1
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Malinauskas T, Moore G, Rudolf AF, Eggington H, Belnoue-Davis HL, El Omari K, Griffiths SC, Woolley RE, Duman R, Wagner A, Leedham SJ, Baldock C, Ashe HL, Siebold C. Molecular mechanism of BMP signal control by Twisted gastrulation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4976. [PMID: 38862520 PMCID: PMC11167000 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Twisted gastrulation (TWSG1) is an evolutionarily conserved secreted glycoprotein which controls signaling by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs). TWSG1 binds BMPs and their antagonist Chordin to control BMP signaling during embryonic development, kidney regeneration and cancer. We report crystal structures of TWSG1 alone and in complex with a BMP ligand, Growth Differentiation Factor 5. TWSG1 is composed of two distinct, disulfide-rich domains. The TWSG1 N-terminal domain occupies the BMP type 1 receptor binding site on BMPs, whereas the C-terminal domain binds to a Chordin family member. We show that TWSG1 inhibits BMP function in cellular signaling assays and mouse colon organoids. This inhibitory function is abolished in a TWSG1 mutant that cannot bind BMPs. The same mutation in the Drosophila TWSG1 ortholog Tsg fails to mediate BMP gradient formation required for dorsal-ventral axis patterning of the early embryo. Our studies reveal the evolutionarily conserved mechanism of BMP signaling inhibition by TWSG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Malinauskas
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Gareth Moore
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Amalie F Rudolf
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Holly Eggington
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Hayley L Belnoue-Davis
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Kamel El Omari
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Samuel C Griffiths
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., 90 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Rachel E Woolley
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Etcembly Ltd., Atlas Building, Harwell Campus, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Ramona Duman
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Armin Wagner
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Simon J Leedham
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Hilary L Ashe
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
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2
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Ren X, Tsuji H, Uchino T, Kono I, Isoshima T, Okamoto A, Nagaoka N, Ozaki T, Matsukawa A, Miyatake H, Ito Y. An osteoinductive surface by adhesive bone morphogenetic protein-2 prepared using the bioorthogonal approach for tight binding of titanium with bone. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:3006-3014. [PMID: 38451210 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02838k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic biomaterials are used in various orthopedic and dental implants. Nevertheless, they cause clinical issues such as loosening of implants and patient morbidity. Therefore, inspired by mussel adhesive proteins, we aimed to design an adhesive and dimer-forming highly active bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) using bioorthogonal chemistry, in which recombinant DNA technology was combined with enzymatic modifications, to achieve long-term osseointegration with titanium. The prepared BMP-2 exhibited substantially higher binding activity than wild-type BMP-2, while the adhered BMP-2 was more active than soluble BMP-2. Therefore, the adhesive BMP-2 was immobilized onto titanium wires and screws and implanted into rat bones, and long-term osteogenesis was evaluated. Adhesive BMP-2 promoted the mechanical binding of titanium to bones, enabling efficient bone regeneration and effective stabilization of implants. Thus, such adhesive biosignaling proteins can be used in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Ren
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hironori Tsuji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takahiko Uchino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Izumi Kono
- Emergent Bioengineering Materials Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Isoshima
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Akimitsu Okamoto
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nagaoka
- Advanced Research Center for Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsukawa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Miyatake
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Emergent Bioengineering Materials Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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3
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Akiyama T, Raftery LA, Wharton KA. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling: the pathway and its regulation. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad200. [PMID: 38124338 PMCID: PMC10847725 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mid-1960s, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were first identified in the extracts of bone to have the remarkable ability to induce heterotopic bone. When the Drosophila gene decapentaplegic (dpp) was first identified to share sequence similarity with mammalian BMP2/BMP4 in the late-1980s, it became clear that secreted BMP ligands can mediate processes other than bone formation. Following this discovery, collaborative efforts between Drosophila geneticists and mammalian biochemists made use of the strengths of their respective model systems to identify BMP signaling components and delineate the pathway. The ability to conduct genetic modifier screens in Drosophila with relative ease was critical in identifying the intracellular signal transducers for BMP signaling and the related transforming growth factor-beta/activin signaling pathway. Such screens also revealed a host of genes that encode other core signaling components and regulators of the pathway. In this review, we provide a historical account of this exciting time of gene discovery and discuss how the field has advanced over the past 30 years. We have learned that while the core BMP pathway is quite simple, composed of 3 components (ligand, receptor, and signal transducer), behind the versatility of this pathway lies multiple layers of regulation that ensures precise tissue-specific signaling output. We provide a sampling of these discoveries and highlight many questions that remain to be answered to fully understand the complexity of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Akiyama
- Department of Biology, Rich and Robin Porter Cancer Research Center, The Center for Genomic Advocacy, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA
| | - Laurel A Raftery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Kristi A Wharton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Szilágyi SS, Burdzinski W, Jatzlau J, Ehrlich M, Knaus P, Henis YI. The Activation of the Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva-Inducing ALK2-R206H Mutant Depends on the Distinct Homo-Oligomerization Patterns of ACVR2B and ACVR2A. Cells 2024; 13:221. [PMID: 38334613 PMCID: PMC10854824 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in activin-like kinase 2 (ALK2), e.g., ALK2-R206H, induce aberrant signaling to SMAD1/5/8, leading to Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP). In spite of extensive studies, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Here, we quantified the homomeric and heteromeric interactions of ACVR2A, ACVR2B, ALK2-WT, and ALK2-R206H by combining IgG-mediated immobilization of one receptor with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements on the lateral diffusion of a co-expressed receptor. ACVR2B formed stable homomeric complexes that were enhanced by Activin A (ActA), while ACVR2A required ActA for homodimerization. ALK2-WT, but not ALK2-R206H, exhibited homomeric complexes unaffected by ActA. ACVR2B formed ActA-enhanced heterocomplexes with ALK2-R206H or ALK2-WT, while ACVR2A interacted mainly with ALK2-WT. The extent of the homomeric complex formation of ACVR2A or ACVR2B was reflected in their ability to induce the oligomerization of ALK2-R206H and ALK2-WT. Thus, ACVR2B, which forms dimers without ligand, induced ActA-independent ALK2-R206H clustering but required ActA for enhancing the oligomerization of the largely dimeric ALK2-WT. In contrast, ACVR2A, which undergoes homodimerization in response to ActA, required ActA to induce ALK2-R206H oligomerization. To investigate whether these interactions are translated into signaling, we studied signaling by the FOP-inducing hyperactive ALK2-R206H mutant, with ALK2-WT signaling as control. The activation of SMAD1/5/8 signaling in cells expressing ALK2-R206H alone or together with ACVR2A or ACVR2B was measured by blotting for pSMAD1/5/8 and by transcriptional activation assays using BRE-Luc reporter. In line with the biophysical studies, ACVR2B activated ALK2-R206H without ligand, while activation by ACVR2A was weaker and required ActA. We propose that the homodimerization of ACVR2B or ACVR2A dictates their ability to recruit ALK2-R206H into higher complexes, enabling the homomeric interactions of ALK2-R206H receptors and, subsequently, their activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabina Szófia Szilágyi
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Wiktor Burdzinski
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (J.J.); (P.K.)
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jerome Jatzlau
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (J.J.); (P.K.)
| | - Marcelo Ehrlich
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (J.J.); (P.K.)
| | - Yoav I. Henis
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
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5
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Mast JF, Leach EAE, Thompson TB. Characterization of erythroferrone oligomerization and its impact on BMP antagonism. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105452. [PMID: 37949218 PMCID: PMC10772735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin, a peptide hormone that negatively regulates iron metabolism, is expressed by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Erythroferrone (ERFE) is an extracellular protein that binds and inhibits BMP ligands, thus positively regulating iron import by indirectly suppressing hepcidin. This allows for rapid erythrocyte regeneration after blood loss. ERFE belongs to the C1Q/TNF-related protein family and is suggested to adopt multiple oligomeric forms: a trimer, a hexamer, and a high molecular weight species. The molecular basis for how ERFE binds BMP ligands and how the different oligomeric states impact BMP inhibition are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that ERFE activity is dependent on the presence of stable dimeric or trimeric ERFE and that larger species are dispensable for BMP inhibition. Additionally, we used an in silico approach to identify a helix, termed the ligand-binding domain, that was predicted to bind BMPs and occlude the type I receptor pocket. We provide evidence that the ligand-binding domain is crucial for activity through luciferase assays and surface plasmon resonance analysis. Our findings provide new insight into how ERFE oligomerization impacts BMP inhibition, while identifying critical molecular features of ERFE essential for binding BMP ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Mast
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Edmund A E Leach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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6
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Stocker WA, Howard JA, Maskey S, Luan H, Harrison SG, Hart KN, Hok L, Thompson TB, Walton KL, Harrison CA. Characterization of the molecular mechanisms that govern anti-Müllerian hormone synthesis and activity. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23377. [PMID: 38133902 PMCID: PMC10926428 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301335rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The roles of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) continue to expand, from its discovery as a critical factor in sex determination, through its identification as a regulator of ovarian folliculogenesis, its use in fertility clinics as a measure of ovarian reserve, and its emerging role in hypothalamic-pituitary function. In light of these actions, AMH is considered an attractive therapeutic target to address diverse reproductive needs, including fertility preservation. Here, we set out to characterize the molecular mechanisms that govern AMH synthesis and activity. First, we enhanced the processing of the AMH precursor to >90% by introducing more efficient proprotein convertase cleavage sites (RKKR or ISSRKKRSVSS [SCUT]). Importantly, enhanced processing corresponded with a dramatic increase in secreted AMH activity. Next, based on species differences across the AMH type II receptor-binding interface, we generated a series of human AMH variants and assessed bioactivity. AMHSCUT potency (EC50 4 ng/mL) was increased 5- or 10-fold by incorporating Gln484 Met/Leu535 Thr (EC50 0.8 ng/mL) or Gln484 Met/Gly533 Ser (EC50 0.4 ng/mL) mutations, respectively. Furthermore, the Gln484 Met/Leu535 Thr double mutant displayed enhanced efficacy, relative to AMHSCUT . Finally, we identified residues within the wrist pre-helix of AMH (Trp494 , Gln496 , Ser497 , and Asp498 ) that likely mediate type I receptor binding. Mutagenesis of these residues generated gain- (Trp494 Phe or Gln496 Leu) or loss- (Ser497 Ala) of function AMH variants. Surprisingly, combining activating type I and type II receptor mutations only led to modest additive increases in AMH potency/efficacy. Our study is the first to characterize AMH residues involved in type I receptor binding and suggests a step-wise receptor-complex assembly mechanism, in which enhancement in the affinity of the ligand for either receptor can increase AMH activity beyond the natural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Stocker
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A. Howard
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shreya Maskey
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Haitong Luan
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sophie G. Harrison
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kaitlin N. Hart
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lucija Hok
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas B. Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelly L. Walton
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Craig A. Harrison
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Tang H, Li J, Li JK, He SH, Xiang G, Rong R, Liang ZT, Zhang HQ. BMP6 participates in the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis by regulating osteopenia. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2586-2599. [PMID: 37795636 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex disease characterized by three-dimensional structural deformities of the spine. Its pathogenesis is associated with osteopenia. Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) play an important role in bone metabolism. We detected 1919 differentially expressed mRNAs and 744 differentially expressed lncRNAs in BMSCs from seven patients with AIS and five patients without AIS via high-throughput sequencing. Multiple analyses identified bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP6) as a hub gene that regulates the abnormal osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in AIS. BMP6 expression was found to be decreased in AIS and its knockdown in human BMSCs significantly altered the degree of osteogenic differentiation. Additionally, CAP1-217 has been shown to be a potential upstream regulatory molecule of BMP6. We showed that CAP1-217 knockdown downregulated the expression of BMP6 and the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Simultaneously, knockout of BMP6 in zebrafish embryos significantly increased the deformity rate. The findings of this study suggest that BMP6 is a key gene that regulates the abnormal osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in AIS via the CAP1-217/BMP6/RUNX2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ke Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Han He
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xiang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Rong
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-Tao Liang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Qi Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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8
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Liu C, Guo H, Shi C, Sun H. BMP signaling in the development and regeneration of tooth roots: from mechanisms to applications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1272201. [PMID: 37779895 PMCID: PMC10540449 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1272201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Short root anomaly (SRA), along with caries, periodontitis, and trauma, can cause tooth loss, affecting the physical and mental health of patients. Dental implants have become widely utilized for tooth restoration; however, they exhibit certain limitations compared to natural tooth roots. Tissue engineering-mediated root regeneration offers a strategy to sustain a tooth with a physiologically more natural function by regenerating the bioengineered tooth root (bio-root) based on the bionic principle. While the process of tooth root development has been reported in previous studies, the specific molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) family is an essential factor regulating cellular activities and is involved in almost all tissue development. Recent studies have focused on exploring the mechanism of BMP signaling in tooth root development by using transgenic animal models and developing better tissue engineering strategies for bio-root regeneration. This article reviews the unique roles of BMP signaling in tooth root development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cangwei Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Oral Pathology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, China
| | - Hongchen Sun
- Department of Oral Pathology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, China
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9
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Mast JF, Leach EAE, Thompson TB. Characterization of erythroferrone oligomerization and its impact on BMP antagonism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.01.555965. [PMID: 37693455 PMCID: PMC10491252 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.01.555965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidin, a peptide hormone that negatively regulates iron metabolism, is expressed by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Erythroferrone (ERFE) is an extracellular protein that binds and inhibits BMP ligands, thus positively regulating iron import by indirectly suppressing hepcidin. This allows for rapid erythrocyte regeneration after blood loss. ERFE belongs to the C1Q/TNF related protein (CTRP) family and is suggested to adopt multiple oligomeric forms: a trimer, a hexamer, and a high molecular weight species. The molecular basis for how ERFE binds BMP ligands and how the different oligomeric states impact BMP inhibition are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that ERFE activity is dependent on the presence of stable dimeric or trimeric ERFE, and that larger species are dispensable for BMP inhibition. Additionally, we used an in-silico approach to identify a helix, termed the ligand binding domain (LBD), that was predicted to bind BMPs and occlude the type I receptor pocket. We provide evidence that the LBD is crucial for activity through luciferase assays and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. Our findings provide new insight into how ERFE oligomerization impacts BMP inhibition, while identifying critical molecular features of ERFE essential for binding BMP ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Mast
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati
| | - Edmund A E Leach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati
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10
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Allen RS, Jones WD, Hale M, Warder BN, Shore EM, Mullins MC. Reduced GS Domain Serine/Threonine Requirements of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva Mutant Type I BMP Receptor ACVR1 in the Zebrafish. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:1364-1385. [PMID: 37329499 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare human genetic condition characterized by altered skeletal development and extraskeletal bone formation. All cases of FOP are caused by mutations in the type I bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor gene ACVR1 that result in overactivation of the BMP signaling pathway. Activation of the wild-type ACVR1 kinase requires assembly of a tetrameric type I and II BMP receptor complex followed by phosphorylation of the ACVR1 GS domain by type II BMP receptors. Previous studies showed that the FOP-mutant ACVR1-R206H required type II BMP receptors and presumptive glycine/serine-rich (GS) domain phosphorylation for overactive signaling. Structural modeling of the ACVR1-R206H mutant kinase domain supports the idea that FOP mutations alter the conformation of the GS domain, but it is unclear how this leads to overactive signaling. Here we show, using a developing zebrafish embryo BMP signaling assay, that the FOP-mutant receptors ACVR1-R206H and -G328R have reduced requirements for GS domain phosphorylatable sites to signal compared to wild-type ACVR1. Further, ligand-independent and ligand-dependent signaling through the FOP-mutant ACVR1 receptors have distinct GS domain phosphorylatable site requirements. ACVR1-G328R showed increased GS domain serine/threonine requirements for ligand-independent signaling compared to ACVR1-R206H, whereas it exhibited reduced serine/threonine requirements for ligand-dependent signaling. Remarkably, while ACVR1-R206H does not require the type I BMP receptor partner, Bmpr1, to signal, a ligand-dependent GS domain mutant of ACVR1-R206H could signal independently of Bmpr1 only when Bmp7 ligand was overexpressed. Of note, unlike human ACVR1-R206H, the zebrafish paralog Acvr1l-R203H does not show increased signaling activity. However, in domain-swapping studies, the human kinase domain, but not the human GS domain, was sufficient to confer overactive signaling to the Acvr1l-R203H receptor. Together these results reflect the importance of GS domain activation and kinase domain functions in regulating ACVR1 signaling and identify mechanisms of reduced regulatory constraints conferred by FOP mutations. © 2023 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn S Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William D Jones
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maya Hale
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bailey N Warder
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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11
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Lian J, Walker RG, D'Amico A, Vujic A, Mills MJ, Messemer KA, Mendello KR, Goldstein JM, Leacock KA, Epp S, Stimpfl EV, Thompson TB, Wagers AJ, Lee RT. Functional substitutions of amino acids that differ between GDF11 and GDF8 impact skeletal development and skeletal muscle. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201662. [PMID: 36631218 PMCID: PMC9834663 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and GDF8 (MSTN) are closely related TGF-β family proteins that interact with nearly identical signaling receptors and antagonists. However, GDF11 appears to activate SMAD2/3 more potently than GDF8 in vitro and in vivo. The ligands possess divergent structural properties, whereby substituting unique GDF11 amino acids into GDF8 enhanced the activity of the resulting chimeric GDF8. We investigated potentially distinct endogenous activities of GDF11 and GDF8 in vivo by genetically modifying their mature signaling domains. Full recoding of GDF8 to that of GDF11 yielded mice lacking GDF8, with GDF11 levels ∼50-fold higher than normal, and exhibiting modestly decreased muscle mass, with no apparent negative impacts on health or survival. Substitution of two specific amino acids in the fingertip region of GDF11 with the corresponding GDF8 residues resulted in prenatal axial skeletal transformations, consistent with Gdf11-deficient mice, without apparent perturbation of skeletal or cardiac muscle development or homeostasis. These experiments uncover distinctive features between the GDF11 and GDF8 mature domains in vivo and identify a specific requirement for GDF11 in early-stage skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lian
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan G Walker
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrea D'Amico
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ana Vujic
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Melanie J Mills
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Messemer
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kourtney R Mendello
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jill M Goldstein
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Krystynne A Leacock
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Soraya Epp
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emma V Stimpfl
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amy J Wagers
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard T Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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12
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Gipson GR, Nolan K, Kattamuri C, Kenny AP, Agricola Z, Edwards NA, Zinski J, Czepnik M, Mullins MC, Zorn AM, Thompson TB. Formation and characterization of BMP2/GDF5 and BMP4/GDF5 heterodimers. BMC Biol 2023; 21:16. [PMID: 36726183 PMCID: PMC9893541 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins of the TGFβ family, which are largely studied as homodimers, are also known to form heterodimers with biological activity distinct from their component homodimers. For instance, heterodimers of bone morphogenetic proteins, including BMP2/BMP7, BMP2/BMP6, and BMP9/BMP10, among others, have illustrated the importance of these heterodimeric proteins within the context of TGFβ signaling. RESULTS In this study, we have determined that mature GDF5 can be combined with mature BMP2 or BMP4 to form BMP2/GDF5 and BMP4/GDF5 heterodimer. Intriguingly, this combination of a BMP2 or BMP4 monomer, which exhibit high affinity to heparan sulfate characteristic to the BMP class, with a GDF5 monomer with low heparan sulfate affinity produces a heterodimer with an intermediate affinity. Using heparin affinity chromatography to purify the heterodimeric proteins, we then determined that both the BMP2/GDF5 and BMP4/GDF5 heterodimers consistently signaled potently across an array of cellular and in vivo systems, while the activities of their homodimeric counterparts were more context dependent. These differences were likely driven by an increase in the combined affinities for the type 1 receptors, Alk3 and Alk6. Furthermore, the X-ray crystal structure of BMP2/GDF5 heterodimer was determined, highlighting the formation of two asymmetric type 1 receptor binding sites that are both unique relative to the homodimers. CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, this method of heterodimer production yielded a signaling molecule with unique properties relative to the homodimeric ligands, including high affinity to multiple type 1 and moderate heparan binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Gipson
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kristof Nolan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alan P Kenny
- Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology and Neonatology & Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zachary Agricola
- Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology and Neonatology & Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nicole A Edwards
- Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology and Neonatology & Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Zinski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Magdalena Czepnik
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology and Neonatology & Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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13
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Robert C, Kerff F, Bouillenne F, Gavage M, Vandevenne M, Filée P, Matagne A. Structural analysis of the interaction between human cytokine BMP-2 and the antagonist Noggin reveals molecular details of cell chondrogenesis inhibition. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102892. [PMID: 36642181 PMCID: PMC9929448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted cytokines belonging to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. New therapeutic approaches based on BMP activity, particularly for cartilage and bone repair, have sparked considerable interest; however, a lack of understanding of their interaction pathways and the side effects associated with their use as biopharmaceuticals have dampened initial enthusiasm. Here, we used BMP-2 as a model system to gain further insight into both the relationship between structure and function in BMPs and the principles that govern affinity for their cognate antagonist Noggin. We produced BMP-2 and Noggin as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli and developed simple and efficient protocols for preparing pure and homogeneous (in terms of size distribution) solutions of the native dimeric forms of the two proteins. The identity and integrity of the proteins were confirmed using mass spectrometry. Additionally, several in vitro cell-based assays, including enzymatic measurements, RT-qPCR, and matrix staining, demonstrated their biological activity during cell chondrogenic and hypertrophic differentiation. Furthermore, we characterized the simple 1:1 noncovalent interaction between the two ligands (KDca. 0.4 nM) using bio-layer interferometry and solved the crystal structure of the complex using X-ray diffraction methods. We identified the residues and binding forces involved in the interaction between the two proteins. Finally, results obtained with the BMP-2 N102D mutant suggest that Noggin is remarkably flexible and able to accommodate major structural changes at the BMP-2 level. Altogether, our findings provide insights into BMP-2 activity and reveal the molecular details of its interaction with Noggin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charly Robert
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Protein Folding, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium,Centre for Protein Engineering, InBioS Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Kerff
- Centre for Protein Engineering, InBioS Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium,Biological Macromolecule Crystallography, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Bouillenne
- Centre for Protein Engineering, InBioS Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maxime Gavage
- Analytical Laboratory, CER Groupe, rue du Point du Jour, Marloie, Belgium
| | - Marylène Vandevenne
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Protein Folding, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium,Centre for Protein Engineering, InBioS Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Patrice Filée
- Laboratory of immuno-biology, CER Groupe, Novalis Science Park, Aye, Belgium
| | - André Matagne
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Protein Folding, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Centre for Protein Engineering, InBioS Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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14
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Zhu Z, Ali A, Wang J, Qi S, Hua Z, Ren H, Zhang L, Gu H, Molenaar A, Babar ME, Bi Y. Myostatin increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinase genes to promote preadipocytes differentiation in pigs. Adipocyte 2022; 11:266-275. [PMID: 35443856 PMCID: PMC9037494 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2022.2065715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTACTMyostatin (MSTN) resulted in reduced backfat thickness in MSTN-knockout (MSTN-KO) pigs, whereas the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in porcine fat tissues. We identified 285 DEGs, including 4 adipocyte differentiation-related genes (ADRGs). Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/7 (MMP-2/7), fibronectin (FN), and laminin (LN) were differentially expressed in MSTN-KO pigs compared with wild-type (WT) pigs. To investigate the molecular mechanism, we treated the preadipocytes with siRNA and recombinant MSTN protein. The results indicated that MSTN increased the expression of MMP-2/7/9 and promoted the preadipocyte differentiation. To further validate the effect of MSTN on MMP-2/7/9 expression, we treated MSTN-KO PK15 cells with recombinant MSTN protein and detected the expression of MMP-2/7/9. The data showed that MSTN increases the expression of MMP-2/7/9 in PK15. This study revealed that MSTN promoted preadipocyte differentiation and provided the basis for the mechanism of fatty deposition in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Akhtar Ali
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Shijin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zaidong Hua
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Adrian Molenaar
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Rumen Microbiology and Animal Nutrition and Physiology AgResearch, Grasslands Campus, Fitzherbert Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Yanzhen Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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15
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BMP Signaling Pathway in Dentin Development and Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142216. [PMID: 35883659 PMCID: PMC9317121 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP signaling plays an important role in dentin development. BMPs and antagonists regulate odontoblast differentiation and downstream gene expression via canonical Smad and non-canonical Smad signaling pathways. The interaction of BMPs with their receptors leads to the formation of complexes and the transduction of signals to the canonical Smad signaling pathway (for example, BMP ligands, receptors, and Smads) and the non-canonical Smad signaling pathway (for example, MAPKs, p38, Erk, JNK, and PI3K/Akt) to regulate dental mesenchymal stem cell/progenitor proliferation and differentiation during dentin development and homeostasis. Both the canonical Smad and non-canonical Smad signaling pathways converge at transcription factors, such as Dlx3, Osx, Runx2, and others, to promote the differentiation of dental pulp mesenchymal cells into odontoblasts and downregulated gene expressions, such as those of DSPP and DMP1. Dysregulated BMP signaling causes a number of tooth disorders in humans. Mutation or knockout of BMP signaling-associated genes in mice results in dentin defects which enable a better understanding of the BMP signaling networks underlying odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of BMP signaling in odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation. It includes discussion of the expression of BMPs, their receptors, and the implicated downstream genes during dentinogenesis. In addition, the structures of BMPs, BMP receptors, antagonists, and dysregulation of BMP signaling pathways associated with dentin defects are described.
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16
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Guillot-Ferriols M, Lanceros-Méndez S, Gómez Ribelles JL, Gallego Ferrer G. Electrical stimulation: Effective cue to direct osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells? BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 138:212918. [PMID: 35913228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a major role in bone tissue engineering (BTE) thanks to their capacity for osteogenic differentiation and being easily available. In vivo, MSCs are exposed to an electroactive microenvironment in the bone niche, which has piezoelectric properties. The correlation between the electrically active milieu and bone's ability to adapt to mechanical stress and self-regenerate has led to using electrical stimulation (ES) as physical cue to direct MSCs differentiation towards the osteogenic lineage in BTE. This review summarizes the different techniques to electrically stimulate MSCs to induce their osteoblastogenesis in vitro, including general electrical stimulation and substrate mediated stimulation by means of conductive or piezoelectric cell culture supports. Several aspects are covered, including stimulation parameters, treatment times and cell culture media to summarize the best conditions for inducing MSCs osteogenic commitment by electrical stimulation, from a critical point of view. Electrical stimulation activates different signaling pathways, including bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) Smad-dependent or independent, regulated by mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and p38. The roles of voltage gate calcium channels (VGCC) and integrins are also highlighted according to their application technique and parameters, mainly converging in the expression of RUNX2, the master regulator of the osteogenic differentiation pathway. Despite the evident lack of homogeneity in the approaches used, the ever-increasing scientific evidence confirms ES potential as an osteoinductive cue, mimicking aspects of the in vivo microenvironment and moving one step forward to the translation of this approach into clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guillot-Ferriols
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain.
| | - S Lanceros-Méndez
- Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities, Universidade do Minho, 4710-058 Braga, Portugal; BCMaterials, Basque Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - J L Gómez Ribelles
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain
| | - G Gallego Ferrer
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain
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17
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Song K, Lee HS, Jia L, Chelakkot C, Rajasekaran N, Shin YK. SMAD4 Controls Cancer Cell Metabolism by Regulating Methylmalonic Aciduria Cobalamin Deficiency (cbl) B Type. Mol Cells 2022; 45:413-424. [PMID: 35680374 PMCID: PMC9200659 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (SMAD) 4 is a pluripotent signaling mediator that regulates myriad cellular functions, including cell growth, cell division, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell invasion, and metastasis, through transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-dependent and -independent pathways. SMAD4 is a critical modulator in signal transduction and functions primarily as a transcription factor or cofactor. Apart from being a DNA-binding factor, the additional SMAD4 mechanisms in tumor suppression remain elusive. We previously identified methyl malonyl aciduria cobalamin deficiency B type (MMAB) as a critical SMAD4 binding protein using a proto array analysis. This study confirmed the interaction between SMAD4 and MMAB using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay, proximity ligation assay (PLA), and conventional immunoprecipitation. We found that transient SMAD4 overexpression down-regulates MMAB expression via a proteasome-dependent pathway. SMAD4-MMAB interaction was independent of TGF-β signaling. Finally, we determined the effect of MMAB downregulation on cancer cells. siRNA-mediated knockdown of MMAB affected cancer cell metabolism in HeLa cells by decreasing ATP production and glucose consumption as well as inducing apoptosis. These findings suggest that SMAD4 controls cancer cell metabolism by regulating MMAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Song
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01366, Korea
| | - Hun Seok Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Lina Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | | | - Nirmal Rajasekaran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Young Kee Shin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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18
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Type II BMP and activin receptors BMPR2 and ACVR2A share a conserved mode of growth factor recognition. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102076. [PMID: 35643319 PMCID: PMC9234707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BMPR2 is a type II Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β family receptor that is fundamentally associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in humans. BMPR2 shares functional similarities with the type II activin receptors ACVR2A and ACVR2B, as it interacts with an overlapping group of TGF-β family growth factors (GFs). However, how BMPR2 recognizes GFs remains poorly understood. Here, we solved crystal structures of BMPR2 in complex with the GF activin B and of ACVR2A in complex with the related GF activin A. We show that both BMPR2 and ACVR2A bind GFs with nearly identical geometry using a conserved hydrophobic hot spot, while differences in contacting residues are predominantly found in loop areas. Upon further exploration of the GF-binding spectrum of the two receptors, we found that although many GFs bind both receptors, the high-affinity BMPR2 GFs comprise BMP15, BMP10, and Nodal, whereas those of ACVR2A are activin A, activin B, and GDF11. Lastly, we evaluated GF-binding domain BMPR2 variants found in human PAH patients. We demonstrate that mutations within the GF-binding interface resulted in loss of GF binding, while mutations in loop areas allowed BMPR2 to retain the ability to bind cognate GFs with high affinity. In conclusion, the in vitro activities of BMPR2 variants and the crystal structures reported here indicate biochemically relevant complexes that explain how some GF-binding domain variants can lead to PAH.
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19
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Guo J, Liu B, Thorikay M, Yu M, Li X, Tong Z, Salmon RM, Read RJ, Ten Dijke P, Morrell NW, Li W. Crystal structures of BMPRII extracellular domain in binary and ternary receptor complexes with BMP10. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2395. [PMID: 35504921 PMCID: PMC9064986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in BMPR2 (bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor type II) cause pulmonary arterial hypertension. BMPRII is a receptor for over 15 BMP ligands, but why BMPR2 mutations cause lung-specific pathology is unknown. To elucidate the molecular basis of BMP:BMPRII interactions, we report crystal structures of binary and ternary BMPRII receptor complexes with BMP10, which contain an ensemble of seven different BMP10:BMPRII 1:1 complexes. BMPRII binds BMP10 at the knuckle epitope, with the A-loop and β4 strand making BMPRII-specific interactions. The BMPRII binding surface on BMP10 is dynamic, and the affinity is weaker in the ternary complex than in the binary complex. Hydrophobic core and A-loop interactions are important in BMPRII-mediated signalling. Our data reveal how BMPRII is a low affinity receptor, implying that forming a signalling complex requires high concentrations of BMPRII, hence mutations will impact on tissues with highest BMPR2 expression such as the lung vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxu Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Midory Thorikay
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Minmin Yu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Zhen Tong
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Salmon
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Randy J Read
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas W Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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20
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Szilágyi SS, Amsalem-Zafran AR, Shapira KE, Ehrlich M, Henis YI. Competition between type I activin and BMP receptors for binding to ACVR2A regulates signaling to distinct Smad pathways. BMC Biol 2022; 20:50. [PMID: 35177083 PMCID: PMC8855587 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activins and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play critical, sometimes opposing roles, in multiple physiological and pathological processes and diseases. They signal to distinct Smad branches; activins signal mainly to Smad2/3, while BMPs activate mainly Smad1/5/8. This gives rise to the possibility that competition between the different type I receptors through which activin and BMP signal for common type II receptors can provide a mechanism for fine-tuning the cellular response to activin/BMP stimuli. Among the transforming growth factor-β superfamily type II receptors, ACVR2A/B are highly promiscuous, due to their ability to interact with different type I receptors (e.g., ALK4 vs. ALK2/3/6) and with their respective ligands [activin A (ActA) vs. BMP9/2]. However, studies on complex formation between these full-length receptors situated at the plasma membrane, and especially on the potential competition between the different activin and BMP type I receptors for a common activin type II receptor, were lacking. Results We employed a combination of IgG-mediated patching-immobilization of several type I receptors in the absence or presence of ligands with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements on the lateral diffusion of an activin type II receptor, ACVR2A, to demonstrate the principle of competition between type I receptors for ACVR2. Our results show that ACVR2A can form stable heteromeric complexes with ALK4 (an activin type I receptor), as well as with several BMP type I receptors (ALK2/3/6). Of note, ALK4 and the BMP type I receptors competed for binding ACVR2A. To assess the implications of this competition for signaling output, we first validated that in our cell model system (U2OS cells), ACVR2/ALK4 transduce ActA signaling to Smad2/3, while BMP9 signaling to Smad1/5/8 employ ACVR2/ALK2 or ACVR2/ALK3. By combining ligand stimulation with overexpression of a competing type I receptor, we showed that differential complex formation of distinct type I receptors with a common type II receptor balances the signaling to the two Smad branches. Conclusions Different type I receptors that signal to distinct Smad pathways (Smad2/3 vs. Smad1/5/8) compete for binding to common activin type II receptors. This provides a novel mechanism to balance signaling between Smad2/3 and Smad1/5/8. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01252-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabina Szófia Szilágyi
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ayelet R Amsalem-Zafran
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren E Shapira
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marcelo Ehrlich
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoav I Henis
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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21
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Goebel EJ, Kattamuri C, Gipson GR, Krishnan L, Chavez M, Czepnik M, Maguire MC, Grenha R, Håkansson M, Logan DT, Grinberg AV, Sako D, Castonguay R, Kumar R, Thompson TB. Structures of activin ligand traps using natural sets of type I and type II TGFβ receptors. iScience 2022; 25:103590. [PMID: 35005539 PMCID: PMC8718839 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 30+ unique ligands of the TGFβ family signal by forming complexes using different combinations of type I and type II receptors. Therapeutically, the extracellular domain of a single receptor fused to an Fc molecule can effectively neutralize subsets of ligands. Increased ligand specificity can be accomplished by using the extracellular domains of both the type I and type II receptor to mimic the naturally occurring signaling complex. Here, we report the structure of one "type II-type I-Fc" fusion, ActRIIB-Alk4-Fc, in complex with two TGFβ family ligands, ActA, and GDF11, providing a snapshot of this therapeutic platform. The study reveals that extensive contacts are formed by both receptors, replicating the ternary signaling complex, despite the inherent low affinity of Alk4. Our study shows that low-affinity type I interactions support altered ligand specificity and can be visualized at the molecular level using this platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich J. Goebel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way ML 0524, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way ML 0524, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Gregory R. Gipson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way ML 0524, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | | | | | - Magdalena Czepnik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way ML 0524, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | | | - Rosa Grenha
- Acceleron Pharma, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maria Håkansson
- SARomics Biostructures AB, Medicon Village, Scheeletorget 1, 223 63, Lund, Sweden
| | - Derek T. Logan
- SARomics Biostructures AB, Medicon Village, Scheeletorget 1, 223 63, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Dianne Sako
- Acceleron Pharma, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas B. Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way ML 0524, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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22
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Abstract
Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is a secreted glycoprotein hormone with critical roles in reproductive development and regulation. Its chemical and mechanistic similarities to members of the Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) family have led to its placement within this signaling family. As a member of the TGF-β family, AMH exists as a noncovalent complex of a large N-terminal prodomain and smaller C-terminal mature signaling domain. To produce a signal, the mature domain will bind to the extracellular domains of two type I and two type II receptors which results in an intracellular SMAD signal. Interestingly, as will be discussed in this review, AMH possesses several unique characteristics which set it apart from other ligands within the TGF-β family. In particular, AMH has a dedicated type II receptor, Anti-Müllerian Hormone Receptor Type II (AMHR2), making this interaction intriguing mechanistically as well as therapeutically. Further, the prodomain of AMH has remained largely uncharacterized, despite being the largest prodomain within the family. Recent advancements in the field have provided valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms of AMH signaling, however there are still many areas of AMH signaling not understood. Herein, we will discuss what is known about the biochemistry of AMH and AMHR2, focusing on recent advances in understanding the unique characteristics of AMH signaling and the molecular mechanisms of receptor engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Howard
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kaitlin N. Hart
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Thomas B. Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, & Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas B. Thompson,
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23
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Sheng H, Guo Y, Zhang L, Zhang J, Miao M, Tan H, Hu D, Li X, Ding X, Li G, Guo H. Proteomic Studies on the Mechanism of Myostatin Regulating Cattle Skeletal Muscle Development. Front Genet 2021; 12:752129. [PMID: 34868225 PMCID: PMC8635237 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.752129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is an important negative regulator of muscle growth and development. In this study, we performed comparatively the proteomics analyses of gluteus tissues from MSTN+/− Mongolian cattle (MG.MSTN+/−) and wild type Mongolian cattle (MG.WT) using a shotgun-based tandem mass tag (TMT) 6-plex labeling method to investigate the regulation mechanism of MSTN on the growth and development of bovine skeletal muscle. A total of 1,950 proteins were identified in MG.MSTN+/− and MG.WT. Compared with MG.WT cattle, a total of 320 differentially expressed proteins were identified in MG.MSTN cattle, including 245 up-regulated differentially expressed proteins and 75 down-regulated differentially expressed proteins. Bioinformatics analysis showed that knockdown of the MSTN gene increased the expression of extracellular matrix and ribosome-related proteins, induced activation of focal adhesion, PI3K-AKT, and Ribosomal pathways. The results of proteomic analysis were verified by muscle tissue Western blot test and in vitro MSTN gene knockdown test, and it was found that knockdown MSTN gene expression could promote the proliferation and myogenic differentiation of bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells (BSMSCs). At the same time, Co-Immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) assay showed that MSTN gene interacted with extracellular matrix related protein type I collagen α 1 (COL1A1), and knocking down the expression of COL1A1 could inhibit the activity of adhesion, PI3K-AKT and ribosome pathway, thus inhibit BSMSCs proliferation. These results suggest that the MSTN gene regulates focal adhesion, PI3K-AKT, and Ribosomal pathway through the COL1A1 gene. In general, this study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of MSTN involved in muscle growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiwen Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junxing Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Manning Miao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoyun Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Debao Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangbin Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hong Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
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24
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O'Reilly S. Gremlin: a complex molecule regulating wound healing and fibrosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7917-7923. [PMID: 34731251 PMCID: PMC11071963 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gremlin-1 is part of the TGF-β superfamily and is a BMP antagonist that blocks BMP signalling to precisely control BMP gradients. Gremlin-1 is primarily involved in organogenesis and limb patterning however, has recently been described as being involved in fibrotic diseases. Initially described as a key factor involved in diabetic kidney fibrosis due to being induced by high glucose, it has now been described as being associated with lung, liver, eye, and skin fibrosis. This suggests that it is a key conserved molecule mediating fibrotic events irrespective of organ. It appears that Gremlin-1 may have effects mediated by BMP-dependent and independent pathways. The aim of this review is to evaluate the role of Gremlin-1 in fibrosis, its mechanisms and if this can be targeted therapeutically in fibrotic diseases, which currently have very limited treatment options and are highly prevalent.
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25
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Karim MS, Madamanchi A, Dutko JA, Mullins MC, Umulis DM. Heterodimer-heterotetramer formation mediates enhanced sensor activity in a biophysical model for BMP signaling. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009422. [PMID: 34591841 PMCID: PMC8509922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous stages of organismal development rely on the cellular interpretation of gradients of secreted morphogens including members of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) family through transmembrane receptors. Early gradients of BMPs drive dorsal/ventral patterning throughout the animal kingdom in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Growing evidence in Drosophila, zebrafish, murine and other systems suggests that BMP ligand heterodimers are the primary BMP signaling ligand, even in systems in which mixtures of BMP homodimers and heterodimers are present. Signaling by heterodimers occurs through a hetero-tetrameric receptor complex comprising of two distinct type one BMP receptors and two type II receptors. To understand the system dynamics and determine whether kinetic assembly of heterodimer-heterotetramer BMP complexes is favored, as compared to other plausible BMP ligand-receptor configurations, we developed a kinetic model for BMP tetramer formation based on current measurements for binding rates and affinities. We find that contrary to a common hypothesis, heterodimer-heterotetramer formation is not kinetically favored over the formation of homodimer-tetramer complexes under physiological conditions of receptor and ligand concentrations and therefore other mechanisms, potentially including differential kinase activities of the formed heterotetramer complexes, must be the cause of heterodimer-heterotetramer signaling primacy. Further, although BMP complex assembly favors homodimer and homomeric complex formation over a wide range of parameters, ignoring these signals and instead relying on the heterodimer improves the range of morphogen interpretation in a broad set of conditions, suggesting a performance advantage for heterodimer signaling in patterning multiple cell types in a gradient. TGF-β signaling is an important cell signaling system through which cells respond to external information. In the TGF-β system, signaling is initiated when a ligand dimer pair binds to a receptor tetramer. Interestingly, in numerous developmental contexts, TGF-β signaling has a greater response to heterodimeric ligands (dimers of multiple ligands), as compared to homomeric ligands (dimers made of two molecules of a single ligand). However, neither the cause of heterodimer signaling primacy, nor the systemic effects of heterodimeric vs homomeric signaling are understood. We use a biophysically-informed computational modeling approach to investigate the system dynamics of heterodimer-heterotetramer BMP signaling, to understand the cause and consequence of the requirement for Bmp2/7-mediated signaling in dorsoventral patterning in zebrafish development. Using our model, we demonstrate that BMP heterodimer signaling complex formation is not kinetically favored over homodimer signaling complexes, suggesting subfunctionalization of BMP receptors may be required to explain heterodimer signaling. Additionally, we show that heterodimer signaling provides a performance advantage via increased range of morphogen interpretation. Our findings provide insight into the systems principles involved in developmental signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shahriar Karim
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Aasakiran Madamanchi
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Polytechnic Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - James A. Dutko
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Mullins
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David M. Umulis
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Correns A, Zimmermann LMA, Baldock C, Sengle G. BMP antagonists in tissue development and disease. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 11:100071. [PMID: 34435185 PMCID: PMC8377005 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are important growth regulators in embryogenesis and postnatal homeostasis. Their tight regulation is crucial for successful embryonic development as well as tissue homeostasis in the adult organism. BMP inhibition by natural extracellular biologic antagonists represents the most intensively studied mechanistic concept of BMP growth factor regulation. It was shown to be critical for numerous developmental programs, including germ layer specification and spatiotemporal gradients required for the establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis and organ formation. The importance of BMP antagonists for extracellular matrix homeostasis is illustrated by the numerous human connective tissue disorders caused by their mutational inactivation. Here, we will focus on the known functional interactions targeting BMP antagonists to the ECM and discuss how these interactions influence BMP antagonist activity. Moreover, we will provide an overview about the current concepts and investigated molecular mechanisms modulating BMP inhibitor function in the context of development and disease.
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Key Words
- ALK3, anaplastic lymphoma kinase 3
- ATF2, activating transcription factor 2
- ActR, activin receptor
- BDB2, brachydactyly type B2
- BISC, BMP-induced signalling complex
- BMP antagonists
- BMPER, BMP binding endothelial regulator
- BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins
- Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
- CAN, cerberus and DAN
- CDD, craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
- CHRD domain, chordin specific domain
- CUB domain, for complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, Bmp1 domain
- Connective tissue disorder
- Cv2, crossveinless-2
- DAN, differential screening selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma
- DSD, diaphanospondylodysostosis
- Dpp, decapentaplegic
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- Extracellular matrix (ECM)
- FMF, fibrillin microfibrils
- HS, heparan sulphate
- HSPGs, heparan sulphate proteoglycans
- MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MGC1, megalocornea 1
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PRDC, protein related to DAN and Cerberus
- SOST, sclerostin
- SYNS1, multiple synostoses syndrome 1
- Scw, screw
- Sog, short gastrulation
- TCC, tarsal-carpal coalition syndrome
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor- β
- Tld, tolloid
- Tsg, twisted gastrulation
- VBCH, Van Buchem disease
- Xlr/Tll, xolloid-related metalloprotease
- vWC, von Willebrand factor type C
- vWD, von Willebrand factor type D
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Affiliation(s)
- Annkatrin Correns
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura-Marie A. Zimmermann
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, B.3016 Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, M13 9PT, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Gerhard Sengle
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Centre for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics (CCMB), Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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27
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A Cyclic BMP-2 Peptide Upregulates BMP-2 Protein-Induced Cell Signaling in Myogenic Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152549. [PMID: 34372154 PMCID: PMC8347162 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we designed four cyclic peptide analogues by incorporating two cysteine residues in a BMP-2 linear knuckle epitope in such a way that the active region of the peptide could be either inside or outside the cyclic ring. Bone morphogenetic protein receptor BMPRII was immobilized on the chip surface, and the interaction of the linear and cyclic peptide analogues was studied using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). From the affinity data, the peptides with an active region inside the cyclic ring had a higher binding affinity in comparison to the other peptides. To confirm that our affinity data are in line in vitro, we studied the expression levels of RUNX2 (runt-related transcription factor) and conducted an osteogenic marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay and staining. Based on the affinity data and the in vitro experiments, peptide P-05 could be a suitable candidate for osteogenesis, with higher binding affinity and increased RUNX2 and ALP expression in comparison to the linear peptides.
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28
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Controlling BMP growth factor bioavailability: The extracellular matrix as multi skilled platform. Cell Signal 2021; 85:110071. [PMID: 34217834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the TGF-β superfamily of signaling ligands which comprise a family of pluripotent cytokines regulating a multitude of cellular events. Although BMPs were originally discovered as potent factors extractable from bone matrix that are capable to induce ectopic bone formation in soft tissues, their mode of action has been mostly studied as soluble ligands in absence of the physiologically relevant cellular microenvironment. This micro milieu is defined by supramolecular networks of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that specifically target BMP ligands, present them to their cellular receptors, and allow their controlled release. Here we focus on functional interactions and mechanisms that were described to control BMP bioavailability in a spatio-temporal manner within the respective tissue context. Structural disturbance of the ECM architecture due to mutations in ECM proteins leads to dysregulated BMP signaling as underlying cause for connective tissue disease pathways. We will provide an overview about current mechanistic concepts of how aberrant BMP signaling drives connective tissue destruction in inherited and chronic diseases.
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29
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Structure of AMH bound to AMHR2 provides insight into a unique signaling pair in the TGF-β family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2104809118. [PMID: 34155118 PMCID: PMC8256043 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104809118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) plays a crucial role in male sex differentiation and female reproductive development. As such, AMH is widely used as a biomarker for measuring a woman’s fertility, estimating onset of menopause, and has been implicated in reproductive syndromes such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and premature ovarian failure. Despite its biological relevance, how AMH functions on the molecular level is not well understood. In this study, we show that AMH engages its receptor, AMHR2, using an extensive interface distinct from other type II receptors. Furthermore, we identify several regions in both AMH and AMHR2 that are responsible for specificity and required for AMH signaling. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), or Müllerian-inhibiting substance, is a protein hormone that promotes Müllerian duct regression during male fetal sexual differentiation and regulation of folliculogenesis in women. AMH is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family, which has evolved to signal through its own dedicated type II receptor, AMH receptor type II (AMHR2). Structures of other TGF-β family members have revealed how ligands infer specificity for their cognate receptors; however, it is unknown how AMH binds AMHR2 at the molecular level. Therefore, in this study, we solved the X-ray crystal structure of AMH bound to the extracellular domain of AMHR2 to a resolution of 2.6Å. The structure reveals that while AMH binds AMHR2 in a similar location to Activin and BMP ligand binding to their type II receptors, differences in both AMH and AMHR2 account for a highly specific interaction. Furthermore, using an AMH responsive cell-based luciferase assay, we show that a conformation in finger 1 of AMHR2 and a salt bridge formed by K534 on AMH and D81/E84 of AMHR2 are key to the AMH/AMHR2 interaction. Overall, our study highlights how AMH engages AMHR2 using a modified paradigm of receptor binding facilitated by modifications to the three-finger toxin fold of AMHR2. Furthermore, understanding these elements contributing to the specificity of binding will help in the design of agonists or antagonists or the selection of antibody therapies.
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30
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High-throughput measurements of bone morphogenetic protein/bone morphogenetic protein receptor interactions using biolayer interferometry. Biointerphases 2021; 16:031001. [PMID: 34241280 PMCID: PMC7614001 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are an important family of growth factors playing a role in a large number of physiological and pathological processes, including bone homeostasis, tissue regeneration, and cancers. In vivo, BMPs bind successively to both BMP receptors (BMPRs) of type I and type II, and a promiscuity has been reported. In this study, we used biolayer interferometry to perform parallel real-time biosensing and to deduce the kinetic parameters (ka, kd) and the equilibrium constant (KD) for a large range of BMP/BMPR combinations in similar experimental conditions. We selected four members of the BMP family (BMP-2, 4, 7, 9) known for their physiological relevance and studied their interactions with five type-I BMP receptors (ALK1, 2, 3, 5, 6) and three type-II BMP receptors (BMPR-II, ACTR-IIA, ACTR-IIB). We reveal that BMP-2 and BMP-4 behave differently, especially regarding their kinetic interactions and affinities with the type-II BMPR. We found that BMP-7 has a higher affinity for the type-II BMPR receptor ACTR-IIA and a tenfold lower affinity with the type-I receptors. While BMP-9 has a high and similar affinity for all type-II receptors, it can interact with ALK5 and ALK2, in addition to ALK1. Interestingly, we also found that all BMPs can interact with ALK5. The interaction between BMPs and both type-I and type-II receptors in a ternary complex did not reveal further cooperativity. Our work provides a synthetic view of the interactions of these BMPs with their receptors and paves the way for future studies on their cell-type and receptor specific signaling pathways.
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Endometrial receptivity and implantation require uterine BMP signaling through an ACVR2A-SMAD1/SMAD5 axis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3386. [PMID: 34099644 PMCID: PMC8184938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During early pregnancy in the mouse, nidatory estrogen (E2) stimulates endometrial receptivity by activating a network of signaling pathways that is not yet fully characterized. Here, we report that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) control endometrial receptivity via a conserved activin receptor type 2 A (ACVR2A) and SMAD1/5 signaling pathway. Mice were generated to contain single or double conditional deletion of SMAD1/5 and ACVR2A/ACVR2B receptors using progesterone receptor (PR)-cre. Female mice with SMAD1/5 deletion display endometrial defects that result in the development of cystic endometrial glands, a hyperproliferative endometrial epithelium during the window of implantation, and impaired apicobasal transformation that prevents embryo implantation and leads to infertility. Analysis of Acvr2a-PRcre and Acvr2b-PRcre pregnant mice determined that BMP signaling occurs via ACVR2A and that ACVR2B is dispensable during embryo implantation. Therefore, BMPs signal through a conserved endometrial ACVR2A/SMAD1/5 pathway that promotes endometrial receptivity during embryo implantation. Building on the known role of BMP signalling in implantation, the authors define the role of uterine ACVR2A and ALK3 (via SMAD1/5) in vivo in regulating murine endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation.
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Mesa Restrepo A, Fernando Alzate J, Patiño Gonzalez EB. Bone morphogenetic protein 2: heterologous expression and potential in bone regeneration. ACTUALIDADES BIOLÓGICAS 2021. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.acbi.v43n114a01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Currently, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is one of the two osteoinductive growth factors used in medical devices to promote bone formation. Typically, this protein is bought from commercial houses at high rates and in small quantities that are not enough to cover clinical needs. Because of this, it has been proposed that research centers use their own heterologous expression systems to have a constant supply of BMP-2. The aim of this study was to standardize the heterologous expression of BMP-2 and evaluate its osteoinductive activity in vitro. Our procedure for expression and purification was based on recombinant DNA technology using the plasmid pET-28 and IPTG as inductor. After extracting the protein from inclusion bodies, folding it and modifying it via a redox system, we observed via electrophoresis a 26 kDa dimer. We evaluated its osteoinductive activity in myoblastic C2C12 by quantifying enzymatically the activity of alkaline phosphate (ALP) and staining mineralization nodules. ALP activity is proportional to BMP-2 concentration, increasing 90% at 3 µg/mL. These cells form calcium nodules, mineralizing 50% of the area.
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Characterization of the different oligomeric states of the DAN family antagonists SOSTDC1 and SOST. Biochem J 2021; 477:3167-3182. [PMID: 32779697 PMCID: PMC7473711 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The DAN (differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma) family are a group of secreted extracellular proteins which typically bind to and antagonize BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) ligands. Previous studies have revealed discrepancies between the oligomerization state of certain DAN family members, with SOST (a poor antagonist of BMP signaling) forming a monomer while Grem1, Grem2, and NBL1 (more potent BMP antagonists) form non-disulfide linked dimers. The protein SOSTDC1 (Sclerostin domain containing protein 1) is sequentially similar to SOST, but has been shown to be a better BMP inhibitor. In order to determine the oligomerization state of SOSTDC1 and determine what effect dimerization might have on the mechanism of DAN family antagonism of BMP signaling, we isolated the SOSTDC1 protein and, using a battery of biophysical, biochemical, and structural techniques, showed that SOSTDC1 forms a highly stable non-covalent dimer. Additionally, this SOSTDC1 dimer was shown, using an in vitro cell based assay system, to be an inhibitor of multiple BMP signaling growth factors, including GDF5, while monomeric SOST was a very poor antagonist. These results demonstrate that SOSTDC1 is distinct from paralogue SOST in terms of both oligomerization and strength of BMP inhibition.
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34
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Adylova A, Mukhanbetzhanovna AA, Attar R, Yulaevna IM, Farooqi AA. Regulation of TGFβ/SMAD signaling by long non-coding RNAs in different cancers: Dark Knight in the Castle of molecular oncology. Noncoding RNA Res 2021; 6:23-28. [PMID: 33511320 PMCID: PMC7814108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the complex themes in recent years has been the multi-layered regulation of TGFβ signaling in cancer cells. TGFβ/SMAD signaling pathway is a highly complicated web of proteins which work spatio-temporally to regulate multiple steps of carcinogenesis. TGFβ/SMAD has been shown to dualistically regulate cancer progression. Therefore, TGFβ/SMAD signaling behaves as a “double-edged sword” in molecular oncology. Accordingly, regulation of TGFβ/SMAD is multi-layered because of oncogenic and tumor suppressor long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs). In this review, we have summarized most recent breakthroughs in our understanding related to regulation of TGFβ/SMAD signaling by lncRNAs. We have comprehensively analyzed how different lncRNAs positively and negatively regulate TGFβ/SMAD signaling in different cancers. We have gathered missing pieces of an incomplete jig-saw puzzle of lncRNA-interactome ranging from “sponge effects” of lncRNAs to mechanistic modulation of TGFβ/SMAD signaling by lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aima Adylova
- Biomedical Engineering & Molecular Medicine PhD candidate, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | | | - Rukset Attar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yeditepe University, Turkey
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Gipson GR, Goebel EJ, Hart KN, Kappes EC, Kattamuri C, McCoy JC, Thompson TB. Structural perspective of BMP ligands and signaling. Bone 2020; 140:115549. [PMID: 32730927 PMCID: PMC7502536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are the largest class signaling molecules within the greater Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGFβ) family, and are responsible for a wide array of biological functions, including dorsal-ventral patterning, skeletal development and maintenance, as well as cell homeostasis. As such, dysregulation of BMPs results in a number of diseases, including fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Therefore, understanding BMP signaling and regulation at the molecular level is essential for targeted therapeutic intervention. This review discusses the recent advances in the structural and biochemical characterization of BMPs, from canonical ligand-receptor interactions to co-receptors and antagonists. This work aims to highlight how BMPs differ from other members of the TGFβ family, and how that information can be used to further advance the field. Lastly, this review discusses several gaps in the current understanding of BMP structures, with the aim that discussion of these gaps will lead to advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Gipson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Erich J Goebel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kaitlin N Hart
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Emily C Kappes
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jason C McCoy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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da Silva Madaleno C, Jatzlau J, Knaus P. BMP signalling in a mechanical context - Implications for bone biology. Bone 2020; 137:115416. [PMID: 32422297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are extracellular multifunctional signalling cytokines and members of the TGFβ super family. These pleiotropic growth factors crucially promote bone formation, remodeling and healing after injury. Additionally, bone homeostasis is systematically regulated by mechanical inputs from the environment, which are incorporated into the bone cells' biochemical response. These inputs range from compression and tension induced by the movement of neighboring muscle, to fluid shear stress induced by interstitial fluid flow in the canaliculi and in the vascular system. Although BMPs are widely applied in a clinic context to promote fracture healing, it is still elusive how mechanical inputs modulate this signalling pathway, hindering an efficient and side-effect free application of these ligands in bone healing. This review aims to summarize the current understanding in how mechanical cues (tension, compression, shear force and hydrostatic pressure) and substrate stiffness modulate BMP signalling. We highlight the time-dependent effects in modulating immediate early up to long-term effects of mechano-BMP crosstalk during bone formation and remodeling, considering the interplay with other already established mechanosensitive pathways, such as MRTF/SRF and Hippo signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina da Silva Madaleno
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jerome Jatzlau
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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37
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Aykul S, Corpina RA, Goebel EJ, Cunanan CJ, Dimitriou A, Kim HJ, Zhang Q, Rafique A, Leidich R, Wang X, McClain J, Jimenez J, Nannuru KC, Rothman NJ, Lees-Shepard JB, Martinez-Hackert E, Murphy AJ, Thompson TB, Economides AN, Idone V. Activin A forms a non-signaling complex with ACVR1 and type II Activin/BMP receptors via its finger 2 tip loop. eLife 2020; 9:54582. [PMID: 32515349 PMCID: PMC7326492 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Activin A functions in BMP signaling in two ways: it either engages ACVR1B to activate Smad2/3 signaling or binds ACVR1 to form a non-signaling complex (NSC). Although the former property has been studied extensively, the roles of the NSC remain unexplored. The genetic disorder fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) provides a unique window into ACVR1/Activin A signaling because in that disease Activin can either signal through FOP-mutant ACVR1 or form NSCs with wild-type ACVR1. To explore the role of the NSC, we generated 'agonist-only' Activin A muteins that activate ACVR1B but cannot form the NSC with ACVR1. Using one of these muteins, we demonstrate that failure to form the NSC in FOP results in more severe disease pathology. These results provide the first evidence for a biological role for the NSC in vivo and pave the way for further exploration of the NSC's physiological role in corresponding knock-in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Aykul
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qian Zhang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, United States
| | | | | | - Xin Wang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, United States
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Seeherman HJ, Berasi SP, Brown CT, Martinez RX, Juo ZS, Jelinsky S, Cain MJ, Grode J, Tumelty KE, Bohner M, Grinberg O, Orr N, Shoseyov O, Eyckmans J, Chen C, Morales PR, Wilson CG, Vanderploeg EJ, Wozney JM. A BMP/activin A chimera is superior to native BMPs and induces bone repair in nonhuman primates when delivered in a composite matrix. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/489/eaar4953. [PMID: 31019025 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar4953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/carriers approved for orthopedic procedures achieve efficacy superior or equivalent to autograft bone. However, required supraphysiological BMP concentrations have been associated with potential local and systemic adverse events. Suboptimal BMP/receptor binding and rapid BMP release from approved carriers may contribute to these outcomes. To address these issues and improve efficacy, we engineered chimeras with increased receptor binding by substituting BMP-6 and activin A receptor binding domains into BMP-2 and optimized a carrier for chimera retention and tissue ingrowth. BV-265, a BMP-2/BMP-6/activin A chimera, demonstrated increased binding affinity to BMP receptors, including activin-like kinase-2 (ALK2) critical for bone formation in people. BV-265 increased BMP intracellular signaling, osteogenic activity, and expression of bone-related genes in murine and human cells to a greater extent than BMP-2 and was not inhibited by BMP antagonist noggin or gremlin. BV-265 induced larger ectopic bone nodules in rats compared to BMP-2 and was superior to BMP-2, BMP-2/6, and other chimeras in nonhuman primate bone repair models. A composite matrix (CM) containing calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite granules suspended in a macroporous, fenestrated, polymer mesh-reinforced recombinant human type I collagen matrix demonstrated improved BV-265 retention, minimal inflammation, and enhanced handling. BV-265/CM was efficacious in nonhuman primate bone repair models at concentrations ranging from 1/10 to 1/30 of the BMP-2/absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) concentration approved for clinical use. Initial toxicology studies were negative. These results support evaluations of BV-265/CM as an alternative to BMP-2/ACS in clinical trials for orthopedic conditions requiring augmented healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen P Berasi
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Inc., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Robert X Martinez
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Z Sean Juo
- Biomedical Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Scott Jelinsky
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael J Cain
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jaclyn Grode
- Bioventus Surgical, Bioventus LLC, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Marc Bohner
- Robert Mathys Stiftung (RMS) Foundation, Bettlach 2544, Switzerland
| | | | - Nadav Orr
- CollPlant Ltd., Ness Ziona 74140, Israel
| | | | - Jeroen Eyckmans
- Biological Design Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Chen
- Biological Design Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | - John M Wozney
- Bioventus Surgical, Bioventus LLC, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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39
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Stocker WA, Walton KL, Richani D, Chan KL, Beilby KH, Finger BJ, Green MP, Gilchrist RB, Harrison CA. A variant of human growth differentiation factor-9 that improves oocyte developmental competence. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7981-7991. [PMID: 32350111 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP15) are co-expressed exclusively in oocytes throughout most of folliculogenesis and play central roles in controlling ovarian physiology. Although both growth factors exist as homodimers, recent evidence indicates that GDF9 and BMP15 can also heterodimerize to form the potent growth factor cumulin. Within the cumulin complex, BMP15 "activates" latent GDF9, enabling potent signaling in granulosa cells via type I receptors (i.e. activin receptor-like kinase-4/5 (ALK4/5)) and SMAD2/3 transcription factors. In the cumulin heterodimer, two distinct type I receptor interfaces are formed compared with homodimeric GDF9 and BMP15. Previous studies have highlighted the potential of cumulin to improve treatment of female infertility, but, as a noncovalent heterodimer, cumulin is difficult to produce and purify without contaminating GDF9 and BMP15 homodimers. In this study we addressed this challenge by focusing on the cumulin interface formed by the helix of the GDF9 chain and the fingers of the BMP15 chain. We demonstrate that unique BMP15 finger residues at this site (Arg301, Gly304, His307, and Met369) enable potent activation of the SMAD2/3 pathway. Incorporating these BMP15 residues into latent GDF9 generated a highly potent growth factor, called hereafter Super-GDF9. Super-GDF9 was >1000-fold more potent than WT human GDF9 and 4-fold more potent than cumulin in SMAD2/3-responsive transcriptional assays in granulosa cells. Our demonstration that Super-GDF9 can effectively promote mouse cumulus cell expansion and improve oocyte quality in vitro represents a potential solution to the current challenges of producing and purifying intact cumulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Stocker
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly L Walton
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dulama Richani
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen L Chan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kiri H Beilby
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bethany J Finger
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark P Green
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert B Gilchrist
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Craig A Harrison
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia .,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Salmon RM, Guo J, Wood JH, Tong Z, Beech JS, Lawera A, Yu M, Grainger DJ, Reckless J, Morrell NW, Li W. Molecular basis of ALK1-mediated signalling by BMP9/BMP10 and their prodomain-bound forms. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1621. [PMID: 32238803 PMCID: PMC7113306 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1)-mediated endothelial cell signalling in response to bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) and BMP10 is of significant importance in cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, detailed molecular mechanisms of ALK1-mediated signalling remain unclear. Here, we report crystal structures of the BMP10:ALK1 complex at 2.3 Å and the prodomain-bound BMP9:ALK1 complex at 3.3 Å. Structural analyses reveal a tripartite recognition mechanism that defines BMP9 and BMP10 specificity for ALK1, and predict that crossveinless 2 is not an inhibitor of BMP9, which is confirmed by experimental evidence. Introduction of BMP10-specific residues into BMP9 yields BMP10-like ligands with diminished signalling activity in C2C12 cells, validating the tripartite mechanism. The loss of osteogenic signalling in C2C12 does not translate into non-osteogenic activity in vivo and BMP10 also induces bone-formation. Collectively, these data provide insight into ALK1-mediated BMP9 and BMP10 signalling, facilitating therapeutic targeting of this important pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Salmon
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jingxu Guo
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jennifer H Wood
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Zhen Tong
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John S Beech
- RxCelerate Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Aleksandra Lawera
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Minmin Yu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - David J Grainger
- RxCelerate Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Jill Reckless
- RxCelerate Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Nicholas W Morrell
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Wei Li
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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41
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Knudsen ST, Cooper ME. Renal protection: What have we learnt from ADVANCE about kidney disease in type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22 Suppl 2:12-18. [PMID: 31729127 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) factorial trial was a landmark randomized controlled clinical trial in 11 140 type 2 diabetic patients from 215 centers in 20 countries with a two-by-two factorial design. In the blood pressure-lowering arm, patients were treated using a fixed combination of the ACE-inhibitor, perindopril, and the thiazide-like diuretic, indapamide, or placebo, whereas in the glucose-lowering arm, the intervention compared the sulphonylurea gliclazide plus other glucose-lowering drugs, targeting a glycated hemoglobin value of 6.5% or less, with standard glucose control. Primary end-points were major macro- and microvascular events in both arms. This review gives an overview of the results of the primary randomized trial, results from observational follow-up studies, and results of several biomarker studies and discusses the perspectives of these data in the context of recent major outcome trials for current medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren T Knudsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark E Cooper
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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42
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Gray PC, Choe S. Design-augmented (DA) biologics: BMP chimeras for bone and cartilage regeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:123-125. [PMID: 31606451 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P C Gray
- Qualcomm Institute, University of California San Diego, Atkinson Hall - Fifth Floor, 9500 Gilman Drive #0436, La Jolla, CA 92093-0436, USA.
| | - S Choe
- Qualcomm Institute, University of California San Diego, Atkinson Hall - Fifth Floor, 9500 Gilman Drive #0436, La Jolla, CA 92093-0436, USA; Protein Engineering Laboratory, Joint Center for Biosciences, Songdo Smart Valley, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-840, USA.
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43
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Tang L, Kang Y, Sun S, Zhao T, Cao W, Fan X, Guo J, Sun L, Ta D. Inhibition of MSTN signal pathway may participate in LIPUS preventing bone loss in ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Metab 2020; 38:14-26. [PMID: 31414284 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-019-01029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Menopause can lead to osteoporosis, which is characterized by destruction of bone microstructure, poor mechanical properties, and prone to fracture. LIPUS can effectively promote bone formation and fracture healing. MSTN is a transforming growth factor-β family member that acts as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. A MSTN deficiency also has a positive effect on bone formation. However, whether LIPUS could inhibit bone loss and promote healing of bone injury of menopause through the inhibition of the MSTN signaling pathway has not been previously investigated. We herein investigated the effects of LIPUS on bone architecture, mechanical properties, the healing of bone defects, and its potential molecular mechanisms in ovariectomized rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham ovariectomized group (Sham), ovariectomized model group (OVX), ovariectomized model with LIPUS therapy group (OVX + LIPUS). The OVX + LIPUS rats were treated with LIPUS (1.5 MHz, 30 mW/cm2) on the femur for 20 min/day that lasted for 19 days. RESULTS LIPUS effectively improved the bone microstructure, increased mechanical properties and promoted the healing of bone defects in ovariectomized rats. Moreover, LIPUS effectively decreased the MSTN content in serum and quadriceps muscle in ovariectomized rats, and inhibited the expression of MSTN downstream signaling molecules and activated the Wnt signaling pathway in the femur. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that LIPUS improved osteoporosis and promoted bone defect healing in the ovariectomized rats may through the inhibition of the MSTN signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tang
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yiting Kang
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shuxin Sun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Wenxin Cao
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xiushan Fan
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jianzhong Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| | - Dean Ta
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) together with the Growth and Differentiation Factors (GDFs) form the largest subgroup of the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)β family and represent secreted growth factors, which play an essential role in many aspects of cell communication in higher organisms. As morphogens they exert crucial functions during embryonal development, but are also involved in tissue homeostasis and regeneration in the adult organism. Their involvement in maintenance and repair processes of various tissues and organs made these growth factors highly interesting targets for novel pharmaceutical applications in regenerative medicine. A hallmark of the TGFβ protein family is that all of the more than 30 growth factors identified to date signal by binding and hetero-oligomerization of a very limited set of transmembrane serine-threonine kinase receptors, which can be classified into two subgroups termed type I and type II. Only seven type I and five type II receptors exist for all 30plus TGFβ members suggesting a pronounced ligand-receptor promiscuity. Indeed, many TGFβ ligands can bind the same type I or type II receptor and a particular receptor of either subtype can usually interact with and bind various TGFβ ligands. The possible consequence of this ligand-receptor promiscuity is further aggravated by the finding that canonical TGFβ signaling of all family members seemingly results in the activation of just two distinct signaling pathways, that is either SMAD2/3 or SMAD1/5/8 activation. While this would implicate that different ligands can assemble seemingly identical receptor complexes that activate just either one of two distinct pathways, in vitro and in vivo analyses show that the different TGFβ members exert quite distinct biological functions with high specificity. This discrepancy indicates that our current view of TGFβ signaling initiation just by hetero-oligomerization of two receptor subtypes and transduction via two main pathways in an on-off switch manner is too simplified. Hence, the signals generated by the various TGFβ members are either quantitatively interpreted using the subtle differences in their receptor-binding properties leading to ligand-specific modulation of the downstream signaling cascade or additional components participating in the signaling activation complex allow diversification of the encoded signal in a ligand-dependent manner at all cellular levels. In this review we focus on signal specification of TGFβ members, particularly of BMPs and GDFs addressing the role of binding affinities, specificities, and kinetics of individual ligand-receptor interactions for the assembly of specific receptor complexes with potentially distinct signaling properties.
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Goebel EJ, Hart KN, McCoy JC, Thompson TB. Structural biology of the TGFβ family. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1530-1546. [PMID: 31594405 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219880894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway orchestrates a wide breadth of biological processes, ranging from bone development to reproduction. Given this, there has been a surge of interest from the drug development industry to modulate the pathway – at several points. This review discusses and provides additional context for several layers of the TGFβ signaling pathway from a structural biology viewpoint. The combination of structural techniques coupled with biophysical studies has provided a foundational knowledge of the molecular mechanisms governing this high impact, ubiquitous pathway, underlying many of the current therapeutic pursuits. This work seeks to consolidate TGFβ-related structural knowledge and educate other researchers of the apparent gaps that still prove elusive. We aim to highlight the importance of these structures and provide the contextual information to understand the contribution to the field, with the hope of advancing the discussion and exploration of the TGFβ signaling pathway. Impact statement The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway is a multifacetted and highly regulated pathway, forming the underpinnings of a large range of biological processes. Here, we review and consolidate the key steps in TGFβ signaling using literature rooted in structural and biophysical techniques, with a focus on molecular mechanisms and gaps in knowledge. From extracellular regulation to ligand–receptor interactions and intracellular activation cascades, we hope to provide an introductory base for understanding the TGFβ pathway as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich J Goebel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kaitlin N Hart
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jason C McCoy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Rak AY, Trofimov AV, Ischenko AM. Anti-mullerian hormone receptor type II as a Potential Target for Antineoplastic Therapy. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES B: BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750819030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kim SK, Whitley MJ, Krzysiak TC, Hinck CS, Taylor AB, Zwieb C, Byeon CH, Zhou X, Mendoza V, López-Casillas F, Furey W, Hinck AP. Structural Adaptation in Its Orphan Domain Engenders Betaglycan with an Alternate Mode of Growth Factor Binding Relative to Endoglin. Structure 2019; 27:1427-1442.e4. [PMID: 31327662 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Betaglycan (BG) and endoglin (ENG), homologous co-receptors of the TGF-β family, potentiate the signaling activity of TGF-β2 and inhibin A, and BMP-9 and BMP-10, respectively. BG exists as monomer and forms 1:1 growth factor (GF) complexes, while ENG exists as a dimer and forms 2:1 GF complexes. Herein, the structure of the BG orphan domain (BGO) reveals an insertion that blocks the region that the endoglin orphan domain (ENGO) uses to bind BMP-9, preventing it from binding in the same manner. Using binding studies with domain-deleted forms of TGF-β and BGO, as well as small-angle X-ray scattering data, BGO is shown to bind its cognate GF in an entirely different manner compared with ENGO. The alternative interfaces likely engender BG and ENG with the ability to selectively bind and target their cognate GFs in a unique temporal-spatial manner, without interfering with one another or other TGF-β family GFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kyung Kim
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower 3, Room 2051, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Matthew J Whitley
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower 3, Room 2051, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Troy C Krzysiak
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower 3, Room 2051, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Cynthia S Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower 3, Room 2051, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Alexander B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Christian Zwieb
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Chang-Hyeock Byeon
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower 3, Room 2051, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower 3, Room 2051, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Valentín Mendoza
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Fernando López-Casillas
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - William Furey
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Andrew P Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower 3, Room 2051, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Structural characterization of an activin class ternary receptor complex reveals a third paradigm for receptor specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15505-15513. [PMID: 31315975 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906253116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
TGFβ family ligands, which include the TGFβs, BMPs, and activins, signal by forming a ternary complex with type I and type II receptors. For TGFβs and BMPs, structures of ternary complexes have revealed differences in receptor assembly. However, structural information for how activins assemble a ternary receptor complex is lacking. We report the structure of an activin class member, GDF11, in complex with the type II receptor ActRIIB and the type I receptor Alk5. The structure reveals that receptor positioning is similar to the BMP class, with no interreceptor contacts; however, the type I receptor interactions are shifted toward the ligand fingertips and away from the dimer interface. Mutational analysis shows that ligand type I specificity is derived from differences in the fingertips of the ligands that interact with an extended loop specific to Alk4 and Alk5. The study also reveals differences for how TGFβ and GDF11 bind to the same type I receptor, Alk5. For GDF11, additional contacts at the fingertip region substitute for the interreceptor interactions that are seen for TGFβ, indicating that Alk5 binding to GDF11 is more dependent on direct contacts. In support, we show that a single residue of Alk5 (Phe84), when mutated, abolishes GDF11 signaling, but has little impact on TGFβ signaling. The structure of GDF11/ActRIIB/Alk5 shows that, across the TGFβ family, different mechanisms regulate type I receptor binding and specificity, providing a molecular explanation for how the activin class accommodates low-affinity type I interactions without the requirement of cooperative receptor interactions.
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Rak AY, Trofimov AV, Ischenko AM. [Mullerian inhibiting substance type II receptor as a potential target for antineoplastic therapy]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2019; 65:202-213. [PMID: 31258143 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20196503202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review considers properties of the type II anti-Mullerian hormone receptor (mullerian inhibiting substance receptor type II, MISRII), a transmembrane sensor with its own serine/threonine protein kinase activity, triggering apoptosis of the Mullerian ducts in mammalian embryogenesis and providing formation of the male type reproductive system. According to recent data, MISRII overexpression in the postnatal period is found in cells of a number of ovarian, mammary gland, and prostate tumors, and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) has a pro-apoptotic effect on MISRII-positive tumor cells. This fact makes MISRII a potential target for targeted anti-cancer therapy. Treatment based on targeting MISRII seems to be a much more effective alternative to the traditional one and will significantly reduce the drug dose. However, the mechanism of MISRII-AMH interaction is still poorly understood, so the development of new anticancer drugs is complicated. The review analyzes MISRII molecular structure and expression levels in various tissues and cell lines, as well as current understanding of the AMH binding mechanisms and data on the possibility of using MISRII as a target for the action of AMH-based antineoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ya Rak
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A V Trofimov
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A M Ischenko
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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50
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Advances in the molecular regulation of endothelial BMP9 signalling complexes and implications for cardiovascular disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:779-791. [PMID: 31127068 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily, is a circulating vascular quiescence and endothelial protective factor, accounting for the majority of BMP activities in plasma. BMP9 and BMP10 bind preferentially to the high-affinity type I receptor activin receptor-like kinase 1 on vascular endothelial cells. Recently, many reports have highlighted the important roles of BMP9 in cardiovascular disease, particularly pulmonary arterial hypertension. In vivo, BMP9 activity and specificity are determined by tightly regulated protein-protein recognition with cognate receptors and a co-receptor, and may also be influenced by other proteins present on the endothelial cell surface (such as low-affinity receptors) and in circulation (such as TGFβ family ligands competing for the same receptors). In this review, we summarise recent findings on the role and therapeutic potential of BMP9 in cardiovascular disease and review the current understanding of how the extracellular protein-protein interaction milieu could play a role in regulating endothelial BMP9 signalling specificity and activity.
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