1
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Sutherland CA, Stevens DM, Seong K, Wei W, Krasileva KV. The resistance awakens: Diversity at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels informs engineering of plant immune receptors from Arabidopsis to crops. THE PLANT CELL 2025; 37:koaf109. [PMID: 40344182 PMCID: PMC12118082 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaf109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2025] [Revised: 04/17/2025] [Accepted: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 05/11/2025]
Abstract
Plants rely on germline-encoded, innate immune receptors to sense pathogens and initiate the defense response. The exponential increase in quality and quantity of genomes, RNA-seq datasets, and protein structures has underscored the incredible biodiversity of plant immunity. Arabidopsis continues to serve as a valuable model and theoretical foundation of our understanding of wild plant diversity of immune receptors, while expansion of study into agricultural crops has also revealed distinct evolutionary trajectories and challenges. Here, we provide the classical context for study of both intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors and surface-localized pattern recognition receptors at the levels of DNA sequences, transcriptional regulation, and protein structures. We then examine how recent technology has shaped our understanding of immune receptor evolution and informed our ability to efficiently engineer resistance. We summarize current literature and provide an outlook on how researchers take inspiration from natural diversity in bioengineering efforts for disease resistance from Arabidopsis and other model systems to crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler A Sutherland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Danielle M Stevens
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kyungyong Seong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ksenia V Krasileva
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Monge‐Waleryszak L, Girard M, Carcagno M, Culerrier R, Vicédo C, Martinez Y, Vérin C, Couté Y, Pacquit V, Deslandes L. Three ARID proteins involved in chromatin remodeling PEAT complexes are targeted by the Ralstonia solanacearum effector PopP2 and contribute to bacterial wilt disease. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2025; 122:e70205. [PMID: 40358473 PMCID: PMC12071340 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.70205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2025] [Accepted: 04/22/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025]
Abstract
Like many gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria, Ralstonia solanacearum uses a type III secretion system to deliver into host cells a cocktail of effector proteins that can interfere with plant defenses and promote infection. One of these effectors, the nuclear-targeted PopP2 acetyltransferase, was reported to inhibit many defensive WRKY transcription factors through acetylation. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms by which PopP2 might exert its virulence functions, we searched for other PopP2-interacting partners. Here we report the identification of the Arabidopsis thaliana AT-Rich Interaction Domain protein 3 (ARID3) and its close homologs, ARID2 and ARID4, as additional targets of PopP2. These ARID proteins are core components of the chromatin remodeling PEAT complexes that regulate gene expression through histone (de)acetylation and deubiquitination. In yeast, PopP2 binds the conserved C-terminal part of ARID2/3/4, which contains an α-crystallin domain putatively involved in their homo-oligomerization. ARID2/3/4 behave as substrates of PopP2 acetyltransferase activity, which causes the acetylation of several lysine residues conserved between these three proteins and located near their α-crystallin domain. Interestingly, while PopP2 negatively affects ARID3 and ARID4 self-interactions in planta, it promotes the interaction of ARID3 and ARID4 with PWWP1, another component of PEAT complexes, with which PopP2 can also interact. This study also reveals that disruption of ARID2/3/4 results in reduced growth of R. solanacearum. Overall, our data are consistent with a model in which PopP2 targets several components of PEAT complexes to interfere with their epigenetic regulatory functions and promote Ralstonia infection in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Monge‐Waleryszak
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐Microbes‐Environnement (LIPME)Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanF‐31326France
| | - Maxime Girard
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐Microbes‐Environnement (LIPME)Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanF‐31326France
| | - Mélanie Carcagno
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐Microbes‐Environnement (LIPME)Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanF‐31326France
| | - Raphaël Culerrier
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐Microbes‐Environnement (LIPME)Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanF‐31326France
| | - Céline Vicédo
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐Microbes‐Environnement (LIPME)Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanF‐31326France
| | - Yves Martinez
- TRI‐FRAIB Imaging Platform Facilities, FRAIBUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSCastanet‐Tolosan31320France
| | - Claire Vérin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, FR2048Grenoble38000France
| | - Yohann Couté
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, FR2048Grenoble38000France
| | - Valérie Pacquit
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐Microbes‐Environnement (LIPME)Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanF‐31326France
| | - Laurent Deslandes
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐Microbes‐Environnement (LIPME)Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanF‐31326France
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3
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An Y, Lu J, Zhang S, Fang B, Zhang M. New insights into CNL-mediated immunity through recognition of Ralstonia solanacearum RipP1 by NbZAR1. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2025; 67:1220-1222. [PMID: 39968695 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2025] [Indexed: 02/20/2025]
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana requires the coiled-coil nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor protein NbZAR1 to recognize the type III effector RipP1 from Ralstonia solanacearum. Moreover, RipP1-induced cell death and immunity relies on EDS1 and NRG1, two core components of the Toll-interleukin 1-like receptor nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan An
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jingwei Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Shuangxi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Beibei Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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4
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Sung YC, Li Y, Bernasconi Z, Baik S, Asuke S, Keller B, Fahima T, Coaker G. Wheat tandem kinase RWT4 directly binds a fungal effector to activate defense. Nat Genet 2025; 57:1238-1249. [PMID: 40229601 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-025-02162-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2025] [Indexed: 04/16/2025]
Abstract
Plants have intricate innate immune receptors that detect pathogens. Research has intensely focused on two receptor classes recognizing external and internal threats. Recent research has identified a class of disease-resistance proteins called tandem kinase proteins (TKPs). We investigated RWT4, a wheat TKP that confers resistance to the devastating fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. We established a rice protoplast system, revealing RWT4 specifically recognizes the AvrPWT4 effector, leading to the transcription of defense genes and inducing cell death. RWT4 possesses both kinase and pseudokinase domains, with its kinase activity essential for defense. RWT4 directly interacts with and transphosphorylates AvrPWT4. Biolayer interferometry revealed both RWT4 kinase and pseudokinase regions bind the effector. Sequence similarity and structural modeling revealed a partial kinase duplication in RWT4's kinase region as critical for effector interaction and defense activation. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that TKPs can directly bind a recognized effector, leading to downstream defense activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chang Sung
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yinghui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Institute of Evolution and the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zoe Bernasconi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Suji Baik
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Soichiro Asuke
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tzion Fahima
- Institute of Evolution and the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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5
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Yang L, Liu S, Schranz ME, Bouwmeester K. Phylogenomic analysis reveals exceptions to the co-evolution of ZAR1 and ZRK immune gene families in plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2025; 25:91. [PMID: 39844029 PMCID: PMC11752965 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-025-06099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2025] [Indexed: 01/24/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 (ZAR1) is a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein functioning as a recognition hub to initiate effector-triggered immunity against bacterial pathogens. To initiate defense, ZAR1 associates with different HOPZ-ETI-DEFICIENT 1 (ZED1)-Related Kinases (ZRKs) to form resistosomes to indirectly perceive effector-induced perturbations. Few studies have focused on the phylogenomic characteristics of ZAR1 and ZRK immune gene families and their evolutionary relationships. To trace the origin and divergence of ZAR1 and ZRK immune gene families across the plant kingdom, we performed phylogenomic analyses using an extended set of plant genomes. RESULTS Genome-wide identification of ZAR1 and ZRK immune gene families by blast similarity searches combined with phylogenetic analysis showed that these two gene families have experienced frequent gene losses in massive lineages. Gene distribution patterns across the plant kingdom revealed that ZAR1 and ZRK emerged after the divergence of most angiosperms from Amborella and before the split of magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots. Co-occurrence of ZAR1-A and ZRKs was found in various plant species belonging to different angiosperm orders, but both genes were found to be absent in chlorophyta, bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, and gymnosperms. We also detected a large number of concerted gene losses in angiosperms, especially within the orders Fabales, Cucurbitales, Asterales, and Apiales. All analysed monocot genomes thus far examined, except for the aroid Colocasia esculenta, were previously reported to lack both ZAR1-A and ZRKs. Here we now report other exceptions on the concerted ZAR1-A-ZRKs presence-absence pattern within several early diverging monocot lineages, including the genome of Acorus tatarinowii-a species representing the first branching monocot lineage. We also revealed strong variation in ZAR1-A-ZRKs co-occurrence within the asterid order Ericales, suggesting patterns of de-coevolution in angiosperms. Our research further shows that both gene families experienced significant diversification through various duplication events. Additionally, their evolutionary paths have been shaped by frequent gene losses and lineage-specific transposition. CONCLUSION This study provides novel findings on the evolution of ZAR1 and ZRK immune gene families across a wide range of plant species, suggesting that more potential exceptions can be expected when expanding the list of sequenced genomes from distinct orders. Our results provide new hypotheses about the origin and diversification of these critical immune genes for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China
| | - Shengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China.
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands.
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Wang W, Zhang J, Pan L, Liu Z, Yi W, Xing X, Bai L, Liu Q, Chen Q, Mi L, Zhou Q, Pei D, Gao H. Plant extracellular vesicles contribute to the amplification of immune signals during systemic acquired resistance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 44:16. [PMID: 39738851 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2024] [Accepted: 12/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/02/2025]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Plant extracellular vesicles play a role in systemic acquired resistance by facilitating the transmission of immune signals between plant cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a critical role in facilitating the transfer of nucleic acids and proteins between plants and pathogens. However, the involvement of plant EVs in intercellular communication and their contribution to the regulation of physiological and pathological conditions in plants remains unclear. In this study, we isolated EVs from the apoplast of Arabidopsis plants induced by systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and conducted proteomic and physiological analyses to investigate the role of EVs in SAR. The results demonstrated that plant cells are capable of internalizing EVs, and EV secretion was enhanced in SAR-induced plants. EVs isolated from SAR-induced plants effectively inhibited the spore production of Botrytis cinerea, activated the transcription of several SAR marker genes, and improved plant resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000). Several proteins associated with defense responses were enriched in EVs upon SAR induction. Among these, the receptor-like kinase H2O2-Induced Ca2+ Increase 1 (HPCA1) was identified as a crucial component in SAR. In addition, plant EVs contained numerous proteins involved in the transmission of signals related to pathogen-associated molecular patterns-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Our findings suggest that plant EVs are functionally involved in the propagation of SAR signals and may play diverse roles in plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Provincial Key University Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Junsong Zhang
- Provincial Key University Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Liying Pan
- Provincial Key University Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Zijia Liu
- Provincial Key University Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Weiwei Yi
- Provincial Key University Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Xiaolong Xing
- Provincial Key University Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Linlin Bai
- Provincial Key University Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Provincial Key University Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Qingbin Chen
- Provincial Key University Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Lingyu Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Provincial Key University Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Dongli Pei
- Provincial Key University Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Hang Gao
- Provincial Key University Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China.
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7
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Wöhner TW, Emeriewen OF. A landscape of resistance gene analogs in sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.). BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:292. [PMID: 39370523 PMCID: PMC11457318 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-06952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research aims to analyze the presence and distribution of resistance genes in the avium and fruticosa subgenomes of Prunus cerasus through computational methods and bioinformatics tools. RESULTS Analysis of genome and transcriptome sequencing data revealed a total of 19,570 transcripts with at least one resistance gene domain in Prunus cerasus subgenome avium and 19,142 in Prunus cerasus subgenome fruticosa. Key findings include the identification of 804 "complete" resistance gene transcripts in Prunus cerasus subgenome avium and 817 in Prunus cerasus subgenome fruticosa, with distinct distributions of resistance gene classes observed between the subgenomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed clustering of resistance genes, and unique resistance proteins were identified in each subgenome. Functional annotation comparisons with Arabidopsis thaliana highlighted shared and unique resistance genes, emphasizing the complexity of disease resistance in cherry species. Additionally, a higher diversity of RLKs and RLPs was observed, with 504 transcripts identified and 18 showing similarity to known reference genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wolfgang Wöhner
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Dresden, 01326, Saxony, Germany.
| | - Ofere Francis Emeriewen
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Dresden, 01326, Saxony, Germany
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8
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Hailemariam S, Liao CJ, Mengiste T. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases: orchestrating plant cellular communication. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:1113-1130. [PMID: 38816318 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The receptor-like kinase (RLK) family of receptors and the associated receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) have expanded in plants because of selective pressure from environmental stress and evolving pathogens. RLCKs link pathogen perception to activation of coping mechanisms. RLK-RLCK modules regulate hormone synthesis and responses, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, Ca2+ signaling, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and immune gene expression, all of which contribute to immunity. Some RLCKs integrate responses from multiple receptors recognizing distinct ligands. RLKs/RLCKs and nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeats (NLRs) were found to synergize, demonstrating the intertwined genetic network in plant immunity. Studies in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) have provided paradigms about RLCK functions, but a lack of understanding of crop RLCKs undermines their application. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the diverse functions of RLCKs, based on model systems and observations in crop species, and the emerging role of RLCKs in pathogen and abiotic stress response signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hailemariam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chao-Jan Liao
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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9
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Kourelis J, Schuster M, Demir F, Mattinson O, Krauter S, Kahlon PS, O’Grady R, Royston S, Bravo-Cazar AL, Mooney BC, Huesgen PF, Kamoun S, van der Hoorn RAL. Bioengineering secreted proteases converts divergent Rcr3 orthologs and paralogs into extracellular immune co-receptors. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3260-3276. [PMID: 38923940 PMCID: PMC11371160 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Secreted immune proteases "Required for Cladosporium resistance-3" (Rcr3) and "Phytophthora-inhibited protease-1" (Pip1) of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) are both inhibited by Avirulence-2 (Avr2) from the fungal plant pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. However, only Rcr3 acts as a decoy co-receptor that detects Avr2 in the presence of the Cf-2 immune receptor. Here, we identified crucial residues in tomato Rcr3 that are required for Cf-2-mediated signaling and bioengineered various proteases to trigger Avr2/Cf-2-dependent immunity. Despite substantial divergence in Rcr3 orthologs from eggplant (Solanum melongena) and tobacco (Nicotiana spp.), minimal alterations were sufficient to trigger Avr2/Cf-2-mediated immune signaling. By contrast, tomato Pip1 was bioengineered with 16 Rcr3-specific residues to initiate Avr2/Cf-2-triggered immune signaling. These residues cluster on one side of the protein next to the substrate-binding groove, indicating a potential Cf-2 interaction site. Our findings also revealed that Rcr3 and Pip1 have distinct substrate preferences determined by two variant residues and that both are suboptimal for binding Avr2. This study advances our understanding of Avr2 perception and opens avenues to bioengineer proteases to broaden pathogen recognition in other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK
| | - Mariana Schuster
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Fatih Demir
- Central Institute for Engineering, Department of Electronics and Analytics (ZEA), Analytics (ZEA-3), Research Centre Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Oliver Mattinson
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Sonja Krauter
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Parvinderdeep S Kahlon
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Ruby O’Grady
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Samantha Royston
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Ana Lucía Bravo-Cazar
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Brian C Mooney
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Department of Electronics and Analytics (ZEA), Analytics (ZEA-3), Research Centre Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
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10
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Diplock N, Baudin M, Xiang XD, Liang LY, Dai W, Murphy JM, Lucet IS, Hassan JA, Lewis JD. Molecular dissection of the pseudokinase ZED1 expands effector recognition to the tomato immune receptor ZAR1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:651-666. [PMID: 38748589 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
The highly conserved angiosperm immune receptor HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 (ZAR1) is a bacterial pathogen recognition hub that mediates resistance by guarding host kinases for modification by pathogen effectors. The pseudokinase HOPZ-ETI DEFICIENT 1 (ZED1) is the only known ZAR1-guarded protein that interacts directly with a pathogen effector, HopZ1a, from the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, making it a promising system for rational design of effector recognition for plant immunity. Here, we conducted an in-depth molecular analysis of ZED1. We generated a library of 164 random ZED1 mutants and identified 50 mutants that could not recognize the effector HopZ1a when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Based on our random mutants, we generated a library of 27 point mutants and found evidence of minor functional divergence between Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and N. benthamiana ZAR1 orthologs. We leveraged our point mutant library to identify regions in ZED1 critical for ZAR1 and HopZ1a interactions and identified two likely ZED1-HopZ1a binding conformations. We explored ZED1 nucleotide and cation binding activity and showed that ZED1 is a catalytically dead pseudokinase, functioning solely as an allosteric regulator upon effector recognition. We used our library of ZED1 point mutants to identify the ZED1 activation loop regions as the most likely cause of interspecies ZAR1-ZED1 incompatibility. Finally, we identified a mutation that abolished ZAR1-ZED1 interspecies incompatibility while retaining the ability to mediate HopZ1a recognition, which enabled recognition of HopZ1a through tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) ZAR1. This provides an example of expanded effector recognition through a ZAR1 ortholog from a non-model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Diplock
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Maël Baudin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xincheng Derek Xiang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lung-Yu Liang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Weiwen Dai
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - James M Murphy
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Isabelle S Lucet
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Jana A Hassan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer D Lewis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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11
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Yu X, Niu H, Liu C, Wang H, Yin W, Xia X. PTI-ETI synergistic signal mechanisms in plant immunity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2113-2128. [PMID: 38470397 PMCID: PMC11258992 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Plants face a relentless onslaught from a diverse array of pathogens in their natural environment, to which they have evolved a myriad of strategies that unfold across various temporal scales. Cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect conserved elicitors from pathogens or endogenous molecules released during pathogen invasion, initiating the first line of defence in plants, known as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which imparts a baseline level of disease resistance. Inside host cells, pathogen effectors are sensed by the nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors, which then activate the second line of defence: effector-triggered immunity (ETI), offering a more potent and enduring defence mechanism. Moreover, PTI and ETI collaborate synergistically to bolster disease resistance and collectively trigger a cascade of downstream defence responses. This article provides a comprehensive review of plant defence responses, offering an overview of the stepwise activation of plant immunity and the interactions between PTI-ETI synergistic signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hao‐Qiang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hou‐Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weilun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinli Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
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12
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Li L, Liu J, Zhou JM. From molecule to cell: the expanding frontiers of plant immunity. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:680-690. [PMID: 38417548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the field of plant immunity has witnessed remarkable breakthroughs. During the co-evolution between plants and pathogens, plants have developed a wealth of intricate defense mechanisms to safeguard their survival. Newly identified immune receptors have added unexpected complexity to the surface and intracellular sensor networks, enriching our understanding of the ongoing plant-pathogen interplay. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of resistosome shapes our understanding of these mysterious molecules in plant immunity. Moreover, technological innovations are expanding the horizon of the plant-pathogen battlefield into spatial and temporal scales. While the development provides new opportunities for untangling the complex realm of plant immunity, challenges remain in uncovering plant immunity across spatiotemporal dimensions from both molecular and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China.
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13
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Wen Y, Wang F, Wang H, Bi Y, Yan Y, Noman M, Li D, Song F. Melon CmRLCK VII-8 kinase genes CmRLCK27, CmRLCK30 and CmRLCK34 modulate resistance against bacterial and fungal diseases in Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14456. [PMID: 39072778 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) represent a distinct class of receptor-like kinases crucial for various aspects of plant biology, including growth, development, and stress responses. This study delves into the characterization of RLCK VII-8 members within cucurbits, particularly in melon, examining both structural features and the phylogenetic relationships of these genes/proteins. The investigation extends to their potential involvement in disease resistance by employing ectopic overexpression in Arabidopsis. The promoters of CmRLCK VII-8 genes harbor multiple phytohormone- and stress-responsive cis-acting elements, with the majority (excluding CmRLCK39) displaying upregulated expression in response to defense hormones and fungal infection. Subcellular localization studies reveal that CmRLCK VII-8 proteins predominantly reside on the plasma membrane, with CmRLCK29 and CmRLCK30 exhibiting additional nuclear distribution. Notably, Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CmRLCK30 manifest dwarfing and delayed flowering phenotypes. Overexpression of CmRLCK27, CmRLCK30, and CmRLCK34 in Arabidopsis imparts enhanced resistance against Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, concomitant with the strengthened expression of defense genes and reactive oxygen species accumulation. The CmRLCK VII-8 members actively participate in chitin- and flg22-triggered immune responses. Furthermore, CmRLCK30 interacts with CmMAPKKK1 and CmARFGAP, adding a layer of complexity to the regulatory network. In summary, this functional characterization underscores the regulatory roles of CmRLCK27, CmRLCK30, and CmRLCK34 in immune responses by influencing pathogen-induced defense gene expression and ROS accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fahao Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Bi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqing Yan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Muhammad Noman
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dayong Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengming Song
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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14
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Sundaram B, Tweedell RE, Prasanth Kumar S, Kanneganti TD. The NLR family of innate immune and cell death sensors. Immunity 2024; 57:674-699. [PMID: 38599165 PMCID: PMC11112261 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, also known as nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), are a family of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors that detect a wide variety of pathogenic and sterile triggers. Activation of specific NLRs initiates pro- or anti-inflammatory signaling cascades and the formation of inflammasomes-multi-protein complexes that induce caspase-1 activation to drive inflammatory cytokine maturation and lytic cell death, pyroptosis. Certain NLRs and inflammasomes act as integral components of larger cell death complexes-PANoptosomes-driving another form of lytic cell death, PANoptosis. Here, we review the current understanding of the evolution, structure, and function of NLRs in health and disease. We discuss the concept of NLR networks and their roles in driving cell death and immunity. An improved mechanistic understanding of NLRs may provide therapeutic strategies applicable across infectious and inflammatory diseases and in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Sundaram
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rebecca E Tweedell
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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15
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Ngou BPM, Wyler M, Schmid MW, Kadota Y, Shirasu K. Evolutionary trajectory of pattern recognition receptors in plants. Nat Commun 2024; 15:308. [PMID: 38302456 PMCID: PMC10834447 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface receptors play pivotal roles in many biological processes, including immunity, development, and reproduction, across diverse organisms. How cell-surface receptors evolve to become specialised in different biological processes remains elusive. To shed light on the immune-specificity of cell-surface receptors, we analyzed more than 200,000 genes encoding cell-surface receptors from 350 genomes and traced the evolutionary origin of immune-specific leucine-rich repeat receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) in plants. Surprisingly, we discovered that the motifs crucial for co-receptor interaction in LRR-RLPs are closely related to those of the LRR-receptor-like kinase (RLK) subgroup Xb, which perceives phytohormones and primarily governs growth and development. Functional characterisation further reveals that LRR-RLPs initiate immune responses through their juxtamembrane and transmembrane regions, while LRR-RLK-Xb members regulate development through their cytosolic kinase domains. Our data suggest that the cell-surface receptors involved in immunity and development share a common origin. After diversification, their ectodomains, juxtamembrane, transmembrane, and cytosolic regions have either diversified or stabilised to recognise diverse ligands and activate differential downstream responses. Our work reveals a mechanism by which plants evolve to perceive diverse signals to activate the appropriate responses in a rapidly changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan.
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16
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Brabham HJ, Gómez De La Cruz D, Were V, Shimizu M, Saitoh H, Hernández-Pinzón I, Green P, Lorang J, Fujisaki K, Sato K, Molnár I, Šimková H, Doležel J, Russell J, Taylor J, Smoker M, Gupta YK, Wolpert T, Talbot NJ, Terauchi R, Moscou MJ. Barley MLA3 recognizes the host-specificity effector Pwl2 from Magnaporthe oryzae. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:447-470. [PMID: 37820736 PMCID: PMC10827324 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLRs) immune receptors directly or indirectly recognize pathogen-secreted effector molecules to initiate plant defense. Recognition of multiple pathogens by a single NLR is rare and usually occurs via monitoring for changes to host proteins; few characterized NLRs have been shown to recognize multiple effectors. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) NLR gene Mildew locus a (Mla) has undergone functional diversification, and the proteins encoded by different Mla alleles recognize host-adapted isolates of barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei [Bgh]). Here, we show that Mla3 also confers resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in a dosage-dependent manner. Using a forward genetic screen, we discovered that the recognized effector from M. oryzae is Pathogenicity toward Weeping Lovegrass 2 (Pwl2), a host range determinant factor that prevents M. oryzae from infecting weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Mla3 has therefore convergently evolved the capacity to recognize effectors from diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Brabham
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- 2Blades, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Diana Gómez De La Cruz
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent Were
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Motoki Shimizu
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Centre, Kitakami 024-0003, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Saitoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | | | - Phon Green
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jennifer Lorang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Koki Fujisaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Centre, Kitakami 024-0003, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - István Molnár
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Šimková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - James Russell
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jodie Taylor
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Matthew Smoker
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yogesh Kumar Gupta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- 2Blades, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Tom Wolpert
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Centre, Kitakami 024-0003, Japan
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 617-0001, Japan
| | - Matthew J Moscou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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17
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Jiménez‐Guerrero I, López‐Baena FJ, Borrero‐de Acuña JM, Pérez‐Montaño F. Membrane vesicle engineering with "à la carte" bacterial-immunogenic molecules for organism-free plant vaccination. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2223-2235. [PMID: 37530752 PMCID: PMC10686165 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The United Nations heralds a world population exponential increase exceeding 9.7 billion by 2050. This poses the challenge of covering the nutritional needs of an overpopulated world by the hand of preserving the environment. Extensive agriculture practices harnessed the employment of fertilizers and pesticides to boost crop productivity and prevent economic and harvest yield losses attributed to plagues and diseases. Unfortunately, the concomitant hazardous effects stemmed from such agriculture techniques are cumbersome, that is, biodiversity loss, soils and waters contaminations, and human and animal poisoning. Hence, the so-called 'green agriculture' research revolves around designing novel biopesticides and plant growth-promoting bio-agents to the end of curbing the detrimental effects. In this field, microbe-plant interactions studies offer multiple possibilities for reshaping the plant holobiont physiology to its benefit. Along these lines, bacterial extracellular membrane vesicles emerge as an appealing molecular tool to capitalize on. These nanoparticles convey a manifold of molecules that mediate intricate bacteria-plant interactions including plant immunomodulation. Herein, we bring into the spotlight bacterial extracellular membrane vesicle engineering to encase immunomodulatory effectors into their cargo for their application as biocontrol agents. The overarching goal is achieving plant priming by deploying its innate immune responses thereby preventing upcoming infections.
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18
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Kourelis J. Interplay between cell-surface receptor and intracellular NLR-mediated immune responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2218-2226. [PMID: 37605623 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The functional link between cell-surface receptors and intracellular NLR immune receptors is a critical aspect of plant immunity. To establish disease, successful pathogens have evolved mechanisms to suppress cell-surface immune signalling. In response, plants have adapted by evolving NLRs that recognize pathogen effectors involved in this suppression, thereby counteracting their immune-suppressing function. This ongoing co-evolutionary struggle has seemingly resulted in intertwined signalling pathways in some plant species, where NLRs form a separate signalling branch downstream of activated cell-surface receptor complexes essential for full immunity. Understanding these interconnected receptor networks could lead to novel strategies for developing durable disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK
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19
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Contreras MP, Lüdke D, Pai H, Toghani A, Kamoun S. NLR receptors in plant immunity: making sense of the alphabet soup. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57495. [PMID: 37602936 PMCID: PMC10561179 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants coordinately use cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors to perceive pathogens and mount an immune response. Intracellular events of pathogen recognition are largely mediated by immune receptors of the nucleotide binding and leucine rich-repeat (NLR) classes. Upon pathogen perception, NLRs trigger a potent broad-spectrum immune reaction, usually accompanied by a form of programmed cell death termed the hypersensitive response. Some plant NLRs act as multifunctional singleton receptors which combine pathogen detection and immune signaling. However, NLRs can also function in higher order pairs and networks of functionally specialized interconnected receptors. In this article, we cover the basic aspects of plant NLR biology with an emphasis on NLR networks. We highlight some of the recent advances in NLR structure, function, and activation and discuss emerging topics such as modulator NLRs, pathogen suppression of NLRs, and NLR bioengineering. Multi-disciplinary approaches are required to disentangle how these NLR immune receptor pairs and networks function and evolve. Answering these questions holds the potential to deepen our understanding of the plant immune system and unlock a new era of disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Lüdke
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | | | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
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20
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Tomar V, Rikkerink EHA, Song J, Sofkova-Bobcheva S, Bus VGM. Structure-Function Characterisation of Eop1 Effectors from the Erwinia-Pantoea Clade Reveals They May Acetylate Their Defence Target through a Catalytic Dyad. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14664. [PMID: 37834112 PMCID: PMC10572645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The YopJ group of acetylating effectors from phytopathogens of the genera Pseudomonas and Ralstonia have been widely studied to understand how they modify and suppress their host defence targets. In contrast, studies on a related group of effectors, the Eop1 group, lag far behind. Members of the Eop1 group are widely present in the Erwinia-Pantoea clade of Gram-negative bacteria, which contains phytopathogens, non-pathogens and potential biocontrol agents, implying that they may play an important role in agroecological or pathological adaptations. The lack of research in this group of YopJ effectors has left a significant knowledge gap in their functioning and role. For the first time, we perform a comparative analysis combining AlphaFold modelling, in planta transient expressions and targeted mutational analyses of the Eop1 group effectors from the Erwinia-Pantoea clade, to help elucidate their likely activity and mechanism(s). This integrated study revealed several new findings, including putative binding sites for inositol hexakisphosphate and acetyl coenzyme A and newly postulated target-binding domains, and raises questions about whether these effectors function through a catalytic triad mechanism. The results imply that some Eop1s may use a catalytic dyad acetylation mechanism that we found could be promoted by the electronegative environment around the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishant Tomar
- Mt Albert Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Erik H. A. Rikkerink
- Mt Albert Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Janghoon Song
- Pear Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Naju 58216, Republic of Korea
| | - Svetla Sofkova-Bobcheva
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Vincent G. M. Bus
- Hawkes Bay Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Havelock North 4130, New Zealand;
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21
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Adachi H, Sakai T, Kourelis J, Pai H, Gonzalez Hernandez JL, Utsumi Y, Seki M, Maqbool A, Kamoun S. Jurassic NLR: Conserved and dynamic evolutionary features of the atypically ancient immune receptor ZAR1. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3662-3685. [PMID: 37467141 PMCID: PMC10533333 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors generally exhibit hallmarks of rapid evolution, even at the intraspecific level. We used iterative sequence similarity searches coupled with phylogenetic analyses to reconstruct the evolutionary history of HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE1 (ZAR1), an atypically conserved NLR that traces its origin to early flowering plant lineages ∼220 to 150 million yrs ago (Jurassic period). We discovered 120 ZAR1 orthologs in 88 species, including the monocot Colocasia esculenta, the magnoliid Cinnamomum micranthum, and most eudicots, notably the Ranunculales species Aquilegia coerulea, which is outside the core eudicots. Ortholog sequence analyses revealed highly conserved features of ZAR1, including regions for pathogen effector recognition and cell death activation. We functionally reconstructed the cell death activity of ZAR1 and its partner receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) from distantly related plant species, experimentally validating the hypothesis that ZAR1 evolved to partner with RLCKs early in its evolution. In addition, ZAR1 acquired novel molecular features. In cassava (Manihot esculenta) and cotton (Gossypium spp.), ZAR1 carries a C-terminal thioredoxin-like domain, and in several taxa, ZAR1 duplicated into 2 paralog families, which underwent distinct evolutionary paths. ZAR1 stands out among angiosperm NLR genes for having experienced relatively limited duplication and expansion throughout its deep evolutionary history. Nonetheless, ZAR1 also gave rise to noncanonical NLRs with integrated domains and degenerated molecular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Adachi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Mozume, Muko, Kyoto 617-0001, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Mozume, Muko, Kyoto 617-0001, Japan
| | - Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jose L Gonzalez Hernandez
- Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Yoshinori Utsumi
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Plant Epigenome Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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22
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Ahn YJ, Kim H, Choi S, Mazo-Molina C, Prokchorchik M, Zhang N, Kim B, Mang H, Koehler N, Kim J, Lee S, Yoon H, Choi D, Kim MS, Segonzac C, Martin GB, Schultink A, Sohn KH. Ptr1 and ZAR1 immune receptors confer overlapping and distinct bacterial pathogen effector specificities. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:1935-1953. [PMID: 37334551 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Some nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) indirectly detect pathogen effectors by monitoring their host targets. In Arabidopsis thaliana, RIN4 is targeted by multiple sequence-unrelated effectors and activates immune responses mediated by RPM1 and RPS2. These effectors trigger cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, but the corresponding NLRs have yet not been identified. To identify N. benthamiana NLRs (NbNLRs) that recognize Arabidopsis RIN4-targeting effectors, we conducted a rapid reverse genetic screen using an NbNLR VIGS library. We identified that the N. benthamiana homolog of Ptr1 (Pseudomonas tomato race 1) recognizes the Pseudomonas effectors AvrRpt2, AvrRpm1, and AvrB. We demonstrated that recognition of the Xanthomonas effector AvrBsT and the Pseudomonas effector HopZ5 is conferred independently by the N. benthamiana homolog of Ptr1 and ZAR1. Interestingly, the recognition of HopZ5 and AvrBsT is contributed unequally by Ptr1 and ZAR1 in N. benthamiana and Capsicum annuum. In addition, we showed that the RLCK XII family protein JIM2 is required for the NbZAR1-dependent recognition of AvrBsT and HopZ5. The recognition of sequence-unrelated effectors by NbPtr1 and NbZAR1 provides an additional example of convergently evolved effector recognition. Identification of key components involved in Ptr1 and ZAR1-mediated immunity could reveal unique mechanisms of expanded effector recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin Ahn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Haseong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Sera Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Carolina Mazo-Molina
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Maxim Prokchorchik
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Ning Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Boyoung Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hyunggon Mang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Naio Koehler
- Fortiphyte Inc., 3071 Research Drive, Richmond, CA, 94806, USA
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Soeui Lee
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hayeon Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Gregory B Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alex Schultink
- Fortiphyte Inc., 3071 Research Drive, Richmond, CA, 94806, USA
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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23
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Sharma A, Li J, Wente R, Minsavage GV, Gill US, Ortega A, Vallejos CE, Hart JP, Staskawicz BJ, Mazourek MR, Stall RE, Jones JB, Hutton SF. Mapping of the bs5 and bs6 non-race-specific recessive resistances against bacterial spot of pepper. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1061803. [PMID: 37275256 PMCID: PMC10235544 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1061803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria is a major disease of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in warm and humid production environments. Use of genetically resistant cultivars is an effective approach to manage bacterial spot. Two recessive resistance genes, bs5 and bs6, confer non-race-specific resistance against bacterial spot. The objective of our study was to map these two loci in the pepper genome. We used a genotyping-by-sequencing approach to initially map the position of the two resistances. Segregating populations for bs5 and bs6 were developed by crossing susceptible Early CalWonder (ECW) with near-isogenic lines ECW50R (bs5 introgression) or ECW60R (bs6 introgression). Following fine-mapping, bs5 was delimited to a ~535 Kbp interval on chromosome 3, and bs6 to a ~666 Kbp interval in chromosome 6. We identified 14 and 8 candidate resistance genes for bs5 and bs6, respectively, based on predicted protein coding polymorphisms between ECW and the corresponding resistant parent. This research enhances marker-assisted selection of bs5 and bs6 in breeding programs and is a crucial step towards elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jian Li
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rebecca Wente
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gerald V. Minsavage
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Upinder S. Gill
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - C. Eduardo Vallejos
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John P. Hart
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Brian J. Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Michael R. Mazourek
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Robert E. Stall
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Samuel F. Hutton
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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24
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Diplock N, Baudin M, Harden L, Silva CJ, Erickson-Beltran ML, Hassan JA, Lewis JD. Utilising natural diversity of kinases to rationally engineer interactions with the angiosperm immune receptor ZAR1. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023. [PMID: 37157998 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The highly conserved angiosperm immune receptor HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE1 (ZAR1) recognises the activity of diverse pathogen effector proteins by monitoring the ZED1-related kinase (ZRK) family. Understanding how ZAR1 achieves interaction specificity for ZRKs may allow for the expansion of the ZAR1-kinase recognition repertoire to achieve novel pathogen recognition outside of model species. We took advantage of the natural diversity of Arabidopsis thaliana kinases to probe the ZAR1-kinase interaction interface and found that A. thaliana ZAR1 (AtZAR1) can interact with most ZRKs, except ZRK7. We found evidence of alternative splicing of ZRK7, resulting in a protein that can interact with AtZAR1. Despite high sequence conservation of ZAR1, interspecific ZAR1-ZRK pairings resulted in the autoactivation of cell death. We showed that ZAR1 interacts with a greater diversity of kinases than previously thought, while still possessing the capacity for specificity in kinase interactions. Finally, using AtZAR1-ZRK interaction data, we rationally increased ZRK10 interaction strength with AtZAR1, demonstrating the feasibility of the rational design of a ZAR1-interacting kinase. Overall, our findings advance our understanding of the rules governing ZAR1 interaction specificity, with promising future directions for expanding ZAR1 immunodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Diplock
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Maël Baudin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Leslie Harden
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Christopher J Silva
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Melissa L Erickson-Beltran
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Jana A Hassan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jennifer D Lewis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Plant Gene Expression Center, Albany, California, USA
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25
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Essenberg M, McNally KL, Bayles MB, Pierce ML, Hall JA, Kuss CR, Shevell JL, Verhalen LM. Gene B5 in Cotton Confers High and Broad Resistance to Bacterial Blight and Conditions High Amounts of Sesquiterpenoid Phytoalexins. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023:PHYTO08220310FI. [PMID: 37059968 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-22-0310-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial blight resistance gene B5 has received little attention since it was first described in 1950. A near-isogenic line (NIL) of Gossypium hirsutum cotton, AcB5, was generated in an otherwise bacterial-blight-susceptible 'Acala 44' background. The introgressed locus B5 in AcB5 conferred strong and broad-spectrum resistance to bacterial blight. Segregation patterns of test crosses under Oklahoma field conditions indicated that AcB5 is likely homozygous for resistance at two loci with partial dominance gene action. In controlled-environment conditions, two of the four copies of B5 were required for effective resistance. Contrary to expectations of gene-for-gene theory, AcB5 conferred high resistance toward isogenic strains of Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum carrying cloned avirulence genes avrB4, avrb7, avrBIn, avrB101, and avrB102, respectively, and weaker resistance toward the strain carrying cloned avrb6. The hypothesis that each B gene, in the absence of a polygenic complex, triggers sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin production was tested by measurement of cadalene and lacinilene phytoalexins during resistant responses in five NILs carrying different B genes, four other lines carrying multiple resistance genes, as well as susceptible Ac44E. Phytoalexin production was an obvious, but variable, response in all nine resistant lines. AcB5 accumulated an order of magnitude more of all four phytoalexins than any of the other resistant NILs. Its total levels were comparable to those detected in OK1.2, a highly resistant line that possesses several B genes in a polygenic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Essenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Kenneth L McNally
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Melanie B Bayles
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Margaret L Pierce
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Judy A Hall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Christine R Kuss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Judith L Shevell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Laval M Verhalen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
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26
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Santillán Martínez MI, Gao D, Appiano M, Derks I, Huibers RP, Spil G, Wang X, Visser RGF, Wolters AMA, Bai Y. ZED1-related kinase 13 is required for resistance against Pseudoidium neolycopersici in Arabidopsis accession Bla-6. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1111322. [PMID: 37025130 PMCID: PMC10071312 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
To explore specific components of resistance against the tomato-adapted powdery mildew pathogen Pseudoidium neolycopersici (On) in the model plant Arabidopsis, we performed a disease assay in 123 accessions. When testing the resistance in the F1 from crossings between resistant accessions with susceptible Col-0 or Sha, only the progeny of the cross between accession Bla-6 and Col-0 displayed a completely resistant phenotype. The resistance in Bla-6 is known to be specific for Pseudoidium neolycopersici. QTL analysis and fine-mapping through several rounds of recombinant screenings allowed us to locate a major resistance QTL in an interval on chromosome 1, containing two candidate genes and an intergenic insertion. Via CRISPR/Cas9 targeted mutagenesis, we could show that knocking out the ZED-1 RELATED KINASE 13 (ZRK13) gene compromised the On resistance in Bla-6. Several polymorphisms are observed in the ZRK13 allelic variant of Bla-6 when compared to the Col-0 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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27
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Qiao P, Zhao M, Guan W, Walcott R, Ye Y, Yang Y, Zhao T. A putative multi-sensor hybrid histidine kinase, BarA Ac , inhibits the expression of the type III secretion system regulator HrpG in Acidovorax citrulli. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1064577. [PMID: 36532489 PMCID: PMC9748350 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1064577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB), caused by Acidovorax citrulli, severely damages watermelon, melon, and other cucurbit crops worldwide. Although many virulence determinants have been identified in A. citrulli, including swimming motility, twitching motility, biofilm formation, and the type III secretion system (T3SS), research on their regulation is lacking. To study virulence regulation mechanisms, we found a putative histidine kinase BarA Ac that may be related to the T3SS regulator HrpG in A. citrulli. We deleted and characterized barAAc (Aave_2063) in A. citrulli Aac5 strain. Compared to the wild-type Aac5, virulence and early proliferation of barAAc mutant in host watermelon cotyledons were significantly increased, and induction of hypersensitive response in non-host tobacco was accelerated, while biofilm formation and swimming motility were significantly reduced. In addition, the transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression of many T3SS-related genes was upregulated in the ΔbarAAc deletion mutant when cultured in KB medium. Meanwhile, the ΔbarAAc deletion mutant showed increased accumulation of the T3SS regulator HrpG in KB medium, which may account for the increased deployment of T3SS. This suggests that the putative histidine kinase BarA Ac is able to repress the T3SS expression by inhibiting HrpG in the KB medium, which appears to be important for rational energy allocation. In summary, our research provides further understanding of the regulatory network of A. citrulli virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Wei Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ron Walcott
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yunfeng Ye
- Horticultural Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yuwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingchang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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Sun Q, Xu Z, Huang W, Li D, Zeng Q, Chen L, Li B, Zhang E. Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveals salicylic acid and flavonoid pathways' key roles in cabbage's defense responses to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005764. [PMID: 36388482 PMCID: PMC9659849 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a vascular bacteria pathogen causing black rot in cabbage. Here, the resistance mechanisms of cabbage against Xcc infection were explored by integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis. Pathogen perception, hormone metabolisms, sugar metabolisms, and phenylpropanoid metabolisms in cabbage were systemically re-programmed at both transcriptional and metabolic levels after Xcc infection. Notably, the salicylic acid (SA) metabolism pathway was highly enriched in resistant lines following Xcc infection, indicating that the SA metabolism pathway may positively regulate the resistance of Xcc. Moreover, we also validated our hypothesis by showing that the flavonoid pathway metabolites chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid could effectively inhibit the growth of Xcc. These findings provide valuable insights and resource datasets for further exploring Xcc-cabbage interactions and help uncover molecular breeding targets for black rot-resistant varieties in cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Baohua Li
- *Correspondence: Baohua Li, ; Enhui Zhang,
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29
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Rahmanzadeh A, Khahani B, Taghavi SM, Khojasteh M, Osdaghi E. Genome-wide meta-QTL analyses provide novel insight into disease resistance repertoires in common bean. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:680. [PMID: 36192697 PMCID: PMC9531352 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08914-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is considered a staple food in a number of developing countries. Several diseases attack the crop leading to substantial economic losses around the globe. However, the crop has rarely been investigated for multiple disease resistance traits using Meta-analysis approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In this study, in order to identify the most reliable and stable quantitative trait loci (QTL) conveying disease resistance in common bean, we carried out a meta-QTL (MQTL) analysis using 152 QTLs belonging to 44 populations reported in 33 publications within the past 20 years. These QTLs were decreased into nine MQTLs and the average of confidence interval (CI) was reduced by 2.64 folds with an average of 5.12 cM in MQTLs. Uneven distribution of MQTLs across common bean genome was noted where sub-telomeric regions carry most of the corresponding genes and MQTLs. One MQTL was identified to be specifically associated with resistance to halo blight disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola, while three and one MQTLs were specifically associated with resistance to white mold and anthracnose caused by the fungal pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, respectively. Furthermore, two MQTLs were detected governing resistance to halo blight and anthracnose, while two MQTLs were detected for resistance against anthracnose and white mold, suggesting putative genes governing resistance against these diseases at a shared locus. Comparative genomics and synteny analyses provide a valuable strategy to identify a number of well‑known functionally described genes as well as numerous putative novels candidate genes in common bean, Arabidopsis and soybean genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Rahmanzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71441-65186, Iran
| | - Bahman Khahani
- Department of Plant Genetics and Production, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S Mohsen Taghavi
- Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71441-65186, Iran
| | - Moein Khojasteh
- Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71441-65186, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Osdaghi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-77871, Iran.
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30
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Breit-McNally C, Laflamme B, Singh RA, Desveaux D, Guttman DS. ZAR1: Guardian of plant kinases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:981684. [PMID: 36212348 PMCID: PMC9539561 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.981684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A key facet of innate immunity in plants entails the recognition of pathogen "effector" virulence proteins by host Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptors (NLRs). Among characterized NLRs, the broadly conserved ZAR1 NLR is particularly remarkable due to its capacity to recognize at least six distinct families of effectors from at least two bacterial genera. This expanded recognition spectrum is conferred through interactions between ZAR1 and a dynamic network of two families of Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinases (RLCKs): ZED1-Related Kinases (ZRKs) and PBS1-Like Kinases (PBLs). In this review, we survey the history of functional studies on ZAR1, with an emphasis on how the ZAR1-RLCK network functions to trap diverse effectors. We discuss 1) the dynamics of the ZAR1-associated RLCK network; 2) the specificity between ZRKs and PBLs; and 3) the specificity between effectors and the RLCK network. We posit that the shared protein fold of kinases and the switch-like properties of their interactions make them ideal effector sensors, enabling ZAR1 to act as a broad spectrum guardian of host kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Breit-McNally
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bradley Laflamme
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Racquel A. Singh
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David S. Guttman
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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31
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Bundalovic-Torma C, Lonjon F, Desveaux D, Guttman DS. Diversity, Evolution, and Function of Pseudomonas syringae Effectoromes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:211-236. [PMID: 35537470 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-121935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae is an evolutionarily diverse bacterial species complex and a preeminent model for the study of plant-pathogen interactions due in part to its remarkably broad host range. A critical feature of P. syringae virulence is the employment of suites of type III secreted effector (T3SE) proteins, which vary widely in composition and function. These effectors act on a variety of plant intracellular targets to promote pathogenesis but can also be avirulence factors when detected by host immune complexes. In this review, we survey the phylogenetic diversity (PD) of the P. syringae effectorome, comprising 70 distinct T3SE families identified to date, and highlight how avoidance of host immune detection has shaped effectorome diversity through functional redundancy, diversification, and horizontal transfer. We present emerging avenues for research and novel insights that can be gained via future investigations of plant-pathogen interactions through the fusion of large-scale interaction screens and phylogenomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabien Lonjon
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ,
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ,
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David S Guttman
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ,
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Liang X, Zhang J. Regulation of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress by receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:25. [PMID: 37676353 PMCID: PMC10441961 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have to cope with environmental change and numerous biotic and abiotic stress. Upon perceiving environmental cues and stress signals using different types of receptors, plant cells initiate immediate and complicated signaling to regulate cellular processes and respond to stress. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) transduce signals from receptors to cellular components and play roles in diverse biological processes. Recent studies have revealed the hubbing roles of RLCKs in plant responses to biotic stress. Emerging evidence indicates the important regulatory roles of RLCKs in plant responses to abiotic stress, growth, and development. As a pivot of cellular signaling, the activity and stability of RLCKs are dynamically and tightly controlled. Here, we summarize the current understanding of how RLCKs regulate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiu Liang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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33
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Zheng X, Zhou Z, Gong Z, Hu M, Ahn YJ, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Gong G, Zhang J, Zuo J, Han GZ, Hoon SK, Zhou JM. Two plant NLR proteins confer strain-specific resistance conditioned by an effector from Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:823-832. [PMID: 35760352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) causes bacterial canker, a devastating disease threatening the Actinidia fruit industry. In a search for non-host resistance genes against Psa, we found that the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) protein ZAR1 from both Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb) recognizes HopZ5 and triggers cell death. The recognition requires ZED1 in Arabidopsis and JIM2 in Nb plants, which are members of the ZRK pseudokinases and known components of the ZAR1 resistosome. Surprisingly, Arabidopsis ZAR1 and RPM1, another NLR known to recognize HopZ5, confer disease resistance to HopZ5 in a strain-specific manner. Thus, ZAR1, but not RPM1, is solely required for resistance to P. s. maculicola ES4326 (Psm) carrying hopZ5, whereas RPM1 is primarily required for resistance to P. s. tomato DC3000 (Pst) carrying hopZ5. Furthermore, the ZAR1-mediated resistance to Psm hopZ5 in Arabidopsis is insensitive to SOBER1, which encodes a deacetylase known to suppress the RPM1-mediated resistance to Pst hopZ5. In addition, hopZ5 enhances P. syringae virulence in the absence of ZAR1 or RPM1, and that SOBER1 abolishes such virulence function. Together the study suggests that ZAR1 may be used for improving Psa resistance in Actinidia and uncovers previously unknown complexity of effector-triggered immunity and effector-triggered virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhou
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Gong
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Meijuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ye Jin Ahn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guoshu Gong
- Plant Protection Department and Major Crop Disease Laboratory, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Jianru Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Zhu Han
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Sohn Kee Hoon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, P. R. China.
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Trenner J, Monaghan J, Saeed B, Quint M, Shabek N, Trujillo M. Evolution and Functions of Plant U-Box Proteins: From Protein Quality Control to Signaling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:93-121. [PMID: 35226816 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-102720-012310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications add complexity and diversity to cellular proteomes. One of the most prevalent modifications across eukaryotes is ubiquitination, which is orchestrated by E3 ubiquitin ligases. U-box-containing E3 ligases have massively expanded in the plant kingdom and have diversified into plant U-box proteins (PUBs). PUBs likely originated from two or three ancestral forms, fusing with diverse functional subdomains that resulted in neofunctionalization. Their emergence and diversification may reflect adaptations to stress during plant evolution, reflecting changes in the needs of plant proteomes to maintain cellular homeostasis. Through their close association with protein kinases, they are physically linked to cell signaling hubs and activate feedback loops by dynamically pairing with E2-ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to generate distinct ubiquitin polymers that themselves act as signals. Here, we complement current knowledgewith comparative genomics to gain a deeper understanding of PUB function, focusing on their evolution and structural adaptations of key U-box residues, as well as their various roles in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Trenner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; ,
| | | | - Bushra Saeed
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ,
| | - Marcel Quint
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; ,
| | - Nitzan Shabek
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ,
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35
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Gong Z, Qi J, Hu M, Bi G, Zhou JM, Han GZ. The origin and evolution of a plant resistosome. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1600-1620. [PMID: 35166827 PMCID: PMC9048963 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich receptor (NLR) protein HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 (ZAR1), an immune receptor, interacts with HOPZ-ETI-DEFICIENT 1 (ZED1)-related kinases (ZRKs) and AVRPPHB SUSCEPTIBLE 1-like proteins to form a pentameric resistosome, triggering immune responses. Here, we show that ZAR1 emerged through gene duplication and that ZRKs were derived from the cell surface immune receptors wall-associated protein kinases (WAKs) through the loss of the extracellular domain before the split of eudicots and monocots during the Jurassic period. Many angiosperm ZAR1 orthologs, but not ZAR1 paralogs, are capable of oligomerization in the presence of AtZRKs and triggering cell death, suggesting that the functional ZAR1 resistosome might have originated during the early evolution of angiosperms. Surprisingly, inter-specific pairing of ZAR1 and AtZRKs sometimes results in the formation of a resistosome in the absence of pathogen stimulation, suggesting within-species compatibility between ZAR1 and ZRKs as a result of co-evolution. Numerous concerted losses of ZAR1 and ZRKs occurred in angiosperms, further supporting the ancient co-evolution between ZAR1 and ZRKs. Our findings provide insights into the origin of new plant immune surveillance networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gong
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Meijuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guozhi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guan-Zhu Han
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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36
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Freh M, Gao J, Petersen M, Panstruga R. Plant autoimmunity-fresh insights into an old phenomenon. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1419-1434. [PMID: 34958371 PMCID: PMC8896616 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system is well equipped to ward off the attacks of different types of phytopathogens. It primarily relies on two types of immune sensors-plasma membrane-resident receptor-like kinases and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLRs) receptors that engage preferentially in pattern- and effector-triggered immunity, respectively. Delicate fine-tuning, in particular of the NLR-governed branch of immunity, is key to prevent inappropriate and deleterious activation of plant immune responses. Inadequate NLR allele constellations, such as in the case of hybrid incompatibility, and the mis-activation of NLRs or the absence or modification of proteins guarded by these NLRs can result in the spontaneous initiation of plant defense responses and cell death-a phenomenon referred to as plant autoimmunity. Here, we review recent insights augmenting our mechanistic comprehension of plant autoimmunity. The recent findings broaden our understanding regarding hybrid incompatibility, unravel candidates for proteins likely guarded by NLRs and underline the necessity for the fine-tuning of NLR expression at various levels to avoid autoimmunity. We further present recently emerged tools to study plant autoimmunity and draw a cross-kingdom comparison to the role of NLRs in animal autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Freh
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Jinlan Gao
- Institute of Biology, Functional Genomics, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Morten Petersen
- Institute of Biology, Functional Genomics, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany
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37
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Maruta N, Burdett H, Lim BYJ, Hu X, Desa S, Manik MK, Kobe B. Structural basis of NLR activation and innate immune signalling in plants. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:5-26. [PMID: 34981187 PMCID: PMC8813719 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animals and plants have NLRs (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors) that recognize the presence of pathogens and initiate innate immune responses. In plants, there are three types of NLRs distinguished by their N-terminal domain: the CC (coiled-coil) domain NLRs, the TIR (Toll/interleukin-1 receptor) domain NLRs and the RPW8 (resistance to powdery mildew 8)-like coiled-coil domain NLRs. CC-NLRs (CNLs) and TIR-NLRs (TNLs) generally act as sensors of effectors secreted by pathogens, while RPW8-NLRs (RNLs) signal downstream of many sensor NLRs and are called helper NLRs. Recent studies have revealed three dimensional structures of a CNL (ZAR1) including its inactive, intermediate and active oligomeric state, as well as TNLs (RPP1 and ROQ1) in their active oligomeric states. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that members of the family of lipase-like EDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility 1) proteins, which are uniquely found in seed plants, play a key role in providing a link between sensor NLRs and helper NLRs during innate immune responses. Here, we summarize the implications of the plant NLR structures that provide insights into distinct mechanisms of action by the different sensor NLRs and discuss plant NLR-mediated innate immune signalling pathways involving the EDS1 family proteins and RNLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Maruta
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Hayden Burdett
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bryan Y J Lim
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Xiahao Hu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sneha Desa
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mohammad Kawsar Manik
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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38
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The small molecule Zaractin activates ZAR1-mediated immunity in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2116570118. [PMID: 34799454 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116570118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic effector proteins use a variety of enzymatic activities to manipulate host cellular proteins and favor the infection process. However, these perturbations can be sensed by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) proteins to activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Here we have identified a small molecule (Zaractin) that mimics the immune eliciting activity of the Pseudomonas syringae type III secreted effector (T3SE) HopF1r and show that both HopF1r and Zaractin activate the same NLR-mediated immune pathway in Arabidopsis Our results demonstrate that the ETI-inducing action of pathogenic effectors can be harnessed to identify synthetic activators of the eukaryotic immune system.
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39
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Zhao J, Song J. NLR immune receptor RB is differentially targeted by two homologous but functionally distinct effector proteins. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100236. [PMID: 34778749 PMCID: PMC8577132 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors mediate immune responses by directly or indirectly sensing pathogen-derived effectors. Despite significant advances in the understanding of NLR-mediated immunity, the mechanisms by which pathogens evolve to suppress NLR activation triggered by cognate effectors and gain virulence remain largely unknown. The agronomically important immune receptor RB recognizes the ubiquitous and highly conserved IPI-O RXLR family members (e.g., IPI-O1) from Phytophthora infestans, and this process is suppressed by the rarely present and homologous effector IPI-O4. Here, we report that self-association of RB via the coiled-coil (CC) domain is required for RB activation and is differentially affected by avirulence and virulence effectors. IPI-O1 moderately reduces the self-association of RB CC, potentially leading to changes in the conformation and equilibrium of RB, whereas IPI-O4 dramatically impairs CC self-association to prevent RB activation. We also found that IPI-O1 associates with itself, whereas IPI-O4 does not. Notably, IPI-O4 interacts with IPI-O1 and disrupts its self-association, therefore probably blocking its avirulence function. Furthermore, IPI-O4 enhances the interaction between RB CC and IPI-O1, possibly sequestering RB and IPI-O1 and subsequently blocking their interactions with signaling components. Taken together, these findings considerably extend our understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which emerging virulent pathogens suppress the NLR-mediated recognition of cognate effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zhao
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75252, USA
| | - Junqi Song
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75252, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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40
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Wang H, Trusch F, Turnbull D, Aguilera-Galvez C, Breen S, Naqvi S, Jones JDG, Hein I, Tian Z, Vleeshouwers V, Gilroy E, Birch PRJ. Evolutionarily distinct resistance proteins detect a pathogen effector through its association with different host targets. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1368-1381. [PMID: 34339518 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the evolutionary processes which govern pathogen recognition is critical to understanding durable disease resistance. We determined how Phytophthora infestans effector PiAVR2 is recognised by evolutionarily distinct resistance proteins R2 and Rpi-mcq1. We employed yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, virus-induced gene silencing, transient overexpression, and phosphatase activity assays to investigate the contributions of BSL phosphatases to R2- and Rpi-mcq1-mediated hypersensitive response (R2 HR and Rpi-mcq1 HR, respectively). Silencing PiAVR2 target BSL1 compromises R2 HR. Rpi-mcq1 HR is compromised only when BSL2 and BSL3 are silenced. BSL1 overexpression increases R2 HR and compromises Rpi-mcq1. However, overexpression of BSL2 or BSL3 enhances Rpi-mcq1 and compromises R2 HR. Okadaic acid, which inhibits BSL phosphatase activity, suppresses both recognition events. Moreover, expression of a BSL1 phosphatase-dead (PD) mutant suppresses R2 HR, whereas BSL2-PD and BSL3-PD mutants suppress Rpi-mcq1 HR. R2 interacts with BSL1 in the presence of PiAVR2, but not with BSL2 and BSL3, whereas no interactions were detected between Rpi-mcq1 and BSLs. Thus, BSL1 activity and association with R2 determine recognition of PiAVR2 by R2, whereas BSL2 and BSL3 mediate Rpi-mcq1 perception of PiAVR2. R2 and Rpi-mcq1 utilise distinct mechanisms to detect PiAVR2 based on association with different BSLs, highlighting central roles of these effector targets for both disease and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Rd, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Franziska Trusch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Rd, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Dionne Turnbull
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Rd, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Carolina Aguilera-Galvez
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Breen
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 DA, UK
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Shaista Naqvi
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Rd, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | | | - Ingo Hein
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Rd, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 DA, UK
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Vivianne Vleeshouwers
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Eleanor Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 DA, UK
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Rd, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 DA, UK
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41
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Sun Z, Zang Y, Zhou L, Song Y, Chen D, Zhang Q, Liu C, Yi Y, Zhu B, Fu D, Zhu H, Qu G. A tomato receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, SlZRK1, acts as a negative regulator in wound-induced jasmonic acid accumulation and insect resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7285-7300. [PMID: 34309647 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates accumulate rapidly and act as key regulators in response to mechanical wounding, but few studies have linked receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) to wound-induced jasmonic acid (JA) signaling cascades. Here, we identified a novel wounding-induced RLCK-XII-2 subfamily member (SlZRK1) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) that was closely related to Arabidopsis HOPZ-ETI-DEFICIENT 1 (ZED1)-related kinases 1 based on phylogenetic analysis. SlZRK1 was targeted to the plasma membrane of tobacco mesophyll protoplasts as determined by transient co-expression with the plasma membrane marker mCherry-H+-ATPase. Catalytic residue sequence analysis and an in vitro kinase assay indicated that SlZRK1 may act as a pseudokinase. To further analyse the function of SlZRK1, we developed two stable knock-out mutants by CRISPR/Cas9. Loss of SlZRK1 significantly altered the expression of genes involved in JA biosynthesis, salicylic acid biosynthesis, and ethylene response. Furthermore, after mechanical wounding treatment, slzrk1 mutants increased transcription of early wound-inducible genes involved in JA biosynthesis and signaling. In addition, JA accumulation after wounding and plant resistance to herbivorous insects also were enhanced. Our findings expand plant regulatory networks in the wound-induced JA production by adding RLCKs as a new component in the wound signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyan Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yudi Zang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Leilei Zhou
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Song
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengxia Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuetong Yi
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Daqi Fu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guiqin Qu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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42
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Bi G, Zhou JM. Regulation of Cell Death and Signaling by Pore-Forming Resistosomes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:239-263. [PMID: 33957051 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-095952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are the largest class of immune receptors in plants. They play a key role in the plant surveillance system by monitoring pathogen effectors that are delivered into the plant cell. Recent structural biology and biochemical analyses have uncovered how NLRs are activated to form oligomeric resistosomes upon the recognition of pathogen effectors. In the resistosome, the signaling domain of the NLR is brought to the center of a ringed structure to initiate immune signaling and regulated cell death (RCD). The N terminus of the coiled-coil (CC) domain of the NLR protein HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 likely forms a pore in the plasma membrane to trigger RCD in a way analogous to animal pore-forming proteins that trigger necroptosis or pyroptosis. NLRs that carry TOLL-INTERLEUKIN1-RECEPTOR as a signaling domain may also employ pore-forming resistosomes for RCD execution. In addition, increasing evidence supports intimate connections between NLRs and surface receptors in immune signaling. These new findings are rapidly advancing our understanding of the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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43
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Schultink A, Steinbrenner AD. A playbook for developing disease-resistant crops through immune receptor identification and transfer. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102089. [PMID: 34333377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants are resistant to most pathogens because of an immune system that perceives invading microbes and activates defense. A large repertoire of innate immune receptors mediates specific direct or indirect recognition of pathogen-derived molecules. Disease is often a consequence of insufficient immune surveillance, and the transfer of immune receptor genes from resistant plants to susceptible crop varieties is an effective strategy for combating disease outbreaks. We discuss approaches for identifying intracellular and cell surface immune receptors, with particular focus on recently developed and emerging methodologies. We also review considerations for the transfer of immune receptor genes into crop species, including additional host factors that may be required for immune receptor function. Together, these concepts lay out a broadly applicable playbook for developing crop varieties with durable disease resistance.
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44
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Martel A, Ruiz-Bedoya T, Breit-McNally C, Laflamme B, Desveaux D, Guttman DS. The ETS-ETI cycle: evolutionary processes and metapopulation dynamics driving the diversification of pathogen effectors and host immune factors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102011. [PMID: 33677388 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The natural diversity of pathogen effectors and host immune components represents a snapshot of the underlying evolutionary processes driving the host-pathogen arms race. In plants, this arms race is manifested by an ongoing cycle of disease and resistance driven by pathogenic effectors that promote disease (effector-triggered susceptibility; ETS) and plant resistance proteins that recognize effector activity to trigger immunity (effector-triggered immunity; ETI). Here we discuss how this ongoing ETS-ETI cycle has shaped the natural diversity of both plant resistance proteins and pathogen effectors. We focus on the evolutionary forces that drive the diversification of the molecules that determine the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions and introduce the concept of metapopulation dynamics (i.e., the introduction of genetic variation from conspecific organisms in different populations) as an alternative mechanism that can introduce and maintain diversity in both host and pathogen populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Martel
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M6S2Y1, Canada
| | - Tatiana Ruiz-Bedoya
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M6S2Y1, Canada
| | - Clare Breit-McNally
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M6S2Y1, Canada
| | - Bradley Laflamme
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M6S2Y1, Canada
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M6S2Y1, Canada; Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M6S2Y1, Canada.
| | - David S Guttman
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M6S2Y1, Canada; Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M6S2Y1, Canada.
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45
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Rufián JS, Rueda-Blanco J, López-Márquez D, Macho AP, Beuzón CR, Ruiz-Albert J. The bacterial effector HopZ1a acetylates MKK7 to suppress plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1138-1156. [PMID: 33960430 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Pseudomonas syringae type III secretion system translocates effector proteins into the host cell cytosol to suppress plant basal immunity. Effector HopZ1a suppresses local and systemic immunity triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and effectors, through target acetylation. HopZ1a has been shown to target several plant proteins, but none fully substantiates HopZ1a-associated immune suppression. Here, we investigate Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MKKs) as potential targets, focusing on AtMKK7, a positive regulator of local and systemic immunity. We analyse HopZ1a interference with AtMKK7 by translocation of HopZ1a from bacteria inoculated into Arabidopsis expressing MKK7 from an inducible promoter. Reciprocal phenotypes are analysed on plants expressing a construct quenching MKK7 native expression. We analyse HopZ1a-MKK7 interaction by three independent methods, and the relevance of acetylation by in vitro kinase and in planta functional assays. We demonstrate the AtMKK7 contribution to immune signalling showing MKK7-dependent flg22-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, MAP kinas (MAPK) activation and callose deposition, plus AvrRpt2-triggered MKK7-dependent signalling. Furthermore, we demonstrate HopZ1a suppression of all MKK7-dependent responses, HopZ1a-MKK7 interaction in planta and HopZ1a acetylation of MKK7 with a lysine required for full kinase activity. We demonstrate that HopZ1a targets AtMKK7 to suppress local and systemic plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S Rufián
- Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, E-29071, Spain
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Javier Rueda-Blanco
- Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, E-29071, Spain
| | - Diego López-Márquez
- Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, E-29071, Spain
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Carmen R Beuzón
- Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, E-29071, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Albert
- Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, E-29071, Spain
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46
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Duxbury Z, Wu CH, Ding P. A Comparative Overview of the Intracellular Guardians of Plants and Animals: NLRs in Innate Immunity and Beyond. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:155-184. [PMID: 33689400 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-104948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) play important roles in the innate immune systems of both plants and animals. Recent breakthroughs in NLR biochemistry and biophysics have revolutionized our understanding of how NLR proteins function in plant immunity. In this review, we summarize the latest findings in plant NLR biology and draw direct comparisons to NLRs of animals. We discuss different mechanisms by which NLRs recognize their ligands in plants and animals. The discovery of plant NLR resistosomes that assemble in a comparable way to animal inflammasomes reinforces the striking similarities between the formation of plant and animal NLR complexes. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms by which plant NLRs mediate immune responses and draw comparisons to similar mechanisms identified in animals. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge of the complex genetic architecture formed by NLRs in plants and animals and the roles of NLRs beyond pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Duxbury
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell RG42 6EY, United Kingdom;
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
| | - Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- Current affiliation: Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands;
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47
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Frailie TB, Innes RW. Engineering healthy crops: molecular strategies for enhancing the plant immune system. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 70:151-157. [PMID: 34030033 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Crop diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and nematodes constitute major costs for farmers in terms of control measures and yield losses. Enhancing resistance to these pathogens via genetic modification or genome editing represents an economically and environmentally attractive path forward. Recent advances in our understanding of how plants detect pathogens and activate immune responses is now enabling enhancement of disease resistance traits. In particular, the recent determination of structures of both cell surface and intracellular immune receptors in plants in their activated states is providing new insights into how recognition complexes can be modified to expand recognition specificities to confer resistance to otherwise virulent pathogens. By expanding the repertoire of both cell surface and intracellular recognition systems, and combining them, it is expected that resistance to numerous diseases will be enhanced and will be more durable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B Frailie
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Roger W Innes
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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48
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Bi G, Su M, Li N, Liang Y, Dang S, Xu J, Hu M, Wang J, Zou M, Deng Y, Li Q, Huang S, Li J, Chai J, He K, Chen YH, Zhou JM. The ZAR1 resistosome is a calcium-permeable channel triggering plant immune signaling. Cell 2021; 184:3528-3541.e12. [PMID: 33984278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are major immune receptors in plants and animals. Upon activation, the Arabidopsis NLR protein ZAR1 forms a pentameric resistosome in vitro and triggers immune responses and cell death in plants. In this study, we employed single-molecule imaging to show that the activated ZAR1 protein can form pentameric complexes in the plasma membrane. The ZAR1 resistosome displayed ion channel activity in Xenopus oocytes in a manner dependent on a conserved acidic residue Glu11 situated in the channel pore. Pre-assembled ZAR1 resistosome was readily incorporated into planar lipid-bilayers and displayed calcium-permeable cation-selective channel activity. Furthermore, we show that activation of ZAR1 in the plant cell led to Glu11-dependent Ca2+ influx, perturbation of subcellular structures, production of reactive oxygen species, and cell death. The results thus support that the ZAR1 resistosome acts as a calcium-permeable cation channel to trigger immunity and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Song Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiachao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meijuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jizong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Minxia Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shijia Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiejie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Kangmin He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yu-Hang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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49
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Schreiber KJ, Chau-Ly IJ, Lewis JD. What the Wild Things Do: Mechanisms of Plant Host Manipulation by Bacterial Type III-Secreted Effector Proteins. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1029. [PMID: 34064647 PMCID: PMC8150971 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic bacteria possess an arsenal of effector proteins that enable them to subvert host recognition and manipulate the host to promote pathogen fitness. The type III secretion system (T3SS) delivers type III-secreted effector proteins (T3SEs) from bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae, Ralstonia solanacearum, and various Xanthomonas species. These T3SEs interact with and modify a range of intracellular host targets to alter their activity and thereby attenuate host immune signaling. Pathogens have evolved T3SEs with diverse biochemical activities, which can be difficult to predict in the absence of structural data. Interestingly, several T3SEs are activated following injection into the host cell. Here, we review T3SEs with documented enzymatic activities, as well as T3SEs that facilitate virulence-promoting processes either indirectly or through non-enzymatic mechanisms. We discuss the mechanisms by which T3SEs are activated in the cell, as well as how T3SEs modify host targets to promote virulence or trigger immunity. These mechanisms may suggest common enzymatic activities and convergent targets that could be manipulated to protect crop plants from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Schreiber
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; (K.J.S.); (I.J.C.-L.)
| | - Ilea J. Chau-Ly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; (K.J.S.); (I.J.C.-L.)
| | - Jennifer D. Lewis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; (K.J.S.); (I.J.C.-L.)
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
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50
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Richard MMS, Gratias A, Alvarez Diaz JC, Thareau V, Pflieger S, Meziadi C, Blanchet S, Marande W, Bitocchi E, Papa R, Miklas PN, Geffroy V. A common bean truncated CRINKLY4 kinase controls gene-for-gene resistance to the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3569-3581. [PMID: 33693665 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the molecular basis of resistance to pathogens is critical to promote a chemical-free cropping system. In plants, nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat constitute the largest family of disease resistance (R) genes, but this resistance can be rapidly overcome by the pathogen, prompting research into alternative sources of resistance. Anthracnose, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, is one of the most important diseases of common bean. This study aimed to identify the molecular basis of Co-x, an anthracnose R gene conferring total resistance to the extremely virulent C. lindemuthianum strain 100. To that end, we sequenced the Co-x 58 kb target region in the resistant JaloEEP558 (Co-x) common bean and identified KTR2/3, an additional gene encoding a truncated and chimeric CRINKLY4 kinase, located within a CRINKLY4 kinase cluster. The presence of KTR2/3 is strictly correlated with resistance to strain 100 in a diversity panel of common beans. Furthermore, KTR2/3 expression is up-regulated 24 hours post-inoculation and its transient expression in a susceptible genotype increases resistance to strain 100. Our results provide evidence that Co-x encodes a truncated and chimeric CRINKLY4 kinase probably resulting from an unequal recombination event that occurred recently in the Andean domesticated gene pool. This atypical R gene may act as a decoy involved in indirect recognition of a fungal effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon M S Richard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ariane Gratias
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Juan C Alvarez Diaz
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Vincent Thareau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Stéphanie Pflieger
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Chouaib Meziadi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Blanchet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | | | - Elena Bitocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Papa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Phillip N Miklas
- USDA ARS, Grain Legume Genet & Physiol Res Unit, Prosser, WA, USA
| | - Valérie Geffroy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
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