1
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Redcenko O, Tumova M, Draber P. Simplified PCR-Based Quantification of Proteins with DNA Aptamers and Methylcellulose as a Blocking Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:347. [PMID: 38203527 PMCID: PMC10779054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to their unique three-dimensional structure, DNA or RNA oligonucleotide aptamers bind to various molecules with high affinity and specificity. Aptamers, alone or in combination with antibodies, can be used to sensitively quantify target molecules by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). However, the assays are often complicated and unreliable. In this study, we explored the feasibility of performing the entire assay on wells of routinely used polypropylene PCR plates. We found that polypropylene wells efficiently bind proteins. This allows the entire assay to be run in a single well. To minimize nonspecific binding of the assay components to the polypropylene wells, we tested various blocking agents and identified methylcellulose as an effective alternative to the commonly used BSA. Methylcellulose not only demonstrates comparable or superior blocking capabilities but also offers the advantage of a well-defined composition and non-animal origin. Our findings support the utilization of aptamers, either alone or in combination with antibodies, for sensitive quantification of selected molecules immobilized in polypropylene PCR wells in a streamlined one-well qPCR assay under well-defined conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petr Draber
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (O.R.); (M.T.)
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2
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Eberwine J, Kim J, Anafi RC, Brem S, Bucan M, Fisher SA, Grady MS, Herr AE, Issadore D, Jeong H, Kim H, Lee D, Rubakhin S, Sul JY, Sweedler JV, Wolf JA, Zaret KS, Zou J. Subcellular omics: a new frontier pushing the limits of resolution, complexity and throughput. Nat Methods 2023; 20:331-335. [PMID: 36899160 PMCID: PMC10049458 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-01788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
We argue that the study of single-cell subcellular organelle omics is needed to understand and regulate cell function. This requires and is being enabled by new technology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eberwine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Junhyong Kim
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Ron C Anafi
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven Brem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maja Bucan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen A Fisher
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Sean Grady
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy E Herr
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hyejoong Jeong
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, , University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - HyunBum Kim
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, , University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stanislav Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jai-Yoon Sul
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John A Wolf
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Zaret
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James Zou
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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3
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Recent advance in nucleic acid amplification-integrated methods for DNA methyltransferase assay. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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4
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Shin H, Oh S, Kang D, Choi Y. Protein Quantification and Imaging by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Similarity Analysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903638. [PMID: 32537409 PMCID: PMC7284192 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Protein quantification techniques such as immunoassays have been improved considerably, but they have several limitations, including time-consuming procedures, low sensitivity, and extrinsic detection. Because direct surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can detect intrinsic signals of proteins, it can be used as an effective detection method. However, owing to the complexity and reliability of SERS signals, SERS is rarely adopted for quantification without a purified target protein. This study reports an efficient and effective direct SERS-based immunoassay (SERSIA) technique for protein quantification and imaging. SERSIA relies on the uniform coating of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) on a target-protein-immobilized substrate by simple centrifugation. As centrifugation induces close contact between the GNPs and target proteins, the intrinsic signals of the target protein can be detected. For quantification, the protein levels in a cell lysate are estimated using similarity analysis between antibody-only and protein-conjugated samples. This method reliably estimates the protein level at a sub-picomolar detection limit. Furthermore, this method enables quantitative imaging of immobilized protein at a micrometer range. Because this technique is fast, sensitive, and requires only one type of antibody, this approach can be a useful method to detect proteins in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunku Shin
- Department of Bio‐convergence EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Oh
- School of Biomedical EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Daehyeon Kang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonho Choi
- Department of Bio‐convergence EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
- Department of BioengineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
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5
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Wang G, Fan W, Ren W, Liu X, Liu C. High-sensitive sensing of plant microRNA by integrating click chemistry with an unusual on-bead poly(T)-promoted transcription amplification. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1111:16-22. [PMID: 32312392 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as pivotal regulators in plants. Therefore, sensing strategies with high specificity and high sensitivity are desired for plant miRNA analysis in order to unveil the exact biofunctions of miRNAs. Toward this goal, a fluorescent assay is developed based on a two-step signal amplification strategy. In the first step, target miRNA-templated cycling click nucleic acid ligation is employed for target recognition and amplification, the product of which can bind to magnetic microbeads (MBs) and introduce the T7 promoter sequence to the surface. In the second step, the poly(T) containing transcription template partially hybridizes with the T7 promoter sequence on the ligated strand and then regulates the on-bead transcription in a cycling manner with the participation of T7 RNA polymerase. Surprisingly, different from other reported templates, the poly(T) template improves the transcription efficiency to an unexpectedly high level by releasing ultra-long RNA chains in the reaction system. Finally, the RNA intercalating dye, RiboGreen, is utilized to specifically light up the as-produced RNA chains for low-background signal readout. Benefiting from the elaborate design, the detection limit of plant miRNA is down to ∼0.1 amol. This strategy provides a highly specific and highly sensitive platform for plant miRNA detection, which promises potential in the practical applications of miRNA-related biofunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Wenjiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Wei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Chenghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
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6
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Zhang H, Lu H, Huang K, Li J, Wei F, Liu A, Chingin K, Chen H. Selective detection of phospholipids in human blood plasma and single cells for cancer differentiation using dispersed solid-phase microextraction combined with extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2020; 145:7330-7339. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and selective determination of phospholipids in microvolume biofluid samples for cancer differentiation was achieved by d-SPME–iEESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation
- East China University of Technology
- Nanchang 330013
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
| | - Haiyan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Keke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- The First Hospital of Jilin University
- P. R. China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery
- The First Hospital of Jilin University
- P. R. China
| | - Aiying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation
- East China University of Technology
- Nanchang 330013
- P. R. China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation
- East China University of Technology
- Nanchang 330013
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
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7
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Li J, Eberwine J. The successes and future prospects of the linear antisense RNA amplification methodology. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:811-818. [PMID: 29599441 PMCID: PMC7086549 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2018.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This Perspective discusses the development of the linear amplified RNA amplification technique over the last 25 years, and future applications of this important and versatile methodology. It has been over a quarter of a century since the introduction of the linear RNA amplification methodology known as antisense RNA (aRNA) amplification. Whereas most molecular biology techniques are rapidly replaced owing to the fast-moving nature of development in the field, the aRNA procedure has become a base that can be built upon through varied uses of the technology. The technique was originally developed to assess RNA populations from small amounts of starting material, including single cells, but over time its use has evolved to include the detection of various cellular entities such as proteins, RNA-binding-protein-associated cargoes, and genomic DNA. In this Perspective we detail the linear aRNA amplification procedure and its use in assessing various components of a cell's chemical phenotype. This procedure is particularly useful in efforts to multiplex the simultaneous detection of various cellular processes. These efforts are necessary to identify the quantitative chemical phenotype of cells that underlies cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifen Li
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James Eberwine
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Ahmad R, Jang H, Batule BS, Park HG. Barcode DNA-Mediated Signal Amplifying Strategy for Ultrasensitive Biomolecular Detection on Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8966-8973. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Ahmad
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering (BK 21+ program), KAIST, Daehak-ro 291, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyowon Jang
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering (BK 21+ program), KAIST, Daehak-ro 291, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bhagwan S. Batule
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering (BK 21+ program), KAIST, Daehak-ro 291, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Gyu Park
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering (BK 21+ program), KAIST, Daehak-ro 291, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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9
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Li Z, Lau C, Lu J. Effect of the Concentration Difference between Magnesium Ions and Total Ribonucleotide Triphosphates in Governing the Specificity of T7 RNA Polymerase-Based Rolling Circle Transcription for Quantitative Detection. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6078-83. [PMID: 27167591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
T7 RNA polymerase-based rolling circle transcription (RCT) is a more powerful tool than universal runoff transcription and traditional DNA polymerase-based rolling circle amplification (RCA). However, RCT is rarely employed in quantitative detection due to its poor specificity for small single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), which can be transcribed efficiently by T7 RNA polymerase even without a promoter. Herein we show that the concentration difference between Mg(2+) and total ribonucleotide triphosphates (rNTPs) radically governs the specificity of T7 RNA polymerase. Only when the total rNTP concentration is 9 mM greater than the Mg(2+) concentration can T7 RNA polymerase transcribe ssDNA specifically and efficiently. This knowledge improves our traditional understanding of T7 RNA polymerase and makes convenient application of RCT in quantitative detection possible. Subsequently, an RCT-based label-free chemiluminescence method for microRNA detection was designed to test the capability of this sensing platform. Using this simple method, microRNA as low as 20 amol could be quantitatively detected. The results reveal that the developed sensing platform holds great potential for further applications in the quantitative detection of a variety of targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Choiwan Lau
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianzhong Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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10
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Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction-amplified immunoassay (immuno-PCR, iPCR) is a method that combines the specificity of an immunological detection method and the sensitivity of a nucleic acid amplification method. In this way, immuno-PCR uses a minimum amount of sample, and allows the detection of rare diseases and those diseases in very early stage (i.e. infectious diseases, degenerative disorders, or neoplastic diseases). The present review was aimed to describe this new methodology and applications to the early detection of cancer and non-cancer related diseases, and discuss about the possibility to detect diverse biomarkers of oncology disorders, such as breast, gastric, colorectal and nasopharynx cancer, and other factors related to the growth of the neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luiza F V Assumpção
- a Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Rodrigo C da Silva
- b Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine , Mississippi State University , Mississippi State , MS , USA
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11
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Gavasso S, Gullaksen SE, Skavland J, Gjertsen BT. Single-cell proteomics: potential implications for cancer diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:579-89. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2016.1156531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gavasso
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Jørn Skavland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn T. Gjertsen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Group, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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12
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Yuan R, Ding S, Yan Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Cheng W. A facile and pragmatic electrochemical biosensing strategy for ultrasensitive detection of DNA in real sample based on defective T junction induced transcription amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Chang L, Li J, Wang L. Immuno-PCR: An ultrasensitive immunoassay for biomolecular detection. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 910:12-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Yan Y, Ding S, Zhao D, Yuan R, Zhang Y, Cheng W. Direct ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensing of pathogenic DNA using homogeneous target-initiated transcription amplification. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18810. [PMID: 26729209 PMCID: PMC4700466 DOI: 10.1038/srep18810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitive and specific methodologies for detection of pathogenic gene at the point-of-care are still urgent demands in rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases. This work develops a simple and pragmatic electrochemical biosensing strategy for ultrasensitive and specific detection of pathogenic nucleic acids directly by integrating homogeneous target-initiated transcription amplification (HTITA) with interfacial sensing process in single analysis system. The homogeneous recognition and specific binding of target DNA with the designed hairpin probe triggered circular primer extension reaction to form DNA double-strands which contained T7 RNA polymerase promoter and served as templates for in vitro transcription amplification. The HTITA protocol resulted in numerous single-stranded RNA products which could synchronously hybridized with the detection probes and immobilized capture probes for enzyme-amplified electrochemical detection on the biosensor surface. The proposed electrochemical biosensing strategy showed very high sensitivity and selectivity for target DNA with a dynamic response range from 1 fM to 100 pM. Using salmonella as a model, the established strategy was successfully applied to directly detect invA gene from genomic DNA extract. This proposed strategy presented a simple, pragmatic platform toward ultrasensitive nucleic acids detection and would become a versatile and powerful tool for point-of-care pathogen identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Yan
- The center for Clinical Molecular Medical detection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics (Ministry of Education of China), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Shijia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics (Ministry of Education of China), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics (Ministry of Education of China), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Rui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics (Ministry of Education of China), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- The center for Clinical Molecular Medical detection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Wei Cheng
- The center for Clinical Molecular Medical detection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
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15
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Abstract
Isothermal amplification of nucleic acids is a simple process that rapidly and efficiently accumulates nucleic acid sequences at constant temperature. Since the early 1990s, various isothermal amplification techniques have been developed as alternatives to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These isothermal amplification methods have been used for biosensing targets such as DNA, RNA, cells, proteins, small molecules, and ions. The applications of these techniques for in situ or intracellular bioimaging and sequencing have been amply demonstrated. Amplicons produced by isothermal amplification methods have also been utilized to construct versatile nucleic acid nanomaterials for promising applications in biomedicine, bioimaging, and biosensing. The integration of isothermal amplification into microsystems or portable devices improves nucleic acid-based on-site assays and confers high sensitivity. Single-cell and single-molecule analyses have also been implemented based on integrated microfluidic systems. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the isothermal amplification of nucleic acids encompassing work published in the past two decades. First, different isothermal amplification techniques are classified into three types based on reaction kinetics. Then, we summarize the applications of isothermal amplification in bioanalysis, diagnostics, nanotechnology, materials science, and device integration. Finally, several challenges and perspectives in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Qian Li
- Division of Physical Biology, and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboraotory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Division of Physical Biology, and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboraotory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- Division of Physical Biology, and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboraotory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, China.,School of Life Science & Technology, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 200031, China
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16
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Tchou J, Lam L, Li YR, Edwards C, Ky B, Zhang H. Monitoring serum HER2 levels in breast cancer patients. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:237. [PMID: 26069876 PMCID: PMC4456592 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background We have developed a new approach to reduce the serum interference for ELISA. The purpose of this study is to investigate if we can use the optimized ELISA (MBB-ELISA) to detect serum soluble HER2/neu (sHER2) in early stage primary breast cancer and monitor its change during treatments. Findings We collected sera preoperatively from 118 primary breast cancer patients. Serum samples were also collected sequentially from a subset of patients during and after adjuvant treatment. sHER2 in these samples was measured by the MBB-ELISA. Only 16.7 % of tissue HER2 (tHER2) positive patients had significantly elevated sHER2 levels in serum. Interestingly, sera of some patients with tHER2 negative tumors, including those that were 2+ by IHC but negative by FISH, demonstrated slightly elevated sHER2 levels. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that patients with elevated sHER2 (> = 7 ng/ml) had significantly worse disease free survival. During treatments, sHER2 levels consistently fell in response to adjuvant therapies. Nevertheless, in all 4 patients who developed metastases, a steady rise in sHER2 levels was noted before metastatic disease became clinically evident. Conclusions For early stage breast cancers, sHER2 is a poor biomarker to predict tHER2 status, but may have value to supplement tissue tests to identify patients with HER2 tumors. Our results also suggest that sHER2 is worth further study as a biomarker to monitor breast cancer patients during treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tchou
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Rena Rowan Breast Center, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Lian Lam
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Yun Rose Li
- Medical Scientist Training Program; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ; The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Claire Edwards
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Rena Rowan Breast Center, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Bonnie Ky
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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17
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Sensitive ligand-based protein quantification using immuno-PCR: A critical review of single-probe and proximity ligation assays. Biotechniques 2015; 56:217-28. [PMID: 24919231 DOI: 10.2144/000114164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) of reverse-transcribed mRNA has revolutionized gene expression analyses. qPCR analysis is based on the prevalent assumption that mRNA transcript numbers provide an adequate measure of specific biomarker expression. However, taking the complexity of protein turnover into account, there is a need to correlate qPCR-derived transcriptional patterns with protein translational patterns so as to not leave behind important pathobiological details. One emerging approach in protein analysis is PCR-coupled protein quantification, often denoted as immuno-PCR (iPCR), which targets soluble proteins. Here we review recent trends and applications in iPCR assays that may bridge the gap between classical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and mass spectrometry methodologies in terms of sensitivity and multiplexing.
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18
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Baumann M, Meri S. Techniques for studying protein heterogeneity and post-translational modifications. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 1:207-17. [PMID: 15966815 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.1.2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Proteins often undergo several post-translational modification steps in parallel to protein folding. These modifications can be transient or of a more permanent nature. Most modifications are, however, susceptible to alteration during the lifespan of proteins. Post-translational modifications thus generate variability in proteins that are far beyond that provided by the genetic code. Co- and post-translational modifications can convert the 20 specific codon-encoded amino acids into more than 100 variant amino acids with new properties. These, and a number of other modifications, can considerably increase the information content and functional repertoire of proteins, thus making their analysis of paramount importance for diagnostic and basic research purposes. Various methods used in proteomics, such as 2D gel electrophoresis, 2D liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, affinity-based analytical methods, interaction analyses, ligand blotting techniques, protein crystallography and structure-function predictions, are all applicable for the analysis of these numerous secondary modifications. In this review, examples of some of these techniques in studying the heterogeneity of proteins are highlighted. In the future, these methods will become increasingly useful in biomarker searches and in clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Baumann
- Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, FIN-00014, Finland.
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19
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Lam L, Czerniecki BJ, Fitzpatrick E, Xu S, Schuchter L, Xu X, Zhang H. Interference-Free HER2 ECD as a Serum Biomarker in Breast Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4:151. [PMID: 25089226 PMCID: PMC4114390 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9929.1000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Over-expression of the HER2/neu receptor occurs in 20 to 30 percent of breast tumors and is linked to poorer prognosis. The HER2/neu expression status determines whether or not patient will receive trastuzumab-based treatment. In clinical practice, over-expression of HER2/neu is routinely identified using Immunohistochemistry (IHC) or Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH), both of which are invasive approaches requiring tissue samples. Serum assays for the Extra Cellular Domain of HER2/neu receptor (HER2 ECD) have been reported but the use is very limited due to serum interference factors (e.g. human anti-animal immunoglobulin antibodies) that lead to false test results and inconsistency with tissue Her2 status. We have developed an ELISA based approach using an MBB buffer to eliminate false results and to obtain more accurate assessment of HER2 ECD levels. Using this refined assay we retroactively measured HER2/neu levels from breast cancer patients and controls. Abnormal HER2 ECD levels were detected in about 32% of invasive breast cancer patients but not in controls or patients with benign diseases. In addition, we also showed that patients with elevated serum HER2 levels appeared to have worse survival regardless of treatments. In a small group of 12 Ductal Carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients who received HER2/neu peptide vaccination and surgery, only one patient showed constantly rising HER2 levels after treatment and this patient had recurrence of HER2 positive tumor within 5 years. Our studies indicate that once the serum interference issue is resolved, serum HER2 ECD can have potential clinical utility to supplement the tissue based tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Lam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, U.S.A
| | - Brian J Czerniecki
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth Fitzpatrick
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Shuwen Xu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Lynn Schuchter
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, HUP, 16 Penn Tower, Philadelphia, U.S.A
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, U.S.A
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, U.S.A
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20
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Zhou X, Liao Y, Xing D. Sensitive monitoring of RNA transcription levels using a graphene oxide fluorescence switch. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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21
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Eberwine J, Lovatt D, Buckley P, Dueck H, Francis C, Kim TK, Lee J, Lee M, Miyashiro K, Morris J, Peritz T, Schochet T, Spaethling J, Sul JY, Kim J. Quantitative biology of single neurons. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:3165-83. [PMID: 22915636 PMCID: PMC3481569 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The building blocks of complex biological systems are single cells. Fundamental insights gained from single-cell analysis promise to provide the framework for understanding normal biological systems development as well as the limits on systems/cellular ability to respond to disease. The interplay of cells to create functional systems is not well understood. Until recently, the study of single cells has concentrated primarily on morphological and physiological characterization. With the application of new highly sensitive molecular and genomic technologies, the quantitative biochemistry of single cells is now accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eberwine
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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22
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Zhao X, Dong T, Yang Z, Pires N, Høivik N. Compatible immuno-NASBA LOC device for quantitative detection of waterborne pathogens: design and validation. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:602-612. [PMID: 22146918 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20836e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne pathogens usually pose a global threat to animals and human beings. There has been a growing demand for convenient and sensitive tools to detect the potential emerging pathogens in water. In this study, a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device based on the real-time immuno-NASBA (immuno-nucleic acid sequence-based amplification) assay was designed, fabricated and verified. The disposable immuno-NASBA chip is modelled on a 96-well ELISA microplate, which contains 43 reaction chambers inside the bionic channel networks. All valves are designed outside the chip and are reusable. The sample and reagent solutions were pushed into each chamber in turn, which was controlled by the valve system. Notably, the immuno-NASBA chip is completely compatible with common microplate readers in a biological laboratory, and can distinguish multiple waterborne pathogens in water samples quantitatively and simultaneously. The performance of the LOC device was demonstrated by detecting the presence of a synthetic peptide, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and two common waterborne pathogens, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and rotavirus, in artificial samples. The results indicated that the LOC device has the potential to quantify traces of waterborne pathogens at femtomolar levels with high specificity, although the detection process was still subject to some factors, such as ribonuclease (RNase) contamination and non-specific adsorption. As an ultra-sensitive tool to quantify waterborne pathogens, the LOC device can be used to monitor water quality in the drinking water system. Furthermore, a series of compatible high-throughput LOC devices for monitoring waterborne pathogens could be derived from this prototype with the same design idea, which may render the complicated immuno-NASBA assays convenient to common users without special training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhao
- Department of Micro and Nano Systems Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Marine Sciences, Vestfold University College, Tønsberg, Box 2243, N-3103, Norway
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23
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Evaluation of small ligand-protein interaction by ligation reaction with DNA-modified ligand. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 32:97-102. [PMID: 19705069 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-0109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A method for the evaluation of interactions between protein and ligand using DNA-modified ligands, including signal enhancement of the DNA ligation reactions, is described. For proof of principle, a DNA probe modified by biotin was used. Two DNA probes were prepared with complementary sticky-ends. While one DNA probe was modified at the 5'-end of the sticky-end, the other was not modified. The probes could be ligated together by T4 DNA ligase along the strand without biotin modification. However, in the presence of streptavidin or anti-biotin Fab, the ligation reaction joining the two probes could not occur on either strand.
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24
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Jeon J, Lim DK, Nam JM. Functional nanomaterial-based amplified bio-detection strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b816690k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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HIT: a versatile proteomics platform for multianalyte phenotyping of cytokines, intracellular proteins and surface molecules. Nat Med 2008; 14:1284-9. [PMID: 18849997 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a multianalyte fluid-phase protein array technology termed high-throughput immunophenotyping using transcription (HIT). This method employs a panel of monoclonal antibodies, each tagged with a unique oligonucleotide sequence that serves as a molecular bar code. After staining a sample, T7 polymerase amplifies the tags, which are then hybridized to a DNA microarray for indirect measurement of each analyte. Although there are many potential applications for this technology, here we report its suitability for profiling cytokines, intracellular molecules and cell surface markers. Using HIT, we profiled 90 surface markers on human naive T helper cells activated in vitro. The markers identified in this screen are consistent with previously described activation markers and were validated by flow cytometry. Additionally, a HIT screen of surface markers expressed on T helper cells activated in the presence of transforming growth factor-beta identified downregulation of CD26 in these cells. HIT arrays are an ideal platform for rapidly identifying markers for further characterization and therapeutic intervention.
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26
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Freudenberg JA, Bembas K, Greene MI, Zhang H. Non-invasive, ultra-sensitive, high-throughput assays to quantify rare biomarkers in the blood. Methods 2008; 46:33-8. [PMID: 18573345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many diseases are easier to treat and control when detected at an early stage of disease progression. Often, disease-related antigens or biomarkers are shed from the primary site and present in the blood. Unfortunately, there are very few tests capable of detecting these rare biomarkers in the blood. A blood test would be very useful to diagnose the disease earlier, monitor effectiveness of treatments, predict recurrence, and monitor recurrence. There is certainly a need to develop assays that are ultra-sensitive, non-invasive, and high-throughput. Here we describe several highly sensitive immunological assays we have developed to detect rare serum antigens. Initially we created an assay named immuno-detection amplified by T7 RNA polymerase (IDAT). To enhance the effectiveness and streamline the procedure, this assay was amended to the facile amplification system termed fluorescent amplification catalyzed by T7 polymerase technique (FACTT). These assays have been used to analyze the tumor antigen HER2 and the prion protein PrPSc. They can also be applied to other tumor markers or antigens from a variety of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and hepatitis. These tests are not limited to testing only serum, but may also be applicable to detecting biomarkers in tissue, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, etc. Clearly, the FACTT-based technology represents an important step in the detection of rare molecules in fluids or tissues for a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Freudenberg
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 252 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
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27
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Adler M, Wacker R, Niemeyer CM. Sensitivity by combination: immuno-PCR and related technologies. Analyst 2008; 133:702-18. [PMID: 18493669 DOI: 10.1039/b718587c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The versatility of immunoassays for the detection of antigens can be combined with the signal amplification power of nucleic acid amplification techniques in a broad range of innovative detection strategies. This review summarizes the spectrum of both, DNA-modification techniques used for assay enhancement and the resulting key applications. In particular, it focuses on the highly sensitive immuno-PCR (IPCR) method. This technique is based on chimeric conjugates of specific antibodies and nucleic acid molecules, the latter of which are used as markers to be amplified by PCR or related techniques for signal generation and read-out. Various strategies for the combination of antigen detection and nucleic acid amplification are discussed with regard to their laboratory analytic performance, including novel approaches to the conjugation of antibodies with DNA, and alternative pathways for signal amplification and detection. A critical assessment of advantages and drawbacks of these methods for a number of applications in clinical diagnostics and research is conducted. The examples include the detection of viral and bacterial antigens, tumor markers, toxins, pathogens, cytokines and other targets in different biological sample materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Adler
- Chimera Biotec GmbH, Emil-Figge-Str. 76 A, D-44227, Dortmund, Germany
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28
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Smith SS. Nucleoprotein assemblies at the nanoscale: medical implications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2007; 1:427-36. [PMID: 17716145 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.1.4.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bionanotechnology is exploiting the rich structural knowledge now available on DNA and DNA-protein interactions to construct nucleoprotein-based devices that have the potential not only to contribute to our understanding of the structure and function of the proteins and nucleic acids involved but also to new approaches to problems in medicine. Assemblies under development currently are poised to contribute to diagnosis and therapy. Here, I discuss recent work in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Smith
- City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Proteins are essential components of organisms and are involved in a wide range of biological functions. There are increasing demands for ultra-sensitive protein detection, because many important protein biomarkers are present at ultra-low levels, especially during the early stages of disease. Measuring proteins at low levels is also crucial for investigations of the protein synthesis and functions in biological systems. In this review, we summarize the recent developments of novel technology enabling ultrasensitive protein detection. We focus on two groups of techniques that involve either polymerase amplification of affinity DNA probes or signal amplification by the use of nano-/micro-materials. The polymerase-based amplification of affinity DNA probes indirectly improves the sensitivity of protein detection by increasing the number of detection molecules. The use of nano-/micro-materials conjugated to affinity probes enhances the measurement signals by using the unique electrical, optical, and catalytic properties of these novel materials. This review describes the basic principles, performances, applications, merits, and limitations of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongquan Zhang
- Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
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30
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Branen JR, Hass MJ, Douthit ER, Maki WC, Branen AL. Detection of Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and staphylococcal enterotoxin B in a single sample using enzymatic bio-nanotransduction. J Food Prot 2007; 70:841-50. [PMID: 17477251 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.4.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic bio-nanotransduction is a biological detection scheme based on the production of nucleic acid nano-signals (RNA) in response to specific biological recognition events. In this study, we applied an enzymatic bio-nanotransduction system to the detection of important food-related pathogens and a toxin. Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) were chosen because of the implications of these targets to food safety. Primary antibodies to each of the targets were used to functionalize magnetic beads and produce biological recognition elements (antibodies) conjugated to nano-signal-producing DNA templates. Immunomagnetic capture that was followed by in vitro transcription of DNA templates bound to target molecules produced RNA nano-signals specific for every target in the sample. Discrimination of RNA nano-signals with a standard enzyme-linked oligonucleotide fluorescence assay provided a correlation between nano-signal profiles and target concentrations. The estimated limit of detection was 2.4 x 10(3) CFU/ml for E. coli O157:H7, 1.9 X 10(4) CFU/ml for S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, and 0.11 ng/ml for SEB with multianalyte detection in buffer. Low levels of one target were also detected in the presence of interference from high levels of the other targets. Finally, targets were detected in milk, and detection was improved for E. coli 0157 by heat treatment of the milk.
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31
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He J, Liu G, Dou S, Gupta S, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich D. An improved method for covalently conjugating morpholino oligomers to antitumor antibodies. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:983-8. [PMID: 17385902 PMCID: PMC2531236 DOI: 10.1021/bc060208v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Whether for conventional pretargeting, amplification pretargeting, or affinity enhancement pretargeting, it will be necessary to conjugate an antitumor antibody as the first injectate. This laboratory is investigating phosphorodiamidate morpholinos (MORFs) for pretargeting, and accordingly we are examining methods of attaching MORFs to antitumor antibodies that provide at least one group per molecule (gpm) without adversely influencing antibody properties. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the commercial Hydralink for the conjugation of the anti-CEA MN14 antibody with an 18 mer amine-derivatized MORF. The conjugation was approached in both directions by first reacting MN14 with the NHS derivatives of 4-hydrozinonicotinate acetone hydrazone (SANH) or 4-formylbenzoate (SFB) and then combining with MORF that was previously reacted with SFB or SANH to yield MN14(SANH)-MORF and MN14(SFB)-MORF respectively. The storage stability, immunoreactive fraction, and the biodistribution in normal mice were compared for both conjugates. Thereafter, MN14(SANH)-MORF was used in a pretargeting study in tumored nude mice, and the results were compared to that obtained historically with MN14-MORF prepared by carbodiimide (EDC) coupling. Both new methods of conjugation provided between 1 and 2 gpm compared to 0.2 achieved previously by EDC. Furthermore, by repeat SE HPLC with and without CEA, both showed an unimpaired immunoreactive fraction. MN14(SANH)-MORF tolerated long-term storage best. More importantly, when labeled by hybridization with 99mTc-labeled complementary MORF (99mTc-cMORF), the biodistribution of MN14(SANH)-MORF was more favorable than that of MN14(SFB)-MORF in normal mice with lower liver (5.7 vs 9.4 %ID/g at 18 h) and spleen (3.5 vs 8.4 %ID/g) accumulations and higher blood levels (4.8 vs 3.4 %ID/g). Accordingly, only MN14(SANH)-MORF was used in a pretargeting study in tumored mice. When targeted with 99mTc-cMORF and at 2 days postinjection of antibody-MORF, the results obtained with 6 microg of antibody prepared in this way were essentially identical to that obtained previously with 30 microg of antibody prepared via EDC. Hydralink was used successfully to conjugate MORF to MN14 at higher gpm than that achieved earlier and without an obvious compromise of properties. Using MN14(SANH)-MORF, the influence of the higher gpm on pretargeting permitted lowering the dosages of MN14 administered and may permit administering higher levels of radioactivity in connection with therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Donald Hnatowich
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Donald Hnatowich, Ph.D, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, Tel: 1-508-856-4256; Fax: 1-508-856-4572, e-mail:
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32
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Branen JR, Hass MJ, Maki WC, Branen AL. An enzymatic bionanotransduction system for multianalyte biological detection. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:892-908. [PMID: 17381732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to develop and optimize a system for the detection of multiple biological targets in a single sample based on enzymatic bionanotransduction. METHOD AND RESULTS We used biological recognition elements (antibodies, DNA sequences) linked to DNA templates with T7 promoter regions for detection of specific target molecules. In vitro transcription of DNA templates bound to target molecules produced RNA nanosignals specific for every target in the sample. An enzyme-linked oligonucleotide fluorescence assay (ELOFA) provided a correlation between nanosignal profiles and target concentrations. The system was capable of detecting and distinguishing three species of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules at a level of 0.2 ng, mixed protein and DNA targets and single sample detection of Escherichia coli O157 micro-organisms and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). CONCLUSIONS This report provided proof of concept for the use of enzymatic bionanotransduction with multianalyte biological detection based on differential nanosignal hybridization along with the application of this system to pathogen/toxin detection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This system has the potential to be used as a tool for detection of multiple foodborne and environmental pathogens, toxins and targets of interest in a single sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Branen
- University of Idaho, Post Falls, Idaho, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Over the past 50 years the development of assays for the detection of protein analytes has been driven by continuing demands for higher levels of sensitivity and multiplexing. The result has been a progression of sandwich-type immunoassays, starting with simple radioisotopic, colorimetric, or fluorescent labeling systems to include various enzymatic or nanostructure-based signal amplification schemes, with a concomitant sensitivity increase of over 1 million fold. Multiplexing of samples and tests has been enabled by microplate and microarray platforms, respectively, or lately by various molecular barcoding systems. Two different platforms have emerged as the current front-runners by combining a nucleic acid amplification step with the standard two-sided immunoassay. In both, the captured protein analyte is replaced by a multiplicity of oligonucleotides that serve as surrogate targets. One of these platforms employs DNA or RNA polymerases for the amplification step, while detection is by fluorescence. The other is based on gold nanoparticles for both amplification as well as detection. The latter technology, now termed Biobarcode, is completely enzyme-free and offers potentially much higher multiplexing power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe R Müller
- Nanosphere, Inc., 4088 Commercial Avenue, Northbrook, IL 60062, USA
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34
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Zhang H, Cheng X, Richter M, Greene MI. A sensitive and high-throughput assay to detect low-abundance proteins in serum. Nat Med 2006; 12:473-7. [PMID: 16532003 DOI: 10.1038/nm1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect antigens immunologically is limited by the affinity of the antibodies and the amount of antigens. We have now succeeded in creating a modular, facile amplification system, termed fluorescent amplification catalyzed by T7 polymerase technique (FACTT). Such a system can detect protein targets specifically at subfemtomolar levels ( approximately 0.08 fM). We describe here the detection of Her2 (also known as Neu) from rodent and human sera. FACTT is adaptable to high-throughput screening and automation and provides a practical method to enhance current ELISAs in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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35
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Kannanayakal TJ, Eberwine J. mRNA methods used in dissecting gene expression of the brain. Ageing Res Rev 2005; 4:513-28. [PMID: 16257586 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Joseph Kannanayakal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 37 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6084, USA
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36
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Reply to "Lamp for tadpoles". Nat Methods 2005. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth0905-635b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Niemeyer CM, Adler M, Wacker R. Immuno-PCR: high sensitivity detection of proteins by nucleic acid amplification. Trends Biotechnol 2005; 23:208-16. [PMID: 15780713 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid amplification techniques are used for signal generation in antibody-based immunoassays, thereby dramatically enhancing the sensitivity of conventional immunoassays. Methodological aspects, as well as applications of this novel approach, are summarized in this review, with an emphasis on immuno-polymerase chain reaction (IPCR). IPCR is based on chimeric conjugates of specific antibodies and nucleic acid molecules, the latter of which are used as markers to be amplified by PCR for signal generation. The enormous efficiency of nucleic acid amplification typically leads to a 100-10,000-fold increase in sensitivity, as compared with the analogous enzyme-amplified immunoassay. The evolution of IPCR included the development of efficient reagents, the design of assay formats and the maintenance of functionality, even within complex biological matrices. Eventually, IPCR crossed the border from being a research method to a routine laboratory technique, enabling a broad range of applications in immunological research and clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof M Niemeyer
- Universität Dortmund, Fachbereich Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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38
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Keating CD. Nanoscience enables ultrasensitive detection of Alzheimer's biomarker. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:2263-4. [PMID: 15703290 PMCID: PMC549005 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500024102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christine D Keating
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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39
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40
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Burbulis I, Yamaguchi K, Gordon A, Carlson R, Brent R. Using protein-DNA chimeras to detect and count small numbers of molecules. Nat Methods 2004; 2:31-7. [PMID: 15782158 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe general methods to detect and quantify small numbers of specific molecules. We redirected self-splicing protein inteins to create 'tadpoles', chimeric molecules comprised of a protein head covalently coupled to an oligonucleotide tail. We made different classes of tadpoles that bind specific targets, including Bacillus anthracis protective antigen and the enzyme cofactor biotin. We measured the amount of bound target by quantifying DNA tails by T7 RNA polymerase runoff transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evaluated by rigorous statistical methods. These assays had a dynamic range of detection of more than 11 orders of magnitude and distinguished numbers of molecules that differed by as little as 10%. At their low limit, these assays were used to detect as few as 6,400 protective antigen molecules, 600 biotin molecules and 150 biotinylated protein molecules. In crudely fractionated human serum, the assays were used to detect as few as 32,000 protective antigen molecules. Tadpoles thus enable sensitive detection and precise quantification of molecules other than DNA and RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Burbulis
- The Molecular Sciences Institute, 2168 Shattuck Avenue, Berkeley, California 94704, USA.
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41
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Singh RP, Liu D, Chaudhari A, Cherry SR, Leahy RM, Smith DJ. Investigation of different transcript quantitation tools for high-throughput mapping of brain gene expression using voxelation. J Mol Histol 2004; 35:397-402. [PMID: 15503813 DOI: 10.1023/b:hijo.0000039878.01844.c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Voxelation is a new approach for genome scale acquisition of brain gene expression patterns. The method employs high-throughput analysis of spatially registered voxels (cubes) to create multiple volumetric images of brain gene expression, similar to those obtained from biomedical imaging systems. The spatial resolution of voxelation depends on voxel size, with smaller voxels giving higher resolution. An important question is the applicability of different transcript profiling tools for the various levels of resolution that can be employed. Here, we describe the use of three methods to analyze voxel transcript abundance: real-time PCR, microarray analysis and linear amplification coupled with microarrays. We show statistically significant concordance between real-time PCR and microarray analysis for the myelin basic protein gene in human brain specimens at differing levels of spatial resolution. In addition, we also demonstrate the feasibility of using linear amplification coupled with microarray analysis to create voxelation maps from the mouse brain at high resolution, 1 microl. These data indicate the suitability of a number of transcript profiling tools for various levels of spatial resolution in voxelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram P Singh
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Abstract
As the technology of proteomics moves from a theoretical approach to a practical reality, neuroscientists will have to determine the most appropriate applications for this technology. Neuroscientists will have to surmount difficulties particular to their research, such as limited sample amounts, heterogeneous cellular compositions in samples, and the fact that many proteins of interest are rare, hydrophobic proteins. This review examines protein isolation and protein fractionation and separation using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry proteomic methods. Methods for quantifying relative protein expression between samples (e.g., 2-DIGE, and ICAT) are also described. The coverage of the proteome, ability to detect membrane proteins, resource requirements, and quantitative reliability of different approaches is also discussed. Although there are many challenges in proteomic neuroscience, this field promises many rewards in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willard M. Freeman
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Scott E. Hemby
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Address reprint requests to: Scott E. Hemby, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329.
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Hinkle D, Glanzer J, Sarabi A, Pajunen T, Zielinski J, Belt B, Miyashiro K, McIntosh T, Eberwine J. Single neurons as experimental systems in molecular biology. Prog Neurobiol 2004; 72:129-42. [PMID: 15063529 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2003] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The cellular and the inter-connective complexity of the central nervous system (CNS) necessitate's analysis of functioning at both the system and single cell levels. Systems neuroscience has developed procedures that facilitate the analysis of multicellular systems including multielectrode arrays, dye tracings and lesioning assays, and at the single cell level there have been significant strides in assessing the physiology and morphology of individual cells. Until recently little progress had been made in understanding the molecular biology of single neuronal cells. This review will highlight the development of PCR and aRNA procedures for analysis of mRNA abundances in single cells. Also, other procedures for the analysis of protein abundances as well as the association of RNA with proteins will also be summarized. These procedures promise to provide experimental insights that will help unravel the functional mechanisms regulating the cellular components of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hinkle
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Kozlov IA, Melnyk PC, Stromsborg KE, Chee MS, Barker DL, Zhao C. Efficient strategies for the conjugation of oligonucleotides to antibodies enabling highly sensitive protein detection. Biopolymers 2004; 73:621-30. [PMID: 15048786 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Three methods for the conjugation of oligonucleotides to antibodies and the subsequent application of these conjugates to protein detection at attomole levels in immunoassays are described. The methods are based on chemical modification of both antibody and oligonucleotide. Aldehydes were introduced onto antibodies by modification of primary amines or oxidation of carbohydrate residues. Aldehyde- or hydrazine-modified oligonucleotides were prepared either during phosphoramidite synthesis or by post-synthesis derivatization. Conjugation between the modified oligonucleotide and antibody resulted in the formation of a hydrazone bond that proved to be stable over long periods of time under physiological conditions. The binding activity of each antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate was determined to be comparable to the corresponding unmodified antibody using a standard sandwich ELISA. Each oligonucleotide contained a unique DNA sequence flanked by universal primers at both ends and was assigned to a specific antibody. Highly sensitive immunoassays were performed by immobilizing analyte for each conjugate onto a solid support with cognate capture antibodies. Binding of the antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate to the immobilized analyte allowed for amplification of the attached DNA. Products of amplification were visualized using gel electrophoresis, thus denoting the presence of bound analyte. The preferred conjugation method was used to generate a set of antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates suitable for high-sensitivity protein detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Kozlov
- Illumina, Inc., 9885 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121-1975, USA
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Abstract
Expression profiling of tumours from cancer patients has uncovered several genes that are critically important in the progression of a normal cell to an oncogenic phenotype. Leading the way in these discoveries is the use of microarrays, a technology that is currently in transition from basic science applications to use in the clinic. Microarrays can determine the global gene regulation of an individual cancer, which may be useful in formulating an individualised therapy for the patient. Currently, cells used in breast cancer microarray studies often come from either homogenous cultures or heterogeneous biopsy samples. Both cell sources are at a disadvantage in determining the most accurate gene profile of cancer, which often consists of multiple subspecies of cancerous cells within a background of normal cells. Therefore, acquisition of small, but highly specific biopsies for analysis may be required for an accurate expression analysis of the disease. Amplification methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and amplified antisense RNA (aRNA) amplification, have been used to amplify the mRNA signal from very small samples, which can then be used for microarray analysis. In this study, we describe the acquisition, amplification, and analysis of very small samples (<10000 cells) for expression analysis and demonstrate that the ultimate resolution of cancer expression analysis, one cell, is both feasible and practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Glanzer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
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Ericson M, Haythornthwaite AR, Yeh PWL, Yeh HH. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mitigates chronic ethanol-induced attenuation of gamma-aminobutyric acid responses in cultured cerebellar granule cells. J Neurosci Res 2003; 73:722-30. [PMID: 12929140 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of chronic exposure to ethanol and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on the responsiveness of cerebellar granule cells to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Cerebellar granule cell cultures were chronically exposed to ethanol (100 mM), BDNF (20 ng/ml), or the combination of ethanol and BDNF. Whole-cell current responses of granule cells to exogenously applied GABA were monitored following at least 5 days of chronic exposure. In the ethanol-treated cultures, granule cell responsiveness to GABA was attenuated. Concomitant exposure of cultures to ethanol and BDNF mitigated the ethanol-induced attenuation of GABA response, although BDNF, by itself, did not affect responsiveness to GABA. BDNF increased the expression of the GABA(A) receptor alpha6 subunit, whereas ethanol had no effect, in chronically treated granule cell cultures. In addition, concomitant treatment with BDNF and ethanol did not increase the expression of the GABA(A) receptor alpha6 subunit, so the subunit expression alone could not account for the mitigating effect of BDNF. We propose that different mechanisms regulating responsiveness to GABA underlie the effects induced by ethanol and BDNF, with the former influencing the expression of functional GABA(A) receptors and the latter involving the activation of the TrkB receptor and its downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Ericson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Xie K, Tian L, Deng H, Wei Y. Advances in identification and application of tumor antigen inducing anti-cancer responses. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03185752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Miyashiro KY, Beckel-Mitchener A, Purk TP, Becker KG, Barret T, Liu L, Carbonetto S, Weiler IJ, Greenough WT, Eberwine J. RNA cargoes associating with FMRP reveal deficits in cellular functioning in Fmr1 null mice. Neuron 2003; 37:417-31. [PMID: 12575950 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Fragile X mental retardation-1 (Fmr1) gene encodes a multifunctional protein, FMRP, with intrinsic RNA binding activity. We have developed an approach, antibody-positioned RNA amplification (APRA), to identify the RNA cargoes associated with the in vivo configured FMRP messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex. Using APRA as a primary screen, putative FMRP RNA cargoes were assayed for their ability to bind directly to FMRP using traditional methods of assessing RNA-protein interactions, including UV-crosslinking and filter binding assays. Approximately 60% of the APRA-defined mRNAs directly associate with FMRP. By examining a subset of these mRNAs and their encoded proteins in brain tissue from Fmr1 knockout mice, we have observed that some of these cargoes as well as the proteins they encode show discrete changes in abundance and/or differential subcellular distribution. These data are consistent with spatially selective regulation of multiple biological pathways by FMRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y Miyashiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Tannous BA, Laios E, Christopoulos TK. T7 RNA polymerase as a self-replicating label for antigen quantification. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:e140. [PMID: 12490731 PMCID: PMC140089 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gnf140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are used widely as labels in binding assays for protein analytes, because they provide signal amplification. Efforts at improving the assay sensitivity have been focused mainly on the synthesis of novel substrates, e.g. fluorogenic and chemiluminogenic ones. We report the investigation of T7 RNA polymerase (T7RP) as a label with unique characteristics for antigen quantification. In an in vitro, coupled (one-step) transcription/translation reaction, T7RP catalyzes the expression of an enzyme-coding DNA template to produce free enzyme (luciferase) in solution. We demonstrate that the generated luciferase is linearly related to the input T7RP in a range covering over four orders of magnitude. It is also shown that T7RP exhibits a significant level of self-replication (100-fold) in vitro by acting on a DNA template comprising the T7RP cDNA downstream of a T7 promoter. By combining the self-replication reaction with the expression of luciferase DNA, as low as 1400 T7RP molecules are detectable. Furthermore, the T7RP is biotinylated, complexed with streptavidin and used for antigen quantification in a microtiter well-based assay with high sensitivity and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakhos A Tannous
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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