1
|
Seymari A, Naseh A, Rezaei S, Salehi Z, Kousha M. The Relationship between Gene SLC6A3 Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2024; 19:99-106. [PMID: 38420272 PMCID: PMC10896761 DOI: 10.18502/ijps.v19i1.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective : This research investigates the alleles of Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) intron 8 of the gene SLC6A3 with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Method : The study's target population consisted of children and adolescents referred to the specialized clinic, as well as students attending school in Rasht city during 2021-2022. A sample of 95 children between the ages of 6 and 10 with ADHD was selected as the ADHD group, and 95 healthy children were selected as the control group using purposive sampling. The subjects completed the Child Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4) checklist after a clinical interview, and demographic information was collected. Genetic sampling was carried out through hair follicles. The sequence of interest was proliferated using the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique )PCR(; afterward, the samples were used for genotype identification on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results: The chi-square test results indicated that the 5R / 5R genotype (P = 0.026, χ2 = 7.26) and the 5R allele (P = 0.002, χ2 = 9.35) had a higher frequency compared to the control group. Additionally, the odds ratio test indicated that, compared to other genotypes and alleles, the 5R / 5R genotype (OR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.29-5.82, P = 0.01) and the 5R allele (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.28-3.19, P = 0.002) increase the odds of developing ADHD by 2.7 and 2 times higher, respectively. Conclusion: The present study successfully showed the association between intron 8 gene polymorphism, which is responsible for encoding the dopamine transporter as well as ADHD in children and adolescents in Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Seymari
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ashkan Naseh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sajjad Rezaei
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Zivar Salehi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Maryam Kousha
- Kavosh Cognitive Behavior Sciences and Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Apsley AT, Domico ER, Verbiest MA, Brogan CA, Buck ER, Burich AJ, Cardone KM, Stone WJ, Anisimova M, Vandenbergh DJ. A novel hypervariable variable number tandem repeat in the dopamine transporter gene ( SLC6A3). Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201677. [PMID: 36754567 PMCID: PMC9909461 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter gene, SLC6A3, has received substantial attention in genetic association studies of various phenotypes. Although some variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) present in SLC6A3 have been tested in genetic association studies, results have not been consistent. VNTRs in SLC6A3 that have not been examined genetically were characterized. The Tandem Repeat Annotation Library was used to characterize the VNTRs of 64 unrelated long-read haplotype-phased SLC6A3 sequences. Sequence similarity of each repeat unit of the five VNTRs is reported, along with the correlations of SNP-SNP, SNP-VNTR, and VNTR-VNTR alleles across the gene. One of these VNTRs is a novel hyper-VNTR (hyVNTR) in intron 8 of SLC6A3, which contains a range of 3.4-133.4 repeat copies and has a consensus sequence length of 38 bp, with 82% G+C content. The 38-base repeat was predicted to form G-quadruplexes in silico and was confirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. In addition, this hyVNTR contains multiple putative binding sites for PRDM9, which, in combination with low levels of linkage disequilibrium around the hyVNTR, suggests it might be a recombination hotspot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abner T Apsley
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
- The Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Biosciences Program, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Emma R Domico
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Max A Verbiest
- Institute of Computational Life Science, School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carly A Brogan
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Evan R Buck
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Andrew J Burich
- Department of Information Science and Technologies - Applied Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Cardone
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Wesley J Stone
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Maria Anisimova
- Institute of Computational Life Science, School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David J Vandenbergh
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
- The Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Biosciences Program, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
- Institute of the Neurosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
- The Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saha S, Chatterjee M, Shom S, Sinha S, Mukhopadhyay K. Functional SLC6A3 polymorphisms differentially affect autism spectrum disorder severity: a study on Indian subjects. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:397-410. [PMID: 34845656 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance in dopamine (DA) signaling is proposed to play a potential role in the etiology of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) since, as a neuromodulator, DA regulates executive function, motor activity, social peering, attention as well as perception and subjects with ASD often exhibit deficit in these traits. Level of DA in the synaptic cleft is maintained by dopamine transporter (DAT) and hence, to identify the role of DAT in ASD, we have analyzed four functional genetic variants, rs28363170, rs3836790, rs2652511, rs27072, in nuclear families with ASD probands. Subjects were diagnosed based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders and trait severity was assessed by Childhood Autism Rating Scale 2-Standard test. Informed written consent was obtained from the parents/care givers before recruitment followed by collection of peripheral blood for genomic DNA isolation. Target sites were investigated by PCR-based methods and data obtained was analyzed by population- as well as family-based statistical methods. Case-control analysis revealed significant higher frequencies of 9 repeat (9R) and 5 repeat (5R) alleles of rs28363170 and rs3836790 respectively in the ASD probands. Family-based analysis showed statistically significant higher paternal transmission of rs28363170 9R and rs2652511 T alleles. In the presence of rs28363170 9R, rs27072 C, rs3836790 6R6R, and rs2652511 CC variants, trait scores were higher. Studied variants showed independent as well as interactive effects, which varied based on gender of the probands. We infer that altered DA availability mediated through DAT may affect autistic traits warranting further in depth investigation in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Saha
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700107, India
| | - Mahasweta Chatterjee
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700107, India
| | - Sayanti Shom
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700107, India
| | - Swagata Sinha
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700107, India
| | - Kanchan Mukhopadhyay
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700107, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The dopamine transporter gene SLC6A3: multidisease risks. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1031-1046. [PMID: 34650206 PMCID: PMC9008071 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The human dopamine transporter gene SLC6A3 has been consistently implicated in several neuropsychiatric diseases but the disease mechanism remains elusive. In this risk synthesis, we have concluded that SLC6A3 represents an increasingly recognized risk with a growing number of familial mutants associated with neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. At least five loci were related to common and severe diseases including alcohol use disorder (high activity variant), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (low activity variant), autism (familial proteins with mutated networking) and movement disorders (both regulatory variants and familial mutations). Association signals depended on genetic markers used as well as ethnicity examined. Strong haplotype selection and gene-wide epistases support multimarker assessment of functional variations and phenotype associations. Inclusion of its promoter region's functional markers such as DNPi (rs67175440) and 5'VNTR (rs70957367) may help delineate condensate-based risk action, testing a locus-pathway-phenotype hypothesis for one gene-multidisease etiology.
Collapse
|
5
|
Veerappa A, Pendyala G, Guda C. A systems omics-based approach to decode substance use disorders and neuroadaptations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:61-80. [PMID: 34411560 PMCID: PMC8511293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a group of neuropsychiatric conditions manifesting due to excessive dependence on potential drugs of abuse such as psychostimulants, opioids including prescription opioids, alcohol, inhalants, etc. Experimental studies have generated enormous data in the area of SUDs, but outcomes from such data have remained largely fragmented. In this review, we attempt to coalesce these data points providing an important first step towards our understanding of the etiology of SUDs. We propose and describe a 'core addictome' pathway that behaves central to all SUDs. Besides, we also have made some notable observations paving way for several hypotheses; MECP2 behaves as a master switch during substance use; five distinct gene clusters were identified based on respective substance addiction; a central cluster of genes serves as a hub of the addiction pathway connecting all other substance addiction clusters. In addition to describing these findings, we have emphasized the importance of some candidate genes that are of substantial interest for further investigation and serve as high-value targets for translational efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Veerappa
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Gurudutt Pendyala
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Chittibabu Guda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics Research and Innovation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hall FS, Chen Y, Resendiz-Gutierrez F. The Streetlight Effect: Reappraising the Study of Addiction in Light of the Findings of Genome-wide Association Studies. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:230-246. [PMID: 33849024 DOI: 10.1159/000516169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug dependence has long been thought to have a genetic component. Research seeking to identify the genetic basis of addiction has gone through important transitions over its history, in part based upon the emergence of new technologies, but also as the result of changing perspectives. Early research approaches were largely dictated by available technology, with technological advancements having highly transformative effects on genetic research, but the limitations of technology also affected modes of thinking about the genetic causes of disease. This review explores these transitions in thinking about the genetic causes of addiction in terms of the "streetlight effect," which is a type of observational bias whereby people search for something only where it is easiest to search. In this way, the genes that were initially studied in the field of addiction genetics were chosen because they were the most "obvious," and formed current understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the actions of drugs of abuse and drug dependence. The problem with this emphasis is that prior to the genomic era the vast majority of genes and proteins had yet to be identified, much less studied. This review considers how these initial choices, as well as subsequent choices that were also driven by technological limitations, shaped the study of the genetic basis of drug dependence. While genome-wide approaches overcame the initial biases regarding which genes to choose to study inherent in candidate gene studies and other approaches, genome-wide approaches necessitated other assumptions. These included additive genetic causation and limited allelic heterogeneity, which both appear to be incorrect. Thus, the next stage of advancement in this field must overcome these shortcomings through approaches that allow the examination of complex interactive effects, both gene × gene and gene × environment interactions. Techniques for these sorts of studies have recently been developed and represent the next step in our understanding of the genetic basis of drug dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Federico Resendiz-Gutierrez
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Leukel C, Schümann D, Kalisch R, Sommer T, Bunzeck N. Dopamine Related Genes Differentially Affect Declarative Long-Term Memory in Healthy Humans. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:539725. [PMID: 33328916 PMCID: PMC7673390 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.539725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, monetary reward can promote behavioral performance including response times, accuracy, and subsequent recognition memory. Recent studies have shown that the dopaminergic system plays an essential role here, but the link to interindividual differences remains unclear. To further investigate this issue, we focused on previously described polymorphisms of genes affecting dopaminergic neurotransmission: DAT1 40 base pair (bp), DAT1 30 bp, DRD4 48 bp, and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CNR1). Specifically, 669 healthy humans participated in a delayed recognition memory paradigm on two consecutive days. On the first day, male vs. female faces served as cues predicting an immediate monetary reward upon correct button presses. Subsequently, participants performed a remember/know recognition memory task on the same day and 1 day later. As predicted, reward increased accuracy and accelerated response times, which were modulated by DAT 30 bp. However, reward did not promote subsequent recognition memory performance and there was no interaction with any genotype tested here. Importantly, there were differential effects of genotype on declarative long-term memory independent of reward: (a) DAT1 40 bp was linked to the quality of memory with a more pronounced difference between recollection and familiarity in the heterozygous and homozygous 10-R as compared to homozygous 9-R; (b) DAT1 30 bp was linked to memory decay, which was most pronounced in homozygous 4-R; (c) DRD4 48 bp was linked to overall recognition memory with higher performance in the short allele group; and (d) CNR1 was linked to overall memory with reduced performance in the homozygous short group. These findings give new insights into how polymorphisms, which are related to dopaminergic neuromodulation, differentially affect long-term recognition memory performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Leukel
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dirk Schümann
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raffael Kalisch
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Sommer
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nico Bunzeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Koijam AS, Hijam AC, Singh AS, Jaiswal P, Mukhopadhyay K, Rajamma U, Haobam R. Association of Dopamine Transporter Gene with Heroin Dependence in an Indian Subpopulation from Manipur. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:122-136. [PMID: 32557146 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine transporter (DAT) or solute carrier family 6 member 3 (SLC6A3) is a transmembrane protein regulating dopaminergic neurotransmission. It has been implicated in playing important roles in the dopaminergic reward pathways, and thus, DAT1 is a strong candidate gene for association studies with heroin dependence. A case-control study involving 279 individuals (147 controls and 132 heroin-dependent cases) was conducted. Ten polymorphisms of the DAT1 (SLC6A3) gene were analysed for its association with heroin dependence. Following the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) test, genetic association analyses were performed for the study groups. The post hoc statistical power of the study was 0.655 (65.5%). Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs246997 was found to be significantly associated with heroin dependence at allelic, genotypic, and haplotypic levels. A significant difference in the distribution of 11R allele and 10R/11R genotype of rs28363170 between heroin-dependent cases and controls was also observed. Nominal significance at degrees of freedom (df) = 5 was also observed for rs28363170. Five bimarker-based haplotype combinations were also found to be associated with heroin dependence. For the first time, 13R allele (7R/13R genotype) and 14R allele (7R/14R genotype) were identified for rs3836790 in the population. The study also reports that the 11R allele and 10R/11R genotype of rs28363170 is associated with protection against heroin dependence. 7R and 6R alleles were also found to be the common alleles of rs3836790 in the study population. The study provides evidence for the association of polymorphisms of DAT1 (SLC6A3) with heroin dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Singh Koijam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, Manipur, 795003, India
| | - Aruna Chanu Hijam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, Manipur, 795003, India
| | - Asem Surindro Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Preeti Jaiswal
- Manovikas Biomedical Research & Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kanchan Mukhopadhyay
- Manovikas Biomedical Research & Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Usha Rajamma
- Manovikas Biomedical Research & Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Centre for Development & Aging Research, Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research & Super Speciality Hospital, MG University Campus, Thalappady, Rubber Board PO, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Reena Haobam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, Manipur, 795003, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Camilo C, Maschietto M, Vieira HC, Tahira AC, Gouveia GR, Feio Dos Santos AC, Negrão AB, Ribeiro M, Laranjeira R, Vallada H, Brentani H. Genome-wide DNA methylation profile in the peripheral blood of cocaine and crack dependents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 41:485-493. [PMID: 31116258 PMCID: PMC6899365 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Cocaine use disorders (CUDs) represent a major public health problem in many countries. To better understand the interaction between the environmental modulations and phenotype, the aim of the present study was to investigate the DNA methylation pattern of CUD patients, who had concomitant cocaine and crack dependence, and healthy controls. Methods: We studied DNA methylation profiles in the peripheral blood of 23 CUD patients and 24 healthy control subjects using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip arrays. Results: Comparison between CUD patients and controls revealed 186 differentially methylated positions (DMPs; adjusted p-value [adjP] < 10-5) related to 152 genes, with a subset of CpGs confirmed by pyrosequencing. DNA methylation patterns discriminated CUD patients and control groups. A gene network approach showed that the EHMT1, EHMT2, MAPK1, MAPK3, MAP2K1, and HDAC5 genes, which are involved in transcription and chromatin regulation cellular signaling pathways, were also associated with cocaine dependence. Conclusion: The investigation of DNA methylation patterns may contribute to a better understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in CUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Camilo
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Maschietto
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique C Vieira
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C Tahira
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele R Gouveia
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C Feio Dos Santos
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André B Negrão
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro
- Unidade de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas (UNIAD), Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Laranjeira
- Unidade de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas (UNIAD), Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Homero Vallada
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Brentani
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The human dopamine transporter gene SLC6A3 is involved in substance use disorders (SUDs) among many other common neuropsychiatric illnesses but allelic association results including those with its classic genetic markers 3'VNTR or Int8VNTR remain mixed and unexplainable. To better understand the genetics for reproducible association signals, we report the presence of recombination hotspots based on sequencing of the entire 5' promoter regions in two small SUDs cohorts, 30 African Americans (AAs) and 30 European Americans (EAs). Recombination rate was the highest near the transcription start site (TSS) in both cohorts. In addition, each cohort carried 57 different promoter haplotypes out of 60 and no haplotypes were shared between the two ethnicities. A quarter of the haplotypes evolved in an ethnicity-specific manner. Finally, analysis of five hundred subjects of European ancestry, from the 1000 Genome Project, confirmed the promoter recombination hotspots and also revealed several additional ones in non-coding regions only. These findings provide an explanation for the mixed results as well as guidance for selection of effective markers to be used in next generation association validation (NGAV), facilitating the delineation of pathogenic variation in this critical neuropsychiatric gene.
Collapse
|
11
|
Highfill CA, Baker BM, Stevens SD, Anholt RRH, Mackay TFC. Genetics of cocaine and methamphetamine consumption and preference in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007834. [PMID: 31107875 PMCID: PMC6527214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Illicit use of psychostimulants, such as cocaine and methamphetamine, constitutes a significant public health problem. Whereas neural mechanisms that mediate the effects of these drugs are well-characterized, genetic factors that account for individual variation in susceptibility to substance abuse and addiction remain largely unknown. Drosophila melanogaster can serve as a translational model for studies on substance abuse, since flies have a dopamine transporter that can bind cocaine and methamphetamine, and exposure to these compounds elicits effects similar to those observed in people, suggesting conserved evolutionary mechanisms underlying drug responses. Here, we used the D. melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel to investigate the genetic basis for variation in psychostimulant drug consumption, to determine whether similar or distinct genetic networks underlie variation in consumption of cocaine and methamphetamine, and to assess the extent of sexual dimorphism and effect of genetic context on variation in voluntary drug consumption. Quantification of natural genetic variation in voluntary consumption, preference, and change in consumption and preference over time for cocaine and methamphetamine uncovered significant genetic variation for all traits, including sex-, exposure- and drug-specific genetic variation. Genome wide association analyses identified both shared and drug-specific candidate genes, which could be integrated in genetic interaction networks. We assessed the effects of ubiquitous RNA interference (RNAi) on consumption behaviors for 34 candidate genes: all affected at least one behavior. Finally, we utilized RNAi knockdown in the nervous system to implicate dopaminergic neurons and the mushroom bodies as part of the neural circuitry underlying experience-dependent development of drug preference. Illicit use of cocaine and methamphetamine is a major public health problem. Whereas the neurological effects of these drugs are well characterized, it remains challenging to determine genetic risk factors for substance abuse in human populations. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, presents an excellent model for identifying evolutionarily conserved genes that affect drug consumption, since genetic background and exposure can be controlled precisely. We took advantage of natural variation in a panel of inbred wild derived fly lines with complete genome sequences to assess the extent of genetic variation among these lines for voluntary consumption of cocaine and methamphetamine and to explore whether some genetic backgrounds might show experience-dependent development of drug preference. The drug consumption traits were highly variable among the lines with strong sex-, drug- and exposure time-specific components. We identified candidate genes and gene networks associated with variation in consumption of cocaine and methamphetamine and development of drug preference. Using tissue-specific suppression of gene expression, we were able to functionally implicate candidate genes that affected at least one consumption trait in at least one drug and sex. In humans, the mesolimbic dopaminergic projection plays a role in drug addiction. We asked whether in Drosophila the mushroom bodies could play an analogous role, as they are integrative brain centers associated with experience-dependent learning. Indeed, our results suggest that variation in consumption and development of preference for both cocaine and methamphetamine is mediated, at least in part, through a neural network that comprises dopaminergic projections to the mushroom bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad A. Highfill
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Brandon M. Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Stephenie D. Stevens
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Robert R. H. Anholt
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Trudy F. C. Mackay
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kampangkaew JP, Spellicy CJ, Nielsen EM, Harding MJ, Ye A, Hamon SC, Kosten TR, Nielsen DA. Pharmacogenetic role of dopamine transporter (SLC6A3) variation on response to disulfiram treatment for cocaine addiction. Am J Addict 2019; 28:311-317. [PMID: 31087723 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Disulfiram has been beneficial in treating cocaine addiction in several studies. Patients with two SLC6A3 (DAT1) rs28363170 10-repeat alleles who have with genetically high dopamine transporter (DAT) levels may benefit from increased dopamine levels resulting from disulfiram treatment. METHODS After stabilization for 2 weeks on methadone, 70 cocaine and opioid codependent patients were randomized into disulfiram and placebo groups for 12 weeks of treatment. We genotyped the SLC6A3 (DAT1) 40 bp 3'-untranslated region variable number tandem repeat variant and evaluated its role in moderating disulfiram efficacy for cocaine dependence. RESULTS Among the 10,10-repeat genotype group, cocaine-positive urines dropped from 78% to 48% and from 80% to 75% among the 9-repeat carrier group in the disulfiram group (P = 0.0001, with an effect size of 0.09). No difference was observed in cocaine-positive urines in the placebo group between the 10,10-repeat genotype and the 9-allele carrier patients. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE We found that patients with genetically higher DAT levels had better treatment outcomes with disulfiram pharmacotherapy of cocaine dependence than those with lower DAT levels. (Am J Addict 2019;28:311-317).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- June P Kampangkaew
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Catherine J Spellicy
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ellen M Nielsen
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark J Harding
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - An Ye
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sara C Hamon
- Statistical and Genetic Consulting LLC, Darien, Connecticut
| | - Thomas R Kosten
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David A Nielsen
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Burns JA, Kroll DS, Feldman DE, Kure Liu C, Manza P, Wiers CE, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Molecular Imaging of Opioid and Dopamine Systems: Insights Into the Pharmacogenetics of Opioid Use Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:626. [PMID: 31620026 PMCID: PMC6759955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use in the United States has steadily risen since the 1990s, along with staggering increases in addiction and overdose fatalities. With this surge in prescription and illicit opioid abuse, it is paramount to understand the genetic risk factors and neuropsychological effects of opioid use disorder (OUD). Polymorphisms disrupting the opioid and dopamine systems have been associated with increased risk for developing substance use disorders. Molecular imaging studies have revealed how these polymorphisms impact the brain and contribute to cognitive and behavioral differences across individuals. Here, we review the current molecular imaging literature to assess how genetic variations in the opioid and dopamine systems affect function in the brain's reward, cognition, and stress pathways, potentially resulting in vulnerabilities to OUD. Continued research of the functional consequences of genetic variants and corresponding alterations in neural mechanisms will inform prevention and treatment of OUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Burns
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Danielle S Kroll
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dana E Feldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Peter Manza
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vizeli P, Liechti ME. No Influence of Dopamine System Gene Variations on Acute Effects of MDMA. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:755. [PMID: 31708815 PMCID: PMC6821788 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is a recreational substance also investigated as medication for posttraumatic stress disorder. Dopamine (DA) system stimulation likely contributes to the acute mood effects of amphetamines, including MDMA. Genetic variants, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and polymorphic regions of the DA system genes may in part explain interindividual differences in the acute responses to MDMA in humans. We characterized the effects of common genetic variants within genes coding for key players in the DA system including the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2/ANKK1 rs1800497, DRD2 rs6277, and rs107959), the dopamine transporter (DAT1 rs28363170, rs3836790, rs6347, rs11133767, rs11564774, rs460000, and rs463379), and dopamine D4 receptor [DRD4, variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR)] on the subjective and autonomic response to MDMA (125 mg) in pooled data from randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover studies in a total of 149 healthy subjects. Plasma concentrations of MDMA were used as covariate in the analysis to control for individual pharmacokinetic (metabolic and weight) differences. None of the tested genetic polymorphisms within the DA system altered effects of MDMA when adjusting for multiple comparisons. Genetic variations in genes coding for players of the DA system are unlikely to explain interindividual variations in the acute effects of MDMA in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Vizeli
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Torres-Berrio A, Cuesta S, Lopez-Guzman S, Nava-Mesa MO. Interaction Between Stress and Addiction: Contributions From Latin-American Neuroscience. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2639. [PMID: 30622500 PMCID: PMC6308142 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that escalates from an initial exposure to drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, cannabis, or heroin, to compulsive drug-seeking and intake, reduced ability to inhibit craving-induced behaviors, and repeated cycles of abstinence and relapse. It is well-known that chronic changes in the brain’s reward system play an important role in the neurobiology of addiction. Notably, environmental factors such as acute or chronic stress affect this system, and increase the risk for drug consumption and relapse. Indeed, the HPA axis, the autonomic nervous system, and the extended amygdala, among other brain stress systems, interact with the brain’s reward circuit involved in addictive behaviors. There has been a growing interest in studying the molecular, cellular, and behavioral mechanisms of stress and addiction in Latin-America over the last decade. Nonetheless, these contributions may not be as strongly acknowledged by the broad scientific audience as studies coming from developed countries. In this review, we compile for the first time a series of studies conducted by Latin American-based neuroscientists, who have devoted their careers to studying the interaction between stress and addiction, from a neurobiological and clinical perspective. Specific contributions about this interaction include the study of CRF receptors in the lateral septum, investigations on the neural mechanisms of cross-sensitization for psychostimulants and ethanol, the identification of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as a critical neural substrate for stress and addiction, and the emergence of the cannabinoid system as a promising therapeutic target. We highlight animal and human studies, including for instance, reports coming from Latin American laboratories on single nucleotide polymorphisms in stress-related genes and potential biomarkers of vulnerability to addiction, that aim to bridge the knowledge from basic science to clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Torres-Berrio
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Santiago Cuesta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Silvia Lopez-Guzman
- Neuroscience Research Group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mauricio O Nava-Mesa
- Neuroscience Research Group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao Y, Yu J, Zhao J, Chen X, Xiong N, Wang T, Qing H, Lin Z. Intragenic Transcriptional cis-Antagonism Across SLC6A3. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4051-4060. [PMID: 30259411 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A promoter can be regulated by various cis-acting elements so that delineation of the regulatory modes among them may help understand developmental, environmental and genetic mechanisms in gene activity. Here we report that the human dopamine transporter gene SLC6A3 carries a 5' distal 5-kb super enhancer (5KSE) which upregulated the promoter by 5-fold. Interestingly, 5KSE is able to prevent 3' downstream variable number tandem repeats (3'VNTRs) from silencing the promoter. This new enhancer consists of a 5'VNTR and three repetitive sub-elements that are conserved in primates. Two of 5KSE's sub-elements, E-9.7 and E-8.7, upregulate the promoter, but only the later could continue doing so in the presence of 3'VNTRs. Finally, E-8.7 is activated by novel dopaminergic transcription factors including SRP54 and Nfe2l1. Together, these results reveal a multimodal regulatory mechanism in SLC6A3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jinlong Yu
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,College of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaowu Chen
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,Department of Neurology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, 518060, China
| | - Nian Xiong
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Qing
- College of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stolf AR, Müller D, Schuch JB, Akutagava-Martins GC, Guimaraes LSP, Szobot CM, Halpern R, Kessler FHP, Pechansky F, Roman T. Association between the Intron 8 VNTR Polymorphism of the DAT1 Gene and Crack Cocaine Addiction. Neuropsychobiology 2018; 75:141-144. [PMID: 29332099 DOI: 10.1159/000485128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to compare allele and genotype frequencies of a 30-bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism of the DAT1 gene, located at intron 8, between adult crack cocaine users and nonaddicted individuals. Due to its involvement in drug addiction, this gene is a good candidate for molecular studies. METHODS A cross-sectional sample of 239 current adult crack abusers or dependents from in- and outpatient clinics and 211 control individuals was collected in Brazil. They were evaluated using ASRS, ASI-6, WAIS-III, and MINI assessments. DNA samples extracted from whole blood were genotyped for the intron 8 VNTR in DAT1. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis was performed and controlled for gender, age, ethnicity, educational level, and comorbidities of clinical interest (generalized anxiety disorder, suicide risk, major depressive episode, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder). This analysis showed that the 6R6R genotype was associated with crack cocaine addiction (OR = 1.844; CI = 1.101-3.089; p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with the role of DAT1 in the neurobiology of drug addiction. Nevertheless, the study of other genes, environmental factors, and their interactions is also important to gain a broader understanding of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson R Stolf
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research (CPAD), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Unidade Álvaro Alvim, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diana Müller
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline B Schuch
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research (CPAD), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Unidade Álvaro Alvim, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano S P Guimaraes
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research (CPAD), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Unidade Álvaro Alvim, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Claudia M Szobot
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research (CPAD), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Unidade Álvaro Alvim, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Service (SPIA), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Halpern
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felix H P Kessler
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research (CPAD), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Unidade Álvaro Alvim, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Flavio Pechansky
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research (CPAD), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Unidade Álvaro Alvim, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Roman
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Quinn JP, Savage AL, Bubb VJ. Non-coding genetic variation shaping mental health. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 27:18-24. [PMID: 30099302 PMCID: PMC6624474 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression determined by the genome mediating a response to cell environment. Genetic variation results in distinct individual response in gene expression. Non-coding DNA is an important site for such functional genetic variation. Gene expression is a major modulator of brain chemistry and thus behavior.
Over 98% of our genome is non-coding and is now recognised to have a major role in orchestrating the tissue specific and stimulus inducible gene expression pattern which underpins our wellbeing and mental health. The non-coding genome responds functionally to our environment at all levels, encompassing the span from psychological to physiological challenge. The gene expression pattern, termed the transcriptome, ultimately gives us our neurochemistry. Therefore a major modulator of mental wellbeing is how our genes are regulated in response to life experiences. Superimposed on the aforementioned non-coding DNA framework is a vast body of genetic variation in the elements that control response to challenges. These differences, termed polymorphisms, allow for a differential response from a specific DNA element to the same challenge thus potentially allowing ‘individuality’ in the modulation of our transcriptome. This review will focus on a fundamental mechanism defining our psychological and psychiatric wellbeing, namely how genetic variation can be correlated with differential gene expression in response to specific challenges, thus resulting in altered neurochemistry which consequently may shape behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Quinn
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
| | - Abigail L Savage
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Vivien J Bubb
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Salatino-Oliveira A, Rohde LA, Hutz MH. The dopamine transporter role in psychiatric phenotypes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:211-231. [PMID: 28766921 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) is one of the most relevant and investigated neurotransmitter transporters. DAT is a plasma membrane protein which plays a homeostatic role, controlling both extracellular and intracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA). Since unbalanced DA levels are known to be involved in numerous mental disorders, a wealth of investigations has provided valuable insights concerning DAT role into normal brain functioning and pathological processes. Briefly, this extensive but non-systematic review discusses what is recently known about the role of SLC6A3 gene which encodes the dopamine transporter in psychiatric phenotypes. DAT protein, SLC6A3 gene, animal models, neuropsychology, and neuroimaging investigations are also concisely discussed. To conclude, current challenges are reviewed in order to provide perspectives for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis A Rohde
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara H Hutz
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim WT, Lee SR, Roh YG, Kim SI, Choi YH, Mun MH, Jeong MS, Koh SS, Leem SH. Characterization of VNTRs Within the Entire Region of SLC6A3 and Its Association with Hypertension. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:227-236. [PMID: 28055236 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter SLC6A3 (DAT1) mediates uptake of dopamine into presynaptic terminals. In addition, in previous reports, hypertensive rats were associated with DAT gene, but the genetic association with SLC6A3 and hypertension is still unknown. We examined the distribution of variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) and conducted polymorphic analysis of the entire region of SLC6A3. Ten VNTR regions (MS1-10) were revealed throughout the intronic and UTRs; seven VNTR regions were newly isolated and three VNTRs were previously reported. Four VNTR regions (SLC6A3-MS1, -MS4, -MS8 [rs3836790], and -MS9 [rs28363170]) showed polymorphism and these loci were found to be transmitted through meiosis following Mendelian inheritance. These VNTR polymorphisms may be useful markers for paternity mapping and DNA fingerprinting. Furthermore, we also conducted a case-control study between the controls and essential hypertensive cases. Analysis of the genotypes of SLC6A3-MS8 (rs3836790) revealed that having an 8/6-repeat allele, which was only detected in hypertensive cases, was associated with hypertension (p < 0.05). Additional significant association was identified between the short 7-repeat allele of SLC6A3-MS9 (rs28363170) and the occurrence of hypertension (odds ratio 2.02; p < 0.05). These results revealed the genetic association between SLC6A3 and hypertension, and the specific VNTR alleles of SLC6A3 may be a risk factor for hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tae Kim
- 1 Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University , Busan, Korea
| | - Se-Ra Lee
- 1 Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University , Busan, Korea
| | - Yun-Gil Roh
- 1 Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University , Busan, Korea
| | - Seung Il Kim
- 2 Division of Life Science Team, Korea Basic Science Institute , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- 3 Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University , Busan, Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Mun
- 1 Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University , Busan, Korea
| | - Mi-So Jeong
- 1 Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University , Busan, Korea
| | - Sang Seok Koh
- 1 Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University , Busan, Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Leem
- 1 Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University , Busan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lu Q, Song Z, Deng X, Xiong W, Xu H, Zhang Z, Lu H, Deng H. SLC6A3 rs28363170 and rs3836790 variants in Han Chinese patients with sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2016; 629:48-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
22
|
Kennedy JL, Xiong N, Yu J, Zai CC, Pouget JG, Li J, Liu K, Qing H, Wang T, Martin E, Levy DL, Lin Z. Increased Nigral SLC6A3 Activity in Schizophrenia Patients: Findings From the Toronto-McLean Cohorts. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:772-81. [PMID: 26707863 PMCID: PMC4838105 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SLC6A3, which encodes the primary regulator of extracellular dopamine (DA) concentration, the DA transporter, has been implicated in schizophrenia (SCZ). However, the details of its genetic effect on risk remain largely unknown. The purpose of this candidate gene study was to identify a specificSLC6A3activity associated with SCZ by using functional genetic approaches. We first examined gene activity in DA neurons isolated from case-control postmortem nigral tissue and found that the averageSLC6A3mRNA level in controls was only 0.37-fold of that in cases (P= .0034). To understand this expression difference, we examined the association of 10 genetic markers, mostly located in the promoter region, with SCZ in 1717 subjects collected from Toronto and McLean cohorts, including 881 controls and 836 cases and identified the 5' promoter SNP rs1478435 as having a significant association signal (uncorrectedPvalue: .00462; adjustedPvalue: .0319) in unrelated Caucasians. Allele T was over-represented in controls (OR = .75); T-carrier controls had decreased mRNA levels in nigral DA neurons, contributing to the reduced activity in the controls. In vitro functional analysis confirmed that T carriers displayed attenuated enhancement of promoter activity. These findings collectively suggest that increased nigralSLC6A3activity may be a risk factor for SCZ, and may help to explain high rates of comorbidity with substance abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James L. Kennedy
- Neurogenetics Section, Neuroscience Research Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nian Xiong
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA;,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinlong Yu
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA;,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Clement C. Zai
- Neurogenetics Section, Neuroscience Research Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennie G. Pouget
- Neurogenetics Section, Neuroscience Research Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jie Li
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA;,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Institute of Psychiatry, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Kefu Liu
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA;,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Eden Martin
- Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Deborah L. Levy
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Psychology Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA,Joint last author
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Genetic variation of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) influences the acute subjective responses to cocaine in volunteers with cocaine use disorders. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2016; 25:296-304. [PMID: 25850966 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify gene variants of DAT1 (SLC6A3) that modulate subjective responses to acute cocaine exposure. METHODS Non-treatment-seeking volunteers (n=66) with cocaine use disorders received a single bolus infusion of saline and cocaine (40 mg, intravenous) in a randomized order. Subjective effects were assessed with visual analog scales administered before (-15 min) and up to 20 min after infusion. Ratings of subjective effects were normalized to baseline, and saline infusion values were subtracted. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. DNA from the participants was genotyped for the DAT1 intron 8 (rs3836790) and 3'-untranslated region (rs28363170) variable number of tandem repeats. RESULTS Participants were mostly male (∼80%) and African American (∼70%). No differences were found among drug use variables between groups for either polymorphism. Carriers of the 9-allele of the DAT1 3'-untranslated region (9,9 and 9,10) exhibited greater responses to cocaine for 'high', 'any drug effect', 'anxious', and 'stimulated' (all P-values<0.001) compared with individuals homozygous for the 10-allele. For the intron 8 polymorphism, individuals homozygous for the 6-allele exhibited greater responses for 'anxious' compared with carriers of the 5-allele (P<0.001). Individuals possessing the genotype pattern of 10,10 and at least one 5-allele reported lower responses to 'good effects', 'bad effects', 'depressed', and 'anxious' (all P-values<0.01). CONCLUSION The data presented here show for the first time support for the hypothesis that genetic differences in DAT1 contribute to the variation in subjective responses to cocaine among participants with cocaine use disorders.
Collapse
|
24
|
Stolf AR, Szobot CM, Halpern R, Akutagava-Martins GC, Müller D, Guimaraes LSP, Kessler FHP, Pechansky F, Roman T. Crack cocaine users show differences in genotype frequencies of the 3' UTR variable number of tandem repeats of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1/SLC6A3). Neuropsychobiology 2015; 70:44-51. [PMID: 25247548 DOI: 10.1159/000365992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the mechanism of action of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in drug addiction, the DAT1 gene is a potential candidate for molecular studies. This paper aims to compare the prevalence of allele and genotype frequencies created by the 3' UTR variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) of this gene between crack cocaine users and controls. METHODS A cross-sectional sample of 237 current adult crack cocaine abusers or dependents (DSM-IV TR criteria) from in- and outpatient clinics in southern Brazil and 205 community controls were compared. The subjects were evaluated using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview - short version, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. DNA samples were genotyped for the DAT1 3' VNTR. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis was performed to compare the frequency of the 10.10 genotype (the putative risk genotype) to those of other genotypes. A significant difference (p = 0.04, OR = 1.758, CI = 1.026-3.012) indicating an increased frequency of the 10.10 genotype in the cases (59.9%) compared to the controls (49.3%) was verified using clinical and demographic covariates. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the first genetic association studies on crack cocaine users in the literature. The results suggest an influence of the DAT1 gene, namely the 3' VNTR 10.10 genotype. However, more analyses will confirm and clarify its contribution as a possible risk factor for crack cocaine dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Ravy Stolf
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Warburton A, Breen G, Rujescu D, Bubb VJ, Quinn JP. Characterization of a REST-Regulated Internal Promoter in the Schizophrenia Genome-Wide Associated Gene MIR137. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:698-707. [PMID: 25154622 PMCID: PMC4393679 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
MIR137 has been identified as a candidate gene for schizophrenia from genome-wide association studies via association with an intronic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1625579. The location of the SNP suggests one mechanism in which transcriptional or posttranscriptional regulation of miR-137 expression could underlie schizophrenia. We identified and validated a novel promoter of the MIR137 gene adjacent to miR-137 itself which can direct the expression of distinct mRNA isoforms encoding miR-137. Analysis of both endogenous gene expression and reporter gene assays determined that this internal promoter is regulated by repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), which has previously been associated with pathways linked to schizophrenia. Distinct isoforms of REST mediate differential expression at this locus, suggesting the relative levels of these isoforms are important for miR-137 expression profiles. The internal promoter contains a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) domain adjacent to the pre-miR-137 sequence. The reporter gene activity directed by this promoter was modified by the genotype of the VNTR. Differential expression was also observed in response to cocaine, which is known to regulate the REST pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Our data support the hypothesis that a "gene × environment" interaction could modify the level of miR-137 expression via this internal promoter and that the genotype of the VNTR could modulate transcriptional responses. We demonstrate that this promoter region is not in disequilibrium with rs1625579 and therefore would supply a distinct pathway to potentially alter miR-137 levels in response to environmental cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alix Warburton
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK;
| | - Gerome Breen
- King’s College London, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK; ,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London SE5 8DF, UK;
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Vivien J. Bubb
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK;
| | - John P. Quinn
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; ,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; tel: +44-151-794-5498, fax: +44-151-794-5517, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Predicting childhood effortful control from interactions between early parenting quality and children's dopamine transporter gene haplotypes. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 28:199-212. [PMID: 25924976 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579415000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Children's observed effortful control (EC) at 30, 42, and 54 months (n = 145) was predicted from the interaction between mothers' observed parenting with their 30-month-olds and three variants of the solute carrier family C6, member 3 (SLC6A3) dopamine transporter gene (single nucleotide polymorphisms in intron8 and intron13, and a 40 base pair variable number tandem repeat [VNTR] in the 3'-untranslated region [UTR]), as well as haplotypes of these variants. Significant moderating effects were found. Children without the intron8-A/intron13-G, intron8-A/3'-UTR VNTR-10, or intron13-G/3'-UTR VNTR-10 haplotypes (i.e., haplotypes associated with the reduced SLC6A3 gene expression and thus lower dopamine functioning) appeared to demonstrate altered levels of EC as a function of maternal parenting quality, whereas children with these haplotypes demonstrated a similar EC level regardless of the parenting quality. Children with these haplotypes demonstrated a trade-off, such that they showed higher EC, relative to their counterparts without these haplotypes, when exposed to less supportive maternal parenting. The findings revealed a diathesis-stress pattern and suggested that different SLC6A3 haplotypes, but not single variants, might represent different levels of young children's sensitivity/responsivity to early parenting.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Maes HH, Sundquist K, Lichtenstein P, Sundquist J. A population-based Swedish Twin and Sibling Study of cannabis, stimulant and sedative abuse in men. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 149:49-54. [PMID: 25660314 PMCID: PMC4431972 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies, utilizing interview-based assessments, suggest that most of the genetic risk factors for drug abuse (DA) are non-specific with a minority acting specifically on risk for abuse of particular psychoactive substance classes. We seek to replicate these findings using objective national registry data. METHODS We examined abuse of cannabis, stimulants (including cocaine) and sedatives ascertained from national Swedish registers in male-male monozygotic (1720 pairs) and dizygotic twins (1219 pairs) combined with near-age full siblings (76,457 pairs) to provide sufficient power. Modeling was performed using Mx. RESULTS A common pathway model fitted better than an independent pathway model. The latent liability to DA was highly heritable but also influenced by shared environment. Cannabis, stimulant and sedative abuse all loaded strongly on the common factor. Estimates for the total heritability for the three forms of substance abuse ranged from 64 to 70%. Between 75 and 90% of that genetic risk was non-specific, coming from the common factor with the remainder deriving from substance specific genetic risk factors. By contrast, all of the shared environmental effects, which accounted for 18-20% of the variance in liability, were non-specific. CONCLUSIONS In accord with prior studies based on personal interviews, the large preponderance of genetic risk factors for abuse of specific classes of psychoactive substance are non-specific. These results suggest that genetic variation in the primary sites of action of the psychoactive drugs, which differ widely across most drug classes, play a minor role in human individual differences in risk for DA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Corresponding author at: Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics of VCU, Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, USA. Tel.: +1 804 8288590; fax: +1 804 828 1471. (K.S. Kendler)
| | - Henrik Ohlsson
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hermine H. Maes
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden,Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden,Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Moreau C, Meguig S, Corvol JC, Labreuche J, Vasseur F, Duhamel A, Delval A, Bardyn T, Devedjian JC, Rouaix N, Petyt G, Brefel-Courbon C, Ory-Magne F, Guehl D, Eusebio A, Fraix V, Saulnier PJ, Lagha-Boukbiza O, Durif F, Faighel M, Giordana C, Drapier S, Maltête D, Tranchant C, Houeto JL, Debû B, Azulay JP, Tison F, Destée A, Vidailhet M, Rascol O, Dujardin K, Defebvre L, Bordet R, Sablonnière B, Devos D. Polymorphism of the dopamine transporter type 1 gene modifies the treatment response in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2015; 138:1271-83. [PMID: 25805645 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After more than 50 years of treating Parkinson's disease with l-DOPA, there are still no guidelines on setting the optimal dose for a given patient. The dopamine transporter type 1, now known as solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter), member 3 (SLC6A3) is the most powerful determinant of dopamine neurotransmission and might therefore influence the treatment response. We recently demonstrated that methylphenidate (a dopamine transporter inhibitor) is effective in patients with Parkinson's disease with motor and gait disorders. The objective of the present study was to determine whether genetic variants of the dopamine transporter type 1-encoding gene (SLC6A3) are associated with differences in the response to treatment of motor symptoms and gait disorders with l-DOPA and methylphenidate (with respect to the demographic, the disease and the treatment parameters and the other genes involved in the dopaminergic neurotransmission). This analysis was part of a multicentre, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of methylphenidate in Parkinson's disease (Protocol ID:2008-005801-20; ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT00914095). We scored the motor Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and the Stand-Walk-Sit Test before and after a standardized acute l-DOPA challenge before randomization and then after 3 months of methylphenidate treatment. Patients were screened for variants of genes involved in dopamine metabolism: rs28363170 and rs3836790 polymorphisms in the SLC6A3 gene, rs921451 and rs3837091 in the DDC gene (encoding the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase involved in the synthesis of dopamine from l-DOPA), rs1799836 in the MAOB gene (coding for monoamine oxidase B) and rs4680 in the COMT gene (coding for catechol-O-methyltransferase). Investigators and patients were blinded to the genotyping data throughout the study. Eighty-one subjects were genotyped and 61 were analysed for their acute motor response to l-DOPA. The SLC6A3 variants were significantly associated with greater efficacy of l-DOPA for motor symptoms. The SLC6A3 variants were also associated with greater efficacy of methylphenidate for motor symptoms and gait disorders in the ON l-DOPA condition. The difference between motor Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores for patients with different SLC6A3 genotypes was statistically significant in a multivariate analysis that took account of other disease-related, treatment-related and pharmacogenetic parameters. Our preliminary results suggest that variants of SLC6A3 are genetic modifiers of the treatment response to l-DOPA and methylphenidate in Parkinson's disease. Further studies are required to assess the possible value of these genotypes for (i) guiding l-DOPA dose adaptations over the long term; and (ii) establishing the risk/benefit balance associated with methylphenidate treatment for gait disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Moreau
- 1 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France 2 INSERM U1171, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Sayah Meguig
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Pathology Centre, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- 4 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, and INSERM UMRS_1127 and CIC_1422, and CNRS UMR_7225, and AP-HP, and ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Paris, France
| | - Julien Labreuche
- 5 Department of Biostatistics, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Francis Vasseur
- 5 Department of Biostatistics, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Alain Duhamel
- 5 Department of Biostatistics, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Delval
- 1 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France 2 INSERM U1171, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Thomas Bardyn
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Pathology Centre, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Nathalie Rouaix
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Pathology Centre, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gregory Petyt
- 6 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christine Brefel-Courbon
- 7 Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, CIC9302, University Hospital and Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Ory-Magne
- 7 Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, CIC9302, University Hospital and Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Guehl
- 8 Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR CNRS 5293 and CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexandre Eusebio
- 9 Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders - APHM Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, AMU-CNRS UMR 7289, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Fraix
- 10 Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Saulnier
- 11 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 0802, INSERM U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Ouhaid Lagha-Boukbiza
- 12 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, CHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frank Durif
- 13 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mirela Faighel
- 14 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, INSERM, CIC04, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Giordana
- 15 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, CHU Nice, Nice, France
| | - Sophie Drapier
- 16 Department of Neurology, EA- 425 Université Rennes 1 et CHU Pontchaillou, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - David Maltête
- 17 Department of Neurology and INSERM CIC-CRB 0204, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen Rouen, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- 12 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, CHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Luc Houeto
- 11 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 0802, INSERM U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Bettina Debû
- 10 Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Azulay
- 9 Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders - APHM Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, AMU-CNRS UMR 7289, Marseille, France
| | - François Tison
- 8 Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR CNRS 5293 and CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alain Destée
- 1 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France 18 INSERM U837/6 Lille JPARC, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- 6 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- 7 Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, CIC9302, University Hospital and Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France 19 INSERM NS-PARK National Network, France
| | - Kathy Dujardin
- 1 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France 2 INSERM U1171, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Luc Defebvre
- 1 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France 2 INSERM U1171, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- 2 INSERM U1171, Lille University, Lille, France 18 INSERM U837/6 Lille JPARC, France
| | - Bernard Sablonnière
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Pathology Centre, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - David Devos
- 1 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France 2 INSERM U1171, Lille University, Lille, France 20 Department of Medical Pharmacology, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dopamine transporter genotype is associated with a lateralized resistance to distraction during attention selection. J Neurosci 2015; 34:15743-50. [PMID: 25411502 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2327-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although lateral asymmetries in orienting behavior are evident across species and have been linked to interhemispheric asymmetries in dopamine signaling, the relative contribution of attentional versus motoric processes remains unclear. Here we took a cognitive genetic approach to adjudicate between roles for dopamine in attentional versus response selection. A sample of nonclinical adult humans (N = 518) performed three cognitive tasks (spatial attentional competition, spatial cueing, and flanker tasks) that varied in the degree to which they required participants to resolve attentional or response competition. All participants were genotyped for two putatively functional tandem repeat polymorphisms of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1; SLC6A3), which are argued to influence the level of available synaptic dopamine and confer risk to disorders of inattention. DAT1 genotype modulated the task-specific effects of the various task-irrelevant stimuli across both the spatial competition and spatial cueing but not flanker tasks. Specifically, compared with individuals carrying one or two copies of the 10-repeat DAT1 allele, individuals without this allele demonstrated an immunity to distraction, such that response times were unaffected by increases in the number of distractor stimuli, particularly when these were presented predominantly in the left hemifield. All three genotype groups exhibited uniform costs of resolving leftward response selection in a standard flanker task. None of these significant effects could be explained by speed-accuracy trade-offs, suggesting that participants without the 10-repeat allele of the DAT1 tandem repeat polymorphism possess an enhanced attentional ability to suppress task-irrelevant stimuli in the left hemifield.
Collapse
|
30
|
Cagniard B, Sotnikova TD, Gainetdinov RR, Zhuang X. The dopamine transporter expression level differentially affects responses to cocaine and amphetamine. J Neurogenet 2015; 28:112-21. [PMID: 24673634 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2014.908191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although both cocaine and amphetamine mainly target the dopamine transporter (DAT) and cause psychomotor effects, they have very different mechanisms of actions. The authors examined whether responses to cocaine and amphetamine were affected differentially by changes in DAT expression levels using transgenic mice with different DAT expression levels. In the constitutive DAT knockdown mice, reduced DAT expression enhanced cocaine's locomotor stimulatory effects and at the same time diminished amphetamine's locomotor stimulatory effects. Similar effects were observed in the inducible DAT knockdown mice, ruling out the contribution of developmental compensations in DAT knockdown mice. Extracellular dopamine levels in response to psychostimulants were assessed by in vivo microdialysis. Whereas amphetamine-induced increase in extracellular dopamine was drastically diminished in constitutive DAT knockdown mice, cocaine-induced increase in extracellular dopamine had a faster onset in knockdown mice compared with wild-type controls. Postsynaptically, D1 agonist-stimulated c-fos expression was significantly attenuated in constitutive DAT knockdown mice compared with wild-type controls. The authors propose that responses to cocaine and amphetamine depend on psychostimulant drug type, drug dose, as well as DAT expression level. DAT expression level affects presynaptic responses to psychostimulants directly and postsynaptic responses to psychostimulants indirectly via changes in receptor signaling. These data imply that individual differences in DAT expression (either genetically or pharmacologically induced) may affect susceptibility to addiction of different types of psychostimulants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cagniard
- Department of Neurobiology, the University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois , USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Roussotte FF, Gutman BA, Hibar DP, Madsen SK, Narr KL, Thompson PM. Carriers of a common variant in the dopamine transporter gene have greater dementia risk, cognitive decline, and faster ventricular expansion. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 11:1153-62. [PMID: 25496873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic variants in DAT1, the gene encoding the dopamine transporter (DAT) protein, have been implicated in many brain disorders. In a recent case-control study of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a regulatory polymorphism in DAT1 showed a significant association with the clinical stages of dementia. METHODS We tested whether this variant was associated with increased AD risk, and with measures of cognitive decline and longitudinal ventricular expansion, in a large sample of elderly participants with genetic, neurocognitive, and neuroimaging data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. RESULTS The minor allele-previously linked with increased DAT expression in vitro-was more common in AD patients than in both individuals with mild cognitive impairment and healthy elderly controls. The same allele was also associated with poorer cognitive performance and faster ventricular expansion, independently of diagnosis. DISCUSSION These results may be due to reduced dopaminergic transmission in carriers of the DAT1 mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence F Roussotte
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Department of Neurology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Boris A Gutman
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Department of Neurology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Derrek P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Department of Neurology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah K Madsen
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Department of Neurology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine L Narr
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Department of Neurology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, & Ophthalmology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS): molecular neurogenetic evidence for predisposition to Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:765-96. [PMID: 24878765 PMCID: PMC4225054 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have published extensively on the neurogenetics of brain reward systems with reference to the genes related to dopaminergic function in particular. In 1996, we coined “Reward Deficiency Syndrome” (RDS), to portray behaviors found to have gene-based association with hypodopaminergic function. RDS as a useful concept has been embraced in many subsequent studies, to increase our understanding of Substance Use Disorder (SUD), addictions, and other obsessive, compulsive, and impulsive behaviors. Interestingly, albeit others, in one published study, we were able to describe lifetime RDS behaviors in a recovering addict (17 years sober) blindly by assessing resultant Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS™) data only. We hypothesize that genetic testing at an early age may be an effective preventive strategy to reduce or eliminate pathological substance and behavioral seeking activity. Here, we consider a select number of genes, their polymorphisms, and associated risks for RDS whereby, utilizing GWAS, there is evidence for convergence to reward candidate genes. The evidence presented serves as a plausible brain-print providing relevant genetic information that will reinforce targeted therapies, to improve recovery and prevent relapse on an individualized basis. The primary driver of RDS is a hypodopaminergic trait (genes) as well as epigenetic states (methylation and deacetylation on chromatin structure). We now have entered a new era in addiction medicine that embraces the neuroscience of addiction and RDS as a pathological condition in brain reward circuitry that calls for appropriate evidence-based therapy and early genetic diagnosis and that requires further intensive investigation.
Collapse
|
33
|
Serotonin-1A receptor CC genotype is associated with persistent depression related to interferon-alpha in hepatitis C patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2014; 36:255-60. [PMID: 24462335 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the development of depression during interferon-alpha (IFN-α) therapy and the variations in the expression of the serotonin receptor (5-HTR) and transporter (5-HTT) in hepatitis C patients. METHOD Hepatitis C patients (n=277) were given the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview at the end of IFN-α therapy. Three polymorphisms were genotyped: the serotonin transporter repeat length polymorphic region [5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR)], as well as SNPs rs25531 and rs6295, located within the 5-HTTLPR and the transcriptional control region of the 5-HTR1A gene, respectively. RESULTS The diagnosis of current depression, which was associated with IFN-α-related depression (P<.001), demonstrated a statistically significant association with the CC genotype of the 5-HTR1A gene (odds ratio=5.57, 95% confidence interval=1.61-19.24, P=.007). CONCLUSIONS Persistent depression may represent a more specific type of IFN-α-related psychopathology. Future studies need to investigate the genetic risk factors for vulnerability associated with persistent depression. Limitations, such as the study's cross-sectional design, small sample size and retrospective assessment of IFN-α-induced depression diagnosis, must be taken into account while interpreting the results found in this study.
Collapse
|
34
|
O’Daly OG, Joyce D, Tracy DK, Azim A, Stephan KE, Murray RM, Shergill SS. Amphetamine sensitization alters reward processing in the human striatum and amygdala. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93955. [PMID: 24717936 PMCID: PMC3981726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission is implicated in a number of psychiatric illnesses characterised by disruption of reward processing and goal-directed behaviour, including schizophrenia, drug addiction and impulse control disorders associated with chronic use of dopamine agonists. Amphetamine sensitization (AS) has been proposed to model the development of this aberrant dopamine signalling and the subsequent dysregulation of incentive motivational processes. However, in humans the effects of AS on the dopamine-sensitive neural circuitry associated with reward processing remains unclear. Here we describe the effects of acute amphetamine administration, following a sensitising dosage regime, on blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in dopaminoceptive brain regions during a rewarded gambling task performed by healthy volunteers. Using a randomised, double-blind, parallel-groups design, we found clear evidence for sensitization to the subjective effects of the drug, while rewarded reaction times were unchanged. Repeated amphetamine exposure was associated with reduced dorsal striatal BOLD signal during decision making, but enhanced ventromedial caudate activity during reward anticipation. The amygdala BOLD response to reward outcomes was blunted following repeated amphetamine exposure. Positive correlations between subjective sensitization and changes in anticipation- and outcome-related BOLD signal were seen for the caudate nucleus and amygdala, respectively. These data show for the first time in humans that AS changes the functional impact of acute stimulant exposure on the processing of reward-related information within dopaminoceptive regions. Our findings accord with pathophysiological models which implicate aberrant dopaminergic modulation of striatal and amygdala activity in psychosis and drug-related compulsive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen G. O’Daly
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Joyce
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek K. Tracy
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adnan Azim
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaas E. Stephan
- Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sukhwinder S. Shergill
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- The National Psychosis Unit, South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhao Y, Xiong N, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Li N, Qing H, Lin Z. Human dopamine transporter gene: differential regulation of 18-kb haplotypes. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 14:1481-94. [PMID: 24024899 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Since previous functional studies of short haplotypes and polymorphic sites of SLC6A3 have shown variant-dependent and drug-sensitive promoter activity, this study aimed to understand whether a large SLC6A3 regulatory region, containing these small haplotypes and polymorphic sites, can display haplotype-dependent promoter activity in a drug-sensitive and pathway-related manner. MATERIALS & METHODS By creating and using a single copy number luciferase-reporter vector, we examined regulation of two different SLC6A3 haplotypes (A and B) of the 5´ 18-kb promoter and two known downstream regulatory variable number tandem repeats by 17 drugs in four different cellular models. RESULTS The two regulatory haplotypes displayed up to 3.2-fold difference in promoter activity. The regulations were drug selective (37.5% of the drugs showed effects), and both haplotype and cell type dependent. Pathway analysis revealed at least 13 main signaling hubs targeting SLC6A3, including histone deacetylation, AKT, PKC and CK2 α-chains. CONCLUSION SLC6A3 may be regulated via either its promoter or the variable number tandem repeats independently by specific signaling pathways and in a haplotype-dependent manner. Furthermore, we have developed the first pathway map for SLC6A3 regulation. These findings provide a framework for understanding complex and variant-dependent regulations of SLC6A3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School & Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Division of Alcohol & Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Mailstop 318, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Savage AL, Wilm TP, Khursheed K, Shatunov A, Morrison KE, Shaw PJ, Shaw CE, Smith B, Breen G, Al-Chalabi A, Moss D, Bubb VJ, Quinn JP. An evaluation of a SVA retrotransposon in the FUS promoter as a transcriptional regulator and its association to ALS. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90833. [PMID: 24608899 PMCID: PMC3946630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations of FUS have been linked to many diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. A primate specific and polymorphic retrotransposon of the SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA) family is present upstream of the FUS gene. Here we have demonstrated that this retrotransposon can act as a classical transcriptional regulatory domain in the context of a reporter gene construct both in vitro in the human SK-N-AS neuroblastoma cell line and in vivo in a chick embryo model. We have also demonstrated that the SVA is composed of multiple distinct regulatory domains, one of which is a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR). The ability of the SVA and its component parts to direct reporter gene expression supported a hypothesis that this region could direct differential FUS expression in vivo. The SVA may therefore contribute to the modulation of FUS expression exhibited in and associated with neurological disorders including ALS where FUS regulation may be an important parameter in progression of the disease. As VNTRs are often clinical associates for disease progression we determined the extent of polymorphism within the SVA. In total 2 variants of the SVA were identified based within a central VNTR. Preliminary analysis addressed the association of these SVA variants within a small sporadic ALS cohort but did not reach statistical significance, although we did not include other parameters such as SNPs within the SVA or an environmental factor in this analysis. The latter may be particularly important as the transcriptional and epigenetic properties of the SVA are likely to be directed by the environment of the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L. Savage
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas P. Wilm
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kejhal Khursheed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksey Shatunov
- Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Morrison
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and Neurosciences Division, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela J. Shaw
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E. Shaw
- Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley Smith
- Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research, Centre for Mental Health, South London, United Kingdom; and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Moss
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Vivien J. Bubb
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Quinn
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhou Y, Michelhaugh SK, Schmidt CJ, Liu JS, Bannon MJ, Lin Z. Ventral midbrain correlation between genetic variation and expression of the dopamine transporter gene in cocaine-abusing versus non-abusing subjects. Addict Biol 2014; 19:122-31. [PMID: 22026501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Altered activity of the human dopamine transporter gene (hDAT) is associated with several common and severe brain disorders, including cocaine abuse. However, there is little a priori information on whether such alterations are due to nature (genetic variation) or nurture (human behaviors such as cocaine abuse). This study investigated the correlation between seven markers throughout hDAT and its mRNA levels in postmortem ventral midbrain tissues from 18 cocaine abusers and 18 strictly matched drug-free controls in the African-American population. Here, we show that one major haplotype with the same frequency in cocaine abusers versus drug-free controls displays a 37.1% reduction of expression levels in cocaine abusers compared with matched controls (P=0.0057). The most studied genetic marker, variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) located in Exon 15 (3'VNTR), is not correlated with hDAT mRNA levels. A 5' upstream VNTR (rs70957367) has repeat numbers that are positively correlated with expression levels in controls (r(2)=0.9536, P=0.0235), but this positive correlation disappears in cocaine abusers. The findings suggest that varying hDAT activity is attributable to both genetics and cocaine abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Quinn JP, Warburton A, Myers P, Savage AL, Bubb VJ. Polymorphic variation as a driver of differential neuropeptide gene expression. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:395-400. [PMID: 24210140 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of neuropeptide gene expression and their receptors in a tissue specific and stimulus inducible manner will determine in part behaviour and physiology. This can be a dynamic process resulting from short term changes in response to the environment or long term modulation imposed by epigenetically determined mechanisms established during life experiences. The latter underpins what is termed 'nature and nurture, or 'gene×environment interactions'. Dynamic gene expression of neuropeptides or their receptors is a key component of signalling in the CNS and their inappropriate regulation is therefore a predicted target underpinning psychiatric disorders and neuropathological processes. Finding the regulatory domains within our genome which have the potential to direct gene expression is a difficult challenge as 98% of our genome is non-coding and, with the exception of proximal promoter regions, such elements can be quite distant from the gene that they regulate. This review will deal with how we can find such domains by addressing both the most conserved non-exonic regions in the genome using comparative genomics and the most recent or constantly evolving DNA such as repetitive DNA or retrotransposons. We shall also explore how polymorphic changes in such domains can be associated with CNS disorders by altering the appropriate gene expression patterns which maintain normal physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Quinn
- Neurogenetics in Wellbeing and Disease Section, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Negrão AB, Pereira AC, Guindalini C, Santos HC, Messas GP, Laranjeira R, Vallada H. Butyrylcholinesterase genetic variants: association with cocaine dependence and related phenotypes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80505. [PMID: 24312228 PMCID: PMC3842332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The search for genetic vulnerability factors in cocaine dependence has focused on the role that neuroplasticity plays in addiction. However, like many other drugs, the ability of an individual to metabolize cocaine can also influence susceptibility to dependence. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) metabolizes cocaine, and genetic variants of the BChE gene (BCHE) alter its catalytic activity. Therefore, we hypothesize that cocaine users with polymorphisms in BCHE can show diverse addictive behaviors due to differences in effective plasma concentrations of cocaine. Those polymorphisms might also influence users to prefer one of the two main preparations (crack or powder cocaine), despite having equal access to both. The present work investigates polymorphisms in BCHE and if those genetic variants constitute risk factors for cocaine dependence and for crack cocaine use. Methods A total of 1,436 individuals (698 cocaine-dependent patients and 738 controls) were genotyped for three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BCHE: rs1803274, rs4263329, and rs4680662. Results For rs4263329, a nominal difference was found between cases and controls. For rs1803274 (the functional SNP), a statistically significant difference was found between patients who used crack cocaine exclusively and those who used only powder cocaine (P = 0.027; OR = 4.36; 95% CI = 1.18–16.04). Allele frequencies and genotypes related to other markers did not differ between cases and controls or between the two cocaine subgroups. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the AA genotype of rs1803274 is a risk factor for crack cocaine use, which is more addictive than powder cocaine use. Further studies are needed in order to confirm this preliminary result and clarify the role of BCHE and its variants in cocaine dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Brooking Negrão
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry (LIM 23), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology (LIM 13), Heart Institute-InCor, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexandre Costa Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology (LIM 13), Heart Institute-InCor, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Guindalini
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hadassa Campos Santos
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology (LIM 13), Heart Institute-InCor, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Laranjeira
- National Institute of Alcohol and Drug Policies, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Homero Vallada
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry (LIM 23), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Clarke TK, Weiss ARD, Ferarro TN, Kampman KM, Dackis CA, Pettinati HM, O'brien CP, Oslin DW, Lohoff FW, Berrettini WH. The dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) SNP rs1076560 is associated with opioid addiction. Ann Hum Genet 2013; 78:33-9. [PMID: 24359476 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The risk for drug addiction is partially heritable. Genes of the dopamine system are likely candidates to harbour risk variants, as dopamine neurotransmission is involved in mediating the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. One functional single nucleotide polymorphism in dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), rs1076560, is involved in regulating splicing of the gene and alters the ratio of DRD2 isoforms located pre- and postsynaptically. rs1076560 has been previously associated with cocaine abuse and we set out to confirm this association in a sample of European American (EA) (n = 336) and African American (AA) (n = 1034) cocaine addicts and EA (n = 656) and AA (n = 668) controls. We also analysed the role of rs1076560 in opioid dependence by genotyping EA (n = 1041) and AA (n = 284) opioid addicts. rs1076560 was found to be nominally associated with opioid dependence in EAs (p = 0.02, OR = 1.27) and AAs (p = 0.03, OR = 1.43). When both opioid-addicted ancestral samples were combined, rs1076560 was significantly associated with increased risk for drug dependence (p = 0.0038, OR = 1.29). This association remained significant after correction for multiple testing. No association was found with cocaine dependence. These data demonstrate the importance of dopamine gene variants in the risk for opioid dependence and highlight a functional polymorphism that warrants further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toni-Kim Clarke
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yamamoto DJ, Nelson AM, Mandt BH, Larson GA, Rorabaugh JM, Ng CMC, Barcomb KM, Richards TL, Allen RM, Zahniser NR. Rats classified as low or high cocaine locomotor responders: a unique model involving striatal dopamine transporters that predicts cocaine addiction-like behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1738-53. [PMID: 23850581 PMCID: PMC3810384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences are a hallmark of drug addiction. Here, we describe a rat model based on differential initial responsiveness to low dose cocaine. Despite similar brain cocaine levels, individual outbred Sprague-Dawley rats exhibit markedly different magnitudes of acute cocaine-induced locomotor activity and, thereby, can be classified as low or high cocaine responders (LCRs or HCRs). LCRs and HCRs differ in drug-induced, but not novelty-associated, hyperactivity. LCRs have higher basal numbers of striatal dopamine transporters (DATs) than HCRs and exhibit marginal cocaine inhibition of in vivo DAT activity and cocaine-induced increases in extracellular DA. Importantly, lower initial cocaine response predicts greater locomotor sensitization, conditioned place preference and greater motivation to self-administer cocaine following low dose acquisition. Further, outbred Long-Evans rats classified as LCRs, versus HCRs, are more sensitive to cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects. Overall, results to date with the LCR/HCR model underscore the contribution of striatal DATs to individual differences in initial cocaine responsiveness and the value of assessing the influence of initial drug response on subsequent expression of addiction-like behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy J Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hall FS, Drgonova J, Jain S, Uhl GR. Implications of genome wide association studies for addiction: are our a priori assumptions all wrong? Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:267-79. [PMID: 23872493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Substantial genetic contributions to addiction vulnerability are supported by data from twin studies, linkage studies, candidate gene association studies and, more recently, Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS). Parallel to this work, animal studies have attempted to identify the genes that may contribute to responses to addictive drugs and addiction liability, initially focusing upon genes for the targets of the major drugs of abuse. These studies identified genes/proteins that affect responses to drugs of abuse; however, this does not necessarily mean that variation in these genes contributes to the genetic component of addiction liability. One of the major problems with initial linkage and candidate gene studies was an a priori focus on the genes thought to be involved in addiction based upon the known contributions of those proteins to drug actions, making the identification of novel genes unlikely. The GWAS approach is systematic and agnostic to such a priori assumptions. From the numerous GWAS now completed several conclusions may be drawn: (1) addiction is highly polygenic; each allelic variant contributing in a small, additive fashion to addiction vulnerability; (2) unexpected, compared to our a priori assumptions, classes of genes are most important in explaining addiction vulnerability; (3) although substantial genetic heterogeneity exists, there is substantial convergence of GWAS signals on particular genes. This review traces the history of this research; from initial transgenic mouse models based upon candidate gene and linkage studies, through the progression of GWAS for addiction and nicotine cessation, to the current human and transgenic mouse studies post-GWAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vereczkei A, Demetrovics Z, Szekely A, Sarkozy P, Antal P, Szilagyi A, Sasvari-Szekely M, Barta C. Multivariate analysis of dopaminergic gene variants as risk factors of heroin dependence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66592. [PMID: 23840506 PMCID: PMC3696122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heroin dependence is a debilitating psychiatric disorder with complex inheritance. Since the dopaminergic system has a key role in rewarding mechanism of the brain, which is directly or indirectly targeted by most drugs of abuse, we focus on the effects and interactions among dopaminergic gene variants. OBJECTIVE To study the potential association between allelic variants of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), ANKK1 (ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1), dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4), catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) and dopamine transporter (SLC6A3) genes and heroin dependence in Hungarian patients. METHODS 303 heroin dependent subjects and 555 healthy controls were genotyped for 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs4680 of the COMT gene; rs1079597 and rs1800498 of the DRD2 gene; rs1800497 of the ANKK1 gene; rs1800955, rs936462 and rs747302 of the DRD4 gene. Four variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) were also genotyped: 120 bp duplication and 48 bp VNTR in exon 3 of DRD4 and 40 bp VNTR and intron 8 VNTR of SLC6A3. We also perform a multivariate analysis of associations using Bayesian networks in Bayesian multilevel analysis (BN-BMLA). FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS In single marker analysis the TaqIA (rs1800497) and TaqIB (rs1079597) variants were associated with heroin dependence. Moreover, -521 C/T SNP (rs1800955) of the DRD4 gene showed nominal association with a possible protective effect of the C allele. After applying the Bonferroni correction TaqIB was still significant suggesting that the minor (A) allele of the TaqIB SNP is a risk component in the genetic background of heroin dependence. The findings of the additional multiple marker analysis are consistent with the results of the single marker analysis, but this method was able to reveal an indirect effect of a promoter polymorphism (rs936462) of the DRD4 gene and this effect is mediated through the -521 C/T (rs1800955) polymorphism in the promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vereczkei
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Szekely
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Sarkozy
- Technical University of Budapest, Measurement and Information Systems, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Antal
- Technical University of Budapest, Measurement and Information Systems, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agnes Szilagyi
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Research Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria Sasvari-Szekely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Barta
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Savage AL, Bubb VJ, Breen G, Quinn JP. Characterisation of the potential function of SVA retrotransposons to modulate gene expression patterns. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:101. [PMID: 23692647 PMCID: PMC3667099 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retrotransposons are a major component of the human genome constituting as much as 45%. The hominid specific SINE-VNTR-Alus are the youngest of these elements constituting 0.13% of the genome; they are therefore a practical and amenable group for analysis of both their global integration, polymorphic variation and their potential contribution to modulation of genome regulation. Results Consistent with insertion into active chromatin we have determined that SVAs are more prevalent in genic regions compared to gene deserts. The consequence of which, is that their integration has greater potential to have affects on gene regulation. The sequences of SVAs show potential for the formation of secondary structure including G-quadruplex DNA. We have shown that the human specific SVA subtypes (E-F1) show the greatest potential for forming G-quadruplexes within the central tandem repeat component in addition to the 5’ ‘CCCTCT’ hexamer. We undertook a detailed analysis of the PARK7 SVA D, located in the promoter of the PARK7 gene (also termed DJ-1), in a HapMap cohort where we identified 2 variable number tandem repeat domains and 1 tandem repeat within this SVA with the 5’ CCCTCT element being one of the variable regions. Functionally we were able to demonstrate that this SVA contains multiple regulatory elements that support reporter gene expression in vitro and further show these elements exhibit orientation dependency. Conclusions Our data supports the hypothesis that SVAs integrate preferentially in to open chromatin where they could modify the existing transcriptional regulatory domains or alter expression patterns by a variety of mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Savage
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Togeiro SM, Carneiro G, Ribeiro Filho FF, Zanella MT, Santos-Silva R, Taddei JA, Bittencourt LRA, Tufik S. Consequences of obstructive sleep apnea on metabolic profile: a Population-Based Survey. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:847-51. [PMID: 23712988 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiologic studies that control for potential confounders are needed to assess the independent associations of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with metabolic abnormalities. The aim of our study was to evaluate the associations of OSA with metabolic abnormalities among the adult population of Sao Paulo, Brazil. DESIGN AND METHODS Questionnaires were applied face-to-face, full night polysomnography (PSG) was performed, and blood samples were collected in a population-based survey in Sao Paulo, Brazil, adopting a probabilistic three-stage cluster sample method. The metabolic profile included fasting glucose, insulin, and lipid levels. The hepatic insulin resistance index was assessed by the homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMAIR ). RESULTS A total of 1,042 volunteers underwent PSG. Mild OSA and moderate to severe OSA comprised 21.2% and 16.7% of the population, respectively. Subjects with severe to moderate OSA were older, more obese, had higher fasting glucose, HOMAIR , and triglycerides (TG) levels than did the mild and non-OSA group (P < 0.001). Multivariate regression analyses showed that an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 15 and a time of oxy-hemoglobin saturation <90% were independently associated with impaired fasting glucose, elevated TG, and HOMAIR . CONCLUSIONS The results of this large cross-sectional epidemiological study showed that the associations of OSA and metabolic abnormalities were independent of other risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M Togeiro
- Disciplina de Medicina e Biologia do Sono, Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Greenwood TA, Joo EJ, Shektman T, Sadovnick AD, Remick RA, Keck PE, McElroy SL, Kelsoe JR. Association of dopamine transporter gene variants with childhood ADHD features in bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:137-45. [PMID: 23255304 PMCID: PMC3904300 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit remarkably high rates of comorbidity, as well as patterns of familial co-segregation. Epidemiological data suggests that these disorders either share a common genetic architecture or that ADHD features in BD may represent an etiologically distinct subtype. We previously used the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) to assess ADHD features in BD families and identified three heritable factors relating to impulsivity, mood instability, and inattention. Linkage analysis revealed a LOD score of 1.33 for the inattention factor on 5p15.3 near the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1), which has been associated with both BD and ADHD. Pharmacological evidence also suggests a role for DAT in both disorders. We have now evaluated the association of ten DAT1 variants for the WURS total score and factors in an overlapping sample of 87 BD families. Significant associations for three SNPs were observed across the WURS measures, notably for a SNP in intron 8 with the WURS total score (P = 0.007) and for variants in introns 9 and 13 with mood instability (P = 0.009 and 0.004, respectively). Analysis of an independent sample of 52 BD cases and 46 healthy controls further supported association of the intron 8 variant with mood instability (P = 0.005), and a combined analysis confirmed the associations of this SNP with WURS total score. Impulsivity and mood instability (P = 0.002, 0.007, and 8 × 10(-4), respectively). These data suggest that variants within DAT1 may predispose to a subtype of BD characterized by early prodromal features that include attentional deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eun-Jeong Joo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Eulji University, Eulji General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fernàndez-Castillo N, Roncero C, Grau-Lopez L, Barral C, Prat G, Rodriguez-Cintas L, Sánchez-Mora C, Gratacòs M, Ramos-Quiroga J, Casas M, Ribasés M, Cormand B. Association study of 37 genes related to serotonin and dopamine neurotransmission and neurotrophic factors in cocaine dependence. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 12:39-46. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - G. Prat
- Mental Health Division, Fundació Althaia; Hospital San Joan de Déu, Manresa; Catalonia; Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Isaza C, Henao J, Beltrán L, Porras L, Gonzalez M, Cruz R, Carracedo A. Genetic variants associated with addictive behavior in Colombian addicted and non-addicted to heroin or cocaine. Colomb Med (Cali) 2013; 44:19-25. [PMID: 24892317 DOI: pmid/24892317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the prevalence and compare some genetic markers involved in addictive behavior in a group of addicts to derivative of coca (cocaine/crack) or heroin and a control group of non-addicted people matched for gender, age and ethnicity. METHODS A 120 addicts and 120 non-addicts Colombian male were surveyed and genotyped for 18 polymorphism of the OPRM1, DRD2, DRD4, SLC6A3, SLC6A4, ABCB1, DβH and CYP2B6 genes. For the identification of alleles markers were used mini-sequencing and fragment multiplex PCR techniques; ethnicity of cases and controls was analyzed with 61 AIMs. RESULTS The age of onset use of heroin or coca derivatives (cocaine/crack) was 16.5±6 years and 99.2% of them consume several illicit drugs. It showed that controls and addicts belong to the same ethnic group. Significant differences between addicts and controls in relation to schooling, marital status, social security family history of substance abuse (p <0.001), Int8-VNTR SLC6A3 gene (p= 0.015) and SNP 3435C>T ABCB1 gene (p= 0.001) were found. CONCLUSION The present results indicate that the VNTR- 6R polymorphism of the gene SLC6A3 and the genotype 3435CC in the ABCB1 gene, are both associated with addictive behavior to heroin or cocaine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Isaza
- Genetical Medical Laboratory, Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Pereira, Colombia, E-mails :
| | - Julieta Henao
- Genetical Medical Laboratory, Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Pereira, Colombia, E-mails :
| | - Leonardo Beltrán
- Genetical Medical Laboratory, Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Pereira, Colombia, E-mails :
| | - Liliana Porras
- Genetical Medical Laboratory, Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Pereira, Colombia, E-mails :
| | - Martha Gonzalez
- Genetical Medical Laboratory, Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Pereira, Colombia, E-mails :
| | - Raquel Cruz
- Institute of Forensic Science, Genomic Medicine Group-CIBERER, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, E-mails:
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Institute of Forensic Science, Genomic Medicine Group-CIBERER, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, E-mails:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sullivan D, Pinsonneault JK, Papp AC, Zhu H, Lemeshow S, Mash DC, Sadee W. Dopamine transporter DAT and receptor DRD2 variants affect risk of lethal cocaine abuse: a gene-gene-environment interaction. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e222. [PMID: 23340505 PMCID: PMC3566726 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epistatic gene-gene interactions could contribute to the heritability of complex multigenic disorders, but few examples have been reported. Here, we focus on the role of aberrant dopaminergic signaling, involving the dopamine transporter DAT, a cocaine target, and the dopamine D2 receptor, which physically interacts with DAT. Splicing polymorphism rs2283265 of DRD2, encoding D2 receptors, were shown to confer risk of cocaine overdose/death (odds ratio ∼3) in subjects and controls from the Miami Dade County Brain Bank.(1) Risk of cocaine-related death attributable to the minor allele of rs2283265 was significantly enhanced to OR=7.5 (P=0.0008) in homozygous carriers of the main 6-repeat allele of DAT rs3836790, a regulatory VNTR in intron8 lacking significant effect itself. In contrast, carriers of the minor 5-repeat DAT allele showed no significant risk (OR=1.1, P=0.84). DAT rs3836790 and DRD2 rs2283265 also interacted by modulating DAT protein activity in the ventral putamen of cocaine abusers. In high-linkage disequilibrium with the VNTR, DAT rs6347 in exon9 yielded similar results. Assessing the impact of DAT alone, a rare DAT haplotype formed by the minor alleles of rs3836790 and rs27072, a regulatory DAT variant in the 3'-UTR, occurred in nearly one-third of the cocaine abusers but was absent in African American controls, apparently conferring strong risk. These results demonstrate gene-gene-drug interaction affecting risk of fatal cocaine intoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Pharmacogenomics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J K Pinsonneault
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Pharmacogenomics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A C Papp
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Pharmacogenomics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - H Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S Lemeshow
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D C Mash
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miami, FL, USA
| | - W Sadee
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Pharmacogenomics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Program in Pharmacogenomics, The Ohio State University, 333W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA. E-mail
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Blum K, Oscar-Berman M, Stuller E, Miller D, Giordano J, Morse S, McCormick L, Downs WB, Waite RL, Barh D, Neal D, Braverman ER, Lohmann R, Borsten J, Hauser M, Han D, Liu Y, Helman M, Simpatico T. Neurogenetics and Nutrigenomics of Neuro-Nutrient Therapy for Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Clinical Ramifications as a Function of Molecular Neurobiological Mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:139. [PMID: 23926462 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In accord with the new definition of addiction published by American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) it is well-known that individuals who present to a treatment center involved in chemical dependency or other documented reward dependence behaviors have impaired brain reward circuitry. They have hypodopaminergic function due to genetic and/or environmental negative pressures upon the reward neuro-circuitry. This impairment leads to aberrant craving behavior and other behaviors such as Substance Use Disorder (SUD). Neurogenetic research in both animal and humans revealed that there is a well-defined cascade in the reward site of the brain that leads to normal dopamine release. This cascade has been termed the "Brain Reward Cascade" (BRC). Any impairment due to either genetics or environmental influences on this cascade will result in a reduced amount of dopamine release in the brain reward site. Manipulation of the BRC has been successfully achieved with neuro-nutrient therapy utilizing nutrigenomic principles. After over four decades of development, neuro-nutrient therapy has provided important clinical benefits when appropriately utilized. This is a review, with some illustrative case histories from a number of addiction professionals, of certain molecular neurobiological mechanisms which if ignored may lead to clinical complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Fl, 100183, USA ; Department of Nutrigenomic, LifeGen, Inc. San Diego, CA, 92101, USA ; Department of Holistic Medicine, G&G Holistic Addiction Treatment Center, North Miami Beach, Fl, 33162, USA ; Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purbe Medinpur, West Bengal, 721172, India ; Path Foundation NY, New York, 10001, New York USA ; Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu Beach, California, 9026, USA ; Dominion Diagnostics, North Kingstown Rhode Island, 02852, USA ; Global Integrated Services Unit University of Vermont Center for Clinical & Translational Science, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|