic variants of the PEMT gene and IUFD in the Polish population. STUDY DESIGN The case-control study involved 76 mothers with IUFD occurrence and 215 mothers of healthy children. Genetic analysis of the four single nucleotide polymorphisms in the PEMT gene (rs4646406, rs4244593, rs897453 and rs12325817) was performed with the PCR/RFLP method. RESULTS Three oef the analyzed PEMT polymorphisms (rs4646406, rs4244593, and rs8974) were significantly associated with IUFD in the Polish population. Among them, PEMT variant rs4244593 was associated with increased risk of IUFD in three genetic inheritance models. Results were statistically significant even after applying Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (p < 0.0125). The distribution of all haplotypes except TAGC was not different between cases and controls, however, after applying permutation test, none of the haplotypes showed a relation with IUFD. CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate that PEMT polymorphisms may be associated with the susceptibility to IUFD in the Polish population.
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Choline and choline-related nutrients in regular and preterm infant growth. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:931-945. [PMID: 30298207 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choline is an essential nutrient, with increased requirements during development. It forms the headgroup of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in all membranes and many secretions. Phosphatidylcholine is linked to cell signaling as a phosphocholine donor to synthesize sphingomyelin from ceramide, a trigger of apoptosis, and is the major carrier of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid in plasma. Acetylcholine is important for neurodevelopment and the placental storage form for fetal choline supply. Betaine, a choline metabolite, functions as osmolyte and methyl donor. Their concentrations are all tightly regulated in tissues. CLINCAL IMPACT During the fetal growth spurt at 24-34-week postmenstrual age, plasma choline is higher than beyond 34 weeks, and threefold higher than in pregnant women [45 (36-60) µmol/L vs. 14 (10-17) µmol/L]. The rapid decrease in plasma choline after premature birth suggests an untimely reduction in choline supply, as cellular uptake is proportional to plasma concentration. Supply via breast milk, with phosphocholine and α-glycerophosphocholine as its major choline components, does not prevent such postnatal decrease. Moreover, high amounts of liver PC are secreted via bile, causing rapid hepatic choline turnover via the enterohepatic cycle, and deficiency in case of pancreatic phospholipase A2 deficiency or intestinal resection. Choline deficiency causes hepatic damage and choline accretion at the expense of the lungs and other tissues. CONCLUSION Choline deficiency may contribute to the impaired lean body mass growth and pulmonary and neurocognitive development of preterm infants despite adequate macronutrient supply and weight gain. In this context, a reconsideration of current recommendations for choline supply to preterm infants is required.
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Romano KA, Rey FE. Is maternal microbial metabolism an early-life determinant of health? Lab Anim (NY) 2018; 47:239-243. [PMID: 30143761 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-018-0129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that environmental stress experienced in utero (for example, maternal nutritional deficits) establishes a predisposition in the newborn to the development of chronic diseases later in life. This concept is often referred to as the "fetal origins hypothesis" or "developmental origins of health and disease". Since its first proposal, epigenetics has emerged as an underlying mechanism explaining how environmental cues become gestationally "encoded". Many of the enzymes that impart and maintain epigenetic modifications are highly sensitive to nutrient availability, which can be influenced by the metabolic activities of the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, the maternal microbiome has the potential to influence epigenetics in utero and modulate offspring's long-term health trajectories. Here we summarize the current understanding of the interactions that occur between the maternal gut microbiome and the essential nutrient choline, that is not only required for fetal development and epigenetic regulation but is also a growth substrate for some microbes. Bacteria able to metabolize choline benefit from the presence of this nutrient and compete with the host for its access, which under extreme conditions may elicit signatures of choline deficiency. Another consequence of bacterial choline metabolism is the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory, pro-thrombotic metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Finally, we discuss how these different facets of microbial choline metabolism may influence infant development and health trajectories via epigenetic mechanisms and more broadly place a call to action to better understand how maternal microbial metabolism can shape their offspring's propensity to chronic disease development later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico E Rey
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Wang X, Zhou Y, Zhang M, Wang Y, Qin B. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype 677CT and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease have a synergistic effect on the increasing homocysteine levels in subjects from Chongqing, China. Genes Dis 2018; 6:88-95. [PMID: 30906837 PMCID: PMC6411628 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotypes 677CT and 677TT are associated with elevated serum homocysteine (Hcy) levels by means of lowering the activity of MTHFR, and the increase in serum Hcy may be linked to increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, there are contradictory reports of the relationship among the MTHFR 677CT gene polymorphism, Hcy, and NAFLD. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify potential associations and interactions of either Hcy levels or the MTHFR 677CT gene polymorphism with the susceptibility to NAFLD in a Chinese population. The association between the MTHFR 677 CT gene polymorphism and Hcy levels was determined in 243 subjects with NAFLD and 388 healthy subjects without NAFLD using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography. In subjects with NAFLD, there was no statistical difference in the genotypic and allelic frequencies of the MTHFR 677 CT gene polymorphism, while serum Hcy levels were significantly higher in subjects with NAFLD. Furthermore, these results strongly suggest that the MTHFR 677CT gene polymorphism and NAFLD have a potential synergistic effect on Hcy elevation, although the MTHFR 677CT gene polymorphism was not correlated with NAFLD in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongli Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Jacobson SW, Carter RC, Molteno CD, Meintjes EM, Senekal M, Lindinger NM, Dodge NC, Zeisel SH, Duggan CP, Jacobson JL. Feasibility and Acceptability of Maternal Choline Supplementation in Heavy Drinking Pregnant Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1315-1326. [PMID: 29750366 PMCID: PMC6028314 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choline, an essential nutrient, serves as a methyl-group donor for DNA methylation and is a constituent of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and a precursor to major components of cell membranes. Findings from animal studies suggest that choline supplementation during pregnancy can mitigate adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on growth and neurocognitive function. We conducted a randomized, double-blind exploratory trial to examine feasibility and acceptability of a choline supplementation intervention during pregnancy. METHODS Seventy heavy drinkers, recruited in mid-pregnancy, were randomly assigned to receive a daily oral dose of 2 g of choline or a placebo from time of enrollment until delivery. Each dose consisted of an individually wrapped packet of powder that, when mixed with water, produced a sweet tasting grape-flavored drink. Adherence was assessed by collecting used and unused drink packets on a monthly basis and tabulating the number used. Side effects were assessed in monthly interviews. Blood samples obtained at enrollment and at 4 and 12 weeks after randomization were assayed for plasma choline concentration. RESULTS Adherence was good-to-excellent (median doses taken = 74.0%; interquartile range = 53.9 to 88.7%) and was not related to a range of sociodemographic characteristics or to alcohol consumption ascertained using a timeline follow-back interview. By 4 weeks, plasma choline concentrations were significantly higher in the choline supplementation than the placebo arm, and this group difference continued to be evident at 12 weeks. The only side effect was a small increase in nausea/dyspepsia. No effects were seen for diarrhea, vomiting, muscle stiffness, blood pressure, or body odor changes. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that a choline supplementation program with very heavy drinkers during pregnancy is feasible even among highly disadvantaged, poorly educated women. The broad acceptability of this intervention is indicated by our finding that adherence was not related to maternal education, intellectual function, depression, nutritional status, or alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra W. Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R. Colin Carter
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York, and Institute for Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher D. Molteno
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ernesta M. Meintjes
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marjanne Senekal
- Division of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nadine M. Lindinger
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Neil C. Dodge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven H. Zeisel
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Christopher P. Duggan
- Center for Nutrition, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph L. Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Christensen KE, Bahous RH, Hou W, Deng L, Malysheva OV, Arning E, Bottiglieri T, Caudill MA, Jerome-Majewska LA, Rozen R. Low Dietary Folate Interacts with MTHFD1 Synthetase Deficiency in Mice, a Model for the R653Q Variant, to Increase Incidence of Developmental Delays and Defects. J Nutr 2018; 148:501-509. [PMID: 29659962 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Suboptimal folate intake, a risk factor for birth defects, is common even in areas with folate fortification. A polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1), R653Q (MTHFD1 c.1958 G > A), has also been associated with increased birth defect risk, likely through reduced purine synthesis. Objective We aimed to determine if the interaction of MTHFD1 synthetase deficiency and low folate intake increases developmental abnormalities in a mouse model for MTHFD1 R653Q. Methods Female Mthfd1S+/+ and Mthfd1S+/- mice were fed control or low-folate diets (2 and 0.3 mg folic acid/kg diet, respectively) before mating and during pregnancy. Embryos and placentas were examined for anomalies at embryonic day 10.5. Maternal 1-carbon metabolites were measured in plasma and liver. Results Delays and defects doubled in litters of Mthfd1S+/- females fed low-folate diets compared to wild-type females fed either diet, or Mthfd1S+/- females fed control diets [P values (defects): diet 0.003, maternal genotype 0.012, diet × maternal genotype 0.014]. These adverse outcomes were associated with placental dysmorphology. Intrauterine growth restriction was increased by embryonic Mthfd1S+/- genotype, folate deficiency, and interaction of maternal Mthfd1S+/- genotype with folate deficiency (P values: embryonic genotype 0.045, diet 0.0081, diet × maternal genotype 0.0019). Despite a 50% increase in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase expression in low-folate maternal liver (P diet = 0.0007), methyltetrahydrofolate concentration decreased 70% (P diet <0.0001) and homocysteine concentration doubled in plasma (P diet = 0.0001); S-adenosylmethionine decreased 40% and S-adenosylhomocysteine increased 20% in low-folate maternal liver (P diet = 0.002 and 0.0002, respectively). Conclusions MTHFD1 synthetase-deficient mice are more sensitive to low folate intake than wild-type mice during pregnancy. Reduced purine synthesis due to synthetase deficiency and altered methylation potential due to low folate may increase pregnancy complications. Further studies and individualized intake recommendations may be required for women homozygous for the MTHFD1 R653Q variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Christensen
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Renata H Bahous
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wenyang Hou
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Liyuan Deng
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olga V Malysheva
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Genomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Erland Arning
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Genomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Loydie A Jerome-Majewska
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rima Rozen
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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40
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Zeisel SH, Klatt KC, Caudill MA. Choline. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:58-60. [PMID: 29438456 PMCID: PMC6008955 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmx004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Zeisel
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC
| | - Kevin C Klatt
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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41
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Zhu J, Lu T, Chen F, Yan J, Chen F, Zhang Q, Wang J, Yan W, Yu T, Tang Q, Cai W. Choline Protects Against Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease in Parenteral Nutrition-Fed Immature Rats. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 42:436-445. [PMID: 27856995 DOI: 10.1177/0148607116677048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficiency of choline, a required nutrient, is related to intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of choline supplementation on IFALD and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (4 weeks old) were fed AIN-93G chow and administered intravenous 0.9% saline (control), parenteral nutrition (PN), or PN plus intravenous choline (600 mg/kg) for 7 days. We evaluated body weight, hepatic histology, biochemical indicators, triglycerides, oxidative status, methylation levels of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) gene promoter, expression of PPARα and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), and levels of choline metabolites. RESULTS The PN + choline group exhibited improved body weight compared with the PN group. PN impaired hepatic function, increased hepatic triglycerides, induced dyslipidemia, enhanced reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and reduced total antioxidant capacity. The PN group had higher pathologic scores than the control group. These results were prevented by choline administration. Compared with the control group, PN increased PPARα promoter methylation and hepatic betaine concentration, reduced hepatic choline and phosphatidylcholine (PC) levels, decreased plasma choline and betaine concentrations, and downregulated PPARα and CPT1 mRNA and protein expression. Choline supplementation elevated hepatic choline and PC levels and enhanced plasma choline, betaine, and PC concentrations but reduced hepatic betaine level, reversed PPARα promoter hypermethylation, and upregulated PPARα and CPT1 mRNA and protein expression in PN-fed rats, compared with rats receiving PN alone. CONCLUSION Choline addition to PN may prevent IFALD by reducing oxidative stress, enhancing hepatic fat export, and promoting fatty acid catabolism in immature rats receiving PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junkai Yan
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaosen Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jifan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihui Yan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingxi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingya Tang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
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42
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Saggi SJ, Mercier K, Gooding JR, Friedman E, Vyas U, Ranganathan N, Ranganathan P, McRitchie S, Sumner S. Metabolic profiling of a chronic kidney disease cohort reveals metabolic phenotype more likely to benefit from a probiotic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROBIOTICS & PREBIOTICS 2017; 12:43-54. [PMID: 30774576 PMCID: PMC6377160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Persistent reduction in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is a hallmark of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and is associated with an elevation of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN). This metabolomics pilot study sought to identify metabolites that differentiated patients with CKD whose BUN decreased on a probiotic and possible mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Metabolomics was used to analyze baseline plasma samples previously diagnosed with CKD Stage III-IV. Patients had participated in a dose escalation study of the probiotic Renadyl™. A total of 24 samples were categorized depending on whether BUN increased or decreased from baseline after 4 months of probiotic use. Multivariate analysis was used to analyze the data and determine the metabolites that best differentiated the phenotypic groups. The sixteen patients who had a decrease in BUN were not significantly different based on demographic and clinical measures from those whose BUN increased or did not change with the exception of age. Eleven of the fourteen metabolites that differentiated the groups were known to be modulated by gut microflora, which may eventually provide a mechanistic link between probiotic and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Metabolomics revealed metabolites at baseline that may predict individuals with CKD that would most benefit from a probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subodh J. Saggi
- Divisions of Nephrology and Transplantation, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Kelly Mercier
- NIH Eastern Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd., Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jessica R. Gooding
- NIH Eastern Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd., Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Eli Friedman
- Divisions of Nephrology and Transplantation, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Usha Vyas
- Kibow Biotech Inc., 4781 West Chester Pike, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA
| | | | - Pari Ranganathan
- Kibow Biotech Inc., 4781 West Chester Pike, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA
| | - Susan McRitchie
- NIH Eastern Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd., Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Susan Sumner
- NIH Eastern Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd., Durham, NC 27709, USA
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43
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Ganz AB, Klatt KC, Caudill MA. Common Genetic Variants Alter Metabolism and Influence Dietary Choline Requirements. Nutrients 2017; 9:E837. [PMID: 28777294 PMCID: PMC5579630 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient needs, including those of the essential nutrient choline, are a population wide distribution. Adequate Intake (AI) recommendations for dietary choline (put forth by the National Academies of Medicine to aid individuals and groups in dietary assessment and planning) are grouped to account for the recognized unique needs associated with age, biological sex, and reproductive status (i.e., pregnancy or lactation). Established and emerging evidence supports the notion that common genetic variants are additional factors that substantially influence nutrient requirements. This review summarizes the genetic factors that influence choline requirements and metabolism in conditions of nutrient deprivation, as well as conditions of nutrient adequacy, across biological sexes and reproductive states. Overall, consistent and strong associative evidence demonstrates that common genetic variants in choline and folate pathway enzymes impact the metabolic handling of choline and the risk of nutrient inadequacy across varied dietary contexts. The studies characterized in this review also highlight the substantial promise of incorporating common genetic variants into choline intake recommendations to more precisely target the unique nutrient needs of these subgroups within the broader population. Additional studies are warranted to facilitate the translation of this evidence to nutrigenetics-based dietary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel B Ganz
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Kevin C Klatt
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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44
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Pjetri E, Zeisel SH. Deletion of one allele of Mthfd1 ( methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 ) impairs learning in mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 332:71-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Zhang P, Zhu W, Wang D, Yan J, Wang Y, Zhou Z, He L. A combined NMR- and HPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics to evaluate the metabolic perturbations and subacute toxic effects of endosulfan on mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:18870-18880. [PMID: 28653198 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9534-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan is the newly persistent organic pollutants (POPs) added to the Stockholm Convention as its widespread use, persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range transport, endocrine disruption, and toxicity related to various adverse effects. In the present study, male mice were administrated endosulfan at 0, 0.5, and 3.5 mg/kg by gavage for 2 weeks. 1H-NMR-based urinary metabolomics, HPLC-MS/MS-based targeted serum metabolomics, clinical analysis, and histopathology techniques were employed to evaluate the metabolic perturbations of subacute endosulfan exposure. Endosulfan exposures resulted in weight loss, liver inflammation and necrosis, and alterations in serum amino acids and urine metabolomics. Based on altered metabolites, several significantly perturbed pathways were identified including glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; TCA cycle; pyruvate metabolism; glycolysis or gluconeogenesis; glycerophospholipid metabolism; and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Such pathways were highly related to amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and lipid metabolism. In addition, metabolomic results also demonstrated that gut microbiota was remarkably altered after endosulfan exposure. These observations may provide novel insight into revealing the potential toxic mechanism and evaluating the health risk of endosulfan exposure at metabolomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dezhen Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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46
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Merinas-Amo T, Tasset-Cuevas I, Díaz-Carretero AM, Alonso-Moraga Á, Calahorro F. Role of Choline in the Modulation of Degenerative Processes: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. J Med Food 2017; 20:223-234. [PMID: 28103133 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the nutraceutical potential of choline as an added value to its well-known brain nutrient role. Several toxicity, antitoxicity, genotoxicity, antigenotoxicity, and longevity endpoints were checked in the somatic mutation and recombination test in in vivo Drosophila animal model. Cytotoxicity in human leukemia-60 cell line (HL-60) promyelocytic and NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells, proapoptotic DNA fragmentation, comet assay, methylation status, and macroautophagy (MA) activity were tested in in vitro assays. Choline is not only safe but it is also able to protect against the DNA damage caused by an oxidative genotoxin. Moreover, it improves the life extension in the animal model. The in vitro results show that it is able to exhibit genetic damage against leukemia HL-60 cells. Single-strand breaks in DNA are observed at the molecular level in treatments with choline, although only a significant hypermethylation on the long interspersed elements-1 and a hypomethylation on the satellite-alpha DNA repetitive DNA sequences of HL-60 cells at the lowest concentration (0.447 mM) were observed. Besides, choline decreased MA at the lower assayed concentration and the MA response to topoisomerase inhibitor (etoposide) is maintained in the presence of treatment with 0.22 mM choline. Taking into account the hopeful results obtained in the in vivo and in vitro assays, choline could be proposed as a substance with an important nutraceutical value for different purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inmaculada Tasset-Cuevas
- 2 Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College , New York, New York, USA
| | - Antonio M Díaz-Carretero
- 2 Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College , New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Fernando Calahorro
- 3 Faculty of Natural and Environmental Science, Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton , Southampton, United Kingdom
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47
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Zhang P, Zhu W, Wang D, Yan J, Wang Y, He L. Enantioselective Effects of Metalaxyl Enantiomers on Breast Cancer Cells Metabolic Profiling Using HPLC-QTOF-Based Metabolomics. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010142. [PMID: 28085117 PMCID: PMC5297775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, an integrative high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF) based metabolomics approach was performed to evaluate the enantioselective metabolic perturbations in MCF-7 cells after treatment with R-metalaxyl and S-metalaxyl, respectively. Untargeted metabolomics profile, multivariate pattern recognition, metabolites identification, and pathway analysis were determined after metalaxyl enantiomer exposure. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partitial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) directly reflected the enantioselective metabolic perturbations induced by metalaxyl enantiomers. On the basis of multivariate statistical results, a total of 49 metabolites including carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, organic acids, phospholipids, indoles, derivatives, etc. were found to be the most significantly changed metabolites and metabolic fluctuations caused by the same concentration of R-metalaxyl and S-metalaxyl were enantioselective. Pathway analysis indicated that R-metalaxyl and S-metalaxyl mainly affected the 7 and 10 pathways in MCF-7 cells, respectively, implying the perturbed pathways induced by metalaxyl enantiomers were also enantioselective. Furthermore, the significantly perturbed metabolic pathways were highly related to energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant defense. Such results provide more specific insights into the enantioselective metabolic effects of chiral pesticides in breast cancer progression, reveal the underlying mechanisms, and provide available data for the health risk assessments of chiral environmental pollutants at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Dezhen Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jin Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lin He
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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48
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Idrus NM, Breit KR, Thomas JD. Dietary choline levels modify the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 59:43-52. [PMID: 27888055 PMCID: PMC5770193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure can cause a range of physical and behavioral alterations; however, the outcome among children exposed to alcohol during pregnancy varies widely. Some of this variation may be due to nutritional factors. Indeed, higher rates of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are observed in countries where malnutrition is prevalent. Epidemiological studies have shown that many pregnant women throughout the world may not be consuming adequate levels of choline, an essential nutrient critical for brain development, and a methyl donor. In this study, we examined the influence of dietary choline deficiency on the severity of fetal alcohol effects. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to receive diets containing 40, 70, or 100% recommended choline levels. A group from each diet condition was exposed to ethanol (6.0g/kg/day) from gestational day 5 to 20 via intubation. Pair-fed and ad lib lab chow control groups were also included. Physical and behavioral development was measured in the offspring. Prenatal alcohol exposure delayed motor development, and 40% choline altered performance on the cliff avoidance task, independent of one another. However, the combination of low choline and prenatal alcohol produced the most severe impairments in development. Subjects exposed to ethanol and fed the 40% choline diet exhibited delayed eye openings, significantly fewer successes in hindlimb coordination, and were significantly overactive compared to all other groups. These data suggest that suboptimal intake of a single nutrient can exacerbate some of ethanol's teratogenic effects, a finding with important implications for the prevention of FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirelia M Idrus
- Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | - Kristen R Breit
- Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | - Jennifer D Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
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49
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Ding Y, Pedersen ER, Svingen GF, Helgeland Ø, Gregory JF, Løland KH, Meyer K, Tell GS, Ueland PM, Nygård OK. Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase 1 Polymorphisms Modify the Associations of Plasma Glycine and Serine With Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris in WENBIT (Western Norway B Vitamin Intervention Trial). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:541-547. [DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.116.001483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Serine and glycine interconversion and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1)–mediated 1-carbon transfer are the major sources of methyl groups for 1-carbon metabolism. Recently, plasma glycine and a common polymorphism in MTHFD1 have been associated with risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It is, therefore, of interest to explore if these 2 pathways interact in relation to AMI.
Methods and Results—
A total of 2571 participants in the WENBIT (Western Norway B Vitamin Intervention Trial) undergoing coronary angiography for stable angina pectoris were studied. Associations of plasma serine and glycine concentrations with risk of AMI across 2 common and functional MTHFD1 polymorphisms (
rs2236225
and
rs1076991
) were explored in Cox regression models. During a median follow-up of 4.7 years, 212 patients (8.2%) experienced an AMI. In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, plasma glycine (
P
<0.01), but not serine (
P
=0.52), showed an overall association with AMI. However, interactions of MTHFD1
rs2236225
polymorphism with both plasma serine and glycine were observed (
P
interaction
=0.03 for both). Low plasma serine and glycine were associated with an increased risk of AMI among patients carrying the
rs2236225
minor A allele. Similarly, low plasma glycine showed stronger risk relationship with AMI in the
rs1076991
CC genotype carriers but weaker associations in patients carrying the minor T allele (
P
interaction
=0.02).
Conclusions—
Our results showed that 2 common and functional polymorphisms in the
MTHFD1
gene modulate the risk associations of plasma serine and glycine with AMI. These findings emphasize the possible role of the MTHFD1 in regulating serine and glycine metabolism in relation to atherosclerotic complications.
Clinical Trial Registration—
URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique Identifier: NCT00354081.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Ding
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Eva R. Pedersen
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Gard F.T. Svingen
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Øyvind Helgeland
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Jesse F. Gregory
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Kjetil H. Løland
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Klaus Meyer
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Grethe S. Tell
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Per M. Ueland
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Ottar K. Nygård
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
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