A long noncoding RNA connects c-Myc to tumor metabolism

A review of molecular interplay between inflammation and cancer: The role of lncRNAs in pathogenesis and therapeutic potential

The inflammatory microenvironment (IME) has been demonstrated to facilitate the initiation and progression of tumors throughout the inflammatory process. Simultaneously, cancer can initiate or intensify the inflammatory response, thereby promoting tumor progression. This review examines the dual role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the interplay between inflammation and cancer. LncRNA modulate inflammation-induced cancer by influencing the activation of signaling pathways (NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, mTOR, etc), microRNA (miRNA) sponging, protein interactions, interactions with immune cells, and encoding short peptides. In contrast, lncRNAs also impact cancer-induced inflammatory processes by regulating cytokine expression, mediating tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), modulating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and facilitating metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of lncRNA and the challenges of clinical translation were explicitly discussed as well. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic resource for future researchers investigating the impact of lncRNAs on inflammation and cancer.

MATN1-AS1 Promotes Tumour Metastasis and Sunitinib Resistance via E2F2 in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

It has become increasingly recognised that MATN1-AS1 is involved in multiple tumour development. The role of MATN1-AS1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), however, is still largely unrecognised. This study investigated the molecular functions of MATN1-AS1 in promoting ccRCC metastasis and sunitinib resistance. MATN1-AS1 was found to be mainly located in the cytoplasm and was upregulated in ccRCC, and a positive association was seen between greater levels of MATN1-AS1 expression and worse clinical outcomes. Downregulating MATN1-AS1 significantly hindered cell proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). MATN1-AS1 promoted tumour growth and metastasis in vivo. Mechanismly, MATN1-AS1 targeted microRNA miR-214-5p, thereby upregulating E2F2 and promoting E2F2-mediated EMT. We discovered that MATN1-AS1 also promoted sunitinib resistance via E2F2 in vitro. Collectively, our research uncovered the protumor characteristics of MATN1-AS1 and suggested it as a therapeutic target for reverse sunitinib resistance in ccRCC.

Therapeutic potency and possible mechanism of Wuhu decoction underlying asthmatic progression via Th1/Th2 imbalance

Background

Cough variant asthma (CVA) is a disease with no definitive diagnosis or pathogenic causes, and still lacks effective and safe treatment. Wuhu decoction is a traditional Chinese medicine with potential effects against CVA, of which underlying mechanism remains elusive. The aim of this study is to explore the therapeutic potential of Wuhu decoction against CVA.

Methods

The CVA mice model was established by ovalbumin (OVA) treatment. The airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling were assessed. The pulmonary inflammatory injury was determined by counting of inflammatory cells and serum OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, as well as the amount of CD4+, CD8+ or CD25+ T cells. The Th1/Th2 balance was evaluated by type specific cytokines. The level of antisense long non-coding RNA TRPM2 (lncTRPM2-AS) and its downstream targets were determined by mRNA and protein detection, respectively.

Results

Wuhu decoction could improve airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling in OVA-induced asthmatic mice model by regulating Th1/Th2 balance and affecting pulmonary inflammatory injury. On the molecular level, Wuhu decoction significantly inhibited the expression of lncTRPM2-AS, which was found to be a critical modulator of Th1/Th2 balance. Meanwhile, overexpression of lncTRPM2-AS could abolish Wuhu decoction-mediated protection effects on OVA-induced asthmatic mice model.

Conclusions

This study discovered the protective function of Wuhu decoction against CVA and illustrated its molecular mechanism, highlighting the therapeutic application of Wuhu decoction for asthma treatment.

Epigenetic Control of Redox Pathways in Cancer Progression

Significance: Growing evidence indicates the importance of redox reactions homeostasis, mediated predominantly by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in influencing the development, differentiation, progression, metastasis, programmed cell death, tumor microenvironment, and therapeutic resistance of cancer. Therefore, reviewing the ROS-linked epigenetic changes in cancer is fundamental to understanding the progression and prevention of cancer. Recent Advances: We review in depth the molecular mechanisms involved in ROS-mediated epigenetic changes that lead to alteration of gene expression by altering DNA, modifying histones, and remodeling chromatin and noncoding RNA. Critical Issues: In cancerous cells, alterations of the gene-expression regulatory elements could be generated by the virtue of imbalance in tumor microenvironment. Various oxidizing agents and mitochondrial electron transport chain are the major pathways that generate ROS. ROS plays a key role in carcinogenesis by activating pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and DNA damage. This loss of ROS-mediated epigenetic regulation of the signaling pathways may promote tumorigenesis. We address all such aspects in this review. Future Directions: Developments in this growing field of epigenetics are expected to contribute to further our understanding of human health and diseases such as cancer and to test the clinical applications of redox-based therapy. Recent studies of the cancer-epigenetic landscape have revealed pervasive deregulation of the epigenetic factors in cancer. Thus, the study of interaction between ROS and epigenetic factors in cancer holds a great promise in the development of effective and targeted treatment modalities. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.

The construction and experimental verification of a 6-LncRNA model based on Lactic acid metabolism in the tumor microenvironment of Wilms tumor

BACKGROUND

Lactic acid (LA) can promote the malignant progression of tumors through the crosstalk with the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the function of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) related to LA metabolism in Wilms tumor (WT) remains unclear.

METHODS

Gene expression data and clinical data of WT patients were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Through the ESTIMATE algorithm and Pearson correlation analysis, lncRNAs related to tumor immunity and LA metabolism were screened. Subsequently, Cox regression analysis and Lasso Cox regression analysis were used to construct a model. Furthermore, candidate genes were identified and a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was conducted to explore the specific mechanism of characteristic genes. Finally, based on the strong clinical relevance of UNC5B-AS1, its expression and function were experimentally verified.

RESULTS

The immune score and stromal score were found to be closely related to the prognosis of WT. Eventually, a prognostic model (TME-LA-LM) consisting of 6 lncRNAs was successfully identified. The model demonstrated favorable predictive ability and accuracy, with significant variation in immune infiltration and drug susceptibility observed between risk groups. Additionally, the study revealed the involvement of 2 candidate genes and 5 microRNAs (miRNAs) in the tumor's development. Notably, UNC5B-AS1 was highly expressed and found to promote the proliferation and migration of tumor cells.

CONCLUSION

This study, for the first time, elucidated the prognostic signatures of WT using lncRNAs related to TME and LA metabolism. The fundings of this research offer valuable insights for future studies on immunotherapy, personalized chemotherapy and mechanism research.

A review of the complex interplay between chemoresistance and lncRNAs in lung cancer

Lung Cancer (LC) is characterized by chemoresistance, which poses a significant clinical challenge and results in a poor prognosis for patients. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently gained recognition as crucial mediators of chemoresistance in LC. Through the regulation of key cellular processes, these molecules play important roles in the progression of LC and response to therapy. The mechanisms by which lncRNAs affect chemoresistance include the modulation of gene expression, chromatin structure, microRNA interactions, and signaling pathways. Exosomes have emerged as key mediators of lncRNA-driven chemoresistance, facilitating the transfer of resistance-associated lncRNAs between cancer cells and contributing to tumor development. Consequently, exosomal lncRNAs may serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of LC. Therapeutic strategies targeting lncRNAs offer novel approaches to circumvent chemoresistance. Different approaches, including RNA interference (RNAi) and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), are available to degrade lncRNAs or alter their function. ASO-based therapies are effective at reducing lncRNA expression levels, increasing chemotherapy sensitivity, and improving clinical outcomes. The use of these strategies can facilitate the development of targeted interventions designed to disrupt lncRNA-mediated mechanisms of chemoresistance. An important aspect of this review is the discussion of the complex relationship between lncRNAs and drug resistance in LC, particularly through exosomal pathways, and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to enhance drug efficacy by targeting lncRNAs. The development of new pathways and interventions for treating LC holds promise in overcoming this resistance.

Roles of Long Noncoding RNA in Prostate Cancer Pathogenesis

Prostate cancer stands as the most common cancer in men, and research into its genesis and spread is still vital. The idea that the human genome's transcriptional activity is more widespread than previously thought has received empirical validation through the application of deep sequencing-based transcriptome profiling techniques. An assortment of noncoding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides is referred to as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Transposable elements comprise a substantial portion of the human genome, with projections indicating that their prospective proportion may reach 90%. Considering they can interact directly with proteins, alter the transcriptional activity of coding genes, and perhaps encode proteins, lncRNAs possess the capability to regulate a variety of biological processes. LncRNAs have been recognized to be key factors in the development of several types of human cancers, including lung, colorectal, and breast cancers, alongside other pathological processes that have a significant impact on the diagnosis and survival of cancer individuals. Furthermore, lncRNAs' discernible expression patterns throughout various cancer scenarios significantly raise their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We conducted an extensive analysis of the prevailing academic literature on the interaction between lncRNAs and prostate cancer in order to present a solid foundation for potential future studies on the prevention and intervention of prostate cancer. The discourse additionally expands on lncRNAs' prospective applications as targets and biomarkers for medical therapies.

Long non-coding RNAs-sphingolipid metabolism nexus: Potential targets for cancer treatment

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators of cancer pathogenesis, influencing various cellular processes and contributing to tumorigenesis. Sphingolipid metabolism has garnered interest as a potential target for cancer therapy owing to its considerable diagnostic and prognostic value. Recent studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs regulate tumor-associated metabolic reprogramming via sphingolipid metabolism. However, the precise nature of the interactions between lncRNAs and sphingolipid metabolism remains unclear. This review summarizes the key roles of lncRNAs and sphingolipid metabolism in tumorigenesis. We emphasize that the interaction between lncRNAs and sphingolipid metabolism influences their impact on both cancer prognosis and drug resistance. These findings suggest that lncRNA-sphingolipid metabolism interaction holds great potential as a newl target for cancer treatment.

Construction of a cuproptosis‑related lncRNA signature to predict biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer

Biochemical recurrence (BCR) is common in prostate cancer (PCa), and patients with BCR usually have a poor prognosis. Cuproptosis is a unique type of cell death, and copper homeostasis is crucial to the occurrence and development of malignancies. The present study aimed to explore the prognostic value of cuproptosis-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs; CRLs) in PCa and to develop a predictive signature for forecasting BCR in patients with PCa. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas database, transcriptomic, mutation and clinical data were collected from patients with PCa. A total of 121 CRLs were identified using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Subsequently, a 6-CRL signature consisting of AC087276.2, CNNM3-DT, AC090198.1, AC138207.5, METTL14-DT and LINC01515 was created to predict the BCR of patients with PCa through Cox and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analyses. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis demonstrated that high-risk patients had a low BCR-free survival rate. In addition, there was a substantial difference between the high- and low-risk groups in the immune microenvironment, immune therapy, drug sensitivity and tumor mutational burden. A nomogram integrating the Gleason score, 6-CRL signature and clinical T-stage was established and evaluated. Finally, the expression of signature lncRNAs in PCa cells was verified through reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. In conclusion, the 6-CRL signature may be a potential tool for making predictions regarding BCR in patients with PCa, and the prognostic nomogram may be considered a practical tool for clinical decision-making.

Phase Separation Mediated Sub-Nuclear Compartmentalization of Androgen Receptors

The androgen receptor (AR), a member of the nuclear steroid hormone receptor family of transcription factors, plays a crucial role not only in the development of the male phenotype but also in the development and growth of prostate cancer. While AR structure and AR interactions with coregulators and chromatin have been studied in detail, improving our understanding of AR function in gene transcription regulation, the spatio-temporal organization and the role of microscopically discernible AR foci in the nucleus are still underexplored. This review delves into the molecular mechanisms underlying AR foci formation, focusing on liquid-liquid phase separation and its role in spatially organizing ARs and their binding partners within the nucleus at transcription sites, as well as the influence of 3D-genome organization on AR-mediated gene transcription.

Glutamine and leukemia research: progress and clinical prospects

Leukemia is an abnormal proliferation of white blood cells that occurs in bone marrow and expands through the blood. It arises from dysregulated differentiation, uncontrolled growth, and inhibition of apoptosis. Glutamine (GLN) is a "conditionally essential" amino acid that promotes growth and proliferation of leukemic cells. Recently, details about the role of GLN and its metabolism in the diagnosis and treatment of acute myeloid, chronic lymphocytic, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia have emerged. The uptake of GLN by leukemia cells and the dynamic changes of glutamine-related indexes in leukemia patients may be able to assist in determining whether the condition of leukemia is in a state of progression, remission or relapse. Utilizing the possible differences in GLN metabolism in different subtypes of leukemia may help to differentiate between different subtypes of leukemia, thus providing a basis for accurate diagnosis. Targeting GLN metabolism in leukemia requires simultaneous blockade of multiple metabolic pathways without interfering with the normal cellular and immune functions of the body to achieve effective leukemia therapy. The present review summarizes recent advances, possible applications, and clinical perspectives of GLN metabolism in leukemia. In particular, it focuses on the prospects of GLN metabolism in the diagnosis and treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. The review provides new directions and hints at potential roles for future clinical treatments and studies.

Long Non-Coding RNAs, Nuclear Receptors and Their Cross-Talks in Cancer-Implications and Perspectives

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play key roles in various epigenetic and post-transcriptional events in the cell, thereby significantly influencing cellular processes including gene expression, development and diseases such as cancer. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of ligand-regulated transcription factors that typically regulate transcription of genes involved in a broad spectrum of cellular processes, immune responses and in many diseases including cancer. Owing to their many overlapping roles as modulators of gene expression, the paths traversed by lncRNA and NR-mediated signaling often cross each other; these lncRNA-NR cross-talks are being increasingly recognized as important players in many cellular processes and diseases such as cancer. Here, we review the individual roles of lncRNAs and NRs, especially growth factor modulated receptors such as androgen receptors (ARs), in various types of cancers and how the cross-talks between lncRNAs and NRs are involved in cancer progression and metastasis. We discuss the challenges involved in characterizing lncRNA-NR associations and how to overcome them. Furthering our understanding of the mechanisms of lncRNA-NR associations is crucial to realizing their potential as prognostic features, diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer biology.

Construction of prognostic markers for gastric cancer and comprehensive analysis of pyroptosis-related long non-coding RNAs

BACKGROUND

China's most frequent malignancy is gastric cancer (GC), which has a very poor survival rate, and the survival rate for patients with advanced GC is dismal. Pyroptosis has been connected to the genesis and development of cancer. The function of pyroptosis-related long non-coding RNAs (PRLs) in GC, on the other hand, remains uncertain.

AIM

To explore the construction and comprehensive analysis of the prognostic characteristics of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) related to pyroptosis in GC patients.

METHODS

The TCGA database provided us with 352 stomach adenocarcinoma samples, and we obtained 28 pyroptotic genes from the Reactome database. We examined the correlation between lncRNAs and pyroptosis using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Prognosis-related PRLs were identified through univariate Cox analysis. A predictive signature was constructed using stepwise Cox regression analysis, and its reliability and independence were assessed. To facilitate clinical application, a nomogram was created based on this signature. we analyzed differences in immune cell infiltration, immune function, and checkpoints between the high-risk group (HRG) and low-risk group (LRG).

RESULTS

Five hundred and twenty-three PRLs were screened from all lncRNAs (absolute correlation coefficient > 0.4, P < 0.05). Nine PRLs were included in the risk prediction signature that was created through stepwise Cox regression analysis. We determined the risk score for GC patients and employed the median value as the dividing line between HRG and LRG. The ability of the risk signature to predict the overall survival (OS) of GC is demonstrated by the Kaplan-Meier analysis, risk curve, receiver operating characteristic curve, and decision curve analysis curve. The risk signature was shown to be an independent prognostic factor for OS in both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. HRG showed a more efficient local immune response or modulation compared to LRG, as indicated by the predicted signal pathway analysis and examination of immune cell infiltration, function, and checkpoints (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

In general, we have created a brand-new prognostic signature using PRLs, which may provide ideas for immunotherapy in patients with GC.

Emerging roles of long noncoding RNAs in enzymes related intracellular metabolic pathways in cancer biology

Metabolic reprogramming plays critical roles in the development and progression of tumor by providing cancer cells with a sufficient supply of nutrients and other factors needed for fast-proliferating. Emerging evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the initiation of metastasis via regulating the metabolic reprogramming in various cancers. In this paper, we aim to summarize that lncRNAs could participate in intracellular nutrient metabolism including glucose, amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide, regardless of whether lncRNAs have tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressor function. Meanwhile, modulation of lncRNAs in glucose metabolic enzymes in glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in cancer is reviewed. We also discuss therapeutic strategies targeted at interfering with enzyme activity to decrease the utilization of glucoses, amino acid, nucleotide acid and lipid in tumor cells. This review focuses on our current understanding of lncRNAs participating in cancer cell metabolic reprogramming, paving the way for further investigation into the combination of such approaches with existing anti-cancer therapies.

Implications of c-Myc in the pathogenesis and treatment efficacy of urological cancers

Urological cancers, including prostate, bladder, and renal cancers, are significant causes of death and negatively impact the quality of life for patients. The development and progression of these cancers are linked to the dysregulation of molecular pathways. c-Myc, recognized as an oncogene, exhibits abnormal levels in various types of tumors, and current evidence supports the therapeutic targeting of c-Myc in cancer treatment. This review aims to elucidate the role of c-Myc in driving the progression of urological cancers. c-Myc functions to enhance tumorigenesis and has been documented to increase growth and metastasis in prostate, bladder, and renal cancers. Furthermore, the dysregulation of c-Myc can result in a diminished response to therapy in these cancers. Non-coding RNAs, β-catenin, and XIAP are among the regulators of c-Myc in urological cancers. Targeting and suppressing c-Myc therapeutically for the treatment of these cancers has been explored. Additionally, the expression level of c-Myc may serve as a prognostic factor in clinical settings.

Characterization of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated lncRNA prognostic signature and the tumor-suppressive role of RP11-295G20.2 knockdown in lung adenocarcinoma

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is commonly induced by accumulating misfolded or unfolded proteins in tumor microenvironment. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in ERS response and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) progression. However, the role of ERS-related lncRNAs in LUAD remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to identify ERS-associated lncRNAs with prognostic value in LUAD and characterize their clinical implications. Cox and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analyses identified nine ERS-related lncRNAs with independent prognostic abilities, including five protective factors (CROCCP2, KIAA0125, LINC0996, RPARP-AS1 and TBX5-AS1) and four risk factors (LINC0857, LINC116, RP11-21L23.2 and RP11-295G20.2). We developed an ERS-related lncRNA risk prediction model in predicting overall survival of LUAD patients, which classified TCGA cohorts into high-risk (HS) and low-risk (LS) groups. Comprehensive bioinformatic analyses revealed HS patients featured with late-stage tumors, greater mutation burdens, weaker anti-tumor immunity/responses, and lower sensitivity to targeted drugs compared to LS patients, contributing to tumor progression and a poor prognosis. Functional enrichment analysis implicated these ERS-related lncRNAs in cell migration, cell death, and immunity. Furthermore, expression of the most significantly upregulated risk lncRNA, RP11-295G20.2, was validated at the mRNA level using clinical LUAD samples. Knockdown of RP11-295G20.2 obviously reduced ERS and suppressed proliferation, invasion, and migration of LUAD cells. This novel ERS-related lncRNA signature provides a new biomarker for prognostic prediction, and ERS-associated RP11-295G20.2 serves as a potential therapeutic target in LUAD.

Machine learning-based integration develops an immunogenic cell death-derived lncRNA signature for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in lung adenocarcinoma

Accumulating evidence demonstrates that lncRNAs are involved in the regulation of the immune microenvironment and early tumor development. Immunogenic cell death occurs mainly through the release or increase of tumor-associated antigen and tumor-specific antigen, exposing "danger signals" to stimulate the body's immune response. Given the recent development of immunotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma, we explored the role of tumor immunogenic cell death-related lncRNAs in lung adenocarcinoma for prognosis and immunotherapy benefit, which has never been uncovered yet. Based on the lung adenocarcinoma cohorts from the TCGA database and GEO database, the study developed the immunogenic cell death index signature by several machine learning algorithms and then validated the signature for prognosis and immunotherapy benefit of lung adenocarcinoma patients, which had a more stable performance compared with published signatures in predicting the prognosis, and demonstrated predictive value for benefiting from immunotherapy in multiple cohorts of multiple cancers, and also guided the utilization of chemotherapy drugs.

LncRNA SNHG26 promotes gastric cancer progression and metastasis by inducing c-Myc protein translation and an energy metabolism positive feedback loop

Metastasis is a bottleneck in cancer treatment. Studies have shown the pivotal roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulating cancer metastasis; however, our understanding of lncRNAs in gastric cancer (GC) remains limited. RNA-seq was performed on metastasis-inclined GC tissues to uncover metastasis-associated lncRNAs, revealing upregulated small nucleolar RNA host gene 26 (SNHG26) expression, which predicted poor GC patient prognosis. Functional experiments revealed that SNHG26 promoted cellular epithelial-mesenchymal transition and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, SNHG26 was found to interact with nucleolin (NCL), thereby modulating c-Myc expression by increasing its translation, and in turn promoting energy metabolism via hexokinase 2 (HK2), which facilitates GC malignancy. The increase in energy metabolism supplies sufficient energy to promote c-Myc translation and expression, forming a positive feedback loop. In addition, metabolic and translation inhibitors can block this loop, thus inhibiting cell proliferation and mobility, indicating potential therapeutic prospects in GC.

Non-coding RNA and reprogrammed mitochondrial metabolism in genitourinary cancer

Non-coding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs) have been recently shown to contribute to tumorigenesis by mediating changes in metabolism. ncRNAs act as key molecules in metabolic pathways regulation. The dysregulation of ncRNAs during cancer progression contributes to altered metabolic phenotypes leading to reprogrammed metabolism. Since ncRNAs affect different tumor processes by regulating mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism, in the future ncRNAs can be exploited in disease detection, diagnosis, treatment, and resistance. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of ncRNAs in mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming and to relate their therapeutic potential in the management of genitourinary cancer.

ANP32B inhibition suppresses the growth of prostate cancer cells by regulating c-Myc signaling

ANP32B is a histone chaperone that interacts with various transcription factors that regulate cancer cell proliferation, immigration, and apoptosis. c-Myc, a well-known oncogenic protein, is a principal player in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer (PC). The means by which ANP32B and c-Myc act remain unknown. We downloaded clinical data from the GEO, TCGA, and other databases to explore ANP32B expression and its effects on the survival of PC and normal tissues. ANP32B-knockdown cell lines were used to evaluate how ANP32B affected cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Gene set enrichment analysis and RNAseq were employed to define how ANP32B regulated PC pathways. Immunohistochemical measures were used to detect the expression levels of relevant proteins in xenografts and PC tissues. ANP32B expression increased in PC tissues; ANP32B knockdown inhibited cell growth but this was rescued by c-Myc signaling. ANP32B is thus a PC oncogene and may serve as a valuable therapeutic target when seeking to treat PC.

Molecular Mechanisms of Prostate Cancer Development in the Precision Medicine Era: A Comprehensive Review

The progression of prostate cancer (PCa) relies on the activation of the androgen receptor (AR) by androgens. Despite efforts to block this pathway through androgen deprivation therapy, resistance can occur through several mechanisms, including the abnormal activation of AR, resulting in castration-resistant PCa following the introduction of treatment. Mutations, amplifications, and splicing variants in AR-related genes have garnered attention in this regard. Furthermore, recent large-scale next-generation sequencing analysis has revealed the critical roles of AR and AR-related genes, as well as the DNA repair, PI3K, and cell cycle pathways, in the onset and progression of PCa. Moreover, research on epigenomics and microRNA has increasingly become popular; however, it has not translated into the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Additionally, treatments targeting homologous recombination repair mutations and the PI3K/Akt pathway have been developed and are increasingly accessible, and multiple clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this comprehensive review, we outline the status of PCa research in genomics and briefly explore potential future developments in the field of epigenetic modifications and microRNAs.

Proteomic analysis identifies PFKP lactylation in SW480 colon cancer cells

Aerobic glycolysis is a pivotal hallmark of cancers, including colorectal cancer. Evidence shows glycolytic enzymes are regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), thereby affecting the Warburg effect and reprograming cancer metabolism. Lysine lactylation is a PTM reported in 2019 in histones. In this study, we identified protein lactylation in FHC cells and SW480 colon cancer cells through mass spectrometry. Totally, 637 lysine lactylation sites in 444 proteins were identified in FHC and SW480 cells. Lactylated proteins were enriched in the glycolysis pathway, and we identified lactylation sites in phosphofructokinase, platelet (PFKP) lysine 688 and aldolase A (ALDOA) lysine 147. We also showed that PFKP lactylation directly attenuated enzyme activity. Collectively, our study presented a resource to investigate proteome-wide lactylation in SW480 cells and found PFKP lactylation led to activity inhibition, indicating that lactic acid and lactylated PFKP may form a negative feedback pathway in glycolysis and lactic acid production.

Targeting long non-coding RNAs in cancer therapy using CRISPR-Cas9 technology: A novel paradigm for precision oncology

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, despite recent advances in its identification and management. To improve cancer patient diagnosis and care, it is necessary to identify new biomarkers and molecular targets. In recent years, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have surfaced as important contributors to various cellular activities, with growing proof indicating their substantial role in the genesis, development, and spread of cancer. Their unique expression profiles within specific tissues and their wide-ranging functionalities make lncRNAs excellent candidates for potential therapeutic intervention in cancer management. They are implicated in multiple hallmarks of cancer, such as uncontrolled proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. This review article explores the innovative application of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in targeting lncRNAs as a cancer therapeutic strategy. The CRISPR-Cas9 system has been widely applied in functional genomics, gene therapy, and cancer research, offering a versatile platform for lncRNA targeting. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated targeting of lncRNAs can be achieved through CRISPR interference, activation or the complete knockout of lncRNA loci. Combining CRISPR-Cas9 technology with high-throughput functional genomics makes it possible to identify lncRNAs critical for the survival of specific cancer subtypes, opening the door for tailored treatments and personalised cancer therapies. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated lncRNA targeting with other cutting-edge cancer therapies, such as immunotherapy and targeted molecular therapeutics can be used to overcome the drug resistance in cancer. The synergy of lncRNA research and CRISPR-Cas9 technology presents immense potential for individualized cancer treatment, offering renewed hope in the battle against this disease.

LncRNA BCAN-AS1 stabilizes c-Myc via N6-methyladenosine-mediated binding with SNIP1 to promote pancreatic cancer

C-Myc overexpression contributes to multiple hallmarks of human cancer but directly targeting c-Myc is challenging. Identification of key factors involved in c-Myc dysregulation is of great significance to develop potential indirect targets for c-Myc. Herein, a collection of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) interacted with c-Myc is detected in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. Among them, lncRNA BCAN-AS1 is identified as the one with highest c-Myc binding enrichment. BCAN-AS1 was abnormally elevated in PDAC tumors and high BCAN-AS1 level was significantly associated with poor prognosis. Mechanistically, Smad nuclear-interacting protein 1 (SNIP1) was characterized as a new N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mediator binding to BCAN-AS1 via recognizing its m6A modification. m6A-modified BCAN-AS1 acts as a scaffold to facilitate the formation of a ternary complex together with c-Myc and SNIP1, thereby blocking S phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2)-mediated c-Myc ubiquitination and degradation. Biologically, BCAN-AS1 promotes malignant phenotypes of PDAC in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of metastasis xenograft and patient-derived xenograft mouse models with in vivo-optimized antisense oligonucleotide of BCAN-AS1 effectively represses tumor growth and metastasis. These findings shed light on the pro-tumorigenic role of BCAN-AS1 and provide an innovant insight into c-Myc-interacted lncRNA in PDAC.

c-Myc-induced long noncoding RNA MIRE cooperates with hnRNPK to stabilize ELF2 mRNA and promotes clear cell renal cell carcinogenesis

Elevated expression of c-Myc is associated with a variety of human cancers including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Increasing evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are an important class of molecules that regulate both tumor initiation and progression. Here, we report the lncRNA c-Myc-induced regulator of ELF2 (MIRE) as a transcriptional target of c-Myc. MIRE functions as an oncogenic molecule in ccRCC by increasing ELF2 expression. Mechanistically, MIRE promotes phase separation of the RNA binding protein hnRNPK and facilitates the binding of hnRNPK to ELF2 mRNA, thereby resulting in the stabilization of ELF2 mRNA. Interestingly, MIRE is also under transcriptional control by ELF2, establishing an ELF2-MIRE positive feedback loop. Together, these findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which c-Myc promotes tumorigenesis. They also implicate MIRE as an important regulator of ccRCC carcinogenesis.

Rewired Metabolism Caused by the Oncogenic Deregulation of MYC as an Attractive Therapeutic Target in Cancers

MYC is one of the most deregulated oncogenes on multiple levels in cancer. As a node transcription factor, MYC plays a diverse regulatory role in many cellular processes, including cell cycle and metabolism, both in physiological and pathological conditions. The relentless growth and proliferation of tumor cells lead to an insatiable demand for energy and nutrients, which requires the rewiring of cellular metabolism. As MYC can orchestrate all aspects of cellular metabolism, its altered regulation plays a central role in these processes, such as the Warburg effect, and is a well-established hallmark of cancer development. However, our current knowledge of MYC suggests that its spatial- and concentration-dependent contribution to tumorigenesis depends more on changes in the global or relative expression of target genes. As the direct targeting of MYC is proven to be challenging due to its relatively high toxicity, understanding its underlying regulatory mechanisms is essential for the development of tumor-selective targeted therapies. The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarize the diverse forms of MYC oncogenic deregulation, including DNA-, transcriptional- and post-translational level alterations, and their consequences for cellular metabolism. Furthermore, we also review the currently available and potentially attractive therapeutic options that exploit the vulnerability arising from the metabolic rearrangement of MYC-driven tumors.

The role of noncoding RNAs in metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells

Metabolic reprogramming is a well-known feature of cancer that allows malignant cells to alter metabolic reactions and nutrient uptake, thereby promoting tumor growth and spread. It has been discovered that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNA (miRNA), long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA), have a role in a variety of biological functions, control physiologic and developmental processes, and even influence disease. They have been recognized in numerous cancer types as tumor suppressors and oncogenic agents. The role of ncRNAs in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells has recently been noticed. We examine this subject, with an emphasis on the metabolism of glucose, lipids, and amino acids, and highlight the therapeutic use of targeting ncRNAs in cancer treatment.

Methyltransferase Set7/9 as a Multifaceted Regulator of ROS Response

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce multiple signaling cascades in the cell and hence play an important role in the regulation of the cell's fate. ROS can cause irreversible damage to DNA and proteins resulting in cell death. Therefore, finely tuned regulatory mechanisms exist in evolutionarily diverse organisms that are aimed at the neutralization of ROS and its consequences with respect to cellular damage. The SET domain-containing lysine methyltransferase Set7/9 (KMT7, SETD7, SET7, SET9) post-translationally modifies several histones and non-histone proteins via monomethylation of the target lysines in a sequence-specific manner. In cellulo, the Set7/9-directed covalent modification of its substrates affects gene expression, cell cycle, energy metabolism, apoptosis, ROS, and DNA damage response. However, the in vivo role of Set7/9 remains enigmatic. In this review, we summarize the currently available information regarding the role of methyltransferase Set7/9 in the regulation of ROS-inducible molecular cascades in response to oxidative stress. We also highlight the in vivo importance of Set7/9 in ROS-related diseases.

Crosstalk between epigenetics and tumor promoting androgen signaling in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the major health burdens among all cancer types in men globally. Early diagnosis and efficacious treatment options are highly warranted as far as the incidence of PCa is concerned. Androgen-dependent transcriptional activation of androgen receptor (AR) is central to the prostate tumorigenesis and therefore hormonal ablation therapy remains the first line of treatment for PCa in the clinics. However, the molecular signaling engaged in AR-dependent PCa initiation and progression is infrequent and diverse. Moreover, apart from the genomic changes, non-genomic changes such as epigenetic modifications have also been suggested as critical regulator of PCa development. Among the non-genomic mechanisms, various epigenetic changes such as histones modifications, chromatin methylation and noncoding RNAs regulations etc. play decisive role in the prostate tumorigenesis. Given that epigenetic modifications are reversible using pharmacological modifiers, various promising therapeutic approaches have been designed for the better management of PCa. In this chapter, we discuss the epigenetic control of tumor promoting AR signaling that underlies the mechanism of prostate tumorigenesis and progression. In addition, we have discussed the approaches and opportunities to develop novel epigenetic modifications based therapeutic strategies for targeting PCa including castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).

N6-methyladenosine modified LINC00901 promotes pancreatic cancer progression through IGF2BP2/MYC axis

Accumulating evidence indicates that RNA methylation at N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays an important regulatory role in gene expression and aberrant mRNA m6A modification is often associated with a variety of cancers. However, little is known whether and how m6A-modification impacts long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and lncRNA-mediated tumorigenesis, particularly in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In the present study, we report that a previously uncharacterized lncRNA, LINC00901, promotes pancreatic cancer cell growth and invasion and moreover, LINC00901 is subject to m6A modification which regulates its expression. In this regard, YTHDF1 serves as a reader for the m6A modified LINC00901 and downregulates the LINC00901 level. Notably, two conserved m6A sites in LINC00901 are critical to the recognition of LINC00901 by YTHDF1. Finally, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and gene function analysis revealed that LINC00901 positively regulates MYC through upregulation of IGF2BP2, a known RNA binding protein that can enhance MYC mRNA stability. Together, our results suggest that there is a LINC00901-IGF2BP2-MYC axis through which LINC00901 promotes PDAC progression in an m6A dependent manner.

Association of altered metabolic profiles and long non-coding RNAs expression with disease severity in breast cancer patients: analysis by 1H NMR spectroscopy and RT-q-PCR

INTRODUCTION

Globally, one of the major causes of cancer related deaths in women is breast cancer. Although metabolic pattern is altered in cancer patients, robust metabolic biomarkers with a potential to improve the screening and disease monitoring are lacking. A complete metabolome profiling of breast cancer patients may lead to the identification of diagnostic/prognostic markers and potential targets.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to analyze the metabolic profile in the serum from 43 breast cancer patients and 13 healthy individuals.

MATERIALS & METHODS

We used ¹H NMR spectroscopy for the identification and quantification of metabolites. q-RT-PCR was used to examine the relative expression of lncRNAs.

RESULTS

Metabolites such as amino acids, lipids, membrane metabolites, lipoproteins, and energy metabolites were observed in the serum from both patients and healthy individuals. Using unsupervised PCA, supervised PLS-DA, supervised OPLS-DA, and random forest classification, we observed that more than 25 metabolites were altered in the breast cancer patients. Metabolites with AUC value > 0.9 were selected for further analysis that revealed significant elevation of lactate, LPR and glycerol, while the level of glucose, succinate, and isobutyrate was reduced in breast cancer patients in comparison to healthy control. The level of these metabolites (except LPR) was altered in advanced-stage breast cancer patients in comparison to early-stage breast cancer patients. The altered metabolites were also associated with over 25 signaling pathways related to metabolism. Further, lncRNAs such as H19, MEG3 and GAS5 were dysregulated in the breast tumor tissue in comparison to normal adjacent tissue.

CONCLUSION

The study provides insights into metabolic alteration in breast cancer patients. It also provides an avenue to examine the association of lncRNAs with metabolic patterns in patients.

Molecular Mechanisms of Noncoding RNA in the Occurrence of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Although several therapeutic options have been shown to improve survival of most patients with prostate cancer, progression to castration-refractory state continues to present challenges in clinics and scientific research. As a highly heterogeneous disease entity, the mechanisms of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are complicated and arise from multiple factors. Among them, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), the untranslated part of the human transcriptome, are closely related to almost all biological regulation, including tumor metabolisms, epigenetic modifications and immune escape, which has encouraged scientists to investigate their role in CRPC. In clinical practice, ncRNAs, especially miRNAs and lncRNAs, may function as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of CRPC. Therefore, understanding the molecular biology of CRPC will help boost a shift in the treatment of CRPC patients. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of miRNAs and lncRNAs, discuss their potential functional mechanisms and highlight their clinical application prospects in CRPC.

The landscape of exosomal non-coding RNAs in breast cancer drug resistance, focusing on underlying molecular mechanisms

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. Like many other cancers, BC therapy is challenging and sometimes frustrating. In spite of the various therapeutic modalities applied to treat the cancer, drug resistance, also known as, chemoresistance, is very common in almost all BCs. Undesirably, a breast tumor might be resistant to different curative approaches (e.g., chemo- and immunotherapy) at the same period of time. Exosomes, as double membrane-bound extracellular vesicles 1) secreted from different cell species, can considerably transfer cell products and components through the bloodstream. In this context, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are a chief group of exosomal constituents with amazing abilities to regulate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of BC, such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, migration, and particularly drug resistance. Thereby, exosomal ncRNAs can be considered potential mediators of BC progression and drug resistance. Moreover, as the corresponding exosomal ncRNAs circulate in the bloodstream and are found in different body fluids, they can serve as foremost prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers. The current study aims to comprehensively review the most recent findings on BC-related molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways affected by exosomal miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, with a focus on drug resistance. Also, the potential of the same exosomal ncRNAs in the diagnosis and prognosis of BC will be discussed in detail.

Epigenetic adaptations in drug-tolerant tumor cells

Traditional chemotherapy against cancer is often severely hampered by acquired resistance to the drug. Epigenetic alterations and other mechanisms like drug efflux, drug metabolism, and engagement of survival pathways are crucial in evading drug pressure. Herein, growing evidence suggests that a subpopulation of tumor cells can often tolerate drug onslaught by entering a "persister" state with minimal proliferation. The molecular features of these persister cells are gradually unraveling. Notably, the "persisters" act as a cache of cells that can eventually re-populate the tumor post-withdrawal drug pressure and contribute to acquiring stable drug-resistant features. This underlines the clinical significance of the tolerant cells. Accumulating evidence highlights the importance of modulation of the epigenome as a critical adaptive strategy for evading drug pressure. Chromatin remodeling, altered DNA methylation, and de-regulation of non-coding RNA expression and function contribute significantly to this persister state. No wonder targeting adaptive epigenetic modifications is increasingly recognized as an appropriate therapeutic strategy to sensitize them and restore drug sensitivity. Furthermore, manipulating the tumor microenvironment and "drug holiday" is also explored to maneuver the epigenome. However, heterogeneity in adaptive strategies and lack of targeted therapies have significantly hindered the translation of epigenetic therapy to the clinics. In this review, we comprehensively analyze the epigenetic alterations adapted by the drug-tolerant cells, the therapeutic strategies employed to date, and their limitations and future prospects.

PI3K/ c-Myc/AFF4 axis promotes pancreatic tumorigenesis through fueling nucleotide metabolism

MLL-AFF4 fusion gene has been discovered in acute leukemia, whether AFF4 alone plays a role in tumor, especially pancreatic tumorigenesis, is still elusive. Increasing evidence suggests that cancer cells altered nucleotide metabolism during tumorigenesis. In present study, we observed AFF4 overexpression promoted cell proliferation, colony formation and cell cycle progression while loss of AFF4 impairs above phenotypes of pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC) cells. Using RNA-profiling, we revealed that HPRT1 and IMPDH2, two enzymes in the nucleotide metabolism pathway, were upregulated following AFF4 overexpression. Simultaneous expression of HPRT1 and IMPDH2 would mainly rescue the phenotypes of cells lacking AFF4. Additionally, xenograft study proved HPRT1 and IMPDH2 genetically function in the downstream of AFF4, which was recruited by PAX2 when CDK9 mediated AFF4 phosphorylation at S388 and drove HPRT1 and IMPDH2 expression. We further discovered PI3K/c-Myc axis is required for AFF4 expression in PDAC cells. Finally, we obtained the positive correlation between c-Myc and AFF4 or AFF4 and HPRT1/IMPDH2 in clinical PDAC samples. Otherwise, we conducted data-mining and found that the expression levels of AFF4 and HPRT1/IMPDH2 are correlated with patients' prognosis, establishing AFF4 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for PDAC.

The lncRNA KTN1-AS1 co-regulates a variety of Myc-target genes and enhances proliferation of Burkitt lymphoma cells

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in many normal and oncogenic pathways through a diverse repertoire of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms. LncRNAs that are under tight regulation of well-known oncogenic transcription factors such as c-Myc (Myc) are likely to be functionally involved in their disease-promoting mechanisms. Myc is a major driver of many subsets of B cell lymphoma and to date remains an undruggable target. We identified three Myc-induced and four Myc-repressed lncRNAs by use of multiple in vitro models of Myc-driven Burkitt lymphoma and detailed analysis of Myc binding profiles. We show that the top Myc-induced lncRNA KTN1-AS1 is strongly upregulated in different types of B cell lymphoma compared with their normal counterparts. We used CRISPR-mediated genome editing to confirm that the direct induction of KTN1-AS1 by Myc is dependent on the presence of a Myc E-box-binding motif. Knockdown of KTN1-AS1 revealed a strong negative effect on the growth of three BL cell lines. Global gene expression analysis upon KTN1-AS1 depletion shows a strong enrichment of key genes in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway as well as co-regulation of many Myc-target genes, including a moderate negative effect on the levels of Myc itself. Our study suggests a critical role for KTN1-AS1 in supporting BL cell growth by mediating co-regulation of a variety of Myc-target genes and co-activating key genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. Therefore, KTN1-AS1 may represent a putative novel therapeutic target in lymphoma.

Metabolic Pathways, Enzymes, and Metabolites: Opportunities in Cancer Therapy

Metabolic reprogramming enables cancer cells to proliferate and produce tumor biomass under a nutrient-deficient microenvironment and the stress of metabolic waste. A cancer cell adeptly undergoes a variety of adaptations in metabolic pathways and differential expression of metabolic enzyme genes. Metabolic adaptation is mainly determined by the physiological demands of the cancer cell of origin and the host tissue. Numerous metabolic regulators that assist cancer cell proliferation include uncontrolled anabolism/catabolism of glucose metabolism, fatty acids, amino acids metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, tumor suppressor genes, microRNAs, and many regulatory enzymes and genes. Using this paradigm, we review the current understanding of metabolic reprogramming in tumors and discuss the new strategies of cancer metabolomics that can be tapped into for cancer therapeutics.

Crosstalk between metabolic reprogramming and epigenetics in cancer: updates on mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities

Reversible, spatial, and temporal regulation of metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic homeostasis are prominent hallmarks of carcinogenesis. Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to meet the high bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands for vigorous proliferation. Epigenetic dysregulation is a common feature of human cancers, which contributes to tumorigenesis and maintenance of the malignant phenotypes by regulating gene expression. The epigenome is sensitive to metabolic changes. Metabolism produces various metabolites that are substrates, cofactors, or inhibitors of epigenetic enzymes. Alterations in metabolic pathways and fluctuations in intermediate metabolites convey information regarding the intracellular metabolic status into the nucleus by modulating the activity of epigenetic enzymes and thus remodeling the epigenetic landscape, inducing transcriptional responses to heterogeneous metabolic requirements. Cancer metabolism is regulated by epigenetic machinery at both transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels. Epigenetic modifiers, chromatin remodelers and non‐coding RNAs are integral contributors to the regulatory networks involved in cancer metabolism, facilitating malignant transformation. However, the significance of the close connection between metabolism and epigenetics in the context of cancer has not been fully deciphered. Thus, it will be constructive to summarize and update the emerging new evidence supporting this bidirectional crosstalk and deeply assess how the crosstalk between metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic abnormalities could be exploited to optimize treatment paradigms and establish new therapeutic options. In this review, we summarize the central mechanisms by which epigenetics and metabolism reciprocally modulate each other in cancer and elaborate upon and update the major contributions of the interplays between epigenetic aberrations and metabolic rewiring to cancer initiation and development. Finally, we highlight the potential therapeutic opportunities for hematological malignancies and solid tumors by targeting this epigenetic‐metabolic circuit. In summary, we endeavored to depict the current understanding of the coordination between these fundamental abnormalities more comprehensively and provide new perspectives for utilizing metabolic and epigenetic targets for cancer treatment.

Iron metabolism, ferroptosis, and lncRNA in cancer: knowns and unknowns

Cancer cells undergo substantial metabolic alterations to sustain increased energy supply and uncontrolled proliferation. As an essential trace element, iron is vital for many biological processes. Evidence has revealed that cancer cells deploy various mechanisms to elevate the cellular iron concentration to accelerate proliferation. Ferroptosis, a form of cell death caused by iron-catalyzed excessive peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), is a promising therapeutic target for therapy-resistant cancers. Previous studies have reported that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is a group of critical regulators involved in modulating cell metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis, and ferroptosis. In this review, we summarize the associations among iron metabolism, ferroptosis, and ferroptosis-related lncRNA in tumorigenesis. This information will help deepen understanding of the role of lncRNA in iron metabolism and raise the possibility of targeting lncRNA and ferroptosis in cancer combination therapy.

Androgen-Responsive Oncogenic lncRNA RP11-1023L17.1 Enhances c-Myc Protein Stability in Prostate Cancer

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found as novel participants in the pathophysiology of prostate cancer (PCa), which is predominantly regulated by androgen and its receptor. The biological function of androgen-responsive lncRNAs remains poorly understood. Here, we identified that lncRNA RP11-1023L17.1, which is highly expressed in PCa. RP11-1023L17.1 expression, can be directly repressed by the androgen receptor in PCa cells. RP11-1023L17.1 depletion inhibited the proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression, and promoted the apoptosis of PCa cells, indicating that RP11-1023L17.1 acts as an oncogene in PCa cells. Microarray results revealed that RP11-1023L17.1 depletion downregulated the c-Myc transcription signature in PCa cells. RP11-1023L17.1 depletion-induced cellular phenotypes can be overcome by ectopically overexpressed c-Myc. Mechanistically, RP11-1023L17.1 represses FBXO32 mRNA expression, thereby enhancing c-Myc protein stability by blocking FBXO32-mediated c-Myc degradation. Our findings reveal the previously unrecognized roles of RP11-1023L17.1 in c-Myc-dependent PCa tumorigenesis.

Identification and validation of ferroptosis-related lncRNA signature as a prognostic model for skin cutaneous melanoma

Background

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer, which originates from the malignant transformation of epidermal melanocytes, with extremely high lethality. Ferroptosis has been documented to be highly related to cancer pathogenesis and the effect of immunotherapy. In addition, the dysregulation of lncRNAs is greatly implicated in melanoma progression and ferroptosis regulation. However, the significance of ferroptosis-related lncRNA in melanoma treatment and the prognosis of melanoma patients remains elusive.

Methods

Via Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator (LASSO) regression analysis in the TCGA SKCM database, a cutaneous melanoma risk model was established based on differentially-expressed ferroptosis-related lncRNAs (DEfrlncRNAs). The nomogram, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and calibration plots were conducted to examine the predictive performance of this model. Sequentially, we continued to analyze the differences between the high- and low-risk groups, in terms of clinical characteristics, immune cell infiltration, immune-related functions, and chemotherapy drug sensitivity. Moreover, the expressions of DEfrlncRNAs, PD-L1, and CD8 were also examined by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining in melanoma tissues to further confirm the potential clinical implication of DEfrlncRNAs in melanoma immunotherapy.

Results

16 DEfrlncRNAs were identified, and a representative risk score for patient survival was constructed based on these 16 genes. The risk score was found to be an independent prognostic factor for the survival of melanoma patients. In addition, the low-risk group of patients had higher immune cell infiltration in the melanoma lesions, higher sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents, and a better survival prognosis. Besides, the high expression of the identified 5 DEfrlncRNA in the low-risk group might suggest a higher possibility to benefit from immune checkpoint blockade therapy in the treatment of melanoma.

Conclusion

The DEfrlncRNA risk prediction model related to ferroptosis genes can independently predict the prognosis of patients with melanoma and provide a basis for evaluating the response of clinical treatment in melanoma.

lncRNAs: Key Regulators of Signaling Pathways in Tumor Glycolysis

In response to overstimulation of growth factor signaling, tumor cells can reprogram their metabolism to preferentially utilize and metabolize glucose to lactate even in the presence of abundant oxygen, which is termed the “Warburg effect” or aerobic glycolysis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides and do not encode proteins. Accumulating evidence suggests that lncRNAs can affect aerobic glycolysis through multiple mechanisms, including the regulation of glycolytic transporters and key rate-limiting enzymes. In addition, maladjusted signaling pathways are critical for glycolysis. Therefore, this article mainly reviews the lncRNAs involved in the regulation of tumor glycolysis key signal pathways in recent years and provides an in-depth understanding of the role of differentially expressed lncRNAs in the key signal pathways of glucose metabolism, which may help to provide new therapeutic targets and new diagnostic and prognostic markers for human cancer.

Construction of a Novel Prognostic Signature in Lung Adenocarcinoma Based on Necroptosis-Related lncRNAs

Background: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are drawing increasing attention as promising predictors of prognosis for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. Necroptosis, a novel regulated mechanism of necrotic cell death, plays an important role in the biological process of cancer. The aim of this study was to identify the necroptosis-related lncRNAs (NRLRs) in a LUAD cohort and establish a necroptosis-related lncRNA signature (NRLSig) to stratify LUAD patients.

Methods: NRLRs were identified in LUAD patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database using Pearson correlation analysis between necroptosis-related genes and lncRNAs. Then the NRLSig was identified using univariate Cox regression analysis and LASSO regression analysis. Assessments of the signature were performed based on survival analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and clustering analysis. Next, a nomogram containing the NRLSig and clinical information was developed through univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Further, functional enrichment analysis of the selected lncRNAs in NRLSig and the association between NRLSig and the immune infiltration were also evaluated.

Results: A 4-lncRNA signature, incorporating LINC00941, AP001453.2, AC026368.1, and AC236972.3, was identified to predict overall survival (OS) and stratify LUAD patients into different groups. Survival analysis, ROC curve analysis and clustering analysis showed good performance in the prognostic prediction of the lncRNA signature. Then, a nomogram containing the NRLSig was developed and showed satisfactory predictive accuracy, calibration and clinical usefulness. The co-expressed genes of selected NRLRs were enriched in several biological functions and signaling pathways. Finally, differences in the abundance of immune cells were investigated among the high-risk group and low-risk group divided by the NRLSig.

Conclusion: The proposed NRLSig may provide promising therapeutic targets or prognostic predictors for LUAD patients.

Construction and validation of an eight pyroptosis-related lncRNA risk model for breast cancer

OBJECTIVE

We developed a risk model based on pyroptosis-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and assessed its prognostic value and clinical significance in breast cancer (BRCA).

METHODS

BRCA RNA sequencing data with corresponding clinical information were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Univariate Cox regression analysis was used to examine correlations between prognosis of BRCA patients and the expression levels of pyroptosis-related lncRNAs. A prognostic model was developed and validated by identifying the correlation of risk scores with tumor immune infiltration and immune cell function through immune response analysis. Functional analyses of focal dysfunction-related lncRNA were also carried out. Lastly, single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was conducted to determine the differences in immune responses between the low- and high-risk groups.

RESULTS

We divided the TCGA-BRCA dataset into 3 clusters by consensus clustering, and identified 11 pyroptosis-related lncRNAs that are differentially expressed between tumors and normal tissues. In addition, we determined if PD-L1 expression is associated with clustering and gene expression. The list was further narrowed down to eight pyroptosis-related lncRNAs and their regression coefficients were obtained through LASSO regression analysis. The relative proportion of 22 different immune cells in the BRCA microenvironment was determined using the CIBERSORT algorithm to explore the indicative effects of risk score on the tumor microenvironment (TME). We found that the resting mast cells, M0, and M2 macrophages were positively correlated with the risk scores.

CONCLUSION

The potential role of pyroptosis-related lncRNAs in BRCA prognosis may be exploited as a treatment target for patients with BRCA.

Sodium butyrate inhibits aerobic glycolysis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the c-myc/hexokinase 2 pathway

Aerobic glycolysis is a well-known hallmark of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hence, targeting the key enzymes of this pathway is considered a novel approach to HCC treatment. The effects of sodium butyrate (NaBu), a sodium salt of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, on aerobic glycolysis in HCC cells and the underlying mechanism are unknown. In the present study, data obtained from cell lines with mouse xenograft model revealed that NaBu inhibited aerobic glycolysis in the HCC cells in vivo and in vitro. NaBu induced apoptosis while inhibiting the proliferation of the HCC cells in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the compound inhibited the release of lactate and glucose consumption in the HCC cells in vitro and inhibited the production of lactate in vivo. The modulatory effects of NaBu on glycolysis, proliferation and apoptosis were related to its modulation of hexokinase 2 (HK2). NaBu downregulated HK2 expression via c-myc signalling. The upregulation of glycolysis in the HCC cells induced by sorafenib was impeded by NaBu, thereby enhancing the anti-HCC effect of sorafenib in vitro and in vivo. Thus, NaBu inhibits the expression of HK2 to downregulate aerobic glycolysis and the proliferation of HCC cells and induces their apoptosis via the c-myc pathway.

The possible role of long non-coding RNAs in recurrent miscarriage

Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is a complicated disease in reproductive medicine that impacts many families. Currently, the etiology of RM is thought to include chromosome abnormalities, reproductive tract malformations, autoimmune dysfunction, infection, and environmental factors. However, the underlying mechanisms of RM remain unknown. At present, research on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is rapidly emerging and becoming a hot research topic in epigenetic studies. Recent studies revealed that lncRNAs are strongly linked to RM and play a crucial role in epigenetic, cell cycle, cell differentiation regulation, and other life activities. This article mainly reviews the difference in lncRNA expression in patients with RM and regulation of susceptibility, endometrial receptivity, and the maternal-fetal interface. Meanwhile, the correlation between lncRNAs and RM is expounded, which provides new insights for the early diagnosis and treatment of RM.

circYap inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma by arresting cell cycle

OBJECTIVE

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) involve in the development and progression of tumour. The mechanism of circRNAs in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has remained unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of circular Yes-associated protein (circYap) in OSCC.

METHODS

Quantification reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied to measure circYap expression in patients with OSCC tissues and cells. Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate cell cycle. circYap interaction with CDK4 was detected by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and RNA pull-down. The interaction of Cyclin D1 and CDK4 was determined using co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP).

RESULTS

We showed that circYap expression was downregulated in OSCC tissues. Using small interfering circular (Si-circYap) and overexpression plasmid, we found that circYap overexpression inhibited proliferation and arrested cell cycle in OSCC cells, while, circYap knockdown yielded the opposite result. Cyclin D1/CDK4 complexes and nuclear translocation is essential for cell cycle progression. We found that CDK4 interacted with circYap was increased when circYap overexpression, meanwhile, Cyclin D1/CDK4 complexes and of nuclear distribution were decreased.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that circYap impedes progression of OSCC. Overexpression of circYap suppresses proliferation and cell cycle through binding to CDK4 to block formation and nuclear translocation of Cyclin D1/CDK4 complexes. Thus, circYap may serves as a valuable therapeutic target for OSCC.