1
|
Zhang J, Mosier JA, Wu Y, Waddle L, Taufalele PV, Wang W, Sun H, Reinhart‐King CA. Cellular Energy Cycle Mediates an Advection-Like Forward Cell Flow to Support Collective Invasion. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400719. [PMID: 39189477 PMCID: PMC11348062 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is a model for nonequilibrium biological dynamics, which is important for morphogenesis, pattern formation, and cancer metastasis. The current understanding of cellular collective dynamics is based primarily on cells moving within a 2D epithelial monolayer. However, solid tumors often invade surrounding tissues in the form of a stream-like 3D structure, and how biophysical cues are integrated at the cellular level to give rise to this collective streaming remains unclear. Here, it is shown that cell cycle-mediated bioenergetics drive a forward advective flow of cells and energy to the front to support 3D collective invasion. The cell division cycle mediates a corresponding energy cycle such that cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy peaks just before division. A reaction-advection-diffusion (RAD) type model coupled with experimental measurements further indicates that most cells enter an active division cycle at rear positions during 3D streaming. Once the cells progress to a later stage toward division, the high intracellular energy allows them to preferentially stream toward the tip and become leader cells. This energy-driven cellular flow may be a fundamental characteristic of 3D collective dynamics based on thermodynamic principles important for not only cancer invasion but also tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringVanderbilt University2301 Vanderbilt PlaceNashvilleTN37235USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Arkansas790 W. Dickson StFayettevilleAR72701USA
| | - Jenna A. Mosier
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringVanderbilt University2301 Vanderbilt PlaceNashvilleTN37235USA
| | - Yusheng Wu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringVanderbilt University2301 Vanderbilt PlaceNashvilleTN37235USA
| | - Logan Waddle
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Arkansas790 W. Dickson StFayettevilleAR72701USA
| | - Paul V. Taufalele
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringVanderbilt University2301 Vanderbilt PlaceNashvilleTN37235USA
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringVanderbilt University2301 Vanderbilt PlaceNashvilleTN37235USA
| | - Heng Sun
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringVanderbilt University2301 Vanderbilt PlaceNashvilleTN37235USA
| | - Cynthia A. Reinhart‐King
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringVanderbilt University2301 Vanderbilt PlaceNashvilleTN37235USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mao Y, Wickström SA. Mechanical state transitions in the regulation of tissue form and function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:654-670. [PMID: 38600372 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
From embryonic development, postnatal growth and adult homeostasis to reparative and disease states, cells and tissues undergo constant changes in genome activity, cell fate, proliferation, movement, metabolism and growth. Importantly, these biological state transitions are coupled to changes in the mechanical and material properties of cells and tissues, termed mechanical state transitions. These mechanical states share features with physical states of matter, liquids and solids. Tissues can switch between mechanical states by changing behavioural dynamics or connectivity between cells. Conversely, these changes in tissue mechanical properties are known to control cell and tissue function, most importantly the ability of cells to move or tissues to deform. Thus, tissue mechanical state transitions are implicated in transmitting information across biological length and time scales, especially during processes of early development, wound healing and diseases such as cancer. This Review will focus on the biological basis of tissue-scale mechanical state transitions, how they emerge from molecular and cellular interactions, and their roles in organismal development, homeostasis, regeneration and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Mao
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Department of Cell and Tissue Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Manna RK, Retzlaff EM, Hinman AM, Lan Y, Abdel-Razek O, Bates M, Hehnly H, Amack JD, Manning ML. Dynamical forces drive organ morphology changes during embryonic development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.13.603371. [PMID: 39071435 PMCID: PMC11275717 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.13.603371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Organs and tissues must change shape in precise ways during embryonic development to execute their functions. Multiple mechanisms including biochemical signaling pathways and biophysical forces help drive these morphology changes, but it has been difficult to tease apart their contributions, especially from tissue-scale dynamic forces that are typically ignored. We use a combination of mathematical models and in vivo experiments to study a simple organ in the zebrafish embryo called Kupffer's vesicle. Modeling indicates that dynamic forces generated by tissue movements in the embryo produce shape changes in Kupffer's vesicle that are observed during development. Laser ablations in the zebrafish embryo that alter these forces result in altered organ shapes matching model predictions. These results demonstrate that dynamic forces sculpt organ shape during embryo development.
Collapse
|
4
|
Suh K, Thornton R, Farahani PE, Cohen D, Toettcher J. Large-scale control over collective cell migration using light-controlled epidermal growth factor receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.30.596676. [PMID: 38853934 PMCID: PMC11160748 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.30.596676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are thought to play key roles in coordinating cell movement at single-cell and tissue scales. The recent development of optogenetic tools for controlling RTKs and their downstream signaling pathways suggested these responses may be amenable to engineering-based control for sculpting tissue shape and function. Here, we report that a light-controlled EGF receptor (OptoEGFR) can be deployed in epithelial cell lines for precise, programmable control of long-range tissue movements. We show that in OptoEGFR-expressing tissues, light can drive millimeter-scale cell rearrangements to densify interior regions or produce rapid outgrowth at tissue edges. Light-controlled tissue movements are driven primarily by PI 3-kinase signaling, rather than diffusible signals, tissue contractility, or ERK kinase signaling as seen in other RTK-driven migration contexts. Our study suggests that synthetic, light-controlled RTKs could serve as a powerful platform for controlling cell positions and densities for diverse applications including wound healing and tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Suh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
- Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institutes, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
| | - Richard Thornton
- Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institutes, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
| | - Payam E Farahani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
| | - Daniel Cohen
- Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institutes, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
| | - Jared Toettcher
- Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institutes, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dent LG, Curry N, Sparks H, Bousgouni V, Maioli V, Kumar S, Munro I, Butera F, Jones I, Arias-Garcia M, Rowe-Brown L, Dunsby C, Bakal C. Environmentally dependent and independent control of 3D cell shape. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114016. [PMID: 38636520 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
How cancer cells determine their shape in response to three-dimensional (3D) geometric and mechanical cues is unclear. We develop an approach to quantify the 3D cell shape of over 60,000 melanoma cells in collagen hydrogels using high-throughput stage-scanning oblique plane microscopy (ssOPM). We identify stereotypic and environmentally dependent changes in shape and protrusivity depending on whether a cell is proximal to a flat and rigid surface or is embedded in a soft environment. Environmental sensitivity metrics calculated for small molecules and gene knockdowns identify interactions between the environment and cellular factors that are important for morphogenesis. We show that the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF) TIAM2 contributes to shape determination in environmentally independent ways but that non-muscle myosin II, microtubules, and the RhoGEF FARP1 regulate shape in ways dependent on the microenvironment. Thus, changes in cancer cell shape in response to 3D geometric and mechanical cues are modulated in both an environmentally dependent and independent fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G Dent
- Dynamical Cell Systems Group, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nathan Curry
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hugh Sparks
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Vicky Bousgouni
- Dynamical Cell Systems Group, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Vincent Maioli
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ian Munro
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Francesca Butera
- Dynamical Cell Systems Group, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Ian Jones
- Dynamical Cell Systems Group, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Mar Arias-Garcia
- Dynamical Cell Systems Group, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Leo Rowe-Brown
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Chris Dunsby
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Chris Bakal
- Dynamical Cell Systems Group, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Suh K, Cho YK, Breinyn IB, Cohen DJ. E-cadherin biomaterials reprogram collective cell migration and cell cycling by forcing homeostatic conditions. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113743. [PMID: 38358889 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells attach to the world through either cell-extracellular matrix adhesion or cell-cell adhesion, and traditional biomaterials imitate the matrix for integrin-based adhesion. However, materials incorporating cadherin proteins that mimic cell-cell adhesion offer an alternative to program cell behavior and integrate into living tissues. We investigated how cadherin substrates affect collective cell migration and cell cycling in epithelia. Our approach involved biomaterials with matrix proteins on one-half and E-cadherin proteins on the other, forming a "Janus" interface across which we grew a single sheet of cells. Tissue regions over the matrix side exhibited normal collective dynamics, but an abrupt behavior shift occurred across the Janus boundary onto the E-cadherin side, where cells attached to the substrate via E-cadherin adhesions, resulting in stalled migration and slowing of the cell cycle. E-cadherin surfaces disrupted long-range mechanical coordination and nearly doubled the length of the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, linked to the lack of integrin focal adhesions on the E-cadherin surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Suh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Youn Kyoung Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Isaac B Breinyn
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Daniel J Cohen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Villeneuve C, Hashmi A, Ylivinkka I, Lawson-Keister E, Miroshnikova YA, Pérez-González C, Myllymäki SM, Bertillot F, Yadav B, Zhang T, Matic Vignjevic D, Mikkola ML, Manning ML, Wickström SA. Mechanical forces across compartments coordinate cell shape and fate transitions to generate tissue architecture. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:207-218. [PMID: 38302719 PMCID: PMC10866703 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Morphogenesis and cell state transitions must be coordinated in time and space to produce a functional tissue. An excellent paradigm to understand the coupling of these processes is mammalian hair follicle development, which is initiated by the formation of an epithelial invagination-termed placode-that coincides with the emergence of a designated hair follicle stem cell population. The mechanisms directing the deformation of the epithelium, cell state transitions and physical compartmentalization of the placode are unknown. Here we identify a key role for coordinated mechanical forces stemming from contractile, proliferative and proteolytic activities across the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments in generating the placode structure. A ring of fibroblast cells gradually wraps around the placode cells to generate centripetal contractile forces, which, in collaboration with polarized epithelial myosin activity, promote elongation and local tissue thickening. These mechanical stresses further enhance compartmentalization of Sox9 expression to promote stem cell positioning. Subsequently, proteolytic remodelling locally softens the basement membrane to facilitate a release of pressure on the placode, enabling localized cell divisions, tissue fluidification and epithelial invagination into the underlying mesenchyme. Together, our experiments and modelling identify dynamic cell shape transformations and tissue-scale mechanical cooperation as key factors for orchestrating organ formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Villeneuve
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Cell and Tissue Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Ali Hashmi
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irene Ylivinkka
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Yekaterina A Miroshnikova
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carlos Pérez-González
- Cell Biology and Cancer Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Satu-Marja Myllymäki
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fabien Bertillot
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Cell and Tissue Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Bhagwan Yadav
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Marja L Mikkola
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Lisa Manning
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Cell and Tissue Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pinheiro D, Mitchel J. Pulling the strings on solid-to-liquid phase transitions in cell collectives. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102310. [PMID: 38176350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Cell collectives must dynamically adapt to different biological contexts. For instance, in homeostatic conditions, epithelia must establish a barrier between body compartments and resist external stresses, while during development, wound healing or cancer invasion, these tissues undergo extensive remodeling. Using analogies from inert, passive materials, changes in cellular density, shape, rearrangements and/or migration were shown to result in collective transitions between solid and fluid states. However, what biological mechanisms govern these transitions remains an open question. In particular, the upstream signaling pathways and molecular effectors controlling the key physical axes determining tissue rheology and dynamics remain poorly understood. In this perspective, we focus on emerging evidence identifying the first biological signals determining the collective state of living tissues, with an emphasis on how these mechanisms are exploited for functionality across biological contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pinheiro
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Jennifer Mitchel
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schmitt MS, Colen J, Sala S, Devany J, Seetharaman S, Caillier A, Gardel ML, Oakes PW, Vitelli V. Machine learning interpretable models of cell mechanics from protein images. Cell 2024; 187:481-494.e24. [PMID: 38194965 PMCID: PMC11225795 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Cellular form and function emerge from complex mechanochemical systems within the cytoplasm. Currently, no systematic strategy exists to infer large-scale physical properties of a cell from its molecular components. This is an obstacle to understanding processes such as cell adhesion and migration. Here, we develop a data-driven modeling pipeline to learn the mechanical behavior of adherent cells. We first train neural networks to predict cellular forces from images of cytoskeletal proteins. Strikingly, experimental images of a single focal adhesion (FA) protein, such as zyxin, are sufficient to predict forces and can generalize to unseen biological regimes. Using this observation, we develop two approaches-one constrained by physics and the other agnostic-to construct data-driven continuum models of cellular forces. Both reveal how cellular forces are encoded by two distinct length scales. Beyond adherent cell mechanics, our work serves as a case study for integrating neural networks into predictive models for cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Schmitt
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Kadanoff Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jonathan Colen
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Kadanoff Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stefano Sala
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - John Devany
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Shailaja Seetharaman
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexia Caillier
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | - Vincenzo Vitelli
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Kadanoff Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tah I, Haertter D, Crawford JM, Kiehart DP, Schmidt CF, Liu AJ. Minimal vertex model explains how the amnioserosa avoids fluidization during Drosophila dorsal closure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.20.572544. [PMID: 38187730 PMCID: PMC10769242 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.20.572544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Dorsal closure is a process that occurs during embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster . During dorsal closure, the amnioserosa (AS), a one-cell thick epithelial tissue that fills the dorsal opening, shrinks as the lateral epidermis sheets converge and eventually merge. During this process, the aspect ratio of amnioserosa cells increases markedly. The standard 2-dimensional vertex model, which successfully describes tissue sheet mechanics in multiple contexts, would in this case predict that the tissue should fluidize via cell neighbor changes. Surprisingly, however, the amnioserosa remains an elastic solid with no such events. We here present a minimal extension to the vertex model that explains how the amnioserosa can achieve this unexpected behavior. We show that continuous shrinkage of the preferred cell perimeter and cell perimeter polydispersity lead to the retention of the solid state of the amnioserosa. Our model accurately captures measured cell shape and orientation changes and predicts non-monotonic junction tension that we confirm with laser ablation experiments. Significance Statement During embryogenesis, cells in tissues can undergo significant shape changes. Many epithelial tissues fluidize, i.e. cells exchange neighbors, when the average cell aspect ratio increases above a threshold value, consistent with the standard vertex model. During dorsal closure in Drosophila melanogaster , however, the amnioserosa tissue remains solid even as the average cell aspect ratio increases well above threshold. We introduce perimeter polydispersity and allow the preferred cell perimeters, usually held fixed in vertex models, to decrease linearly with time as seen experimentally. With these extensions to the standard vertex model, we capture experimental observations quantitatively. Our results demonstrate that vertex models can describe the behavior of the amnioserosa in dorsal closure by allowing normally fixed parameters to vary with time.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tah I, Haertter D, Crawford JM, Kiehart DP, Schmidt CF, Liu AJ. Minimal vertex model explains how the amnioserosa avoids fluidization during Drosophila dorsal closure. ARXIV 2023:arXiv:2312.12926v1. [PMID: 38196754 PMCID: PMC10775355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Dorsal closure is a process that occurs during embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster. During dorsal closure, the amnioserosa (AS), a one-cell thick epithelial tissue that fills the dorsal opening, shrinks as the lateral epidermis sheets converge and eventually merge. During this process, the aspect ratio of amnioserosa cells increases markedly. The standard 2-dimensional vertex model, which successfully describes tissue sheet mechanics in multiple contexts, would in this case predict that the tissue should fluidize via cell neighbor changes. Surprisingly, however, the amnioserosa remains an elastic solid with no such events. We here present a minimal extension to the vertex model that explains how the amnioserosa can achieve this unexpected behavior. We show that continuous shrink-age of the preferred cell perimeter and cell perimeter polydispersity lead to the retention of the solid state of the amnioserosa. Our model accurately captures measured cell shape and orientation changes and predicts non-monotonic junction tension that we confirm with laser ablation experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Tah
- Speciality Glass Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Haertter
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center and Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Physics and Soft Matter Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andrea J. Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cano-Fernández H, Tissot T, Brun-Usan M, Salazar-Ciudad I. On the origins of developmental robustness: modeling buffering mechanisms against cell-level noise. Development 2023; 150:dev201911. [PMID: 38032004 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
During development, cells are subject to stochastic fluctuations in their positions (i.e. cell-level noise) that can potentially lead to morphological noise (i.e. stochastic differences between morphologies that are expected to be equal, e.g. the right and left sides of bilateral organisms). In this study, we explore new and existing hypotheses on buffering mechanisms against cell-level noise. Many of these hypotheses focus on how the boundaries between territories of gene expression remain regular and well defined, despite cell-level noise and division. We study these hypotheses and how irregular territory boundaries lead to morphological noise. To determine the consistency of the different hypotheses, we use a general computational model of development: EmbryoMaker. EmbryoMaker can implement arbitrary gene networks regulating basic cell behaviors (contraction, adhesion, etc.), signaling and tissue biomechanics. We found that buffering mechanisms based on the orientation of cell divisions cannot lead to regular boundaries but that other buffering mechanisms can (homotypic adhesion, planar contraction, non-dividing boundaries, constant signaling and majority rule hypotheses). We also explore the effects of the shape and size of the territories on morphological noise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cano-Fernández
- Genomics, Bioinformatics and Evolution group, Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Tazzio Tissot
- Electronics and Computer Science Department, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Miguel Brun-Usan
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Isaac Salazar-Ciudad
- Genomics, Bioinformatics and Evolution group, Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica (CRM), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hohmann U, Ghadban C, Prell J, Strauss C, Dehghani F, Hohmann T. A toolbox to analyze collective cell migration, proliferation and cellular organization simultaneously. Cell Adh Migr 2023; 17:1-11. [PMID: 37938930 PMCID: PMC10773533 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2023.2276615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analyses of collective cell migration and orientation phenomena are needed to assess the behavior of multicellular clusters. While some tools to the authors' knowledge none is capable to analyze collective migration, cellular orientation and proliferation in phase contrast images simultaneously. METHODS We provide a tool based to analyze phase contrast images of dense cell layers. PIV is used to calculatevelocity fields, while the structure tensor provides cellular orientation. An artificial neural network is used to identify cell division events, allowing to correlate migratory and organizational phenomena with cell density. CONCLUSION The presented tool allows the simultaneous analysis of collective cell behavior from phase contrast images in terms of migration, (self-)organization and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Chalid Ghadban
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julian Prell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Strauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tim Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Eckert J, Ladoux B, Mège RM, Giomi L, Schmidt T. Hexanematic crossover in epithelial monolayers depends on cell adhesion and cell density. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5762. [PMID: 37717032 PMCID: PMC10505199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in tissue geometry during developmental processes are associated with collective migration of cells. Recent experimental and numerical results suggest that these changes could leverage on the coexistence of nematic and hexatic orientational order at different length scales. How this multiscale organization is affected by the material properties of the cells and their substrate is presently unknown. In this study, we address these questions in monolayers of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells having various cell densities and molecular repertoires. At small length scales, confluent monolayers are characterized by a prominent hexatic order, independent of the presence of E-cadherin, monolayer density, and underlying substrate stiffness. However, all three properties affect the meso-scale tissue organization. The length scale at which hexatic order transits to nematic order, the "hexanematic" crossover scale, strongly depends on cell-cell adhesions and correlates with monolayer density. Our study demonstrates how epithelial organization is affected by mechanical properties, and provides a robust description of tissue organization during developmental processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Eckert
- Physics of Life Processes, Leiden Institute of Physics, Universiteit Leiden, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Benoît Ladoux
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Luca Giomi
- Instituut-Lorentz, Leiden Institute of Physics, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9506, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Physics of Life Processes, Leiden Institute of Physics, Universiteit Leiden, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Devany J, Falk MJ, Holt LJ, Murugan A, Gardel ML. Epithelial tissue confinement inhibits cell growth and leads to volume-reducing divisions. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1462-1476.e8. [PMID: 37339629 PMCID: PMC10528006 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation is a central process in tissue development, homeostasis, and disease, yet how proliferation is regulated in the tissue context remains poorly understood. Here, we introduce a quantitative framework to elucidate how tissue growth dynamics regulate cell proliferation. Using MDCK epithelial monolayers, we show that a limiting rate of tissue expansion creates confinement that suppresses cell growth; however, this confinement does not directly affect the cell cycle. This leads to uncoupling between rates of cell growth and division in epithelia and, thereby, reduces cell volume. Division becomes arrested at a minimal cell volume, which is consistent across diverse epithelia in vivo. Here, the nucleus approaches the minimum volume capable of packaging the genome. Loss of cyclin D1-dependent cell-volume regulation results in an abnormally high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic volume ratio and DNA damage. Overall, we demonstrate how epithelial proliferation is regulated by the interplay between tissue confinement and cell-volume regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Devany
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Martin J Falk
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Liam J Holt
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Arvind Murugan
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Suh K, Cho YK, Breinyn IB, Cohen DJ. E-cadherin biointerfaces reprogram collective cell migration and cell cycling by forcing homeostatic conditions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.25.550505. [PMID: 37546933 PMCID: PMC10402016 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.25.550505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells attach to the world around them in two ways-cell:extracellular-matrix adhesion and cell:cell adhesion-and conventional biomaterials are made to resemble the matrix to encourage integrin-based cell adhesion. However, interest is growing for cell-mimetic interfaces that mimic cell-cell interactions using cadherin proteins, as this offers a new way to program cell behavior and design synthetic implants and objects that can integrate directly into living tissues. Here, we explore how these cadherin-based materials affect collective cell behaviors, focusing specifically on collective migration and cell cycle regulation in cm-scale epithelia. We built culture substrates where half of the culture area was functionalized with matrix proteins and the contiguous half was functionalized with E-cadherin proteins, and we grew large epithelia across this 'Janus' interface. Parts of the tissues in contact with the matrix side of the Janus interface exhibited normal collective dynamics, but an abrupt shift in behaviors happened immediately across the Janus boundary onto the E-cadherin side, where cells formed hybrid E-cadherin junctions with the substrate, migration effectively froze in place, and cell-cycling significantly decreased. E-cadherin materials suppressed long-range mechanical correlations in the tissue and mechanical information reflected off the substrate interface. These effects could not be explained by conventional density, shape index, or contact inhibition explanations. E-cadherin surfaces nearly doubled the length of the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, which we ultimately connected to the exclusion of matrix focal adhesions induced by the E-cadherin culture surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Suh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, 08544
| | - Youn Kyoung Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, 08544
| | - Isaac B Breinyn
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, 08544
| | - Daniel J Cohen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, 08544
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bocanegra-Moreno L, Singh A, Hannezo E, Zagorski M, Kicheva A. Cell cycle dynamics control fluidity of the developing mouse neuroepithelium. NATURE PHYSICS 2023; 19:1050-1058. [PMID: 37456593 PMCID: PMC10344780 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-023-01977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
As developing tissues grow in size and undergo morphogenetic changes, their material properties may be altered. Such changes result from tension dynamics at cell contacts or cellular jamming. Yet, in many cases, the cellular mechanisms controlling the physical state of growing tissues are unclear. We found that at early developmental stages, the epithelium in the developing mouse spinal cord maintains both high junctional tension and high fluidity. This is achieved via a mechanism in which interkinetic nuclear movements generate cell area dynamics that drive extensive cell rearrangements. Over time, the cell proliferation rate declines, effectively solidifying the tissue. Thus, unlike well-studied jamming transitions, the solidification uncovered here resembles a glass transition that depends on the dynamical stresses generated by proliferation and differentiation. Our finding that the fluidity of developing epithelia is linked to interkinetic nuclear movements and the dynamics of growth is likely to be relevant to multiple developing tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amrita Singh
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Marcin Zagorski
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Mark Kac Center for Complex Systems Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kicheva
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dawney NS, Cammarota C, Jia Q, Shipley A, Glichowski JA, Vasandani M, Finegan TM, Bergstralh DT. A novel tool for the unbiased characterization of epithelial monolayer development in culture. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar25. [PMID: 36696175 PMCID: PMC10092640 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-04-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of an epithelial tissue is intertwined with its architecture. Epithelial tissues are often described as pseudo-two-dimensional, but this view may be partly attributed to experimental bias: many model epithelia, including cultured cell lines, are easiest to image from the "top-down." We measured the three-dimensional architecture of epithelial cells in culture and found that it varies dramatically across cultured regions, presenting a challenge for reproducibility and cross-study comparisons. We therefore developed a novel tool (Automated Layer Analysis, "ALAn") to characterize architecture in an unbiased manner. Using ALAn, we find that cultured epithelial cells can organize into four distinct architectures and that architecture correlates with cell density. Cells exhibit distinct biological properties in each architecture. Organization in the apical-basal axis is determined early in monolayer development by substrate availability, while disorganization in the apical-basal axis arises from an inability to form substrate connections. Our work highlights the need to carefully control for three-dimensional architecture when using cell culture as a model system for epithelial cell biology and introduces a novel tool, built on a set of rules that can be widely applied to epithelial cell culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Dawney
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | - Christian Cammarota
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | - Qingyuan Jia
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | - Alicia Shipley
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | | | | | - Tara M. Finegan
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | - Dan T. Bergstralh
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14627
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hohmann T, Hohmann U, Dehghani F. MACC1-induced migration in tumors: Current state and perspective. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1165676. [PMID: 37051546 PMCID: PMC10084939 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1165676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors are still a global, heavy health burden. Many tumor types cannot be treated curatively, underlining the need for new treatment targets. In recent years, metastasis associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) was identified as a promising biomarker and drug target, as it is promoting tumor migration, initiation, proliferation, and others in a multitude of solid cancers. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge about MACC1-induced tumor cell migration with a special focus on the cytoskeletal and adhesive systems. In addition, a brief overview of several in vitro models used for the analysis of cell migration is given. In this context, we will point to issues with the currently most prevalent models used to study MACC1-dependent migration. Lastly, open questions about MACC1-dependent effects on tumor cell migration will be addressed.
Collapse
|
20
|
Hohmann U, von Widdern JC, Ghadban C, Giudice MCL, Lemahieu G, Cavalcanti-Adam EA, Dehghani F, Hohmann T. Jamming Transitions in Astrocytes and Glioblastoma Are Induced by Cell Density and Tension. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010029. [PMID: 36611824 PMCID: PMC9818602 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective behavior of cells emerges from coordination of cell-cell-interactions and is important to wound healing, embryonic and tumor development. Depending on cell density and cell-cell interactions, a transition from a migratory, fluid-like unjammed state to a more static and solid-like jammed state or vice versa can occur. Here, we analyze collective migration dynamics of astrocytes and glioblastoma cells using live cell imaging. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy, traction force microscopy and spheroid generation assays were used to study cell adhesion, traction and mechanics. Perturbations of traction and adhesion were induced via ROCK or myosin II inhibition. Whereas astrocytes resided within a non-migratory, jammed state, glioblastoma were migratory and unjammed. Furthermore, we demonstrated that a switch from an unjammed to a jammed state was induced upon alteration of the equilibrium between cell-cell-adhesion and tension from adhesion to tension dominated, via inhibition of ROCK or myosin II. Such behavior has implications for understanding the infiltration of the brain by glioblastoma cells and may help to identify new strategies to develop anti-migratory drugs and strategies for glioblastoma-treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julian Cardinal von Widdern
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Chalid Ghadban
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Maria Cristina Lo Giudice
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Grégoire Lemahieu
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tim Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mechanical coupling of supracellular stress amplification and tissue fluidization during exit from quiescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201328119. [PMID: 35914175 PMCID: PMC9371707 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201328119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cells in the human body reside in a dormant state characterized by slow growth and minimal motility. During episodes such as wound healing, stem cell activation, and cancer growth, cells adapt to a more dynamic behavior characterized by proliferation and migration. However, little is known about the mechanical forces controlling the transition from static to motile following exit from dormancy. We demonstrate that keratinocyte monolayers install a mechanical system during dormancy that produces a coordinated burst of intercellular mechanical tension only minutes after dormancy exit. The activated forces are essential for large-scale displacements of otherwise motility-restricted cell sheets. Thus, cells sustain a mechanical system during dormancy that idles in anticipation of cell cycle entry and prompt activation of motion. Cellular quiescence is a state of reversible cell cycle arrest that is associated with tissue dormancy. Timely regulated entry into and exit from quiescence is important for processes such as tissue homeostasis, tissue repair, stem cell maintenance, developmental processes, and immunity. However, little is known about processes that control the mechanical adaption to cell behavior changes during the transition from quiescence to proliferation. Here, we show that quiescent human keratinocyte monolayers sustain an actinomyosin-based system that facilitates global cell sheet displacements upon serum-stimulated exit from quiescence. Mechanistically, exposure of quiescent cells to serum-borne mitogens leads to rapid amplification of preexisting contractile sites, leading to a burst in monolayer tension that subsequently drives large-scale displacements of otherwise motility-restricted monolayers. The stress level after quiescence exit correlates with the level of quiescence depth at the time of activation, and a critical stress magnitude must be reached to overcome the cell sheet displacement barrier. The study shows that static quiescent cell monolayers are mechanically poised for motility, and it identifies global stress amplification as a mechanism for overcoming motility restrictions in confined confluent cell monolayers.
Collapse
|
22
|
Hohmann T, Hohmann U, Dahlmann M, Kobelt D, Stein U, Dehghani F. MACC1-Induced Collective Migration Is Promoted by Proliferation Rather Than Single Cell Biomechanics. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122857. [PMID: 35740524 PMCID: PMC9221534 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) is a marker for metastasis, tumor cell migration, and increased proliferation in colorectal cancer (CRC). Tumors with high MACC1 expression show a worse prognosis and higher invasion into neighboring structures. Yet, many facets of the pro-migratory effects are not fully understood. Atomic force microscopy and single cell live imaging were used to quantify biomechanical and migratory properties in low- and high-MACC1-expressing CRC cells. Furthermore, collective migration and expansion of small, cohesive cell colonies were analyzed using live cell imaging and particle image velocimetry. Lastly, the impact of proliferation on collective migration was determined by inhibition of proliferation using mitomycin. MACC1 did not affect elasticity, cortex tension, and single cell migration of CRC cells but promoted collective migration and colony expansion in vitro. Measurements of the local velocities in the dense cell layers revealed proliferation events as regions of high local speeds. Inhibition of proliferation via mitomycin abrogated the MACC1-associated effects on the collective migration speeds. A simple simulation revealed that the expansion of cell clusters without proliferation appeared to be determined mostly by single cell properties. MACC1 overexpression does not influence single cell biomechanics and migration but only collective migration in a proliferation-dependent manner. Thus, targeting proliferation in high-MACC1-expressing tumors may offer additional effects on cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, D-06108 Halle (Saale), Germany; (T.H.); (U.H.)
| | - Urszula Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, D-06108 Halle (Saale), Germany; (T.H.); (U.H.)
| | - Mathias Dahlmann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany; (M.D.); (D.K.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dennis Kobelt
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany; (M.D.); (D.K.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Stein
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany; (M.D.); (D.K.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (U.S.); (F.D.); Tel.: +49-9406-3432 (U.S.); +49-345-5571-944 (F.D.); Fax: +49-345-5571-700 (F.D.)
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, D-06108 Halle (Saale), Germany; (T.H.); (U.H.)
- Correspondence: (U.S.); (F.D.); Tel.: +49-9406-3432 (U.S.); +49-345-5571-944 (F.D.); Fax: +49-345-5571-700 (F.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Damavandi OK, Hagh VF, Santangelo CD, Manning ML. Energetic rigidity. II. Applications in examples of biological and underconstrained materials. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:025004. [PMID: 35291184 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.025004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This is the second paper devoted to energetic rigidity, in which we apply our formalism to examples in two dimensions: Underconstrained random regular spring networks, vertex models, and jammed packings of soft particles. Spring networks and vertex models are both highly underconstrained, and first-order constraint counting does not predict their rigidity, but second-order rigidity does. In contrast, spherical jammed packings are overconstrained and thus first-order rigid, meaning that constraint counting is equivalent to energetic rigidity as long as prestresses in the system are sufficiently small. Aspherical jammed packings on the other hand have been shown to be jammed at hypostaticity, which we use to argue for a modified constraint counting for systems that are energetically rigid at quartic order.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ojan Khatib Damavandi
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - Varda F Hagh
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Christian D Santangelo
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - M Lisa Manning
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Thowfeequ S, Stower MJ, Srinivas S. Epithelial dynamics during early mouse development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 72:110-117. [PMID: 34929609 PMCID: PMC7615355 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The first epithelia to arise in an organism face the challenge of maintaining the integrity of the newly formed tissue, while exhibiting the behavioral flexibility required for morphogenetic processes to occur effectively. Epithelial cells integrate biochemical and biomechanical cues, both intrinsic and extrinsic, in order to bring about the molecular changes which determine their morphology, behavior and fate. In this review we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the various dynamic processes that the emergent epithelial cells undergo during the first seven days of mouse development and speculate what the future holds in understanding the mechanistic bases for these processes through integrative approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shifaan Thowfeequ
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Matthew J Stower
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Shankar Srinivas
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rigidity transitions in development and disease. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:433-444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
26
|
Kuyyamudi C, Menon SN, Casares F, Sinha S. Disorder in cellular packing can alter proliferation dynamics to regulate growth. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:L052401. [PMID: 34942790 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.l052401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which an organ regulates its growth are not yet fully understood, especially when the cells are closely packed as in epithelial tissues. We explain growth arrest as a collective dynamical transition in coupled oscillators on disordered lattices. As the cellular morphologies become homogeneous over the course of development, the signals induced by cell-cell contact increase beyond a critical value that triggers coordinated cessation of the cell-cycle oscillators driving cell division. Thus, control of cell proliferation is causally related to the geometry of cellular packing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekar Kuyyamudi
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Shakti N Menon
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Fernando Casares
- CABD, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-JA, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Sitabhra Sinha
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sanematsu PC, Erdemci-Tandogan G, Patel H, Retzlaff EM, Amack JD, Manning ML. 3D viscoelastic drag forces contribute to cell shape changes during organogenesis in the zebrafish embryo. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203718. [PMID: 34273601 PMCID: PMC8758797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The left-right organizer in zebrafish embryos, Kupffer's Vesicle (KV), is a simple organ that undergoes programmed asymmetric cell shape changes that are necessary to establish the left-right axis of the embryo. We use simulations and experiments to investigate whether 3D mechanical drag forces generated by the posteriorly-directed motion of the KV through the tailbud tissue are sufficient to drive such shape changes. We develop a fully 3D vertex-like (Voronoi) model for the tissue architecture, and demonstrate that the tissue can generate drag forces and drive cell shape changes. Furthermore, we find that tailbud tissue presents a shear-thinning, viscoelastic behavior consistent with those observed in published experiments. We then perform live imaging experiments and particle image velocimetry analysis to quantify the precise tissue velocity gradients around KV as a function of developmental time. We observe robust velocity gradients around the KV, indicating that mechanical drag forces must be exerted on the KV by the tailbud tissue. We demonstrate that experimentally observed velocity fields are consistent with the viscoelastic response seen in simulations. This work also suggests that 3D viscoelastic drag forces could be a generic mechanism for cell shape change in other biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula C Sanematsu
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gonca Erdemci-Tandogan
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Himani Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13210
| | - Emma M Retzlaff
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13210
| | - Jeffrey D Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13210
| | - M Lisa Manning
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Despin-Guitard E, Migeotte I. Mitosis, a springboard for epithelial-mesenchymal transition? Cell Cycle 2021; 20:2452-2464. [PMID: 34720062 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1992854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis is a key process in development and remains critical to ensure homeostasis in adult tissues. Besides its primary role in generating two new cells, cell division involves deep structural and molecular changes that might have additional effects on cell and tissue fate and shape. Specific quantitative and qualitative regulation of mitosis has been observed in multiple morphogenetic events in different embryo models. For instance, during mouse embryo gastrulation, the portion of epithelium that undergoes epithelial to mesenchymal transition, where a static epithelial cell become mesenchymal and motile, has a higher mitotic index and a distinct localization of mitotic rounding, compared to the rest of the tissue. Here we explore the potential mechanisms through which mitosis may favor tissue reorganization in various models. Notably, we discuss the mechanical impact of cell rounding on the cell and its environment, and the modification of tissue physical parameters through changes in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangéline Despin-Guitard
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Iribhm, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Migeotte
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Iribhm, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Skamrahl M, Pang H, Ferle M, Gottwald J, Rübeling A, Maraspini R, Honigmann A, Oswald TA, Janshoff A. Tight Junction ZO Proteins Maintain Tissue Fluidity, Ensuring Efficient Collective Cell Migration. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100478. [PMID: 34382375 PMCID: PMC8498871 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are essential components of epithelial tissues connecting neighboring cells to provide protective barriers. While their general function to seal compartments is well understood, their role in collective cell migration is largely unexplored. Here, the importance of the TJ zonula occludens (ZO) proteins ZO1 and ZO2 for epithelial migration is investigated employing video microscopy in conjunction with velocimetry, segmentation, cell tracking, and atomic force microscopy/spectroscopy. The results indicate that ZO proteins are necessary for fast and coherent migration. In particular, ZO1 and 2 loss (dKD) induces actomyosin remodeling away from the central cortex towards the periphery of individual cells, resulting in altered viscoelastic properties. A tug-of-war emerges between two subpopulations of cells with distinct morphological and mechanical properties: 1) smaller and highly contractile cells with an outward bulging apical membrane, and 2) larger, flattened cells, which, due to tensile stress, display a higher proliferation rate. In response, the cell density increases, leading to crowding-induced jamming and more small cells over time. Co-cultures comprising wildtype and dKD cells migrate inefficiently due to phase separation based on differences in contractility rather than differential adhesion. This study shows that ZO proteins are necessary for efficient collective cell migration by maintaining tissue fluidity and controlling proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Skamrahl
- Institute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstr. 6Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Hongtao Pang
- Institute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstr. 6Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Maximilian Ferle
- Institute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstr. 6Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Jannis Gottwald
- Institute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstr. 6Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Angela Rübeling
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstr. 2Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Riccardo Maraspini
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsPfotenhauerstraße 108Dresden01307Germany
| | - Alf Honigmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsPfotenhauerstraße 108Dresden01307Germany
| | - Tabea A. Oswald
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstr. 2Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Andreas Janshoff
- Institute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstr. 6Göttingen37077Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Erdemci-Tandogan G, Manning ML. Effect of cellular rearrangement time delays on the rheology of vertex models for confluent tissues. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009049. [PMID: 34097706 PMCID: PMC8211246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale tissue deformation during biological processes such as morphogenesis requires cellular rearrangements. The simplest rearrangement in confluent cellular monolayers involves neighbor exchanges among four cells, called a T1 transition, in analogy to foams. But unlike foams, cells must execute a sequence of molecular processes, such as endocytosis of adhesion molecules, to complete a T1 transition. Such processes could take a long time compared to other timescales in the tissue. In this work, we incorporate this idea by augmenting vertex models to require a fixed, finite time for T1 transitions, which we call the "T1 delay time". We study how variations in T1 delay time affect tissue mechanics, by quantifying the relaxation time of tissues in the presence of T1 delays and comparing that to the cell-shape based timescale that characterizes fluidity in the absence of any T1 delays. We show that the molecular-scale T1 delay timescale dominates over the cell shape-scale collective response timescale when the T1 delay time is the larger of the two. We extend this analysis to tissues that become anisotropic under convergent extension, finding similar results. Moreover, we find that increasing the T1 delay time increases the percentage of higher-fold coordinated vertices and rosettes, and decreases the overall number of successful T1s, contributing to a more elastic-like-and less fluid-like-tissue response. Our work suggests that molecular mechanisms that act as a brake on T1 transitions could stiffen global tissue mechanics and enhance rosette formation during morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Erdemci-Tandogan
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M. Lisa Manning
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|