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Zhu WJ, Jiang XK, Li JJ, Ai BQ. Directed transport and collective dynamics of pulsing particles in topological lattices. Phys Rev E 2025; 111:044123. [PMID: 40411018 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.111.044123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/26/2025]
Abstract
We investigated the directed transport and collective patterns of pulsing particles with periodic size variation in topological lattices. Self-pulsing provides energy input at the individual level and serves as nonequilibrium driving. The distribution of the topological lattice determines the direction of particle motion, with pulsing particles preferentially moving toward high-density lattice regions, in contrast to the behavior of conventional active particles. The competition dynamics of repulsion contraction and synchronization give rise to deformation waves in dense particle environments, including both planar and circular waves, corresponding to a disordered state. These deformation waves exhibit local order but global disorder. Notably, directed transport is most pronounced in the disordered state, whereas particles exhibit no directed transport in the arrested ordered state. Additionally, optimal values of the self-pulsing parameters (the driving frequency, the self-pulsation amplitude, and the strengths of synchronization) lead to a peak in the average velocity. The particle number density also significantly influences directed transport, as an increase in number density promotes directed transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jing Zhu
- Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, School of Photoelectric Engineering, Guangzhou 510665, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Jiang
- Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, School of Photoelectric Engineering, Guangzhou 510665, China
| | - Jia-Jian Li
- South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bao-Quan Ai
- South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Guangzhou 510006, China
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2
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Brückner DB, Hannezo E. Tissue Active Matter: Integrating Mechanics and Signaling into Dynamical Models. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2025; 17:a041653. [PMID: 38951023 PMCID: PMC11960702 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The importance of physical forces in the morphogenesis, homeostatic function, and pathological dysfunction of multicellular tissues is being increasingly characterized, both theoretically and experimentally. Analogies between biological systems and inert materials such as foams, gels, and liquid crystals have provided striking insights into the core design principles underlying multicellular organization. However, these connections can seem surprising given that a key feature of multicellular systems is their ability to constantly consume energy, providing an active origin for the forces that they produce. Key emerging questions are, therefore, to understand whether and how this activity grants tissues novel properties that do not have counterparts in classical materials, as well as their consequences for biological function. Here, we review recent discoveries at the intersection of active matter and tissue biology, with an emphasis on how modeling and experiments can be combined to understand the dynamics of multicellular systems. These approaches suggest that a number of key biological tissue-scale phenomena, such as morphogenetic shape changes, collective migration, or fate decisions, share unifying design principles that can be described by physical models of tissue active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Brückner
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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3
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Li ZQ, Lei QL, Ma YQ. Fluidization and anomalous density fluctuations in 2D Voronoi cell tissues with pulsating activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2025; 122:e2421518122. [PMID: 40042897 PMCID: PMC11912397 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2421518122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025] Open
Abstract
Cells not only can be motile by crawling but are also capable of nonmotility active motions like periodic contraction or pulsation. In this work, based on a Voronoi cell model, we show how this nonmotility activity affects the structure, dynamic, and density fluctuations of cellular monolayers. Our model shows that random cell pulsation fluidizes solid epithelial tissues into a hyperuniform fluid state, while pulsation synchronization inhibits the fluidity and causes a reverse solidification. Our results indicate this solidification is a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless-type transition, characterized by strong density/dynamic heterogeneity arising from the annihilation of topological defects in the pulsating phase space. The magnitude and length scale of density heterogeneity diverge with the pulsating period, resulting in an opposite giant density fluctuation or anti-hyperuniformity. We propose a fluctuating hydrodynamic theory that can unify the two opposite anomalous fluctuation phenomena. Our findings can help to understand recent experimental observations in Madin-Darby canine kidney monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Qin Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun-Li Lei
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Physical Science Research Center, Nanjing210093, People’s Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei230088, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ma
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Physical Science Research Center, Nanjing210093, People’s Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei230088, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Gompper G, Stone HA, Kurzthaler C, Saintillan D, Peruani F, Fedosov DA, Auth T, Cottin-Bizonne C, Ybert C, Clément E, Darnige T, Lindner A, Goldstein RE, Liebchen B, Binysh J, Souslov A, Isa L, di Leonardo R, Frangipane G, Gu H, Nelson BJ, Brauns F, Marchetti MC, Cichos F, Heuthe VL, Bechinger C, Korman A, Feinerman O, Cavagna A, Giardina I, Jeckel H, Drescher K. The 2025 motile active matter roadmap. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2025; 37:143501. [PMID: 39837091 PMCID: PMC11836640 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/adac98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2025] [Indexed: 01/23/2025]
Abstract
Activity and autonomous motion are fundamental aspects of many living and engineering systems. Here, the scale of biological agents covers a wide range, from nanomotors, cytoskeleton, and cells, to insects, fish, birds, and people. Inspired by biological active systems, various types of autonomous synthetic nano- and micromachines have been designed, which provide the basis for multifunctional, highly responsive, intelligent active materials. A major challenge for understanding and designing active matter is their inherent non-equilibrium nature due to persistent energy consumption, which invalidates equilibrium concepts such as free energy, detailed balance, and time-reversal symmetry. Furthermore, interactions in ensembles of active agents are often non-additive and non-reciprocal. An important aspect of biological agents is their ability to sense the environment, process this information, and adjust their motion accordingly. It is an important goal for the engineering of micro-robotic systems to achieve similar functionality. Many fundamental properties of motile active matter are by now reasonably well understood and under control. Thus, the ground is now prepared for the study of physical aspects and mechanisms of motion in complex environments, the behavior of systems with new physical features like chirality, the development of novel micromachines and microbots, the emergent collective behavior and swarming of intelligent self-propelled particles, and particular features of microbial systems. The vast complexity of phenomena and mechanisms involved in the self-organization and dynamics of motile active matter poses major challenges, which can only be addressed by a truly interdisciplinary effort involving scientists from biology, chemistry, ecology, engineering, mathematics, and physics. The 2025 motile active matter roadmap of Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter reviews the current state of the art of the field and provides guidance for further progress in this fascinating research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Gompper
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Howard A Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States of America
| | - Christina Kurzthaler
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Saintillan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | | | - Dmitry A Fedosov
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Auth
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Cecile Cottin-Bizonne
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Ybert
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Eric Clément
- Laboratoire PMMH-ESPCI, UMR 7636 CNRS-PSL-Research University, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Darnige
- Laboratoire PMMH-ESPCI, UMR 7636 CNRS-PSL-Research University, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anke Lindner
- Laboratoire PMMH-ESPCI, UMR 7636 CNRS-PSL-Research University, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Raymond E Goldstein
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benno Liebchen
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jack Binysh
- Institute of Physics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Souslov
- T.C.M. Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Lucio Isa
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Hongri Gu
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fridtjof Brauns
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | - M Cristina Marchetti
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | - Frank Cichos
- Molecular Nanophotonics, Leipzig University, 04013 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Amos Korman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Feinerman
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andrea Cavagna
- Istituto Sistemi Complessi (ISC-CNR), Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma & INFN, Unità di Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Giardina
- Istituto Sistemi Complessi (ISC-CNR), Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma & INFN, Unità di Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Hannah Jeckel
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States of America
| | - Knut Drescher
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Romanova DY, Povernov AA, Nikitin MA, Borman SI, Frank YA, Moroz LL. Long-term dynamics of placozoan culture: emerging models for population and space biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2025; 12:1514553. [PMID: 39845085 PMCID: PMC11751234 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1514553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 12/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2025] Open
Abstract
As the simplest free-living animal, Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa) is emerging as a powerful paradigm to decipher molecular and cellular bases of behavior, enabling integrative studies at all levels of biological organization in the context of metazoan evolution and parallel origins of neural organization. However, the progress in this direction also depends on the ability to maintain a long-term culture of placozoans. Here, we report the dynamic of Trichoplax cultures over 11 years of observations from a starting clonal line, including 7 years of culturing under antibiotic (ampicillin) treatment. This study revealed very complex population dynamics, with seasonal oscillation and at least partial correlations with the solar radio emission flux and the magnetic field disturbance parameters. Notable, the analysis of the distribution of Fe2+ in living animals revealed not only its high abundance across most cells but also asymmetric localizations of Fe2+ in unidentified cells, suggesting that these Fe2+ intracellular patterns might be coupled with the animal's bioenergetics. We hypothesize that placozoans might have magnetoreception, which can be experimentally tested in future studies. In sum, Trichoplax, in particular, and Placozoa, in general, can be viewed as prospective reference species in traditional evolutionary and system biology but have the yet unexplored potential for planetary ecology and space biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Y. Romanova
- Lab of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Povernov
- Lab of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Nikitin
- Lab of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Simkha I. Borman
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana A. Frank
- Lab of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid L. Moroz
- Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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6
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Romanova DY, Moroz LL. The ancestral architecture of the immune system in simplest animals. Front Immunol 2025; 15:1529836. [PMID: 39840034 PMCID: PMC11747439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1529836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2024] [Accepted: 12/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2025] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Y. Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid L. Moroz
- Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States
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7
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Jin M, Li W, Ji Z, Di G, Yuan M, Zhang Y, Kang Y, Zhao C. Coordinated cellular behavior regulated by epinephrine neurotransmitters in the nerveless placozoa. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8626. [PMID: 39366961 PMCID: PMC11452686 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding how cells communicated before the evolution of nervous systems in early metazoans is key to unraveling the origins of multicellular life. We focused on Trichoplax adhaerens, one of the earliest multicellular animals, to explore this question. Through screening a small compound library targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), we found that Trichoplax exhibits distinctive rotational movements when exposed to epinephrine. Further studies suggested that, akin to those in humans, this basal organism also utilizes adrenergic signals to regulate its negative taxis behavior, with the downstream signaling pathway being more straightforward and efficient. Mechanistically, the binding of ligands activates downstream calcium signaling, subsequently modulating ciliary redox signals. This process ultimately regulates the beating direction of cilia, governing the coordinated movement of the organism. Our findings not only highlight the enduring presence of adrenergic signaling in stress responses during evolution but also underscore the importance of early metazoan expansion of GPCR families. This amplification empowers us with the ability to sense external cues and modulate cellular communication effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Jin
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wanqing Li
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongyu Ji
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Guotao Di
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunsi Kang
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengtian Zhao
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China.
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
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8
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Monk T, Dennler N, Ralph N, Rastogi S, Afshar S, Urbizagastegui P, Jarvis R, van Schaik A, Adamatzky A. Electrical Signaling Beyond Neurons. Neural Comput 2024; 36:1939-2029. [PMID: 39141803 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Neural action potentials (APs) are difficult to interpret as signal encoders and/or computational primitives. Their relationships with stimuli and behaviors are obscured by the staggering complexity of nervous systems themselves. We can reduce this complexity by observing that "simpler" neuron-less organisms also transduce stimuli into transient electrical pulses that affect their behaviors. Without a complicated nervous system, APs are often easier to understand as signal/response mechanisms. We review examples of nonneural stimulus transductions in domains of life largely neglected by theoretical neuroscience: bacteria, protozoans, plants, fungi, and neuron-less animals. We report properties of those electrical signals-for example, amplitudes, durations, ionic bases, refractory periods, and particularly their ecological purposes. We compare those properties with those of neurons to infer the tasks and selection pressures that neurons satisfy. Throughout the tree of life, nonneural stimulus transductions time behavioral responses to environmental changes. Nonneural organisms represent the presence or absence of a stimulus with the presence or absence of an electrical signal. Their transductions usually exhibit high sensitivity and specificity to a stimulus, but are often slow compared to neurons. Neurons appear to be sacrificing the specificity of their stimulus transductions for sensitivity and speed. We interpret cellular stimulus transductions as a cell's assertion that it detected something important at that moment in time. In particular, we consider neural APs as fast but noisy detection assertions. We infer that a principal goal of nervous systems is to detect extremely weak signals from noisy sensory spikes under enormous time pressure. We discuss neural computation proposals that address this goal by casting neurons as devices that implement online, analog, probabilistic computations with their membrane potentials. Those proposals imply a measurable relationship between afferent neural spiking statistics and efferent neural membrane electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Monk
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Nik Dennler
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
- Biocomputation Group, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, U.K.
| | - Nicholas Ralph
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Shavika Rastogi
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
- Biocomputation Group, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, U.K.
| | - Saeed Afshar
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Pablo Urbizagastegui
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Russell Jarvis
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - André van Schaik
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Andrew Adamatzky
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K.
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Harracksingh AN, Singh A, Mayorova TD, Bejoy B, Hornbeck J, Elkhatib W, McEdwards G, Gauberg J, Taha A, Islam IM, Erclik T, Currie MA, Noyes M, Senatore A. Mint/X11 PDZ domains from non-bilaterian animals recognize and bind Ca V2 calcium channel C-termini in vitro. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21615. [PMID: 39284887 PMCID: PMC11405698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
PDZ domain mediated interactions with voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channel C-termini play important roles in localizing membrane Ca2+ signaling. The first such interaction was described between the scaffolding protein Mint-1 and CaV2.2 in mammals. In this study, we show through various in silico analyses that Mint is an animal-specific gene with a highly divergent N-terminus but a strongly conserved C-terminus comprised of a phosphotyrosine binding domain, two tandem PDZ domains (PDZ-1 and PDZ-2), and a C-terminal auto-inhibitory element that binds and inhibits PDZ-1. In addition to CaV2 chanels, most genes that interact with Mint are also deeply conserved including amyloid precursor proteins, presenilins, neurexin, and CASK and Veli which form a tripartite complex with Mint in bilaterians. Through yeast and bacterial 2-hybrid experiments, we show that Mint and CaV2 channels from cnidarians and placozoans interact in vitro, and in situ hybridization revealed co-expression in dissociated neurons from the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis. Unexpectedly, the Mint orthologue from the ctenophore Hormiphora californiensis strongly bound the divergent C-terminal ligands of cnidarian and placozoan CaV2 channels, despite neither the ctenophore Mint, nor the placozoan and cnidarian orthologues, binding the ctenophore CaV2 channel C-terminus. Altogether, our analyses suggest that the capacity of Mint to bind CaV2 channels predates bilaterian animals, and that evolutionary changes in CaV2 channel C-terminal sequences resulted in altered binding modalities with Mint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N Harracksingh
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Anhadvir Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Tatiana D Mayorova
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brian Bejoy
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Jillian Hornbeck
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1st Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Wassim Elkhatib
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Gregor McEdwards
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Julia Gauberg
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Abdul Taha
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Ishrat Maliha Islam
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Ted Erclik
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Mark A Currie
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Marcus Noyes
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1st Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
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10
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Harracksingh AN, Singh A, Mayorova T, Bejoy B, Hornbeck J, Elkhatib W, McEdwards G, Gauberg J, Taha ARW, Islam IM, Erclik T, Currie MA, Noyes M, Senatore A. Mint/X11 PDZ domains from non-bilaterian animals recognize and bind Ca V 2 calcium channel C-termini in vitro . BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582151. [PMID: 38463976 PMCID: PMC10925089 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
PDZ domain mediated interactions with voltage-gated calcium (Ca V ) channel C-termini play important roles in localizing membrane Ca 2+ signaling. The first such interaction was described between the scaffolding protein Mint-1 and Ca V 2.2 in mammals. In this study, we show through various in silico analyses that Mint is an animal-specific gene with a highly divergent N-terminus but a strongly conserved C-terminus comprised of a phosphotyrosine binding domain, two tandem PDZ domains (PDZ-1 and PDZ-2), and a C-terminal auto-inhibitory element that binds and inhibits PDZ-1. In addition to Ca V 2 channels, most genes that interact with Mint are also deeply conserved including amyloid precursor proteins, presenilins, neurexin, and CASK and Veli which form a tripartite complex with Mint in bilaterians. Through yeast and bacterial 2-hybrid experiments, we show that Mint and Ca V 2 channels from cnidarians and placozoans interact in vitro , and in situ hybridization revealed co-expression in dissociated neurons from the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis . Unexpectedly, the Mint orthologue from the ctenophore Hormiphora californiensis strongly binds the divergent C-terminal ligands of cnidarian and placozoan Ca V 2 channels, despite neither the ctenophore Mint, nor the placozoan and cnidarian orthologues, binding the ctenophore Ca V 2 channel C-terminus. Altogether, our analyses suggest that the capacity of Mint to bind CaV2 channels predates pre-bilaterian animals, and that evolutionary changes in Ca V 2 channel C-terminal sequences resulted in altered binding modalities with Mint.
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11
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Quinn JM, Wang Y, Wood M, Flozak AS, Le PM, Yemelyanov A, Oakes PW, Gottardi CJ. α-catenin middle- and actin-binding domain unfolding mutants differentially impact epithelial strength and sheet migration. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar65. [PMID: 38507238 PMCID: PMC11151094 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-01-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
α-catenin (α-cat) displays force-dependent unfolding and binding to actin filaments through direct and indirect means, but features of adherens junction structure and function most vulnerable to loss of these allosteric mechanisms have not been directly compared. By reconstituting an α-cat F-actin-binding domain unfolding mutant known to exhibit enhanced binding to actin (α-cat-H0-FABD+) into α-cat knockout Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, we show that partial loss of the α-cat catch bond mechanism (via an altered H0 α-helix) leads to stronger epithelial sheet integrity with greater colocalization between the α-cat-H0-FABD+ mutant and actin. α-cat-H0-FABD+ -expressing cells are less efficient at closing scratch-wounds, suggesting reduced capacity for more dynamic cell-cell coordination. Evidence that α-cat-H0-FABD+ is equally accessible to the conformationally sensitive α18 antibody epitope as WT α-cat and shows similar vinculin recruitment suggests this mutant engages lower tension cortical actin networks, as its M-domain is not persistently open. Conversely, α-cat-M-domain salt-bridge mutants with persistent recruitment of vinculin and phosphorylated myosin light chain show only intermediate monolayer adhesive strengths, but display less directionally coordinated and thereby slower migration speeds during wound-repair. These data show α-cat M- and FABD-unfolding mutants differentially impact cell-cell cohesion and migration properties, and suggest signals favoring α-cat-cortical actin interaction without persistent M-domain opening may improve epithelial monolayer strength through enhanced coupling to lower tension actin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M. Quinn
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Yuou Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Megan Wood
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Annette S. Flozak
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Phuong M. Le
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Alex Yemelyanov
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Patrick W. Oakes
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Cara J. Gottardi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
- Cell & Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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12
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Leria M, Requin M, Le Bivic A, Pasini A. The placozoan Trichoplax. Nat Methods 2024; 21:543-545. [PMID: 38609555 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-024-02228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Leria
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Requin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - André Le Bivic
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Andrea Pasini
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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13
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Goel T, Adams EM, Bialas AL, Tran CM, Rowe T, Martin S, Chandler M, Schubert J, Diamond PH, Collins EMS. Nonlinear elasticity and short-range mechanical coupling govern the rate and symmetry of mouth opening in Hydra. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232123. [PMID: 38378148 PMCID: PMC10878823 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydra has a tubular bilayered epithelial body column with a dome-shaped head on one end and a foot on the other. Hydra lacks a permanent mouth: its head epithelium is sealed. Upon neuronal activation, a mouth opens at the apex of the head which can exceed the body column diameter in seconds, allowing Hydra to ingest prey larger than itself. While the kinematics of mouth opening are well characterized, the underlying mechanism is unknown. We show that Hydra mouth opening is generated by independent local contractions that require tissue-level coordination. We model the head epithelium as an active viscoelastic nonlinear spring network. The model reproduces the size, timescale and symmetry of mouth opening. It shows that radial contractions, travelling inwards from the outer boundary of the head, pull the mouth open. Nonlinear elasticity makes mouth opening larger and faster, contrary to expectations. The model correctly predicts changes in mouth shape in response to external forces. By generating innervated : nerve-free chimera in experiments and simulations, we show that nearest-neighbour mechanical signalling suffices to coordinate mouth opening. Hydra mouth opening shows that in the absence of long-range chemical or neuronal signals, short-range mechanical coupling is sufficient to produce long-range order in tissue deformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Goel
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ellen M. Adams
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - April L. Bialas
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - Cassidy M. Tran
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Trevor Rowe
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sara Martin
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - Maia Chandler
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - Johanna Schubert
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - Patrick H. Diamond
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eva-Maria S. Collins
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Zhang Z, Shi Z, Ahmed D. SonoTransformers: Transformable acoustically activated wireless microscale machines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314661121. [PMID: 38289954 PMCID: PMC10861920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314661121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Shape transformation, a key mechanism for organismal survival and adaptation, has gained importance in developing synthetic shape-shifting systems with diverse applications ranging from robotics to bioengineering. However, designing and controlling microscale shape-shifting materials remains a fundamental challenge in various actuation modalities. As materials and structures are scaled down to the microscale, they often exhibit size-dependent characteristics, and the underlying physical mechanisms can be significantly affected or rendered ineffective. Additionally, surface forces such as van der Waals forces and electrostatic forces become dominant at the microscale, resulting in stiction and adhesion between small structures, making them fracture and more difficult to deform. Furthermore, despite various actuation approaches, acoustics have received limited attention despite their potential advantages. Here, we introduce "SonoTransformer," the acoustically activated micromachine that delivers shape transformability using preprogrammed soft hinges with different stiffnesses. When exposed to an acoustic field, these hinges concentrate sound energy through intensified oscillation and provide the necessary force and torque for the transformation of the entire micromachine within milliseconds. We have created machine designs to predetermine the folding state, enabling precise programming and customization of the acoustic transformation. Additionally, we have shown selective shape transformable microrobots by adjusting acoustic power, realizing high degrees of control and functional versatility. Our findings open new research avenues in acoustics, physics, and soft matter, offering new design paradigms and development opportunities in robotics, metamaterials, adaptive optics, flexible electronics, and microtechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, ZurichCH-8803, Switzerland
| | - Zhan Shi
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, ZurichCH-8803, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ahmed
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, ZurichCH-8803, Switzerland
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15
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Levayer R. Staying away from the breaking point: Probing the limits of epithelial cell elimination. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102316. [PMID: 38199024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are dramatically remodelled during embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis and yet need to maintain their sealing properties to sustain their barrier functions at any time. Part of these remodellings involve the elimination of a large proportion of cells through apoptosis. Cell extrusion, the remodelling steps leading to seamless dying cell expulsion, helps to maintain tissue cohesion. However, there is an intrinsic limit in the system that can only accommodate a certain proportion/rate of cell elimination as well as certain spatiotemporal distributions. What are then the critical conditions leading to epithelial rupture/tear/sealing defects upon cell elimination and which mechanisms ensure that such limits are never reached? In this short review, I document the conditions in which epithelial rupture has been observed, including in the contexts of epithelial cell death, and the mechanical parameters influencing tissue rupture, and review feedback mechanisms which help to keep the epithelia away from the breaking point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Levayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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16
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Romanova DY, Moroz LL. Brief History of Placozoa. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2757:103-122. [PMID: 38668963 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3642-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Placozoans are morphologically the simplest free-living animals. They represent a unique window of opportunities to understand both the origin of the animal organization and the rules of life for the system and synthetic biology of the future. However, despite more than 100 years of their investigations, we know little about their organization, natural habitats, and life strategies. Here, we introduce this unique animal phylum and highlight some directions vital to broadening the frontiers of the biomedical sciences. In particular, understanding the genomic bases of placozoan biodiversity, cell identity, connectivity, reproduction, and cellular bases of behavior are critical hot spots for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Y Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Leonid L Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA.
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17
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Gooshvar S, Madhu G, Ruszczyk M, Prakash VN. Non-Bilaterians as Model Systems for Tissue Mechanics. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1442-1454. [PMID: 37355780 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In animals, epithelial tissues are barriers against the external environment, providing protection against biological, chemical, and physical damage. Depending on the organism's physiology and behavior, these tissues encounter different types of mechanical forces and need to provide a suitable adaptive response to ensure success. Therefore, understanding tissue mechanics in different contexts is an important research area. Here, we review recent tissue mechanics discoveries in three early divergent non-bilaterian systems-Trichoplax adhaerens, Hydra vulgaris, and Aurelia aurita. We highlight each animal's simple body plan and biology and unique, rapid tissue remodeling phenomena that play a crucial role in its physiology. We also discuss the emergent large-scale mechanics in these systems that arise from small-scale phenomena. Finally, we emphasize the potential of these non-bilaterian animals to be model systems in a bottom-up approach for further investigation in tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Gooshvar
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, 33146 FL, USA
| | - Gopika Madhu
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, 33146 FL, USA
| | - Melissa Ruszczyk
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, 33146 FL, USA
| | - Vivek N Prakash
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, 33146 FL, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, 33146 FL, USA
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, 33149 FL, USA
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18
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Hsu CR, Sangha G, Fan W, Zheng J, Sugioka K. Contractile ring mechanosensation and its anillin-dependent tuning during early embryogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8138. [PMID: 38065974 PMCID: PMC10709429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis plays crucial roles in morphogenesis. Previous studies have examined how tissue mechanics influences the position and closure direction of the contractile ring. However, the mechanisms by which the ring senses tissue mechanics remain largely elusive. Here, we show the mechanism of contractile ring mechanosensation and its tuning during asymmetric ring closure of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Integrative analysis of ring closure and cell cortex dynamics revealed that mechanical suppression of the ring-directed cortical flow is associated with asymmetric ring closure. Consistently, artificial obstruction of ring-directed cortical flow induces asymmetric ring closure in otherwise symmetrically dividing cells. Anillin is vital for mechanosensation. Our genetic analysis suggests that the positive feedback loop among ring-directed cortical flow, myosin enrichment, and ring constriction constitutes a mechanosensitive pathway driving asymmetric ring closure. These findings and developed tools should advance the 4D mechanobiology of cytokinesis in more complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Rou Hsu
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Gaganpreet Sangha
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Wayne Fan
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Joey Zheng
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Kenji Sugioka
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada.
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada.
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19
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Ros-Rocher N, Brunet T. What is it like to be a choanoflagellate? Sensation, processing and behavior in the closest unicellular relatives of animals. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:1767-1782. [PMID: 37067637 PMCID: PMC10770216 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-023-01776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
All animals evolved from a single lineage of unicellular precursors more than 600 million years ago. Thus, the biological and genetic foundations for animal sensation, cognition and behavior must necessarily have arisen by modifications of pre-existing features in their unicellular ancestors. Given that the single-celled ancestors of the animal kingdom are extinct, the only way to reconstruct how these features evolved is by comparing the biology and genomic content of extant animals to their closest living relatives. Here, we reconstruct the Umwelt (the subjective, perceptive world) inhabited by choanoflagellates, a group of unicellular (or facultatively multicellular) aquatic microeukaryotes that are the closest living relatives of animals. Although behavioral research on choanoflagellates remains patchy, existing evidence shows that they are capable of chemosensation, photosensation and mechanosensation. These processes often involve specialized sensorimotor cellular appendages (cilia, microvilli, and/or filopodia) that resemble those that underlie perception in most animal sensory cells. Furthermore, comparative genomics predicts an extensive "sensory molecular toolkit" in choanoflagellates, which both provides a potential basis for known behaviors and suggests the existence of a largely undescribed behavioral complexity that presents exciting avenues for future research. Finally, we discuss how facultative multicellularity in choanoflagellates might help us understand how evolution displaced the locus of decision-making from a single cell to a collective, and how a new space of behavioral complexity might have become accessible in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Ros-Rocher
- Evolutionary Cell Biology and Evolution of Morphogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, CNRS UMR3691, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Brunet
- Evolutionary Cell Biology and Evolution of Morphogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, CNRS UMR3691, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
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20
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Moroz LL, Romanova DY. Chemical cognition: chemoconnectomics and convergent evolution of integrative systems in animals. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:1851-1864. [PMID: 38015282 PMCID: PMC11106658 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-023-01833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Neurons underpin cognition in animals. However, the roots of animal cognition are elusive from both mechanistic and evolutionary standpoints. Two conceptual frameworks both highlight and promise to address these challenges. First, we discuss evidence that animal neural and other integrative systems evolved more than once (convergent evolution) within basal metazoan lineages, giving us unique experiments by Nature for future studies. The most remarkable examples are neural systems in ctenophores and neuroid-like systems in placozoans and sponges. Second, in addition to classical synaptic wiring, a chemical connectome mediated by hundreds of signal molecules operates in tandem with neurons and is the most information-rich source of emerging properties and adaptability. The major gap-dynamic, multifunctional chemical micro-environments in nervous systems-is not understood well. Thus, novel tools and information are needed to establish mechanistic links between orchestrated, yet cell-specific, volume transmission and behaviors. Uniting what we call chemoconnectomics and analyses of the cellular bases of behavior in basal metazoan lineages arguably would form the foundation for deciphering the origins and early evolution of elementary cognition and intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, Saint Augustine, USA.
| | - Daria Y Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Brunet T. Cell contractility in early animal evolution. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R966-R985. [PMID: 37751712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Tissue deformation mediated by collective cell contractility is a signature characteristic of animals. In most animals, fast and reversible contractions of muscle cells mediate behavior, while slow and irreversible contractions of epithelial or mesenchymal cells play a key role in morphogenesis. Animal tissue contractility relies on the activity of the actin/myosin II complex (together referred to as 'actomyosin'), an ancient and versatile molecular machinery that performs a broad range of functions in development and physiology. This review synthesizes emerging insights from morphological and molecular studies into the evolutionary history of animal contractile tissue. The most ancient functions of actomyosin are cell crawling and cytokinesis, which are found in a wide variety of unicellular eukaryotes and in individual metazoan cells. Another contractile functional module, apical constriction, is universal in metazoans and shared with choanoflagellates, their closest known living relatives. The evolution of animal contractile tissue involved two key innovations: firstly, the ability to coordinate and integrate actomyosin assembly across multiple cells, notably to generate supracellular cables, which ensure tissue integrity but also allow coordinated morphogenesis and movements at the organism scale; and secondly, the evolution of dedicated contractile cell types for adult movement, belonging to two broad categories respectively defined by the expression of the fast (striated-type) and slow (smooth/non-muscle-type) myosin II paralogs. Both contractile cell types ancestrally resembled generic contractile epithelial or mesenchymal cells and might have played a versatile role in both behavior and morphogenesis. Modern animal contractile cells span a continuum between unspecialized contractile epithelia (which underlie behavior in modern placozoans), epithelia with supracellular actomyosin cables (found in modern sponges), epitheliomuscular tissues (with a concentration of actomyosin cables in basal processes, for example in sea anemones), and specialized muscle tissue that has lost most or all epithelial properties (as in ctenophores, jellyfish and bilaterians). Recent studies in a broad range of metazoans have begun to reveal the molecular basis of these transitions, powered by the elaboration of the contractile apparatus and the evolution of 'core regulatory complexes' of transcription factors specifying contractile cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Brunet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Evolutionary Cell Biology and Evolution of Morphogenesis Unit, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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22
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Zhong G, Kroo L, Prakash M. Thermotaxis in an apolar, non-neuronal animal. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230279. [PMID: 37700707 PMCID: PMC10498350 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal circuits are hallmarks of complex decision-making processes in the animal world. How animals without neurons process information and respond to environmental cues promises a new window into studying precursors of neuronal control and origin of the nervous system as we know it today. Robust decision making in animals, such as in chemotaxis or thermotaxis, often requires internal symmetry breaking (such as anterior-posterior (AP) axis) provided naturally by a given body plan of an animal. Here we report the discovery of robust thermotaxis behaviour in Trichoplax adhaerens, an early-divergent, enigmatic animal with no anterior-posterior symmetry breaking (apolar) and no known neurons or muscles. We present a quantitative and robust behavioural response assay in Placozoa, which presents an apolar flat geometry. By exposing T. adhaerens to a thermal gradient under a long-term imaging set-up, we observe robust thermotaxis that occurs over timescale of hours, independent of any circadian rhythms. We quantify that T. adhaerens can detect thermal gradients of at least 0.1°C cm-1. Positive thermotaxis is observed for a range of baseline temperatures from 17°C to 22.5°C, and distributions of momentary speeds for both thermotaxis and control conditions are well described by single exponential fits. Interestingly, the organism does not maintain a fixed orientation while performing thermotaxis. Using natural diversity in size of adult organisms (100 µm to a few millimetres), we find no apparent size-dependence in thermotaxis behaviour across an order of magnitude of organism size. Several transient receptor potential (TRP) family homologues have been previously reported to be conserved in metazoans, including in T. adhaerens. We discover naringenin, a known TRPM3 antagonist, inhibits thermotaxis in T. adhaerens. The discovery of robust thermotaxis in T. adhaerens provides a tractable handle to interrogate information processing in a brainless animal. Understanding how divergent marine animals process thermal cues is also critical due to rapid temperature rise in our oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Zhong
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laurel Kroo
- Department of Mechanical engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Manu Prakash
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Nikitin MA, Romanova DY, Borman SI, Moroz LL. Amino acids integrate behaviors in nerveless placozoans. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1125624. [PMID: 37123368 PMCID: PMC10133484 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1125624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Placozoans are the simplest known free-living animals without recognized neurons and muscles but a complex behavioral repertoire. However, mechanisms and cellular bases of behavioral coordination are unknown. Here, using Trichoplax adhaerens as a model, we described 0.02-0.002 Hz oscillations in locomotory and feeding patterns as evidence of complex multicellular integration; and showed their dependence on the endogenous secretion of signal molecules. Evolutionary conserved low-molecular-weight transmitters (glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA, and ATP) acted as coordinators of distinct locomotory and feeding patterns. Specifically, L-glutamate induced and partially mimicked endogenous feeding cycles, whereas glycine and GABA suppressed feeding. ATP-modified feeding is complex, first causing feeding-like cycles and then suppressing feeding. Trichoplax locomotion was modulated by glycine, GABA, and, surprisingly, by animals' own mucus trails. Mucus triples locomotory speed compared to clean substrates. Glycine and GABA increased the frequency of turns. The effects of the amino acids are likely mediated by numerous receptors (R), including those from ionotropic GluRs, metabotropic GluRs, and GABA-BR families. Eighty-five of these receptors are encoded in the Trichoplax genome, more than in any other animal sequenced. Phylogenetic reconstructions illuminate massive lineage-specific expansions of amino acid receptors in Placozoa, Cnidaria, and Porifera and parallel evolution of nutritional sensing. Furthermore, we view the integration of feeding behaviors in nerveless animals by amino acids as ancestral exaptations that pave the way for co-options of glutamate, glycine, GABA, and ATP as classical neurotransmitters in eumetazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A. Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Y. Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Simkha I. Borman
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid L. Moroz
- Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States
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24
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Kroo LA, Bull MS, Prakash M. Active foam: the adaptive mechanics of 2D air-liquid foam under cyclic inflation. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2539-2553. [PMID: 36942719 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Foam is a canonical example of disordered soft matter where local force balance leads to the competition of many metastable configurations. We present an experimental and theoretical framework for "active foam" where an individual voxel inflates and deflates periodically. Local periodic activity leads to irreversible and reversible T1 transitions throughout the foam, eventually reaching a reversible limit cycle. Individual vertices displace outwards and subsequently return back to their approximate original radial position; this radial displacement follows an inverse law. Surprisingly, each return trajectory does not retrace its outbound path but encloses a finite area, with a clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW) direction, which we define as a local swirl. These swirls form coherent patterns spanning the scale of the material. Using a dynamical model, we demonstrate that swirl arises from disorder in the local micro-structure. We demonstrate that disorder and strain-rate control a crossover between cooperation and competition between swirls in adjacent vertices. Over 5-10 cycles, the region around the active voxel structurally adapts from a higher-energy metastable state to a lower-energy state, locally ordering and stiffening the structure. The coherent domains of CW/CCW swirl become smaller as the system stabilizes, indicative of a process similar to the Hall-Petch effect. Finally, we introduce a statistical model that evolves edge lengths with a set of rules to explore how this class of materials adapts as a function of initial structure. Adding activity to foam couples structural disorder and adaptive dynamics to encourage the development of a new class of abiotic, cellularized active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Kroo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, USA
| | | | - Manu Prakash
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, USA.
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25
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Baraban M, Gordillo Pi C, Bonnet I, Gilles JF, Lejeune C, Cabrera M, Tep F, Breau MA. Actomyosin contractility in olfactory placode neurons opens the skin epithelium to form the zebrafish nostril. Dev Cell 2023; 58:361-375.e5. [PMID: 36841243 PMCID: PMC10023511 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite their barrier function, epithelia can locally lose their integrity to create physiological openings during morphogenesis. The mechanisms driving the formation of these epithelial breaks are only starting to be investigated. Here, we study the formation of the zebrafish nostril (the olfactory orifice), which opens in the skin epithelium to expose the olfactory neurons to external odorant cues. Combining live imaging, drug treatments, laser ablation, and tissue-specific functional perturbations, we characterize a mechanical interplay between olfactory placode neurons and the skin, which plays a crucial role in the formation of the orifice: the neurons pull on the overlying skin cells in an actomyosin-dependent manner which, in combination with a local reorganization of the skin epithelium, triggers the opening of the orifice. This work identifies an original mechanism to break an epithelial sheet, in which an adjacent group of cells mechanically assists the epithelium to induce its local rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Baraban
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire Jean Perrin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Clara Gordillo Pi
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnet
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Camille Lejeune
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mélody Cabrera
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florian Tep
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie Anne Breau
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire Jean Perrin, 75005 Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.
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26
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Ceron S, O’Keeffe K, Petersen K. Diverse behaviors in non-uniform chiral and non-chiral swarmalators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:940. [PMID: 36806287 PMCID: PMC9941214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We study the emergent behaviors of a population of swarming coupled oscillators, dubbed swarmalators. Previous work considered the simplest, idealized case: identical swarmalators with global coupling. Here we expand this work by adding more realistic features: local coupling, non-identical natural frequencies, and chirality. This more realistic model generates a variety of new behaviors including lattices of vortices, beating clusters, and interacting phase waves. Similar behaviors are found across natural and artificial micro-scale collective systems, including social slime mold, spermatozoa vortex arrays, and Quincke rollers. Our results indicate a wide range of future use cases, both to aid characterization and understanding of natural swarms, and to design complex interactions in collective systems from soft and active matter to micro-robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ceron
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XSibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ,grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Kevin O’Keeffe
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Kirstin Petersen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, 136 Hoy Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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27
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Moroz LL, Romanova DY. Alternative neural systems: What is a neuron? (Ctenophores, sponges and placozoans). Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1071961. [PMID: 36619868 PMCID: PMC9816575 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1071961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
How to make a neuron, a synapse, and a neural circuit? Is there only one 'design' for a neural architecture with a universally shared genomic blueprint across species? The brief answer is "No." Four early divergent lineages from the nerveless common ancestor of all animals independently evolved distinct neuroid-type integrative systems. One of these is a subset of neural nets in comb jellies with unique synapses; the second lineage is the well-known Cnidaria + Bilateria; the two others are non-synaptic neuroid systems in sponges and placozoans. By integrating scRNA-seq and microscopy data, we revise the definition of neurons as synaptically-coupled polarized and highly heterogenous secretory cells at the top of behavioral hierarchies with learning capabilities. This physiological (not phylogenetic) definition separates 'true' neurons from non-synaptically and gap junction-coupled integrative systems executing more stereotyped behaviors. Growing evidence supports the hypothesis of multiple origins of neurons and synapses. Thus, many non-bilaterian and bilaterian neuronal classes, circuits or systems are considered functional rather than genetic categories, composed of non-homologous cell types. In summary, little-explored examples of convergent neuronal evolution in representatives of early branching metazoans provide conceptually novel microanatomical and physiological architectures of behavioral controls in animals with prospects of neuro-engineering and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L. Moroz
- Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States
| | - Daria Y. Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, 5A Butlerova, Moscow, Russia
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28
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Lin C, Liu F, Chen G, Bai X, Ding Y, Chung SM, Lee IS, Bai H, Chen C. Apatite nanosheets inhibit initial smooth muscle cell proliferation by damaging cell membrane. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 137:212852. [PMID: 35929280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how nanostructured coatings interact with cells is related to how they manipulate cell behaviors and is therefore critical for designing better biomaterials. The apatite nanosheets were deposited on metallic substrates via biomimetic precipitation. Cell viability of apatite nanosheets towards to smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were investigated, and the underlying mechanism was proposed. Apatite nanosheets presented inhibitory activity on SMC growth, and caused rupture of cell membranes. On the basis of measuring changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), observing cell contraction and apatite nanosheets - SMC interaction, it was found that calcium ions released from apatite led to rises in [Ca2+]i, which induced vigorous SMC contraction on apatite nanosheets. Consequently, the cell membrane of individual SMCs was cut/penetrated by the sharp edges of apatite nanosheets, resulting in cell inactivation. This damage of cell membranes suggests a novel mechanism to manipulate cell viability, and may offer insights for the better design of calcium-based nanostructured coatings or other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenming Lin
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, PR China
| | - Guiqian Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Xue Bai
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yahui Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Sung-Min Chung
- Biomaterials R&D Center, GENOSS Co., Ltd., Suwon-si 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seop Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Institute of Human Materials, Suwon 16514, Republic of Korea
| | - Hao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Cen Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
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29
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Staddon MF, Munro EM, Banerjee S. Pulsatile contractions and pattern formation in excitable actomyosin cortex. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009981. [PMID: 35353813 PMCID: PMC9000090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cortex is an active adaptive material, embedded with complex regulatory networks that can sense, generate, and transmit mechanical forces. The cortex exhibits a wide range of dynamic behaviours, from generating pulsatory contractions and travelling waves to forming organised structures. Despite the progress in characterising the biochemical and mechanical components of the actin cortex, the emergent dynamics of this mechanochemical system is poorly understood. Here we develop a reaction-diffusion model for the RhoA signalling network, the upstream regulator for actomyosin assembly and contractility, coupled to an active actomyosin gel, to investigate how the interplay between chemical signalling and mechanical forces regulates stresses and patterns in the cortex. We demonstrate that mechanochemical feedback in the cortex acts to destabilise homogeneous states and robustly generate pulsatile contractions. By tuning active stress in the system, we show that the cortex can generate propagating contraction pulses, form network structures, or exhibit topological turbulence. The cellular actin cortex is a dynamic sub-membranous network of filamentous actin, myosin motors, and other accessory proteins that regulates the ability of cells to maintain or change shapes. While the key molecular components and mechanical properties of the actin cortex have been characterized, the ways in which biochemical signalling and mechanical forces interact to regulate cortex behaviours remain poorly understood. In this article, we develop a mathematical model for the actomyosin cortex that combines the reaction-diffusion dynamics of signalling proteins with active force generation by actomyosin networks. Using this model, we investigate how the feedback between mechanics and biochemical signalling regulates the propagation of actomyosin flows, mechanical stresses, and pattern formation in the cortex. Our work reveals a variety of ways in which the cortex can tune the dynamic coupling between biochemical activity, force production, and advective transport to control mechanical behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Staddon
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Edwin M. Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shiladitya Banerjee
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Gauberg J, Elkhatib W, Smith CL, Singh A, Senatore A. Divergent Ca 2+/calmodulin feedback regulation of Ca V1 and Ca V2 voltage-gated calcium channels evolved in the common ancestor of Placozoa and Bilateria. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101741. [PMID: 35182524 PMCID: PMC8980814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CaV1 and CaV2 voltage-gated calcium channels evolved from an ancestral CaV1/2 channel via gene duplication somewhere near the stem animal lineage. The divergence of these channel types led to distinguishing functional properties that are conserved among vertebrates and bilaterian invertebrates and contribute to their unique cellular roles. One key difference pertains to their regulation by calmodulin (CaM), wherein bilaterian CaV1 channels are uniquely subject to pronounced, buffer-resistant Ca2+/CaM-dependent inactivation, permitting negative feedback regulation of calcium influx in response to local cytoplasmic Ca2+ rises. Early diverging, nonbilaterian invertebrates also possess CaV1 and CaV2 channels, but it is unclear whether they share these conserved functional features. The most divergent animals to possess both CaV1 and CaV2 channels are placozoans such as Trichoplax adhaerens, which separated from other animals over 600 million years ago shortly after their emergence. Hence, placozoans can provide important insights into the early evolution of CaV1 and CaV2 channels. Here, we build upon previous characterization of Trichoplax CaV channels by determining the cellular expression and ion-conducting properties of the CaV1 channel orthologue, TCaV1. We show that TCaV1 is expressed in neuroendocrine-like gland cells and contractile dorsal epithelial cells. In vitro, this channel conducts dihydropyridine-insensitive, high-voltage–activated Ca2+ currents with kinetics resembling those of rat CaV1.2 but with left-shifted voltage sensitivity for activation and inactivation. Interestingly, TCaV1, but not TCaV2, exhibits buffer-resistant Ca2+/CaM-dependent inactivation, indicating that this functional divergence evolved prior to the emergence of bilaterian animals and may have contributed to their unique adaptation for cytoplasmic Ca2+ signaling within various cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gauberg
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Wassim Elkhatib
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Smith
- NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland, 20892 USA
| | - Anhadvir Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
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31
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Romanova DY, Nikitin MA, Shchenkov SV, Moroz LL. Expanding of Life Strategies in Placozoa: Insights From Long-Term Culturing of Trichoplax and Hoilungia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:823283. [PMID: 35223848 PMCID: PMC8864292 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.823283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Placozoans are essential reference species for understanding the origins and evolution of animal organization. However, little is known about their life strategies in natural habitats. Here, by maintaining long-term culturing for four species of Trichoplax and Hoilungia, we extend our knowledge about feeding and reproductive adaptations relevant to the diversity of life forms and immune mechanisms. Three modes of population dynamics depended upon feeding sources, including induction of social behaviors, morphogenesis, and reproductive strategies. In addition to fission, representatives of all species produced “swarmers” (a separate vegetative reproduction stage), which could also be formed from the lower epithelium with greater cell-type diversity. We monitored the formation of specialized spheroid structures from the upper cell layer in aging culture. These “spheres” could be transformed into juvenile animals under favorable conditions. We hypothesize that spheroid structures represent a component of the innate immune defense response with the involvement of fiber cells. Finally, we showed that regeneration could be a part of the adaptive reproductive strategies in placozoans and a unique experimental model for regenerative biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Y. Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Daria Y. Romanova, ; Leonid L. Moroz,
| | - Mikhail A. Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Shchenkov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Leonid L. Moroz
- Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Daria Y. Romanova, ; Leonid L. Moroz,
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32
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Bonfanti A, Duque J, Kabla A, Charras G. Fracture in living tissues. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:537-551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Wang X, Vannier J, Yang X, Leclère L, Ou Q, Song X, Komiya T, Han J. Muscle systems and motility of early animals highlighted by cnidarians from the basal Cambrian. eLife 2022; 11:74716. [PMID: 35098925 PMCID: PMC8837203 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fossil evidence suggests that various animal groups were able to move actively through their environment in the early stages of their evolution, virtually no direct information is available on the nature of their muscle systems. The origin of jellyfish swimming, for example, is of great interest to biologists. Exceptionally preserved muscles are described here in benthic peridermal olivooid medusozoans from the basal Cambrian of China (Kuanchuanpu Formation, ca. 535 Ma) that have direct equivalent in modern medusozoans. They consist of circular fibers distributed over the bell surface (subumbrella) and most probably have a myoepithelial origin. This is the oldest record of a muscle system in cnidarians and more generally in animals. This basic system was probably co-opted by early Cambrian jellyfish to develop capacities for jet-propelled swimming within the water column. Additional lines of fossil evidence obtained from ecdysozoans (worms and panarthropods) show that the muscle systems of early animals underwent a rapid diversification through the early Cambrian and increased their capacity to colonize a wide range of habitats both within the water column and sediment at a critical time of their evolutionary radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jean Vannier
- CNRS UMR 5276, Laboratoire de géologie de Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lucas Leclère
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Qiang Ou
- Early Life Evolution Laboratory, School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xikun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tsuyoshi Komiya
- Department of Earth Science and Astronomy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jian Han
- Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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34
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Viscoelastic parameterization of human skin cells characterize material behavior at multiple timescales. Commun Biol 2022; 5:17. [PMID: 35017622 PMCID: PMC8752830 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Countless biophysical studies have sought distinct markers in the cellular mechanical response that could be linked to morphogenesis, homeostasis, and disease. Here, an iterative-fitting methodology visualizes the time-dependent viscoelastic behavior of human skin cells under physiologically relevant conditions. Past investigations often involved parameterizing elastic relationships and assuming purely Hertzian contact mechanics, which fails to properly account for the rich temporal information available. We demonstrate the performance superiority of the proposed iterative viscoelastic characterization method over standard open-search approaches. Our viscoelastic measurements revealed that 2D adherent metastatic melanoma cells exhibit reduced elasticity compared to their normal counterparts—melanocytes and fibroblasts, and are significantly less viscous than fibroblasts over timescales spanning three orders of magnitude. The measured loss angle indicates clear differential viscoelastic responses across multiple timescales between the measured cells. This method provides insight into the complex viscoelastic behavior of metastatic melanoma cells relevant to better understanding cancer metastasis and aggression. Parvini, Cartagena and Solares introduce an iterative viscoelastic approach based on the generalized Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt models. The results showed that metastatic melanoma cells had lower elasticity than normal fibroblasts and melanoma cells were less viscous than the fibroblasts over a large frequency range, enhancing the understanding of cellular responses at different frequencies.
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35
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Mayorova TD, Hammar K, Jung JH, Aronova MA, Zhang G, Winters CA, Reese TS, Smith CL. Placozoan fiber cells: mediators of innate immunity and participants in wound healing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23343. [PMID: 34857844 PMCID: PMC8639732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Placozoa is a phylum of non-bilaterian marine animals. These small, flat organisms adhere to the substrate via their densely ciliated ventral epithelium, which mediates mucociliary locomotion and nutrient uptake. They have only six morphological cell types, including one, fiber cells, for which functional data is lacking. Fiber cells are non-epithelial cells with multiple processes. We used electron and light microscopic approaches to unravel the roles of fiber cells in Trichoplax adhaerens, a representative member of the phylum. Three-dimensional reconstructions of serial sections of Trichoplax showed that each fiber cell is in contact with several other cells. Examination of fiber cells in thin sections and observations of live dissociated fiber cells demonstrated that they phagocytose cell debris and bacteria. In situ hybridization confirmed that fiber cells express genes involved in phagocytic activity. Fiber cells also are involved in wound healing as evidenced from microsurgery experiments. Based on these observations we conclude that fiber cells are multi-purpose macrophage-like cells. Macrophage-like cells have been described in Porifera, Ctenophora, and Cnidaria and are widespread among Bilateria, but our study is the first to show that Placozoa possesses this cell type. The phylogenetic distribution of macrophage-like cells suggests that they appeared early in metazoan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana D Mayorova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Katherine Hammar
- Central Microscopy Facility, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Jae H Jung
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maria A Aronova
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine A Winters
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Thomas S Reese
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Carolyn L Smith
- Light Imaging Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Moroz LL, Nikitin MA, Poličar PG, Kohn AB, Romanova DY. Evolution of glutamatergic signaling and synapses. Neuropharmacology 2021; 199:108740. [PMID: 34343611 PMCID: PMC9233959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) is the primary excitatory transmitter in the mammalian brain. But, we know little about the evolutionary history of this adaptation, including the selection of l-glutamate as a signaling molecule in the first place. Here, we used comparative metabolomics and genomic data to reconstruct the genealogy of glutamatergic signaling. The origin of Glu-mediated communications might be traced to primordial nitrogen and carbon metabolic pathways. The versatile chemistry of L-Glu placed this molecule at the crossroad of cellular biochemistry as one of the most abundant metabolites. From there, innovations multiplied. Many stress factors or injuries could increase extracellular glutamate concentration, which led to the development of modular molecular systems for its rapid sensing in bacteria and archaea. More than 20 evolutionarily distinct families of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) have been identified in eukaryotes. The domain compositions of iGluRs correlate with the origins of multicellularity in eukaryotes. Although L-Glu was recruited as a neuro-muscular transmitter in the early-branching metazoans, it was predominantly a non-neuronal messenger, with a possibility that glutamatergic synapses evolved more than once. Furthermore, the molecular secretory complexity of glutamatergic synapses in invertebrates (e.g., Aplysia) can exceed their vertebrate counterparts. Comparative genomics also revealed 15+ subfamilies of iGluRs across Metazoa. However, most of this ancestral diversity had been lost in the vertebrate lineage, preserving AMPA, Kainate, Delta, and NMDA receptors. The widespread expansion of glutamate synapses in the cortical areas might be associated with the enhanced metabolic demands of the complex brain and compartmentalization of Glu signaling within modular neuronal ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Mikhail A Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127994, Russia
| | - Pavlin G Poličar
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA; Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrea B Kohn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Daria Y Romanova
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
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37
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Ceron S, Kimmel MA, Nilles A, Petersen K. Soft Robotic Oscillators With Strain-Based Coordination. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2021.3100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Schierwater B, Osigus HJ, Bergmann T, Blackstone NW, Hadrys H, Hauslage J, Humbert PO, Kamm K, Kvansakul M, Wysocki K, DeSalle R. The enigmatic Placozoa part 2: Exploring evolutionary controversies and promising questions on earth and in space. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100083. [PMID: 34490659 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens has been bridging gaps between research disciplines like no other animal. As outlined in part 1, placozoans have been subject of hot evolutionary debates and placozoans have challenged some fundamental evolutionary concepts. Here in part 2 we discuss the exceptional genetics of the phylum Placozoa and point out some challenging model system applications for the best known species, Trichoplax adhaerens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schierwater
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Osigus
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tjard Bergmann
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Neil W Blackstone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Heike Hadrys
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Hauslage
- Gravitational Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kai Kamm
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathrin Wysocki
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rob DeSalle
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
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39
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Sensitive detection of cell-derived force and collagen matrix tension in microtissues undergoing large-scale densification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106061118. [PMID: 34470821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106061118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces generated by cells and the tension of the extracellular matrix (ECM) play a decisive role in establishment, homeostasis maintenance, and repair of tissue morphology. However, the dynamic change of cell-derived force during large-scale remodeling of soft tissue is still unknown, mainly because the current techniques of force detection usually produce a nonnegligible and interfering feedback force on the cells during measurement. Here, we developed a method to fabricate highly stretchable polymer-based microstrings on which a microtissue of fibroblasts in collagen was cultured and allowed to contract to mimic the densification of soft tissue. Taking advantage of the low-spring constant and large deflection range of the microstrings, we detected a strain-induced contraction force as low as 5.2 µN without disturbing the irreversible densification. Meanwhile, the microtissues displayed extreme sensitivity to the mechanical boundary within a narrow range of tensile stress. More importantly, results indicated that the cell-derived force did not solely increase with increased ECM stiffness as previous studies suggested. Indeed, the cell-derived force and collagen tension exchanged dramatically in dominating the microtissue strain during the densification, and the proportion of cell-derived force decreased linearly as the microtissue densified, with stiffness increasing to ∼500 Pa. Thus, this study provides insights into the biomechanical cross-talk between the cells and ECM of extremely soft tissue during large-extent densification, which may be important to guide the construction of life-like tissue by applying appropriate mechanical boundary conditions.
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40
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Romanova DY, Varoqueaux F, Daraspe J, Nikitin MA, Eitel M, Fasshauer D, Moroz LL. Hidden cell diversity in Placozoa: ultrastructural insights from Hoilungia hongkongensis. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:623-637. [PMID: 33876313 PMCID: PMC8523601 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
From a morphological point of view, placozoans are among the most simple free-living animals. This enigmatic phylum is critical for our understanding of the evolution of animals and their cell types. Their millimeter-sized, disc-like bodies consist of only three cell layers that are shaped by roughly seven major cell types. Placozoans lack muscle cells and neurons but are able to move using their ciliated lower surface and take up food in a highly coordinated manner. Intriguingly, the genome of Trichoplax adhaerens, the founding member of the enigmatic phylum, has disclosed a surprising level of genetic complexity. Moreover, recent molecular and functional investigations have uncovered a much larger, so-far hidden cell-type diversity. Here, we have extended the microanatomical characterization of a recently described placozoan species-Hoilungia hongkongensis. In H. hongkongensis, we recognized the established canonical three-layered placozoan body plan but also came across several morphologically distinct and potentially novel cell types, among them novel gland cells and "shiny spheres"-bearing cells at the upper epithelium. Thus, the diversity of cell types in placozoans is indeed higher than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Y Romanova
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
| | - Frédérique Varoqueaux
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Daraspe
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mikhail A Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127994, Russia
| | - Michael Eitel
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Fasshauer
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Leonid L Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA.
- Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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41
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Moroz LL, Romanova DY. Selective Advantages of Synapses in Evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:726563. [PMID: 34490275 PMCID: PMC8417881 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.726563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L. Moroz
- Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States
| | - Daria Y. Romanova
- Lab of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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42
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Inman A, Smutny M. Feeling the force: Multiscale force sensing and transduction at the cell-cell interface. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:53-65. [PMID: 34238674 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A universal principle of all living cells is the ability to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli which is essential for many biological processes. Recent efforts have identified critical mechanosensitive molecules and response pathways involved in mechanotransduction during development and tissue homeostasis. Tissue-wide force transmission and local force sensing need to be spatiotemporally coordinated to precisely regulate essential processes during development such as tissue morphogenesis, patterning, cell migration and organogenesis. Understanding how cells identify and interpret extrinsic forces and integrate a specific response on cell and tissue level remains a major challenge. In this review we consider important cellular and physical factors in control of cell-cell mechanotransduction and discuss their significance for cell and developmental processes. We further highlight mechanosensitive macromolecules that are known to respond to external forces and present examples of how force responses can be integrated into cell and developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Inman
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK
| | - Michael Smutny
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK.
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43
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Glycine as a signaling molecule and chemoattractant in Trichoplax (Placozoa): insights into the early evolution of neurotransmitters. Neuroreport 2021; 31:490-497. [PMID: 32243353 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The origin and early evolution of neurotransmitter signaling in animals are unclear due to limited comparative information, primarily about prebilaterian animals. Here, we performed the comparative survey of signal molecules in placozoans - the simplest known free-living animals without canonical synapses, but with complex behaviors. First, using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection, we performed microchemical analyses of transmitter candidates in Trichoplax adhaerens - the classical reference species in comparative biology. We showed that the endogenous level of glycine (about 3 mM) was significantly higher than for other candidates such as L-glutamate, L-aspartate, or gamma-aminobutyric acid. Neither serotonin nor dopamine were detected. The absolute glycine concentrations in Trichoplax were even higher than we measured in ctenophores (Beroe) and cnidarians (Aequorea). We found that at millimolar concentrations of glycine (similar to the endogenous level), induced muscle-like contractions in free behaving animals. But after long incubation (24 h), 10 M of glycine could induce cytotoxicity and cell dissociation. In contrast, micromolar concentrations (10-10 M) increased Trichoplax ciliated locomotion, suggesting that glycine might act as an endogenous signal molecule. However, we showed than glycine (10 M) can also be a chemoattractant (a guiding factor for food sources), and therefore, act as the exogenous signal. These findings provide an evolutionary base for the origin of transmitters as a result of the interplay between exogenous and endogenous signaling systems early in animal evolution.
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44
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Kuznetsov AV, Vainer VI, Volkova YM, Kartashov LE. Motility disorders and disintegration into separate cells of Trichoplax sp. H2 in the presence of Zn 2+ ions and L-cysteine molecules: A systems approach. Biosystems 2021; 206:104444. [PMID: 34023485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Placozoa remain an ancient multicellular system with a dynamic body structure where calcium ions carry out a primary role in maintaining the integrity of the entire animal. Zinc ions can compete with calcium ions adsorption. We studied the effect of zinc ions and l-cysteine molecules on the interaction of Trichoplax sp. H2 cells. The regularity of formless motion was diminished in the presence of 20-25 μM of Zn2+ ions leading to the formation of branching animal forms. Locomotor ciliated cells moved chaotically and independently of each other leaving the Trichoplax body and opening a network of fiber cells. Application of 100 μM cysteine resulted in dissociation of the plate into separate cells. The combined chemical treatment shifted the effect in a random sample of animals toward disintegration, i.e. initially leading to disorder of collective cell movement and then to total body fragmentation. Two dissociation patterns of Trichoplax plate as "expanding ring" and "bicycle wheel" were revealed. Analysis of the interaction of Ca2+ and Zn2+ ions with cadherin showed that more than half (54%) of the amino acid residues with which Ca2+ and Zn2+ ions bind are common. The contact interaction of cells covered by the cadherin molecules is important for the coordinated movements of Trichoplax organism, while zinc ions are capable to break junctions between the cells. The involvement of other players, for example, l-cysteine in the regulation of Ca2+-dependent adhesion may be critical leading to the typical dissociation of Trichoplax body like in a calcium-free environment. A hypothesis about the essential role of calcium ions in the emergence of Metazoa ancestor is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kuznetsov
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas RAS, Leninsky Avenue 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - V I Vainer
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas RAS, Leninsky Avenue 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yu M Volkova
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas RAS, Leninsky Avenue 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - L E Kartashov
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas RAS, Leninsky Avenue 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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45
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Moroz LL, Romanova DY, Kohn AB. Neural versus alternative integrative systems: molecular insights into origins of neurotransmitters. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190762. [PMID: 33550949 PMCID: PMC7935107 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmitter signalling is the universal chemical language of any nervous system, but little is known about its early evolution. Here, we summarize data about the distribution and functions of neurotransmitter systems in basal metazoans as well as outline hypotheses of their origins. We explore the scenario that neurons arose from genetically different populations of secretory cells capable of volume chemical transmission and integration of behaviours without canonical synapses. The closest representation of this primordial organization is currently found in Placozoa, disk-like animals with the simplest known cell composition but complex behaviours. We propose that injury-related signalling was the evolutionary predecessor for integrative functions of early transmitters such as nitric oxide, ATP, protons, glutamate and small peptides. By contrast, acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, octopamine, serotonin and histamine were recruited as canonical neurotransmitters relatively later in animal evolution, only in bilaterians. Ligand-gated ion channels often preceded the establishment of novel neurotransmitter systems. Moreover, lineage-specific diversification of neurotransmitter receptors occurred in parallel within Cnidaria and several bilaterian lineages, including acoels. In summary, ancestral diversification of secretory signal molecules provides unique chemical microenvironments for behaviour-driven innovations that pave the way to complex brain functions and elementary cognition. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L. Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute and Whitney laboratory, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean shore Blvd, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Daria Y. Romanova
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, 5A Butlerova Street, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Andrea B. Kohn
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute and Whitney laboratory, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean shore Blvd, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
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46
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Jékely G, Godfrey-Smith P, Keijzer F. Reafference and the origin of the self in early nervous system evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190764. [PMID: 33550954 PMCID: PMC7934971 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Discussions of the function of early nervous systems usually focus on a causal flow from sensors to effectors, by which an animal coordinates its actions with exogenous changes in its environment. We propose, instead, that much early sensing was reafferent; it was responsive to the consequences of the animal's own actions. We distinguish two general categories of reafference-translocational and deformational-and use these to survey the distribution of several often-neglected forms of sensing, including gravity sensing, flow sensing and proprioception. We discuss sensing of these kinds in sponges, ctenophores, placozoans, cnidarians and bilaterians. Reafference is ubiquitous, as ongoing action, especially whole-body motility, will almost inevitably influence the senses. Corollary discharge-a pathway or circuit by which an animal tracks its own actions and their reafferent consequences-is not a necessary feature of reafferent sensing but a later-evolving mechanism. We also argue for the importance of reafferent sensing to the evolution of the body-self, a form of organization that enables an animal to sense and act as a single unit. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Peter Godfrey-Smith
- School of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Fred Keijzer
- Department of Theoretical Philosophy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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47
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Jékely G. The chemical brain hypothesis for the origin of nervous systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190761. [PMID: 33550946 PMCID: PMC7935135 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In nervous systems, there are two main modes of transmission for the propagation of activity between cells. Synaptic transmission relies on close contact at chemical or electrical synapses while volume transmission is mediated by diffusible chemical signals and does not require direct contact. It is possible to wire complex neuronal networks by both chemical and synaptic transmission. Both types of networks are ubiquitous in nervous systems, leading to the question which of the two appeared first in evolution. This paper explores a scenario where chemically organized cellular networks appeared before synapses in evolution, a possibility supported by the presence of complex peptidergic signalling in all animals except sponges. Small peptides are ideally suited to link up cells into chemical networks. They have unlimited diversity, high diffusivity and high copy numbers derived from repetitive precursors. But chemical signalling is diffusion limited and becomes inefficient in larger bodies. To overcome this, peptidergic cells may have developed projections and formed synaptically connected networks tiling body surfaces and displaying synchronized activity with pulsatile peptide release. The advent of circulatory systems and neurohemal organs further reduced the constraint imposed on chemical signalling by diffusion. This could have contributed to the explosive radiation of peptidergic signalling systems in stem bilaterians. Neurosecretory centres in extant nervous systems are still predominantly chemically wired and coexist with the synaptic brain. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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48
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Gauberg J, Senatore A, Heyland A. Functional Studies of Trichoplax adhaerens Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2219:277-288. [PMID: 33074548 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0974-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichoplax adhaerens is a member of the phylum Placozoa, an enigmatic group of benthic animals with remarkably simple morphology. While initial work on these organisms has primarily focused on their morphology and the development of genomic resources, Trichoplax has received increased attention as a model for studying the evolution of nervous and sensory systems. This work is motivated by the fact that Trichoplax features distinct behaviours and responses to environmental stimuli. Therefore, much progress has been made in recent years on the molecular, cellular, and behavioral understanding of this organism. Methods outlined here provide hands-on approaches to cutting edge molecular and cellular techniques to record cellular activities in Trichoplax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gauberg
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Andreas Heyland
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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49
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Levin I, Deegan R, Sharon E. Self-Oscillating Membranes: Chemomechanical Sheets Show Autonomous Periodic Shape Transformation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:178001. [PMID: 33156660 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.178001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While living organisms have mastered the dynamic control of residual stresses within sheets to induce shape transformation and locomotion, man-made implementations are rudimentary. We present the first autonomously shape-shifting sheets made of a gel that shrinks and swells in response to the phase of an oscillatory chemical (Belousov-Zhabotinsky) reaction. Propagating reaction-diffusion fronts induce localized deformation of the gel. We show that these localized deformations prescribe a spatiotemporal pattern of Gaussian curvature, leading to time-periodic global shape changes. We present the computational tools and experimental protocols needed to control this system, principally the relationship between the Gaussian curvature and the reaction phase, and optical imprinting of the wave pattern. Together, our results demonstrate a route for developing fully autonomous soft machines mimicking some of the locomotive capabilities of living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Levin
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Robert Deegan
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Eran Sharon
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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50
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Romanova DY, Smirnov IV, Nikitin MA, Kohn AB, Borman AI, Malyshev AY, Balaban PM, Moroz LL. Sodium action potentials in placozoa: Insights into behavioral integration and evolution of nerveless animals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:120-126. [PMID: 32828537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Placozoa are small disc-shaped animals, representing the simplest known, possibly ancestral, organization of free-living animals. With only six morphological distinct cell types, without any recognized neurons or muscle, placozoans exhibit fast effector reactions and complex behaviors. However, little is known about electrogenic mechanisms in these animals. Here, we showed the presence of rapid action potentials in four species of placozoans (Trichoplax adhaerens [H1 haplotype], Trichoplax sp.[H2], Hoilungia hongkongensis [H13], and Hoilungia sp. [H4]). These action potentials are sodium-dependent and can be inducible. The molecular analysis suggests the presence of 5-7 different types of voltage-gated sodium channels, which showed substantial evolutionary radiation compared to many other metazoans. Such unexpected diversity of sodium channels in early-branched metazoan lineages reflect both duplication events and parallel evolution of unique behavioral integration in these nerveless animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Y Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
| | - Ivan V Smirnov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrea B Kohn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Alisa I Borman
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey Y Malyshev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - Pavel M Balaban
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
| | - Leonid L Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA; Department of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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