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Malin SK, Syeda UA. Exercise Training Independent of Intensity Lowers Plasma Bile Acids in Prediabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1009-1017. [PMID: 38190376 PMCID: PMC11096085 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People with obesity have high circulating bile acids (BA). Although aerobic fitness favors low circulating BA, the effect of training intensity before clinically meaningful weight loss on BA is unclear. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that 2 wk of interval (INT) versus continuous (CONT) exercise would lower plasma BA in relation to insulin sensitivity. METHODS Twenty-three older adults with prediabetes (ADA criteria) were randomized to 12 work-matched bouts of INT ( n = 11, 60.3 ± 2.4 yr, 32.1 ± 1.2 kg·m -2 ) at 3 min at 50% HR peak and 3 min at 90% HR peak or CONT ( n = 12, 60.8 ± 2.4 yr, 34.0 ± 1.7 kg·m -2 ) at 70% HR peak cycling training for 60 min·d -1 over 2 wk. A 180-min 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed to assess glucose tolerance (tAUC), insulin sensitivity (Siis), and metabolic flexibility (RER postprandial -RER fast ; indirect calorimetry). BA ( n = 8 conjugated and 7 unconjugated) were analyzed at 0, 30, and 60 min of the OGTT. Anthropometrics and fitness (V̇O 2peak ) were also assessed. RESULTS INT and CONT comparably reduced body mass index (BMI; P < 0.001) and fasting RER ( P < 0.001) but raised insulin sensitivity ( P = 0.03). INT increased V̇O 2peak as compared with CONT ( P = 0.01). Exercise decreased the unconjugated BA chenodeoxycholic acid iAUC 60min ( P < 0.001), deoxycholic acid iAUC 60min ( P < 0.001), lithocholic acid iAUC 60min ( P < 0.001), and glycodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) iAUC 60min ( P < 0.001). Comparable reductions were also seen in the conjugated BA hyodeoxycholic acid iAUC 60min ( P = 0.01) and taurolithocholic acid iAUC 60min ( P = 0.007). Increased V̇O 2peak was associated with lowered UDCA 0min ( r = -0.56, P = 0.02) and cholic acid iAUC 60min ( r = -0.60, P = 0.005), whereas reduced BMI was related to higher GDCA 0min ( r = 0.60, P = 0.005) and GCDCA 0min ( r = 0.53, P = 0.01). Improved insulin sensitivity correlated with lower GCDCA iAUC 60min ( r = -0.45, P = 0.03) and GDCA iAUC 60min ( r = -0.48, P = 0.02), whereas increased metabolic flexibility was related to deoxycholic acid iAUC 60min ( r = 0.64, P = 0.004) and GCDCA iAUC 60min ( r = 0.43, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Short-term training lowers some BA in relation to insulin sensitivity independent of intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K. Malin
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, New Brunswick, NJ
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition; Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
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Yang CW, Liu HM, Chang ZY, Liu GH, Chang HH, Huang PY, Lee TY. Puerarin Modulates Hepatic Farnesoid X Receptor and Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5274. [PMID: 38791314 PMCID: PMC11121391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with alterations in lipid metabolism and gut microbiota dysbiosis. This study investigated the effects of puerarin, a bioactive isoflavone, on lipid metabolism disorders and gut microbiota in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Supplementation with puerarin reduced plasma alanine aminotransferase, liver triglyceride, liver free fatty acid (FFA), and improved gut microbiota dysbiosis in obese mice. Puerarin's beneficial metabolic effects were attenuated when farnesoid X receptor (FXR) was antagonized, suggesting FXR-mediated mechanisms. In hepatocytes, puerarin ameliorated high FFA-induced sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) 1 signaling, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in an FXR-dependent manner. In obese mice, puerarin reduced liver damage, regulated hepatic lipogenesis, decreased inflammation, improved mitochondrial function, and modulated mitophagy and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways, but was less effective in FXR knockout mice. Puerarin upregulated hepatic expression of FXR, bile salt export pump (BSEP), and downregulated cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) and sodium taurocholate transporter (NTCP), indicating modulation of bile acid synthesis and transport. Puerarin also restored gut microbial diversity, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and the abundance of Clostridium celatum and Akkermansia muciniphila. This study demonstrates that puerarin effectively ameliorates metabolic disturbances and gut microbiota dysbiosis in obese mice, predominantly through FXR-dependent pathways. These findings underscore puerarin's potential as a therapeutic agent for managing obesity and enhancing gut health, highlighting its dual role in improving metabolic functions and modulating microbial communities.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Isoflavones/pharmacology
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Mice
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Male
- Dysbiosis
- Mice, Obese
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 11/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 11/genetics
- Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Mice, Knockout
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent/metabolism
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent/genetics
- Symporters/metabolism
- Symporters/genetics
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Akkermansia
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wei Yang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Division of Internal and Pediatric Chinese Medicine, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333423, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Miao Liu
- Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Zi-Yu Chang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan;
| | - Geng-Hao Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan;
- Division of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333008, Taiwan
| | - Hen-Hong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Po-Yu Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Linsen Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 10844, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Yan Lee
- Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan;
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Amaral Raposo M, Sousa Oliveira E, Dos Santos A, Guadagnini D, El Mourabit H, Housset C, Lemoinne S, Abdalla Saad MJ. Impact of cholecystectomy on the gut-liver axis and metabolic disorders. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2024; 48:102370. [PMID: 38729564 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2024.102370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Cholecystectomy is considered as a safe procedure to treat patients with gallstones. However, epidemiological studies highlighted an association between cholecystectomy and metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), independently of the gallstone disease. Following cholecystectomy, bile acids flow directly from the liver into the intestine, leading to changes in the entero-hepatic circulation of bile acids and their metabolism. The changes in bile acids metabolism impact the gut microbiota. Therefore, cholecystectomized patients display gut dysbiosis characterized by a reduced diversity, a loss of bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids and an increase in pro-inflammatory bacteria. Alterations of both bile acids metabolism and gut microbiota occurring after cholecystectomy can promote the development of metabolic disorders. In this review, we discuss the impact of cholecystectomy on bile acids and gut microbiota and its consequences on metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Amaral Raposo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas - São Paulo, Brazil; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA) and Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Emília Sousa Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas - São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrey Dos Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas - São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dioze Guadagnini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas - São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Haquima El Mourabit
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA) and Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA) and Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Sara Lemoinne
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA) and Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN Rare-Liver), Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.
| | - Mário José Abdalla Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas - São Paulo, Brazil.
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Lv D, Wang H, Leng Y, Chen S, Sun H, Meng X, Liu T, Xiong Z. Association between diabetes mellitus and primary biliary cholangitis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1362584. [PMID: 38774228 PMCID: PMC11106416 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1362584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous observational studies have demonstrated a link between diabetes mellitus(DM) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Nevertheless, since these relationships might be confused, whether there is any causal connection or in which direction it exists is unclear. Our investigation aimed to identify the causal associations between DM and PBC. Methods We acquired genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets for PBC, Type 1 diabetes(T1DM), and Type 2 diabetes(T2DM) from published GWASs. Inverse variance-weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median (WM), Simple mode, and weighted mode methods were used to determine the causal relationships between DM(T1DM or T2DM) and PBC. Sensitivity analyses were also carried out to ensure the results were robust. To determine the causal relationship between PBC and DM(T1DM or T2DM), we also used reverse MR analysis. Results T1DM was associated with a higher risk of PBC (OR 1.1525; 95% CI 1.0612-1.2517; p = 0.0007) in the IVW method, but no evidence of a causal effect T2DM on PBC was found (OR 0.9905; 95% CI 0.8446-1.1616; p = 0.9071) in IVW. Results of the reverse MR analysis suggested genetic susceptibility that PBC was associated with an increased risk of T1DM (IVW: OR 1.1991; 95% CI 1.12-1.2838; p = 1.81E-07), but no evidence of a causal effect PBC on T2DM was found (IVW: OR 1.0101; 95% CI 0.9892-1.0315; p = 0.3420). Conclusion The current study indicated that T1DM increased the risk of developing PBC and vice versa. There was no proof of a causal connection between PBC probability and T2DM. Our results require confirmation through additional replication in larger populations.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/genetics
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/epidemiology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/complications
- Mendelian Randomization Analysis
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lv
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Han Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Department of Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Leng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Department of Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Sitong Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- College of Integrative Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyue Meng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tiejun Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Department of Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuang Xiong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Department of Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Lee SH, Suh JH, Heo MJ, Choi JM, Yang Y, Jung HJ, Gao Z, Yu Y, Jung SY, Kolonin MG, Cox AR, Hartig SM, Eltzschig HK, Ju C, Moore DD, Kim KH. The Hepatokine Orosomucoid 2 Mediates Beneficial Metabolic Effects of Bile Acids. Diabetes 2024; 73:701-712. [PMID: 38320268 PMCID: PMC11043061 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are pleiotropic regulators of metabolism. Elevated levels of hepatic and circulating BAs improve energy metabolism in peripheral organs, but the precise mechanisms underlying the metabolic benefits and harm still need to be fully understood. In the current study, we identified orosomucoid 2 (ORM2) as a liver-secreted hormone (i.e., hepatokine) induced by BAs and investigated its role in BA-induced metabolic improvements in mouse models of diet-induced obesity. Contrary to our expectation, under a high-fat diet (HFD), our Orm2 knockout (Orm2-KO) exhibited a lean phenotype compared with C57BL/6J control, partly due to the increased energy expenditure. However, when challenged with a HFD supplemented with cholic acid, Orm2-KO eliminated the antiobesity effect of BAs, indicating that ORM2 governs BA-induced metabolic improvements. Moreover, hepatic ORM2 overexpression partially replicated BA effects by enhancing insulin sensitivity. Mechanistically, ORM2 suppressed interferon-γ/STAT1 activities in inguinal white adipose tissue depots, forming the basis for anti-inflammatory effects of BAs and improving glucose homeostasis. In conclusion, our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of BA-induced liver-adipose cross talk through ORM2 induction. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji Ho Suh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine and Center for Perioperative Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Mi Jeong Heo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine and Center for Perioperative Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Jong Min Choi
- Systems Onco-Immunology Laboratory, David J. Sugarbaker Division of Thoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine and Center for Perioperative Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Hyun-Jung Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine and Center for Perioperative Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Zhanguo Gao
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yongmei Yu
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Mikhail G. Kolonin
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Aaron R. Cox
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sean M. Hartig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine and Center for Perioperative Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine and Center for Perioperative Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - David D. Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Kang Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine and Center for Perioperative Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
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6
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Jia W, Li Y, Cheung KCP, Zheng X. Bile acid signaling in the regulation of whole body metabolic and immunological homeostasis. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:865-878. [PMID: 37515688 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) play a crucial role in nutrient absorption and act as key regulators of lipid and glucose metabolism and immune homeostasis. Through the enterohepatic circulation, BAs are synthesized, metabolized, and reabsorbed, with a portion entering the vascular circulation and distributing systemically. This allows BAs to interact with receptors in all major organs, leading to organ-organ interactions that regulate both local and global metabolic processes, as well as the immune system. This review focuses on the whole-body effects of BA-mediated metabolic and immunological regulation, including in the brain, heart, liver, intestine, eyes, skin, adipose tissue, and muscle. Targeting BA synthesis and receptor signaling is a promising strategy for the development of novel therapies for various diseases throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yitao Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth C P Cheung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaojiao Zheng
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Morrison A, Elgendy B. Tailoring FXR Modulators for Intestinal Specificity: Recent Progress and Insights. Molecules 2024; 29:2022. [PMID: 38731514 PMCID: PMC11085346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
While FXR has shown promise in regulating bile acid synthesis and maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis, undesired side effects have been observed in clinical trials. To address this issue, the development of intestinally restricted FXR modulators has gained attention as a new avenue for drug design with the potential for safer systematic effects. Our review examines all currently known intestinally restricted FXR ligands and provides insights into the steps taken to enhance intestinal selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Morrison
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Bahaa Elgendy
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Fleishman JS, Kumar S. Bile acid metabolism and signaling in health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:97. [PMID: 38664391 PMCID: PMC11045871 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, once considered mere dietary surfactants, now emerge as critical modulators of macronutrient (lipid, carbohydrate, protein) metabolism and the systemic pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance. Bile acid metabolism and signaling pathways play a crucial role in protecting against, or if aberrant, inducing cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions, strongly influencing health and disease. No curative treatment exists for any bile acid influenced disease, while the most promising and well-developed bile acid therapeutic was recently rejected by the FDA. Here, we provide a bottom-up approach on bile acids, mechanistically explaining their biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology at canonical and non-canonical receptors. Using this mechanistic model of bile acids, we explain how abnormal bile acid physiology drives disease pathogenesis, emphasizing how ceramide synthesis may serve as a unifying pathogenic feature for cardiometabolic diseases. We provide an in-depth summary on pre-existing bile acid receptor modulators, explain their shortcomings, and propose solutions for how they may be remedied. Lastly, we rationalize novel targets for further translational drug discovery and provide future perspectives. Rather than dismissing bile acid therapeutics due to recent setbacks, we believe that there is immense clinical potential and a high likelihood for the future success of bile acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Fleishman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
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9
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Jiang Y, Wu L, Zhu X, Bian H, Gao X, Xia M. Advances in management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: from mechanisms to therapeutics. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:95. [PMID: 38566209 PMCID: PMC10985930 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease that affects over 30% of the world's population. For decades, the heterogeneity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has impeded our understanding of the disease mechanism and the development of effective medications. However, a recent change in the nomenclature from NAFLD to MASLD emphasizes the critical role of systemic metabolic dysfunction in the pathophysiology of this disease and therefore promotes the progress in the pharmaceutical treatment of MASLD. In this review, we focus on the mechanism underlying the abnormality of hepatic lipid metabolism in patients with MASLD, and summarize the latest progress in the therapeutic medications of MASLD that target metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Integrated Medicine, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hua Bian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Mingfeng Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Wusong Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Nagano T, Watanabe C, Oyanagi E, Yano H, Nishiuchi T. Wet-type grinder-treated okara modulates gut microbiota composition and attenuates obesity in high-fat-fed mice. Food Res Int 2024; 182:114173. [PMID: 38519188 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Wet-type grinder (WG) is a nanofiber technology used to atomize dietary fiber-rich materials. WG-treated okara (WGO) exhibits high dispersion and viscosity similar to those of viscous soluble dietary fibers. Here, we studied the effect of WGO supplementation on obesity and gut microbiota composition in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. WGO intake suppressed body weight gain and fat accumulation, improved glucose tolerance, lowered cholesterol levels, and prevented HFD-induced decrease in muscle mass. WGO supplementation also led to cecum enlargement, lower pH, and higher butyrate production. The bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes (16S rDNA) were sequenced to determine the gut microbiota composition of the fecal samples. Sequencing of bacterial 16S rDNA revealed that WGO treatment increased the abundance of butyrate producer Ruminococcus and reduced the abundances of Rikenellaceae, Streptococcaceae, and Prevotellaceae, which are related to metabolic diseases. Metabolomics analysis of the plasma of WGO- and cellulose-treated mice were conducted using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway was significantly positively regulated by WGO intake instead of cellulose. These results demonstrate that WG is useful for improving functional properties of okara to prevent metabolic syndromes, including obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Nagano
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Watanabe
- Department of Health & Sports Science, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0193, Japan
| | - Eri Oyanagi
- Department of Health & Sports Science, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0193, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yano
- Department of Health & Sports Science, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0193, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
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11
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Nerild HH, Brønden A, Haddouchi AE, Ellegaard AM, Hartmann B, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Sonne DP, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Elucidating the glucose-lowering effect of the bile acid sequestrant sevelamer. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:1252-1263. [PMID: 38151760 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM Bile acid sequestrants are cholesterol-lowering drugs, which also improve glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes. The mechanism behind the glucose-lowering effect is unknown but has been proposed to be mediated by increased glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. Here, we investigated the glucose-lowering effects of sevelamer including any contribution from GLP-1 in people with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 15 people with type 2 diabetes on metformin monotherapy underwent two 17-day treatment periods with the bile acid sequestrant sevelamer and placebo, respectively, in a randomized order and with an interposed wash-out period of minimum 6 weeks. On days 15 and 17 of each treatment period, participants underwent experimental days with 4-h liquid meal tests and application of concomitant infusion of exendin(9-39)NH2 or saline. RESULTS Compared with placebo, sevelamer improved insulin sensitivity (assessed by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) and beta-cell sensitivity to glucose and lowered fasting and postprandial plasma glucose concentrations. In both treatment periods, exendin(9-39)NH2 increased postprandial glucose excursions compared with saline but without absolute or relative difference between the two treatment periods. In contrast, exendin(9-39)NH2 abolished the sevelamer-induced improvement in beta-cell glucose sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS The bile acid sequestrant sevelamer improved insulin sensitivity and beta-cell sensitivity to glucose, but using the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39)NH2 we were not able to detect a GLP-1-mediated glucose-lowering effect of sevelamer in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, the sevelamer-induced improvement of beta-cell sensitivity to glucose was shown to be GLP-1-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette H Nerild
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Andreas Brønden
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abdullah E Haddouchi
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Ellegaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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12
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Lange AH, Pedersen MG, Ellegaard AM, Nerild HH, Brønden A, Sonne DP, Knop FK. The bile-gut axis and metabolic consequences of cholecystectomy. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:R1-R9. [PMID: 38551177 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis affect individuals of all ages and are often treated by surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy), which is considered a safe, low-risk procedure. Nevertheless, recent findings show that bile and its regulated storage and excretion may have important metabolic effects and that cholecystectomy is associated with several metabolic diseases postoperatively. Bile acids have long been known as emulsifiers essential to the assimilation of lipids and absorption of lipid-soluble vitamins, but more recently, they have also been reported to act as metabolic signaling agents. The nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and the G protein-coupled membrane receptor, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), are specific to bile acids. Through activation of these receptors, bile acids control numerous metabolic functions. Cholecystectomy affects the storage and excretion of bile acids, which in turn may influence the activation of FXR and TGR5 and their effects on metabolism including processes leading to metabolic conditions such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Here, with the aim of elucidating mechanisms behind cholecystectomy-associated dysmetabolism, we review studies potentially linking cholecystectomy and bile acid-mediated metabolic effects and discuss possible pathophysiological mechanisms behind cholecystectomy-associated dysmetabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Lange
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Miriam G Pedersen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Ellegaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Henriette H Nerild
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Andreas Brønden
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
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13
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Li X, Cai QY, Luo X, Wang YH, Shao LZ, Luo SJ, Wang L, Wang YX, Lan X, Liu TH. Gestational diabetes mellitus aggravates adverse perinatal outcomes in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:57. [PMID: 38429774 PMCID: PMC10908036 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-024-01294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on perinatal outcomes and establish a prediction model of adverse perinatal outcomes in women with ICP. METHODS This multicenter retrospective cohort study included the clinical data of 2,178 pregnant women with ICP, including 1,788 women with ICP and 390 co-occurrence ICP and GDM. The data of all subjects were collected from hospital electronic medical records. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to compare the incidence of perinatal outcomes between ICP with GDM group and ICP alone group. RESULTS Baseline characteristics of the population revealed that maternal age (p < 0.001), pregestational weight (p = 0.01), pre-pregnancy BMI (p < 0.001), gestational weight gain (p < 0.001), assisted reproductive technology (ART) (p < 0.001), and total bile acid concentration (p = 0.024) may be risk factors for ICP with GDM. Furthermore, ICP with GDM demonstrated a higher association with both polyhydramnios (OR 2.66) and preterm labor (OR 1.67) compared to ICP alone. Further subgroup analysis based on the severity of ICP showed that elevated total bile acid concentrations were closely associated with an increased risk of preterm labour, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and low birth weight in both ICP alone and ICP with GDM groups. ICP with GDM further worsened these outcomes, especially in women with severe ICP. The nomogram prediction model effectively predicted the occurrence of preterm labour in the ICP population. CONCLUSIONS ICP with GDM may result in more adverse pregnancy outcomes, which are associated with bile acid concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Rd, Yuzhong District, 400016, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin-Yu Cai
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
- Department of Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-Heng Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Rd, Yuzhong District, 400016, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Zhen Shao
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Rd, Yuzhong District, 400016, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Shu-Juan Luo
- Department of Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying-Xiong Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Rd, Yuzhong District, 400016, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Lan
- Department of Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China.
| | - Tai-Hang Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Rd, Yuzhong District, 400016, Chongqing, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China.
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14
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Hasan IH, Shaheen SY, Alhusaini AM, Mahmoud AM. Simvastatin mitigates diabetic nephropathy by upregulating farnesoid X receptor and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation in rats. Life Sci 2024; 340:122445. [PMID: 38278349 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is one of the complications of diabetes that affects the kidney and can result in renal failure. The cholesterol-lowering drug simvastatin (SIM) has shown promising effects against diabetic nephropathy (DN). This study evaluated the protective role of SIM on DN, pointing to the involvement of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in attenuating inflammatory response, oxidative injury, and tissue damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. SIM was supplemented orally for 8 weeks, and samples were collected for analysis. SIM effectively ameliorated hyperglycemia, kidney hypertrophy, body weight loss, and tissue injury and fibrosis in diabetic animals. SIM mitigated oxidative stress (OS), inflammatory response, and cell death, as evidenced by the suppressed malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, myeloperoxidase, NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-1β, CD68, Bax, and caspase-3 in the diabetic kidney. These effects were linked to suppressed Keap1, upregulated FXR, Nrf2, and HO-1, and enhanced antioxidant defenses and Bcl-2. The in silico findings revealed the binding affinity of SIM with NF-kB, caspase-3, Keap1, HO-1, and FXR. In conclusion, SIM protects against DN by attenuating hyperglycemia, kidney injury, fibrosis, inflammation, and OS, and upregulating antioxidants, FXR, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman H Hasan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11459, Saudi Arabia..
| | - Sameerah Y Shaheen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam M Alhusaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11459, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman M Mahmoud
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK..
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15
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Yu Cai Lim M, Kiat Ho H. Pharmacological modulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) as a therapeutic strategy for hypercholesterolemia. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115985. [PMID: 38154545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of many therapeutic options, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia remains high. There exists a significant unmet medical need for novel drugs and/or treatment combinations to effectively combat hypercholesterolemia while minimizing adverse reactions. The modulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) expression via perturbation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) - dependent pathways, primarily FXR/small heterodimer partner (SHP) and FXR/ fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19/ fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-4 pathways, presents as a potential option to lower cholesterol levels. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the important role that CYP7A1 plays in cholesterol homeostasis and how its expression can be exploited to assert differential control of bile acid synthesis and cholesterol metabolism. Additionally, the paper also summarizes the current therapeutic options for hypercholesterolemia, and positions modulators of CYP7A1 expression, namely FGFR4 inhibitors and FXR antagonists, as emerging and distinct pharmacological agents to complement and diversify the treatment regime. Their mechanistic and clinical considerations are also extensively described to interrogate the benefits and risks associated with using FXR-mediating agents, either singularly or in combination with recognised agents such as statins to target hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Yu Cai Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Han Kiat Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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16
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Groenen C, Nguyen TA, Paulusma C, van de Graaf S. Bile salt signaling and bile salt-based therapies in cardiometabolic disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:1-21. [PMID: 38180064 PMCID: PMC10767275 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Bile salts have an established role in the emulsification and intestinal absorption of dietary lipids, and their homeostasis is tightly controlled by various transporters and regulators in the enterohepatic circulation. Notably, emerging evidence points toward bile salts as major modulators of cardiometabolic disease (CMD), an umbrella disease of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels that is caused by systemic metabolic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), the latter encompassing also metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). The underlying mechanisms of protective effects of bile salts are their hormonal properties, enabling them to exert versatile metabolic effects by activating various bile salt-responsive signaling receptors with the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) as most extensively investigated. Activation of FXR and TGR5 is involved in the regulation of glucose, lipid and energy metabolism, and inflammation. Bile salt-based therapies directly targeting FXR and TGR5 signaling have been evaluated for their therapeutic potential in CMD. More recently, therapeutics targeting bile salt transporters thereby modulating bile salt localization, dynamics, and signaling, have been developed and evaluated in CMD. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the contribution of bile salt signaling in the pathogenesis of CMD and the potential of bile salt-based therapies for the treatment of CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C.J. Groenen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Thuc-Anh Nguyen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Coen C. Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
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17
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Patel N, Dinesh S, Sharma S. From Gut to Glucose: A Comprehensive Review on Functional Foods and Dietary Interventions for Diabetes Management. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e111023222081. [PMID: 37861021 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998266653231005072450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the realm of diabetes research, considerable attention has been directed toward elucidating the intricate interplay between the gastrointestinal tract and glucose regulation. The gastrointestinal tract, once exclusively considered for its role in digestion and nutrient assimilation, is presently acknowledged as a multifaceted ecosystem with regulatory supremacy over metabolic homeostasis and glucose metabolism. Recent studies indicate that alterations in the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota could potentially influence the regulation of glucose levels and glucose homeostasis in the body. Dysbiosis, characterized by perturbations in the equilibrium of gut microbial constituents, has been irrevocably linked to an augmented risk of diabetes mellitus (DM). Moreover, research has revealed the potential influence of the gut microbiota on important factors, like inflammation and insulin sensitivity, which are key contributors to the onset and progression of diabetes. The key protagonists implicated in the regulation of glucose encompass the gut bacteria, gut barrier integrity, and the gut-brain axis. A viable approach to enhance glycemic control while concurrently mitigating the burden of comorbidities associated with diabetes resides in the strategic manipulation of the gut environment through adapted dietary practices. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to provide a deep understanding of the complex relationship between gut health, glucose metabolism, and diabetes treatment. CONCLUSION This study has presented an exhaustive overview of dietary therapies and functional foods that have undergone extensive research to explore their potential advantages in the management of diabetes. It looks into the role of gut health in glucose regulation, discusses the impact of different dietary elements on the course of diabetes, and evaluates how well functional foods can help with glycemic control. Furthermore, it investigates the mechanistic aspects of these therapies, including their influence on insulin sensitivity, β-cell activity, and inflammation. It deliberates on the limitations and potential prospects associated with integrating functional foods into personalized approaches to diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Patel
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bengaluru 560043, India
| | - Susha Dinesh
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bengaluru 560043, India
| | - Sameer Sharma
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bengaluru 560043, India
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18
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Yang Z, Danzeng A, Liu Q, Zeng C, Xu L, Mo J, Pingcuo C, Wang X, Wang C, Zhang B, Zhang B. The Role of Nuclear Receptors in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:113-126. [PMID: 38164174 PMCID: PMC10750283 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.87305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global health burden closely linked to insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. The complex pathophysiology of NAFLD involves multiple cellular pathways and molecular factors. Nuclear receptors (NRs) have emerged as crucial regulators of lipid metabolism and inflammation in NAFLD, offering potential therapeutic targets for NAFLD. Targeting PPARs and FXRs has shown promise in ameliorating NAFLD symptoms and halting disease progression. However, further investigation is needed to address side effects and personalize therapy approaches. This review summarizes the current understanding of the involvement of NRs in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and explores their therapeutic potential. We discuss the role of several NRs in modulating lipid homeostasis in the liver, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), liver X receptors (LXRs), farnesoid X receptors (FXRs), REV-ERB, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR).The expanding knowledge of NRs in NAFLD offers new avenues for targeted therapies, necessitating exploration of novel treatment strategies and optimization of existing approaches to combat this increasingly prevalent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Yang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Awang Danzeng
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiumeng Liu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chenglong Zeng
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jie Mo
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ciren Pingcuo
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Binhao Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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Ashton AW, Dhanjal HK, Rossner B, Mahmood H, Patel VI, Nadim M, Lota M, Shahid F, Li Z, Joyce D, Pajkos M, Dosztányi Z, Jiao X, Pestell RG. Acetylation of nuclear receptors in health and disease: an update. FEBS J 2024; 291:217-236. [PMID: 36471658 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a common reversible post-translational modification of proteins that plays a key role in regulating gene expression. Nuclear receptors (NRs) include ligand-inducible transcription factors and orphan receptors for which the ligand is undetermined, which together regulate the expression of genes involved in development, metabolism, homeostasis, reproduction and human diseases including cancer. Since the original finding that the ERα, AR and HNF4 are acetylated, we now understand that the vast majority of NRs are acetylated and that this modification has profound effects on NR function. Acetylation sites are often conserved and involve both ordered and disordered regions of NRs. The acetylated residues function as part of an intramolecular signalling platform intersecting phosphorylation, methylation and other modifications. Acetylation of NR has been shown to impact recruitment into chromatin, co-repressor and coactivator complex formation, sensitivity and specificity of regulation by ligand and ligand antagonists, DNA binding, subcellular distribution and transcriptional activity. A growing body of evidence in mice indicates a vital role for NR acetylation in metabolism. Additionally, mutations of the NR acetylation site occur in human disease. This review focuses on the role of NR acetylation in coordinating signalling in normal physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Ashton
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Rossner
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Huma Mahmood
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Vivek I Patel
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Mohammad Nadim
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Manpreet Lota
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Farhan Shahid
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Zhiping Li
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - David Joyce
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Matyas Pajkos
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Dosztányi
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Xuanmao Jiao
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, USA
- The Wistar Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Zhang M, Xiao B, Chen X, Ou B, Wang S. Physical exercise plays a role in rebalancing the bile acids of enterohepatic axis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14065. [PMID: 38037846 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as one of the most common diseases of lipid metabolism disorders, which is closely related to bile acids disorders and gut microbiota disorders. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, and processed by gut microbiota in intestinal tract, and participate in metabolic regulation through the enterohepatic circulation. Bile acids not only promote the consumption and absorption of intestinal fat but also play an important role in biological metabolic signaling network, affecting fat metabolism and glucose metabolism. Studies have demonstrated that exercise plays an important role in regulating the composition and function of bile acid pool in enterohepatic axis, which maintains the homeostasis of the enterohepatic circulation and the health of the host gut microbiota. Exercise has been recommended by several health guidelines as the first-line intervention for patients with NAFLD. Can exercise alter bile acids through the microbiota in the enterohepatic axis? If so, regulating bile acids through exercise may be a promising treatment strategy for NAFLD. However, the specific mechanisms underlying this potential connection are largely unknown. Therefore, in this review, we tried to review the relationship among NAFLD, physical exercise, bile acids, and gut microbiota through the existing data and literature, highlighting the role of physical exercise in rebalancing bile acid and microbial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyu Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biyang Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Bingming Ou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Fu Y, Yu B, Yang B, Pan J, Feng C, Jia P, Zeng H, Yang S. Association between chronotype and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in employed adults: A longitudinal study in Southwestern China. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:1557-1565. [PMID: 38012067 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2285316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The circadian system is an essential physiological regulator of mammals, and sleep chronotype may be associated with the risk of metabolic disorders. However, evidence regarding the role of sleep chronotype in the development of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is scarce, particularly in employed adults. We conducted a longitudinal study of 1,309 employed adults in Southwestern China with a five-year follow-up from 2017 to 2021. MAFLD was assessed by the presence of hepatic steatosis using abdominal ultrasonography, overweight/obese status, diabetes mellitus, metabolic dysregulation, or elevation of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Chronotype was assessed by the Morning and Evening Questionnaire-5 (MEQ-5). The logistic random effects model was applied to analyze the 5-year panel data to estimate the association between chronotype and MAFLD, and the potential effect modification of demographics on such association. The MAFLD prevalence of participants was 38.6% at baseline and showed an increasing trend during follow-up (p for trends < 0.05). Compared with morning chronotype, evening chronotype was positively associated with MAFLD (OR = 2.19, 95%CI: [1.09, 4.40]) after controlled for covariates. Age, sex, ethnicity, and educational level did not modify the association between chronotype and MAFLD. These findings suggest that improving circadian rhythms could reduce the risk of MAFLD and chronic disease burden among employed adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Fu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Pan
- Department of Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanteng Feng
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Jia
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Honglian Zeng
- Department of Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shujuan Yang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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22
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Gilbert MC, Setayesh T, Wan YJY. The contributions of bacteria metabolites to the development of hepatic encephalopathy. LIVER RESEARCH 2023; 7:296-303. [PMID: 38221945 PMCID: PMC10786625 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over 20% of mortality during acute liver failure is associated with the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Thus, HE is a complication of acute liver failure with a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities ranging from subclinical alterations to coma. HE is caused by the diversion of portal blood into systemic circulation through portosystemic collateral vessels. Thus, the brain is exposed to intestinal-derived toxic substances. Moreover, the strategies to prevent advancement and improve the prognosis of such a liver-brain disease rely on intestinal microbial modulation. This is supported by the findings that antibiotics such as rifaximin and laxative lactulose can alleviate hepatic cirrhosis and/or prevent HE. Together, the significance of the gut-liver-brain axis in human health warrants attention. This review paper focuses on the roles of bacteria metabolites, mainly ammonia and bile acids (BAs) as well as BA receptors in HE. The literature search conducted for this review included searches for phrases such as BA receptors, BAs, ammonia, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1 or TGR5), sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), and cirrhosis in conjunction with the phrase hepatic encephalopathy and portosystemic encephalopathy. PubMed, as well as Google Scholar, was the search engines used to find relevant publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Claire Gilbert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Tahereh Setayesh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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23
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Niu Z, Liu Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Chai L, Wang H. Impairment of bile acid metabolism and altered composition by lead and copper in Bufo gargarizans tadpoles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165901. [PMID: 37524187 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) are two common heavy metal contaminants in environments, and liver is recognized as one of the main target organs for toxicity of Pb and Cu in animal organisms. Bile acids play a critical role in regulating hepatic metabolic homeostasis by activating farnesoid X receptor (Fxr). However, there were few studies on the interactions between bile acids and liver pathology caused by heavy metals. In this work, the histopathological changes, targeted metabolome and transcriptome responses in the liver of Bufo gargarizans tadpoles to Pb and/or Cu were examined. We found that exposure to Pb and/or Cu altered the hepatic bile acid profile, resulting in increased hydrophobicity and toxicity of the bile acid pool. And the expression of genes involved in bile acid metabolism and their downstream signaling pathways in the liver were significantly altered by Pb and/or Cu exposure. The alteration of bile acid profiles and the expression of genes related to bile acid metabolism might induce oxidative stress and inflammation, ultimately inducing hepatocyte injury observed in the histological sections. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide histological, biochemical, and molecular evidence for establishing the link between Pb and Cu exposure, disturbances in hepatic bile acid metabolism, and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Niu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yutian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yaxi Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lihong Chai
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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Guo Y, Luo T, Xie G, Zhang X. Bile acid receptors and renal regulation of water homeostasis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1322288. [PMID: 38033333 PMCID: PMC10684672 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1322288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is the key organ responsible for maintaining the body's water and electrolyte homeostasis. About 99% of the primary urine filtered from the Bowman's capsule is reabsorbed along various renal tubules every day, with only 1-2 L of urine excreted. Aquaporins (AQPs) play a vital role in water reabsorption in the kidney. Currently, a variety of molecules are found to be involved in the process of urine concentration by regulating the expression or activity of AQPs, such as antidiuretic hormone, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), prostaglandin, and several nuclear receptors. As the main bile acid receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and membrane G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) play important roles in bile acid, glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism. In the kidney, FXR and TGR5 exhibit broad expression across all segments of renal tubules, and their activation holds significant therapeutic potential for numerous acute and chronic kidney diseases through alleviating renal lipid accumulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that the genetic deletion of FXR or TGR5 exhibits increased basal urine output, suggesting that bile acid receptors play a critical role in urine concentration. Here, we briefly summarize the function of bile acid receptors in renal water reabsorption and urine concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Guo
- Division of Nephrology, Wuhu Hospital, East China Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Taotao Luo
- Division of Nephrology, Wuhu Hospital, East China Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Guixiang Xie
- Division of Nephrology, Wuhu Hospital, East China Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Wuhu Hospital, East China Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Cai W, Li C, Su Z, Cao J, Chen Z, Chen Y, Guo Z, Cai J, Xu F. Profile of the bile acid FXR-FGF15 pathway in the glucolipid metabolism disorder of diabetic mice suffering from chronic stress. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16407. [PMID: 38025699 PMCID: PMC10656902 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Imbalances in bile acid (BA) synthesis and metabolism are involved in the onset of diabetes and depression in humans and rodents. However, the role of BAs and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 15 signaling pathway in the development of diabetes and depression is still largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the potential molecular mechanisms of BAs that may be associated with glucolipid metabolism disorders in diabetic mice subjected to chronic stress. Methods The type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mouse model was induced by feeding mice a high-fat diet and administering an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) procedure was performed by introducing a series of mild stressors. Forty mice were randomly divided into the regular chow feeding group and the high-fat diet feeding group. After two weeks of feeding, the mice were randomly divided into four groups: the Control group, CUMS group, T2DM group, and T2DM+CUMS group. The T2DM group and T2DM+CUMS group received an intraperitoneal injection of STZ to induce the T2DM model. The CUMS and T2DM+CUMS groups were exposed to CUMS to induce depressive-like phenotypes. Blood and tissue samples were obtained for pertinent analysis and detection. Results Compared with the T2DM mice, T2DM+CUMS mice had higher blood glucose and lipid levels, insulin resistance, inflammation of the liver and pancreas, impaired liver function, and increased total bile acids. These changes were accompanied by attenuated FXR signaling. Chronic stress was found to attenuate FXR expression and its downstream target, FGF15, in the ileum when compared with the T2DM group. Conclusion FXR may play a role in the diabetic disorder of glucolipid metabolism when aggravated by chronic stress. FXR and its downstream target, FGF15, may be therapeutic targets for treating comorbid T2DM and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Cai
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Canye Li
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuanjun Su
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinming Cao
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhicong Chen
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yitian Chen
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Guo
- Heyou Meihe Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Cai
- Fengxian Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Sixth People’ s Hospital South Campus, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Yu L, Zhao Y, Zhao Y. Advances in the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of emodin in the treatment of metabolic diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1240820. [PMID: 38027005 PMCID: PMC10644045 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1240820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhubarb palmatum L., Polygonum multijiorum Thunb., and Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. Et Zucc. are traditional Chinese medicines that have been used for thousands of years. They are formulated into various preparations and are widely used. Emodin is a traditional Chinese medicine monomer and the main active ingredient in Rhubarb palmatum L., Polygonum multijiorum Thunb., and Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. Et Zucc. Modern research shows that it has a variety of pharmacological effects, including promoting lipid and glucose metabolism, osteogenesis, and anti-inflammatory and anti-autophagy effects. Research on the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of emodin can promote its clinical application. This review aims to provide a basis for further development and clinical research of emodin in the treatment of metabolic diseases. We performed a comprehensive summary of the pharmacology and molecular mechanisms of emodin in treating metabolic diseases by searching databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and CNKI up to 2023. In addition, this review also analyzes the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of emodin. The results show that emodin mainly regulates AMPK, PPAR, and inflammation-related signaling pathways, and has a good therapeutic effect on obesity, hyperlipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes and its complications, and osteoporosis. In addition, controlling toxic factors and improving bioavailability are of great significance for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Second Hospital of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongliang Zhao
- Nursing Department, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
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27
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Kadasah SF, Radwan MO. Overview of Ursolic Acid Potential for the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Autoimmune Diseases, and Cancers via Nuclear Receptor Pathways. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2845. [PMID: 37893218 PMCID: PMC10604592 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) form a family of druggable transcription factors that are regulated by ligand binding to orchestrate multifaceted physiological functions, including reproduction, immunity, metabolism, and growth. NRs represent attractive and valid targets for the management and treatment of a vast array of ailments. Pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) are ubiquitously distributed natural products in medicinal and aromatic plants, of which ursolic acid (UA) is an extensively studied member, due to its diverse bio-pertinent activities against different cancers, inflammation, aging, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and liver injury. In fact, PTs share a common lipophilic structure that resembles NRs' endogenous ligands. Herein, we present a review of the literature on UA's effect on NRs, showcasing the resulting health benefits and potential therapeutic outcomes. De facto, UA exhibited numerous pharmacodynamic effects on PPAR, LXR, FXR, and PXR, resulting in remarkable anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, and hepatoprotective properties, by lowering lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and mitigating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and its subsequent liver fibrosis. Furthermore, UA reversed valproate and rifampicin-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. Additionally, UA showed great promise for the treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis and autoimmune arthritis by antagonizing RORγ. UA exhibited antiproliferative effects against skin, prostate, and breast cancers, partially via PPARα and RORγ pathways. Herein, for the first time, we explore and provide insights into UA bioactivity with respect to NR modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan F. Kadasah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 551, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed O. Radwan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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28
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Huang Z, Zhou RR. Mechanism for FXR to regulate bile acid and glycolipid metabolism to improve NAFLD. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2023; 31:797-807. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v31.i19.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the main cause of chronic liver disease, with liver metabolic disorders as major pathological changes, manifested as abnormal lipid accumulation, liver cell oxidative stress, etc., but its etiology is still unclear. The farnesol X receptor (FXR) is a major bile acid receptor in the "gut-liver axis", via which FXR regulates metabolism and affects the pathophysiological status of various substances through different pathways, thus contributing to the occurrence and development of NAFLD. Therefore, FXR has become a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD. This article reviews the relationship between FXR regulation of bile acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism through the "gut-liver axis" and the occurrence and development of NAFLD, to provide new insights and clues for further research about FXR-based pharmaceutical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
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29
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Yang Y, Hsiao YC, Liu CW, Lu K. The Role of the Nuclear Receptor FXR in Arsenic-Induced Glucose Intolerance in Mice. TOXICS 2023; 11:833. [PMID: 37888683 PMCID: PMC10611046 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic in drinking water is prioritized as a top environmental contaminant by the World Health Organization, with over 230 million people potentially being exposed. Arsenic toxicity has been well documented and is associated with a plethora of human diseases, including diabetes, as established in numerous animal and epidemiological studies. Our previous study revealed that arsenic exposure leads to the inhibition of nuclear receptors, including LXR/RXR. To this end, FXR is a nuclear receptor central to glucose and lipid metabolism. However, limited studies are available for understanding arsenic exposure-FXR interactions. Herein, we report that FXR knockout mice developed more profound glucose intolerance than wild-type mice upon arsenic exposure, supporting the regulatory role of FXR in arsenic-induced glucose intolerance. We further exposed mice to arsenic and tested if GW4064, a FXR agonist, could improve glucose intolerance and dysregulation of hepatic proteins and serum metabolites. Our data showed arsenic-induced glucose intolerance was remarkably diminished by GW4064, accompanied by a significant ratio of alleviation of dysregulation in hepatic proteins (83%) and annotated serum metabolites (58%). In particular, hepatic proteins "rescued" from arsenic toxicity by GW4064 featured members of glucose and lipid utilization. For instance, the expression of PCK1, a candidate gene for diabetes and obesity that facilitates gluconeogenesis, was repressed under arsenic exposure in the liver, but revived with the GW4064 supplement. Together, our comprehensive dataset indicates FXR plays a key role and may serve as a potential therapeutic for arsenic-induced metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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30
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Ma J, Bi J, Sun B, Li H, Li Y, Wang S. Zinc Improves Semen Parameters in High-Fat Diet-Induced Male Rats by Regulating the Expression of LncRNA in Testis Tissue. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:4793-4805. [PMID: 36600170 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03550-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify differentially expressed LncRNAs in testis tissue of male rats induced by high-fat diet and their changes after zinc supplementation, by constructing a high-fat feeding rat model, and then supplemented with zinc, and observed the expression of LncRNA in three groups of normal, high-fat fed, and zinc-intervened rats. Experimental studies show that the semen parameters of male rats with high-fat diet were decreased but recovered after zinc supplementation, and the related LncRNA also changed. Zinc may improve the high-fat diet-induced reduction of semen parameters by changing the expression of related LncRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Hebei Institute of Reproductive Health Science and Technology, No. 480 Heping Street, Shijiazhuang, 050071, Xinhua District, China
| | - Jiajie Bi
- Graduate School of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Hebei Institute of Reproductive Health Science and Technology, No. 480 Heping Street, Shijiazhuang, 050071, Xinhua District, China
| | - Yuejia Li
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Shusong Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Hebei Institute of Reproductive Health Science and Technology, No. 480 Heping Street, Shijiazhuang, 050071, Xinhua District, China.
- Graduate School of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China.
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
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Radwan MO, Kadasah SF, Aljubiri SM, Alrefaei AF, El-Maghrabey MH, El Hamd MA, Tateishi H, Otsuka M, Fujita M. Harnessing Oleanolic Acid and Its Derivatives as Modulators of Metabolic Nuclear Receptors. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1465. [PMID: 37892147 PMCID: PMC10604226 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) constitute a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors with a paramount role in ubiquitous physiological functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Owing to their physiological role and druggability, NRs are deemed attractive and valid targets for medicinal chemists. Pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) represent one of the most important phytochemical classes present in higher plants, where oleanolic acid (OA) is the most studied PTs representative owing to its multitude of biological activities against cancer, inflammation, diabetes, and liver injury. PTs possess a lipophilic skeleton that imitates the NRs endogenous ligands. Herein, we report a literature overview on the modulation of metabolic NRs by OA and its semi-synthetic derivatives, highlighting their health benefits and potential therapeutic applications. Indeed, OA exhibited varying pharmacological effects on FXR, PPAR, LXR, RXR, PXR, and ROR in a tissue-specific manner. Owing to these NRs modulation, OA showed prominent hepatoprotective properties comparable to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in a bile duct ligation mice model and antiatherosclerosis effect as simvastatin in a model of New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits. It also demonstrated a great promise in alleviating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis, attenuated alpha-naphthol isothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestatic liver injury, and controlled blood glucose levels, making it a key player in the therapy of metabolic diseases. We also compiled OA semi-synthetic derivatives and explored their synthetic pathways and pharmacological effects on NRs, showcasing their structure-activity relationship (SAR). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review article to highlight OA activity in terms of NRs modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed O. Radwan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.T.); (M.O.); (M.F.)
| | - Sultan F. Kadasah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Salha M. Aljubiri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Mahmoud H. El-Maghrabey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed A. El Hamd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.T.); (M.O.); (M.F.)
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.T.); (M.O.); (M.F.)
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.T.); (M.O.); (M.F.)
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32
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Alsayed Hasan M, Schwartz S, McKenna V, Ing R. An Imbalance of Pathophysiologic Factors in Late Postprandial Hypoglycemia Post Bariatric Surgery: A Narrative Review. Obes Surg 2023; 33:2927-2937. [PMID: 37530920 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-023-06758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
With a rise in obesity and more patients opting for bariatric surgery, it becomes crucial to understand associated complications like postprandial hypoglycemia (PPH). After bariatric surgery, significant changes are seen in insulin sensitivity, beta cell function, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels, the gut microbiome, and bile acid metabolism. And in a small subset of patients, exaggerated imbalances in these functional and metabolic processes lead to insulin-glucose mismatch and hypoglycemia. The main treatment for PPH involves dietary modifications. For those that do not respond, medications or surgical interventions are considered to reverse some of the imbalances. We present a few case reports of patients that safely tolerated GLP-1 agonists. However, larger randomized control trials are needed to further characterize PPH and understand its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marah Alsayed Hasan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Main Line Health System/Lankenau Medical Center, 100 E Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA.
| | - Stanley Schwartz
- Affiliate, Main Line Health System, Emeritus, University of Pennsylvania, 100 E Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - Victoria McKenna
- Main Line Health Bariatric Surgery - Bryn Mawr, 830 Old Lancaster Road Suite 300, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010, USA
| | - Richard Ing
- Bariatric Center of Bryn Mawr Hospital, Main Line Health System, Bryn Mawr Medical Building North, 830 Old Lancaster Road, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010, USA
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33
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Zhu M, Dagah OMA, Silaa BB, Lu J. Thioredoxin/Glutaredoxin Systems and Gut Microbiota in NAFLD: Interplay, Mechanism, and Therapeutical Potential. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1680. [PMID: 37759983 PMCID: PMC10525532 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common clinical disease, and its pathogenesis is closely linked to oxidative stress and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Recently accumulating evidence indicates that the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems, the two thiol-redox dependent antioxidant systems, are the key players in the NAFLD's development and progression. However, the effects of gut microbiota dysbiosis on the liver thiol-redox systems are not well clarified. This review explores the role and mechanisms of oxidative stress induced by bacteria in NAFLD while emphasizing the crucial interplay between gut microbiota dysbiosis and Trx mediated-redox regulation. The paper explores how dysbiosis affects the production of specific gut microbiota metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), amino acids, bile acid, and alcohol. These metabolites, in turn, significantly impact liver inflammation, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and cellular damage through thiol-dependent redox signaling. It suggests that comprehensive approaches targeting both gut microbiota dysbiosis and the thiol-redox antioxidant system are essential for effectively preventing and treating NAFLD. Overall, comprehending the intricate relationship between gut microbiota dysbiosis and thiol-redox systems in NAFLD holds significant promise in enhancing patient outcomes and fostering the development of innovative therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jun Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education (Southwest University), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (M.Z.); (O.M.A.D.); (B.B.S.)
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34
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Guo Q, Li Y, Dai X, Wang B, Zhang J, Cao H. Polysaccharides: The Potential Prebiotics for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD). Nutrients 2023; 15:3722. [PMID: 37686754 PMCID: PMC10489936 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is recognized as the most prevalent chronic liver disease globally. However, its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Recent advancements in the gut-liver axis offer novel insights into the development of MAFLD. Polysaccharides, primarily derived from fungal and algal sources, abundantly exist in the human diet and exert beneficial effects on glycometabolism, lipid metabolism, inflammation, immune modulation, oxidative stress, and the release of MAFLD. Numerous studies have demonstrated that these bioactivities of polysaccharides are associated with their prebiotic properties, including the ability to modulate the gut microbiome profile, maintain gut barrier integrity, regulate metabolites produced by gut microbiota such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and bile acids (BAs), and contribute to intestinal homeostasis. This narrative review aims to present a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of the protective effects of polysaccharides on MAFLD through their interactions with the gut microbiota and its metabolites. Specifically, we highlight the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the prebiotic effects of polysaccharides, which may give new avenues for the prevention and treatment of MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, National Key Clinical Specialty, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China; (Q.G.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (B.W.)
| | - Yun Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, National Key Clinical Specialty, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China; (Q.G.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (B.W.)
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xin Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, National Key Clinical Specialty, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China; (Q.G.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (B.W.)
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, National Key Clinical Specialty, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China; (Q.G.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (B.W.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, National Key Clinical Specialty, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China; (Q.G.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (B.W.)
| | - Hailong Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, National Key Clinical Specialty, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China; (Q.G.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (B.W.)
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Zhang Y, Yan T, Mo W, Song B, Zhang Y, Geng F, Hu Z, Yu D, Zhang S. Altered bile acid metabolism in skin tissues in response to ionizing radiation: deoxycholic acid (DCA) as a novel treatment for radiogenic skin injury. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 100:87-98. [PMID: 37540505 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2245461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Radiogenic skin injury (RSI) is a common complication during cancer radiotherapy or accidental exposure to radiation. The aim of this study is to investigate the metabolism of bile acids (BAs) and their derivatives during RSI. METHODS Rat skin tissues were irradiated by an X-ray linear accelerator. The quantification of BAs and their derivatives were performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based quantitative analysis. Key enzymes in BA biosynthesis were analyzed from single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) data of RSI in the human patient and animal models. The in vivo radioprotective effect of deoxycholic acid (DCA) was detected in irradiated SD rats. RESULTS Twelve BA metabolites showed significant differences during the progression of RSI. Among them, the levels of cholic acid (CA), DCA, muricholic acid (MCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycohyodeoxycholic acid (GHCA), 12-ketolithocholic acid (12-ketoLCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) were significantly elevated in irradiated skin, whereas lithocholic acid (LCA), tauro-β-muricholic acid (Tβ-MCA) and taurocholic acid (TCA) were significantly decreased. Additionally, the results of scRNA-Seq indicated that genes involved in 7a-hydroxylation process, the first step in BA synthesis, showed pronounced alterations in skin fibroblasts or keratinocytes. The alternative pathway of BA synthesis is more actively altered than the classical pathway after ionizing radiation. In the model of rat radiogenic skin damage, DCA promoted wound healing and attenuated epidermal hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS Ionizing radiation modulates the metabolism of BAs. DCA is a prospective therapeutic agent for the treatment of RSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Zhang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Mo
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuehua Zhang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Fenghao Geng
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhimin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daojiang Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, China
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36
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Ayers M, Kosar K, Xue Y, Goel C, Carson M, Lee E, Liu S, Brooks E, Cornuet P, Oertel M, Bhushan B, Nejak-Bowen K. Inhibiting Wnt Signaling Reduces Cholestatic Injury by Disrupting the Inflammatory Axis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:895-921. [PMID: 37579970 PMCID: PMC10616556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS β-Catenin, the effector molecule of the Wnt signaling pathway, has been shown to play a crucial role in bile acid homeostasis through direct inhibition of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which has pleiotropic effects on bile acid homeostasis. We hypothesize that simultaneous suppression of β-catenin signaling and activation of FXR in a mouse model of cholestasis will reduce injury and biliary fibrosis through inhibition of bile acid synthesis. METHODS To induce cholestasis, we performed bile duct ligation (BDL) on wild-type male mice. Eight hours after surgery, mice received FXR agonists obeticholic acid, tropifexor, or GW-4064 or Wnt inhibitor Wnt-C59. Severity of cholestatic liver disease and expression of target genes were evaluated after either 5 days or 12 days of treatment. RESULTS We found that although the FXR agonists worsened BDL-induced injury and necrosis after 5 days, Wnt-C59 did not. After 12 days of BDL, Wnt-C59 treatment, but not GW-4064 treatment, reduced both the number of infarcts and the number of inflammatory cells in liver. RNA sequencing analysis of whole livers revealed a notable suppression of nuclear factor kappa B signaling when Wnt signaling is inhibited. We then analyzed transcriptomic data to identify a cholangiocyte-specific signature in our model and demonstrated that Wnt-C59-treated livers were enriched for genes expressed in quiescent cholangiocytes, whereas genes expressed in activated cholangiocytes were enriched in BDL alone. A similar decrease in biliary injury and inflammation occurred in Mdr2 KO mice treated with Wnt-C59. CONCLUSIONS Inhibiting Wnt signaling suppresses cholangiocyte activation and disrupts the nuclear factor kappa B-dependent inflammatory axis, reducing cholestatic-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ayers
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Karis Kosar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuhua Xue
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chhavi Goel
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew Carson
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Lee
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Silvia Liu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eva Brooks
- Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pamela Cornuet
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Oertel
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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37
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Tveter KM, Mezhibovsky E, Wu Y, Roopchand DE. Bile acid metabolism and signaling: Emerging pharmacological targets of dietary polyphenols. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 248:108457. [PMID: 37268113 PMCID: PMC10528343 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Beyond their role as emulsifiers of lipophilic compounds, bile acids (BAs) are signaling endocrine molecules that show differential affinity and specificity for a variety of canonical and non-canonical BA receptors. Primary BAs (PBAs) are synthesized in the liver while secondary BAs (SBAs) are gut microbial metabolites of PBA species. PBAs and SBAs signal to BA receptors that regulate downstream pathways of inflammation and energy metabolism. Dysregulation of BA metabolism or signaling has emerged as a feature of chronic disease. Dietary polyphenols are non-nutritive plant-derived compounds associated with decreased risk of metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes, hepatobiliary and cardiovascular disease. Evidence suggests that the health promoting effects of dietary polyphenols are linked to their ability to alter the gut microbial community, the BA pool, and BA signaling. In this review we provide an overview of BA metabolism and summarize studies that link the cardiometabolic improvements of dietary polyphenols to their modulation of BA metabolism and signaling pathways, and the gut microbiota. Finally, we discuss approaches and challenges in deciphering cause-effect relationships between dietary polyphenols, BAs, and gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Tveter
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Food Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Health [Center for Microbiome, Nutrition and Health & Rutgers Center for Lipid Research], 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Esther Mezhibovsky
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Food Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Health [Center for Microbiome, Nutrition and Health & Rutgers Center for Lipid Research], 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Food Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Health [Center for Microbiome, Nutrition and Health & Rutgers Center for Lipid Research], 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Diana E Roopchand
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Food Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Health [Center for Microbiome, Nutrition and Health & Rutgers Center for Lipid Research], 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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38
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Shi W, Le W, Tang Q, Shi S, Shi J. Regulon analysis identifies protective FXR and CREB5 in proximal tubules in early diabetic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol 2023; 24:180. [PMID: 37337149 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus and a leading cause of kidney failure worldwide. Despite its prevalence, the mechanisms underlying early kidney damage in DKD remain poorly understood. In this study, we used single nucleus RNA-seq to construct gene regulatory networks (GRNs) in the kidney cortex of patients with early DKD. By comparing these networks with those of healthy controls, we identify cell type-specific changes in genetic regulation associated with diabetic status. The regulon activities of FXR (NR1H4) and CREB5 were found to be upregulated in kidney proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells (PCTs), which were validated using immunofluorescence staining in kidney biopsies from DKD patients. In vitro experiments using cultured HK2 cells showed that FXR and CREB5 protected cells from apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Our findings suggest that FXR and CREB5 may be promising targets for early intervention in patients with DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weibo Le
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoli Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shaolin Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jingsong Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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Meng Z, Yan S, Sun W, Yan J, Teng M, Jia M, Tian S, Zhou Z, Zhu W. Chlorothalonil induces obesity in mice by regulating host gut microbiota and bile acids metabolism via FXR pathways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131310. [PMID: 37003002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As the most commonly used organochlorine pesticide nowadays, chlorothalonil (CHI), is ubiquitous in a natural environment and poses many adverse effects to organisms. Unfortunately, the toxicity mechanisms of CHI have not been clarified yet. This study found that the CHI based on ADI level could induce obesity in mice. In addition, CHI could induce an imbalance in the gut microbiota of mice. Furthermore, the results of the antibiotic treatment and gut microbiota transplantation experiments showed that the CHI could induce obesity in mice in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. Based on the results of targeted metabolomics and gene expression analysis, CHI could disturb the bile acids (BAs) metabolism of mice, causing the inhibition of the signal response of BAs receptor FXR and leading to glycolipid metabolism disorders in liver and epiWAT of mice. The administration of FXR agonist GW4064 and CDCA could significantly improve the CHI-induced obesity in mice. In conclusion, CHI was found to induce obesity in mice by regulating the gut microbiota and BAs metabolism via the FXR signaling pathway. This study provides evidence linking the gut microbiota and pesticides exposure with the progression of obesity, demonstrating the key role of gut microbiota in the toxic effects of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Meng
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Sen Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jin Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Jia
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sinuo Tian
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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40
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Fogelson KA, Dorrestein PC, Zarrinpar A, Knight R. The Gut Microbial Bile Acid Modulation and Its Relevance to Digestive Health and Diseases. Gastroenterology 2023; 164:1069-1085. [PMID: 36841488 PMCID: PMC10205675 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome has been linked to numerous digestive disorders, but its metabolic products have been much less well characterized, in part due to the expense of untargeted metabolomics and lack of ability to process the data. In this review, we focused on the rapidly expanding information about the bile acid repertoire produced by the gut microbiome, including the impacts of bile acids on a wide range of host physiological processes and diseases, and discussed the role of short-chain fatty acids and other important gut microbiome-derived metabolites. Of particular note is the action of gut microbiome-derived metabolites throughout the body, which impact processes ranging from obesity to aging to disorders traditionally thought of as diseases of the nervous system, but that are now recognized as being strongly influenced by the gut microbiome and the metabolites it produces. We also highlighted the emerging role for modifying the gut microbiome to improve health or to treat disease, including the "engineered native bacteria'' approach that takes bacterial strains from a patient, modifies them to alter metabolism, and reintroduces them. Taken together, study of the metabolites derived from the gut microbiome provided insights into a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological processes, and has substantial potential for new approaches to diagnostics and therapeutics of disease of, or involving, the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Fogelson
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
| | - Amir Zarrinpar
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Division of Gastroenterology, Jennifer Moreno Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California; Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Institute of Diabetes and Metabolic Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
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Rasskazova MA, Vorobyev SV, Butova HN. [Possibilities for the use of ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2023; 95:316-321. [PMID: 38158979 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2023.04.202125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on the degree of steatosis, indicators of carbohydrate, lipid metabolism, body weight in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in combination with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective cohort comparative study included 36 patients with DM and NAFLD. Patients received UDCA at a dose of 15 mg/kg/day for 6 months, and also followed the recommendations for lifestyle changes through diet and exercise. To compare the results obtained during the study, a control group of patients was recruited that met the criteria for inclusion in the study. The statistical analysis included an assessment of the normality of the distribution of quantitative indicators, followed by the determination of the mean values and standard deviation or medians and quartiles, depending on the nature of the distribution, the reliability coefficient was determined by the Student, by Wilcoxon. Statistical processing was carried out in the Statistica 10 program. RESULTS According to the results of the study, a positive trend was noted in the change in the severity of fatty hepatosis. During the study, a statistically significant decrease in the level of ALT, AST was achieved in the group receiving UDCA (Ursofalk). The results of our study showed that the inclusion of UDCA (Ursofalk) in complex hypoglycemic therapy provides an additional improvement in carbohydrate metabolism. The obtained indicators in the course of the study demonstrate the positive effect of UDCA on weight loss. The greatest result was achieved in reducing waist, which is a positive prognostic factor in reducing the development and progression of NAFLD, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Positive changes were observed in relation to the lipid profile. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated the positive effect of the drug UDCA (Ursofalk) on reducing the degree of liver steatosis, on carbohydrate, lipid metabolism, body weight in patients with DM in combination with NAFLD.
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Ma H, Bao Y, Niu S, Wang S, Li Y, He H, Zhang N, Fang W. Structure Optimization of 12β- O-γ-Glutamyl Oleanolic Acid Derivatives Resulting in Potent FXR Antagonist/Modulator for NASH Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050758. [PMID: 37242541 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a crucial role in regulating the metabolism of bile acids, lipids, and sugars. Consequently, it is implicated in the treatment of various diseases, including cholestasis, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and cancer. The advancement of novel FXR modulators holds immense importance, especially in managing metabolic disorders. In this study, a series of oleanolic acid (OA) derivatives bearing 12β-O-(γ-glutamyl) groups were designed and synthesized. Using a yeast one-hybrid assay, we established a preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) and identified the most potent compound, 10b, which selectively antagonizes FXR over other nuclear receptors. Compound 10b can differentially modulate the downstream genes of FXR, including with the upregulation of the CYP7A1 gene. In vivo testing revealed that 10b (100 mg·Kg-1) not only effectively inhibits lipid accumulation in the liver but also prevents liver fibrosis in both BDL rats and HFD mice. Molecular modeling indicated that the branched substitution of 10b extends into the H11-H12 region of FXR-LBD, possibly accounting for its CYP7A1 upregulation, which is different from a known OA 12β-alkonate. These findings suggest that 12-glutamyl OA derivative 10b represents a promising candidate for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2A Nan Wei Road, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yunyang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, The National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuaishuai Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2A Nan Wei Road, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shaorong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2A Nan Wei Road, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, The National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongwei He
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, The National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, The National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Weishuo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2A Nan Wei Road, Beijing 100050, China
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Pang J, Raka F, Heirali AA, Shao W, Liu D, Gu J, Feng JN, Mineo C, Shaul PW, Qian X, Coburn B, Adeli K, Ling W, Jin T. Resveratrol intervention attenuates chylomicron secretion via repressing intestinal FXR-induced expression of scavenger receptor SR-B1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2656. [PMID: 37160898 PMCID: PMC10169763 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38259-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Two common features of dietary polyphenols have hampered our mechanistic understanding of their beneficial effects for decades: targeting multiple organs and extremely low bioavailability. We show here that resveratrol intervention (REV-I) in high-fat diet (HFD)-challenged male mice inhibits chylomicron secretion, associated with reduced expression of jejunal but not hepatic scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1). Intestinal mucosa-specific SR-B1-/- mice on HFD-challenge exhibit improved lipid homeostasis but show virtually no further response to REV-I. SR-B1 expression in Caco-2 cells cannot be repressed by pure resveratrol compound while fecal-microbiota transplantation from mice on REV-I suppresses jejunal SR-B1 in recipient mice. REV-I reduces fecal levels of bile acids and activity of fecal bile-salt hydrolase. In Caco-2 cells, chenodeoxycholic acid treatment stimulates both FXR and SR-B1. We conclude that gut microbiome is the primary target of REV-I, and REV-I improves lipid homeostasis at least partially via attenuating FXR-stimulated gut SR-B1 elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Fitore Raka
- Department of Molecular Structure and Function Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alya Abbas Heirali
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Weijuan Shao
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dinghui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianqiu Gu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jia Nuo Feng
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Philip W Shaul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoxian Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Bryan Coburn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Department of Molecular Structure and Function Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Zimath PL, Almeida MS, Bruxel MA, Rafacho A. Oral mometasone furoate administration preserves anti-inflammatory action with fewer metabolic adverse effects in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115486. [PMID: 36893817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exogenous glucocorticoids (CGs) possess relevant therapeutic effects but exert diabetogenic actions when in excess. Thus, ligands with potential therapeutic applications and fewer adverse effects are needed. To this, we analyzed whether mometasone furoate (MF), a CG expected to cause fewer side effects, given through systemic routes, could maintain the anti-inflammatory actions without relevant repercussions on metabolism. METHODS The anti-inflammatory effect of MF was evaluated with both peritonitis and colitis models in rodents. Glucose and lipid metabolism were investigated in male and female rats treated daily with MF with different doses and routes of administration for seven days. The involvement of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) on MF actions was assessed in animals pretreated with mifepristone. Also, the potential reversibility of the adverse effects was assessed. Dexamethasone was used as a positive control. RESULTS MF treatment resulted in glucose intolerance in male rats treated through intraperitoneal (ip) but not oral gavage route (og). In female rats, none of the routes led to glucose intolerance. MF treatment attenuated insulin sensitivity and increased pancreatic β-cell mass, regardless of the sex and route of administration. MF treatment through og route did not result in dyslipidemia, as observed in rats treated through the ip route (both sexes). The anti-inflammatory and metabolic adverse effects of MF were GR-dependent, and metabolic outcomes altered by MF administration were reversible. CONCLUSION MF maintains anti-inflammatory activity when administered by systemic routes and exerts less impact on metabolism when administered orally in male and female rats, effects that are GR-dependent and reversible. Category: Metabolic Disorders and Endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila L Zimath
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Milena S Almeida
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Maciel A Bruxel
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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Collins SL, Stine JG, Bisanz JE, Okafor CD, Patterson AD. Bile acids and the gut microbiota: metabolic interactions and impacts on disease. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:236-247. [PMID: 36253479 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of bile acid research, diverse biological roles for bile acids have been discovered recently due to developments in understanding the human microbiota. As additional bacterial enzymes are characterized, and the tools used for identifying new bile acids become increasingly more sensitive, the repertoire of bile acids metabolized and/or synthesized by bacteria continues to grow. Additionally, bile acids impact microbiome community structure and function. In this Review, we highlight how the bile acid pool is manipulated by the gut microbiota, how it is dependent on the metabolic capacity of the bacterial community and how external factors, such as antibiotics and diet, shape bile acid composition. It is increasingly important to understand how bile acid signalling networks are affected in distinct organs where the bile acid composition differs, and how these networks impact infectious, metabolic and neoplastic diseases. These advances have enabled the development of therapeutics that target imbalances in microbiota-associated bile acid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Collins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan G Stine
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Penn State Health Liver Center, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jordan E Bisanz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - C Denise Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Luxenburger A, Harris LD, Ure EM, Jiao W, Woolhouse AD, Cameron SA, Weymouth-Wilson A, Furneaux RH, Pitman JL, Hinkley SFR. The discovery of 12β-methyl-17-epi-18-nor-bile acids as potent and selective TGR5 agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115143. [PMID: 36841086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries have demonstrated that the physiological function of bile acids extends to the regulation of diverse signaling processes through interactions with nuclear and G protein-coupled receptors, most notably the Farnesoid-X nuclear receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1, also known as TGR5). Targeting such signaling pathways pharmacologically, i.e. with bile acid-derived therapeutics, presents great potential for the treatment of various metabolic, inflammatory immune, liver, and neurodegenerative diseases. Here we report the discovery of two potent and selective TGR5 agonists (NZP196 and 917). These compounds are the taurine conjugates of 6α-ethyl-substituted 12β-methyl-18-nor-bile acids with the side chain being located on the α-face of the steroid scaffold. The compounds emerged from a screening effort of a diverse library of 12β-methyl-18-nor-bile acids that were synthesized from 12β-methyl-18-nor-chenodeoxycholic acid and its C17-epimer. Upon testing for FXR activity, both compounds were found to be inactive, thus revealing selectivity for TGR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Luxenburger
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand.
| | - Lawrence D Harris
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth M Ure
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - Wanting Jiao
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - Anthony D Woolhouse
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - Scott A Cameron
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | | | - Richard H Furneaux
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - Janet L Pitman
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Simon F R Hinkley
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
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Qin T, Gao X, Lei L, Feng J, Zhang W, Hu Y, Shen Z, Liu Z, Huan Y, Wu S, Xia J, Zhang L. Machine learning- and structure-based discovery of a novel chemotype as FXR agonists for potential treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 252:115307. [PMID: 37003047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a promising target for drug discovery against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, no FXR agonist has been approved for NAFLD so far. The R & D of FXR agonists are somewhat hindered by the lack of effective and safe chemotypes. To this end, we developed a multi-stage computational workflow to screen the Specs and ChemDiv chemical library for FXR agonists, which consisted of machine learning (ML)-based classifiers, shape-based and electrostatic-based models, a FRED-based molecular docking protocol, an ADMET prediction protocol and substructure search. As a result, we identified a novel chemotype that has never been reported before, with compound XJ02862 (ChemDiv ID: Y020-6413) as the representative. By designing an asymmetric synthesis strategy, we were able to prepare four isomers of compound XJ02862. Interestingly, one of the isomers, 2-((S)-1-((2S,4R)-2-methyl-4-(phenylamino)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (XJ02862-S2), showed potent FXR agonistic activity in HEK293T cells. The molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and site-directed mutagenesis suggested the hydrogen bond between compound XJ02862-S2 and HIS294 of FXR is essential for ligand binding. We further demonstrated that compound XJ02862-S2 had no agonistic effect on TGR5. Further biological experiments have shown that compound XJ02862-S2 could ameliorate hypercholesterolemia, hepatic steatosis, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR) in high-fat-diet induced obese (DIO) mice. In term of molecular mechanism, compound XJ02862-S2 regulates the expression of FXR downstream genes involved in lipogenesis, cholesterol transport and bile acid biosynthesis and transport. Taken together, we have discovered a novel chemotype as potent FXR agonists for NAFLD by computational modeling, chemical synthesis and biological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of New Drug Research and Development, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xuefeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of New Drug Research and Development, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of New Drug Research and Development, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuhua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of New Drug Research and Development, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhufang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yi Huan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Song Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of New Drug Research and Development, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Jie Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of New Drug Research and Development, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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Fujisaka S, Watanabe Y, Tobe K. The gut microbiome: a core regulator of metabolism. J Endocrinol 2023; 256:e220111. [PMID: 36458804 PMCID: PMC9874984 DOI: 10.1530/joe-22-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The human body is inhabited by numerous bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and each part has a unique microbial community structure. The gastrointestinal tract harbors approximately 100 trillion strains comprising more than 1000 bacterial species that maintain symbiotic relationships with the host. The gut microbiota consists mainly of the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Of these, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes constitute 70-90% of the total abundance. Gut microbiota utilize nutrients ingested by the host, interact with other bacterial species, and help maintain healthy homeostasis in the host. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that a breakdown of the microbial structure and its functions, known as dysbiosis, is associated with the development of allergies, autoimmune diseases, cancers, and arteriosclerosis, among others. Metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, also have a causal relationship with dysbiosis. The present review provides a brief overview of the general roles of the gut microbiota and their relationship with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Fujisaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Watanabe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
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Guo Q, Hou X, Cui Q, Li S, Shen G, Luo Q, Wu H, Chen H, Liu Y, Chen A, Zhang Z. Pectin mediates the mechanism of host blood glucose regulation through intestinal flora. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-23. [PMID: 36756885 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2173719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a complex polysaccharide found in plant cell walls and interlayers. As a food component, pectin is benefit for regulating intestinal flora. Metabolites of intestinal flora, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are involved in blood glucose regulation. SCFAs promote insulin synthesis through the intestine-GPCRs-derived pathway and hepatic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway to promote hepatic glycogen synthesis. On the one hand, BAs stimulate intestinal L cells and pancreatic α cells to secrete Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) through receptors G protein-coupled receptor (TGR5) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). On the other hand, BAs promote hepatic glycogen synthesis through AMPK pathway. LPS inhibits the release of inflammatory cytokines through Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88) pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, thereby alleviating insulin resistance (IR). In brief, both SCFAs and BAs promote GLP-1 secretion through different pathways, employing strategies of increasing glucose consumption and decreasing glucose production to maintain normal glucose levels. Notably, pectin can also directly inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines through the -TLRs-MYD88 pathway. These data provide valuable information for further elucidating the relationship between pectin-intestinal flora-glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Qiang Cui
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Guanghui Shen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Qingying Luo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Hejun Wu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yuntao Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Anjun Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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Role of FXR in Renal Physiology and Kidney Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032408. [PMID: 36768731 PMCID: PMC9916923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor, also known as the bile acid receptor, belongs to the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-regulated transcription factors, which performs its functions by regulating the transcription of target genes. FXR is highly expressed in the liver, small intestine, kidney and adrenal gland, maintaining homeostasis of bile acid, glucose and lipids by regulating a diverse array of target genes. It also participates in several pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, immune responses and fibrosis. The kidney is a key organ that manages water and solute homeostasis for the whole body, and kidney injury or dysfunction is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In the kidney, FXR plays an important role in renal water reabsorption and is thought to perform protective functions in acute kidney disease and chronic kidney disease, especially diabetic kidney disease. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological function of FXR in the kidney.
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