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Gong X, Li S, Huang J, Tan S, Zhang Q, Tian Y, Li Q, Wang L, Tong HHY, Yao X, Chen C, Lee SMY, Liu H. Discovery of potent LRRK2 inhibitors by ensemble virtual screening strategy and bioactivity evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 279:116812. [PMID: 39241668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been reported to be associated with familial and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) risk and is a promising target for drug discovery against PD. To identify novel and effective LRRK2 inhibitors, an ensemble virtual screening strategy by combining fingerprint similarity, complex-based pharmacophore and structure-based molecular docking was proposed and applied. Using this strategy, we finally selected 25 compounds from ∼1.7 million compounds for in vitro and in vivo tests. Firstly, the kinase inhibitory activity tests of compounds based on ADP-Glo assay identified three most potent compounds LY2023-19, LY2023-24 and LY2023-25 with IC50 of 556.4 nM, 218.1 nM and 22.4 nM for LRRK2 G2019S mutant, respectively. The further cellular experiments also indicated that three hit compounds significantly inhibited Ser935 phosphorylation of both wide-type and G2019S LRRK2 with IC50 ranging from 27 nM to 1674 nM in HEK293T cells. The MD simulations of three compounds and G2019S LRRK2 showed the hydrogen bond formed by Glu1948 and Ala1950 is crucial for the binding of LRRK2. Afterwards, 6-OHDA-induced PD zebrafish model was constructed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of hit compounds. The locomotion of the 6-OHDA treated zebrafish larvae was improved after treatment with LY2023-24. The obtained results can provide valuable guidance for the development of PD drugs by targeting LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Gong
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, 999078, China
| | - Shuli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, China
| | - Junli Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shuoyan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314100, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, 999078, China
| | - Yanan Tian
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, 999078, China
| | - Qin Li
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, 999078, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, 999078, China
| | - Henry H Y Tong
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, 999078, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, 999078, China
| | - Chunxia Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, China; Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation & Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077, China.
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, 999078, China.
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2
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Kmiecik MJ, Micheletti S, Coker D, Heilbron K, Shi J, Stagaman K, Filshtein Sonmez T, Fontanillas P, Shringarpure S, Wetzel M, Rowbotham HM, Cannon P, Shelton JF, Hinds DA, Tung JY, Holmes MV, Aslibekyan S, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L. Genetic analysis and natural history of Parkinson's disease due to the LRRK2 G2019S variant. Brain 2024; 147:1996-2008. [PMID: 38804604 PMCID: PMC11146432 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The LRRK2 G2019S variant is the most common cause of monogenic Parkinson's disease (PD); however, questions remain regarding the penetrance, clinical phenotype and natural history of carriers. We performed a 3.5-year prospective longitudinal online study in a large number of 1286 genotyped LRRK2 G2019S carriers and 109 154 controls, with and without PD, recruited from the 23andMe Research Cohort. We collected self-reported motor and non-motor symptoms every 6 months, as well as demographics, family histories and environmental risk factors. Incident cases of PD (phenoconverters) were identified at follow-up. We determined lifetime risk of PD using accelerated failure time modelling and explored the impact of polygenic risk on penetrance. We also computed the genetic ancestry of all LRRK2 G2019S carriers in the 23andMe database and identified regions of the world where carrier frequencies are highest. We observed that despite a 1 year longer disease duration (P = 0.016), LRRK2 G2019S carriers with PD had similar burden of motor symptoms, yet significantly fewer non-motor symptoms including cognitive difficulties, REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) and hyposmia (all P-values ≤ 0.0002). The cumulative incidence of PD in G2019S carriers by age 80 was 49%. G2019S carriers had a 10-fold risk of developing PD versus non-carriers. This rose to a 27-fold risk in G2019S carriers with a PD polygenic risk score in the top 25% versus non-carriers in the bottom 25%. In addition to identifying ancient founding events in people of North African and Ashkenazi descent, our genetic ancestry analyses infer that the G2019S variant was later introduced to Spanish colonial territories in the Americas. Our results suggest LRRK2 G2019S PD appears to be a slowly progressive predominantly motor subtype of PD with a lower prevalence of hyposmia, RBD and cognitive impairment. This suggests that the current prodromal criteria, which are based on idiopathic PD, may lack sensitivity to detect the early phases of LRRK2 PD in G2019S carriers. We show that polygenic burden may contribute to the development of PD in the LRRK2 G2019S carrier population. Collectively, the results should help support screening programmes and candidate enrichment strategies for upcoming trials of LRRK2 inhibitors in early-stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Cannon
- 23andMe, Inc., Research, Sunnyvale, CA 94086, USA
| | | | | | - Joyce Y Tung
- 23andMe, Inc., Research, Sunnyvale, CA 94086, USA
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3
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Ma R, Chen L, Hu N, Caplan S, Hu G. Cilia and Extracellular Vesicles in Brain Development and Disease. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:1020-1029. [PMID: 37956781 PMCID: PMC11087377 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary and motile cilia are thin, hair-like cellular projections from the cell surface involved in movement, sensing, and communication between cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound vesicles secreted by cells and contain various proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that are delivered to and influence the behavior of other cells. Both cilia and EVs are essential for the normal functioning of brain cells, and their malfunction can lead to several neurological diseases. Cilia and EVs can interact with each other in several ways, and this interplay plays a crucial role in facilitating various biological processes, including cell-to-cell communication, tissue homeostasis, and pathogen defense. Cilia and EV crosstalk in the brain is an emerging area of research. Herein, we summarize the detailed molecular mechanisms of cilia and EV interplay and address the ciliary molecules that are involved in signaling and cellular dysfunction in brain development and diseases. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical use of cilia and EVs in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ningyun Hu
- Millard West High School, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
| | - Guoku Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
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4
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Baidya AT, Deshwal S, Das B, Mathew AT, Devi B, Sandhir R, Kumar R. Catalyzing a Cure: Discovery and development of LRRK2 inhibitors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:106972. [PMID: 37995640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite decades of research, no effective disease modifying therapeutics have reached clinics for treatment/management of PD. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) which controls membrane trafficking and lysosomal function and its variant LRRK2-G2019S are involved in the development of both familial and sporadic PD. LRRK2, is therefore considered as a legitimate target for the development of therapeutics against PD. During the last decade, efforts have been made to develop effective, safe and selective LRRK2 inhibitors and also our understanding about LRRK2 has progressed. However, there is an urge to learn from the previously designed and reported LRRK2 inhibitors in order to effectively approach designing of new LRRK2 inhibitors. In this review, we have aimed to cover the pre-clinical studies undertaken to develop small molecule LRRK2 inhibitors by screening the patents and other available literature in the last decade. We have highlighted LRRK2 as targets in the progress of PD and subsequently covered detailed design, synthesis and development of diverse scaffolds as LRRK2 inhibitors. Moreover, LRRK2 inhibitors under clinical development has also been discussed. LRRK2 inhibitors seem to be potential targets for future therapeutic interventions in the treatment and management of PD and this review can act as a cynosure for guiding discovery, design, and development of selective and non-toxic LRRK2 inhibitors. Although, there might be challenges in developing effective LRRK2 inhibitors, the opportunity to successfully develop novel therapeutics targeting LRRK2 against PD has never been greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Tk Baidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Sonam Deshwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Bhanuranjan Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Alen T Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Bharti Devi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, UP, India.
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Rossetti P, Apprato G, Caron G, Ermondi G, Rossi Sebastiano M. DegraderTCM: A Computationally Sparing Approach for Predicting Ternary Degradation Complexes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:45-53. [PMID: 38229751 PMCID: PMC10788944 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs or degraders) represent a novel therapeutic modality that has raised interest thanks to promising results and currently undergoing clinical testing. PROTACs induce the selective proteasomal degradation of undesired proteins by the formation of ternary complexes (TCs). Having knowledge of the 3D structure of TCs is crucial for the design of PROTAC drugs. Here, we describe DegraderTCM, a new computational method for modeling PROTAC-mediated TCs that requires low computational power and provides sound results in a short time span. We validated DegraderTCM against a selected set of experimentally determined structures and defined a method to predict the PROTAC degradation activity based on the computed TC structure. Finally, we modeled TCs of known degraders holding significance for defining the method's applicability domain. A retrospective analysis of structure-activity relationships unveiled possibilities for utilizing DegraderTCM in the initial stages of designing novel PROTAC drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Rossetti
- University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences,
CASSMedChem, Piazza Nizza
44, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Apprato
- University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences,
CASSMedChem, Piazza Nizza
44, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Caron
- University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences,
CASSMedChem, Piazza Nizza
44, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ermondi
- University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences,
CASSMedChem, Piazza Nizza
44, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Rossi Sebastiano
- University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences,
CASSMedChem, Piazza Nizza
44, 10126 Torino, Italy
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Mohamed ME, El-Shafae AM, Fikry E, Elbaramawi SS, Elbatreek MH, Tawfeek N. Casuarina glauca branchlets' extract as a potential treatment for ulcerative colitis: chemical composition, in silico and in vivo studies. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1322181. [PMID: 38196993 PMCID: PMC10774231 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1322181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease that is often resistant to current treatment options, leading to a need for alternative therapies. Herbal products have shown promise in managing various conditions, including UC. However, the potential of Casuarina glauca branchlets ethanolic extract (CGBRE) in treating UC has not been explored. This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of CGBRE and evaluate its efficacy in UC treatment through in silico and in vivo experiments. LC-ESI-MS/MS was used to identify 86 compounds in CGBRE, with 21 potential bioactive compounds determined through pharmacokinetic analysis. Network pharmacology analysis revealed 171 potential UC targets for the bioactive compounds, including EGFR, LRRK2, and HSP90 as top targets, which were found to bind to key CGBRE compounds through molecular docking. Molecular docking findings suggested that CGBRE may be effective in the prevention or treatment of ulcerative colitis mediated by these proteins, where key CGBRE compounds exhibited good binding affinities through formation of numerous interactions. In vivo studies in rats with acetic acid-induced UC demonstrated that oral administration of 300 mg/kg CGBRE for 6 days reduced UC symptoms and colonic expression of EGFR, LRRK2, and HSP90. These findings supported the therapeutic potential of CGBRE in UC and suggested the need for further preclinical and clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged E. Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza M. El-Shafae
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman Fikry
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samar S. Elbaramawi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud H. Elbatreek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nora Tawfeek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Cheslow L, Byrne M, Kopenhaver JS, Iacovitti L, Smeyne RJ, Snook AE, Waldman SA. GUCY2C signaling limits dopaminergic neuron vulnerability to toxic insults. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3416338. [PMID: 37886524 PMCID: PMC10602097 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3416338/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) are central drivers of dopaminergic (DA) neuron death in Parkinson's disease (PD). Guanylyl cyclases, and their second messengers cyclic (c)GMP, support mitochondrial function, protecting against ROS and promoting cell survival in a number of tissues. However, the role of the guanylyl cyclase-cGMP axis in defining the vulnerability of DA neurons in the SNpc in PD remains unclear, in part due to the challenge of manipulating cGMP levels selectively in midbrain DA neurons. In that context, guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C), a receptor primarily expressed by intestinal epithelial cells, was discovered recently in midbrain DA neurons. Here, we demonstrate that GUCY2C promotes mitochondrial function, reducing oxidative stress and protecting DA neurons from degeneration in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of neurodegeneration. GUCY2C is overexpressed in the SNpc in PD patients and in mice treated with MPTP, possibly reflecting a protective response to oxidative stress. Moreover, cGMP signaling protects against oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and cell death in cultured DA neurons. These observations reveal a previously unexpected role for the GUCY2C-cGMP signaling axis in controlling mitochondrial dysfunction and toxicity in nigral DA neurons, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting DA neuron GUCY2C to prevent neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cheslow
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Byrne
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica S. Kopenhaver
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard J. Smeyne
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam E. Snook
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott A. Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Hajianfar G, Kalayinia S, Hosseinzadeh M, Samanian S, Maleki M, Sossi V, Rahmim A, Salmanpour MR. Prediction of Parkinson's disease pathogenic variants using hybrid Machine learning systems and radiomic features. Phys Med 2023; 113:102647. [PMID: 37579523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In Parkinson's disease (PD), 5-10% of cases are of genetic origin with mutations identified in several genes such as leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and glucocerebrosidase (GBA). We aim to predict these two gene mutations using hybrid machine learning systems (HMLS), via imaging and non-imaging data, with the long-term goal to predict conversion to active disease. METHODS We studied 264 and 129 patients with known LRRK2 and GBA mutations status from PPMI database. Each dataset includes 513 features such as clinical features (CFs), conventional imaging features (CIFs) and radiomic features (RFs) extracted from DAT-SPECT images. Features, normalized by Z-score, were univariately analyzed for statistical significance by the t-test and chi-square test, adjusted by Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Multiple HMLSs, including 11 features extraction (FEA) or 10 features selection algorithms (FSA) linked with 21 classifiers were utilized. We also employed Ensemble Voting (EV) to classify the genes. RESULTS For prediction of LRRK2 mutation status, a number of HMLSs resulted in accuracies of 0.98 ± 0.02 and 1.00 in 5-fold cross-validation (80% out of total data points) and external testing (remaining 20%), respectively. For predicting GBA mutation status, multiple HMLSs resulted in high accuracies of 0.90 ± 0.08 and 0.96 in 5-fold cross-validation and external testing, respectively. We additionally showed that SPECT-based RFs added value to the specific prediction of of GBA mutation status. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that combining medical information with SPECT-based imaging features, and optimal utilization of HMLS can produce excellent prediction of the mutations status in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Hajianfar
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp.), Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Samira Kalayinia
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hosseinzadeh
- Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp.), Vancouver BC, Canada; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Samanian
- Firoozgar Hospital Medical Genetics Laboratory, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Maleki
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vesna Sossi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Arman Rahmim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mohammad R Salmanpour
- Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp.), Vancouver BC, Canada; Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Domenicale C, Magnabosco S, Morari M. Modeling Parkinson's disease in LRRK2 rodents. Neuronal Signal 2023; 7:NS20220040. [PMID: 37601008 PMCID: PMC10432857 DOI: 10.1042/ns20220040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Sporadic PD and LRRK2 PD share main clinical and neuropathological features, namely hypokinesia, degeneration of nigro-striatal dopamine neurons and α-synuclein aggregates in the form of Lewy bodies. Animals harboring the most common LRRK2 mutations, i.e. p.G2019S and p.R1441C/G, have been generated to replicate the parkinsonian phenotype and investigate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Disappointingly, however, LRRK2 rodents did not consistently phenocopy hypokinesia and nigro-striatal degeneration, or showed Lewy body-like aggregates. Instead, LRRK2 rodents manifested non-motor signs and dysregulated transmission at dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic synapses that are reminiscent of behavioral and functional network changes observed in the prodromal phase of the disease. LRRK2 rodents also manifested greater susceptibility to different parkinsonian toxins or stressors when subjected to dual-hit or multiple-hit protocols, confirming LRRK2 mutations as genetic risk factors. In conclusion, LRRK2 rodents represent a unique tool to identify the molecular mechanisms through which LRRK2 modulates the course and clinical presentations of PD and to study the interplay between genetic, intrinsic and environmental protective/risk factors in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Domenicale
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Magnabosco
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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10
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Liu X, Xu C, Xiao W, Yan N. Unravelling the role of NFE2L1 in stress responses and related diseases. Redox Biol 2023; 65:102819. [PMID: 37473701 PMCID: PMC10404558 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 1 (NFE2L1, also known as Nrf1) is a highly conserved transcription factor that belongs to the CNC-bZIP subfamily. Its significance lies in its control over redox balance, proteasome activity, and organ integrity. Stress responses encompass a series of compensatory adaptations utilized by cells and organisms to cope with extracellular or intracellular stress initiated by stressful stimuli. Recently, extensive evidence has demonstrated that NFE2L1 plays a crucial role in cellular stress adaptation by 1) responding to oxidative stress through the induction of antioxidative responses, and 2) addressing proteotoxic stress or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by regulating the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), unfolded protein response (UPR), and ER-associated degradation (ERAD). It is worth noting that NFE2L1 serves as a core factor in proteotoxic stress adaptation, which has been extensively studied in cancer and neurodegeneration associated with enhanced proteasomal stress. In these contexts, utilization of NFE2L1 inhibitors to attenuate proteasome "bounce-back" response holds tremendous potential for enhancing the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors. Additionally, abnormal stress adaptations of NFE2L1 and disturbances in redox and protein homeostasis contribute to the pathophysiological complications of cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, a comprehensive exploration of the molecular basis of NFE2L1 and NFE2L1-mediated diseases related to stress responses would not only facilitate the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic indicators but also enable the identification of specific therapeutic targets for NFE2L1-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhu Liu
- Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chang Xu
- Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wanglong Xiao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Nianlong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
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Flores-Leon M, Outeiro TF. More than meets the eye in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies: from proteinopathy to lipidopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 146:369-385. [PMID: 37421475 PMCID: PMC10412683 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of proteinaceous inclusions in the brain is a common feature among neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease (PD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). The main neuropathological hallmark of PD and DLB are inclusions, known as Lewy bodies (LBs), enriched not only in α-synuclein (aSyn), but also in lipid species, organelles, membranes, and even nucleic acids. Furthermore, several genetic risk factors for PD are mutations in genes involved in lipid metabolism, such as GBA1, VSP35, or PINK1. Thus, it is not surprising that mechanisms that have been implicated in PD, such as inflammation, altered intracellular and vesicular trafficking, mitochondrial dysfunction, and alterations in the protein degradation systems, may be also directly or indirectly connected through lipid homeostasis. In this review, we highlight and discuss the recent evidence that suggests lipid biology as important drivers of PD, and which require renovated attention by neuropathologists. Particularly, we address the implication of lipids in aSyn accumulation and in the spreading of aSyn pathology, in mitochondrial dysfunction, and in ER stress. Together, this suggests we should broaden the view of PD not only as a proteinopathy but also as a lipidopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Flores-Leon
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Göttingen, Germany.
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany.
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12
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Chen X, Tsika E, Levine N, Moore DJ. VPS35 and α-Synuclein fail to interact to modulate neurodegeneration in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:51. [PMID: 37542299 PMCID: PMC10403858 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the vacuolar protein sorting 35 ortholog (VPS35) gene cause late-onset, autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD), with a single missense mutation (Asp620Asn, D620N) known to segregate with disease in families with PD. The VPS35 gene encodes a core component of the retromer complex, involved in the endosomal sorting and recycling of transmembrane cargo proteins. VPS35-linked PD is clinically indistinguishable from sporadic PD, although it is not yet known whether VPS35-PD brains exhibit α-synuclein-positive brainstem Lewy pathology that is characteristic of sporadic cases. Prior studies have suggested a functional interaction between VPS35 and the PD-linked gene product α-synuclein in lower organisms, where VPS35 deletion enhances α-synuclein-induced toxicity. In mice, VPS35 overexpression is reported to rescue hippocampal neuronal loss in human α-synuclein transgenic mice, potentially suggesting a retromer deficiency in these mice. METHODS Here, we employ multiple well-established genetic rodent models to explore a functional or pathological interaction between VPS35 and α-synuclein in vivo. RESULTS We find that endogenous α-synuclein is dispensable for nigrostriatal pathway dopaminergic neurodegeneration induced by the viral-mediated delivery of human D620N VPS35 in mice, suggesting that α-synuclein does not operate downstream of VPS35. We next evaluated retromer levels in affected brain regions from human A53T-α-synuclein transgenic mice, but find normal levels of the core subunits VPS35, VPS26 or VPS29. We further find that heterozygous VPS35 deletion fails to alter the lethal neurodegenerative phenotype of these A53T-α-synuclein transgenic mice, suggesting the absence of retromer deficiency in this PD model. Finally, we explored the neuroprotective capacity of increasing VPS35 expression in a viral-based human wild-type α-synuclein rat model of PD. However, we find that the overexpression of wild-type VPS35 is not sufficient for protection against α-synuclein-induced nigral dopaminergic neurodegeneration, α-synuclein pathology and reactive gliosis. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data suggest a limited interaction of VPS35 and α-synuclein in neurodegenerative models of PD, and do not provide support for their interaction within a common pathophysiological pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Elpida Tsika
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Vaud, 1015, Switzerland
- AC Immune SA, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Levine
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Darren J Moore
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
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13
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Rocha E, Chamoli M, Chinta SJ, Andersen JK, Wallis R, Bezard E, Goldberg M, Greenamyre T, Hirst W, Kuan WL, Kirik D, Niedernhofer L, Rappley I, Padmanabhan S, Trudeau LE, Spillantini M, Scott S, Studer L, Bellantuono I, Mortiboys H. Aging, Parkinson's Disease, and Models: What Are the Challenges? AGING BIOLOGY 2023; 1:e20230010. [PMID: 38978807 PMCID: PMC11230631 DOI: 10.59368/agingbio.20230010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, neurodegenerative condition characterized by motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor, alongside multiple nonmotor symptoms. The appearance of motor symptoms is linked to progressive dopaminergic neuron loss within the substantia nigra. PD incidence increases sharply with age, suggesting a strong association between mechanisms driving biological aging and the development and progression of PD. However, the role of aging in the pathogenesis of PD remains understudied. Numerous models of PD, including cell models, toxin-induced models, and genetic models in rodents and nonhuman primates (NHPs), reproduce different aspects of PD, but preclinical studies of PD rarely incorporate age as a factor. Studies using patient neurons derived from stem cells via reprogramming methods retain some aging features, but their characterization, particularly of aging markers and reproducibility of neuron type, is suboptimal. Investigation of age-related changes in PD using animal models indicates an association, but this is likely in conjunction with other disease drivers. The biggest barrier to drawing firm conclusions is that each model lacks full characterization and appropriate time-course assessments. There is a need to systematically investigate whether aging increases the susceptibility of mouse, rat, and NHP models to develop PD and understand the role of cell models. We propose that a significant investment in time and resources, together with the coordination and sharing of resources, knowledge, and data, is required to accelerate progress in understanding the role of biological aging in PD development and improve the reliability of models to test interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rocha
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Shankar J Chinta
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Touro University California, College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | | | - Ruby Wallis
- The Healthy Lifespan Institute, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tim Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - We-Li Kuan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Deniz Kirik
- Brain Repair and Imaging in Neural Systems (BRAINS), Lund, Sweden
| | - Laura Niedernhofer
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Irit Rappley
- Recursion pharmaceuticals, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Louis-Eric Trudeau
- Department of pharmacology and physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Spillantini
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilaria Bellantuono
- The Healthy Lifespan Institute, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Mortiboys
- The Healthy Lifespan Institute, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kindgom
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14
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Pathak P, Alexander KK, Helton LG, Kentros M, LeClair TJ, Zhang X, Ho FY, Moore TT, Hall S, Guaitoli G, Gloeckner CJ, Kortholt A, Rideout H, Kennedy EJ. Doubly Constrained C-terminal of Roc (COR) Domain-Derived Peptides Inhibit Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Dimerization. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37200505 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations along the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) protein are a major contributor to Parkinson's Disease (PD), the second most commonly occurring neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. We recently reported the development of allosteric constrained peptide inhibitors that target and downregulate LRRK2 activity through disruption of LRRK2 dimerization. In this study, we designed doubly constrained peptides with the objective of inhibiting C-terminal of Roc (COR)-COR mediated dimerization at the LRRK2 dimer interface. We show that the doubly constrained peptides are cell-permeant, bind wild-type and pathogenic LRRK2, inhibit LRRK2 dimerization and kinase activity, and inhibit LRRK2-mediated neuronal apoptosis, and in contrast to ATP-competitive LRRK2 kinase inhibitors, they do not induce the mislocalization of LRRK2 to skein-like structures in cells. This work highlights the significance of COR-mediated dimerization in LRRK2 activity while also highlighting the use of doubly constrained peptides to stabilize discrete secondary structural folds within a peptide sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Pathak
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Krista K Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Leah G Helton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Michalis Kentros
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Timothy J LeClair
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Franz Y Ho
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Timothy T Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Scotty Hall
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | | | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- DZNE German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, Center for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
- YETEM-Innovative Technologies Application and Research Centre, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Hardy Rideout
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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15
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Strader S, West AB. The interplay between monocytes, α-synuclein and LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:747-758. [PMID: 37013975 PMCID: PMC11110874 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein in susceptible neurons in the brain, together with robust activation of nearby myeloid cells, are pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). While microglia represent the dominant type of myeloid cell in the brain, recent genetic and whole-transcriptomic studies have implicated another type of myeloid cell, bone-marrow derived monocytes, in disease risk and progression. Monocytes in circulation harbor high concentrations of the PD-linked enzyme leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and respond to both intracellular and extracellular aggregated α-synuclein with a variety of strong pro-inflammatory responses. This review highlights recent findings from studies that functionally characterize monocytes in PD patients, monocytes that infiltrate into cerebrospinal fluid, and emerging analyses of whole myeloid cell populations in the PD-affected brain that include monocyte populations. Central controversies discussed include the relative contribution of monocytes acting in the periphery from those that might engraft in the brain to modify disease risk and progression. We conclude that further investigation into monocyte pathways and responses in PD, especially the discovery of additional markers, transcriptomic signatures, and functional classifications, that better distinguish monocyte lineages and responses in the brain from other types of myeloid cells may reveal points for therapeutic intervention, as well as a better understanding of ongoing inflammation associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Strader
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, 3 Genome Court, Durham, 27710, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Andrew B. West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, 3 Genome Court, Durham, 27710, North Carolina, U.S.A
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16
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Yang J, Luly KM, Green JJ. Nonviral nanoparticle gene delivery into the CNS for neurological disorders and brain cancer applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1853. [PMID: 36193561 PMCID: PMC10023321 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonviral nanoparticles have emerged as an attractive alternative to viral vectors for gene therapy applications, utilizing a range of lipid-based, polymeric, and inorganic materials. These materials can either encapsulate or be functionalized to bind nucleic acids and protect them from degradation. To effectively elicit changes to gene expression, the nanoparticle carrier needs to undergo a series of steps intracellularly, from interacting with the cellular membrane to facilitate cellular uptake to endosomal escape and nucleic acid release. Adjusting physiochemical properties of the nanoparticles, such as size, charge, and targeting ligands, can improve cellular uptake and ultimately gene delivery. Applications in the central nervous system (CNS; i.e., neurological diseases, brain cancers) face further extracellular barriers for a gene-carrying nanoparticle to surpass, with the most significant being the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Approaches to overcome these extracellular challenges to deliver nanoparticles into the CNS include systemic, intracerebroventricular, intrathecal, and intranasal administration. This review describes and compares different biomaterials for nonviral nanoparticle-mediated gene therapy to the CNS and explores challenges and recent preclinical and clinical developments in overcoming barriers to nanoparticle-mediated delivery to the brain. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Yang
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Ophthalmology, Oncology, Neurosurgery, Materials Science & Engineering, and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn M Luly
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Ophthalmology, Oncology, Neurosurgery, Materials Science & Engineering, and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jordan J Green
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Ophthalmology, Oncology, Neurosurgery, Materials Science & Engineering, and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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17
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Mata I, Salles P, Cornejo-Olivas M, Saffie P, Ross OA, Reed X, Bandres-Ciga S. LRRK2: Genetic mechanisms vs genetic subtypes. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 193:133-154. [PMID: 36803807 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2004, the identification of pathogenic variants in the LRRK2 gene across several families with autosomal dominant late-onset Parkinson's disease (PD) revolutionized our understanding of the role of genetics in PD. Previous beliefs that genetics in PD was limited to rare early-onset or familial forms of the disease were quickly dispelled. Currently, we recognize LRRK2 p.G2019S as the most common genetic cause of both sporadic and familial PD, with more than 100,000 affected carriers across the globe. The frequency of LRRK2 p.G2019S is also highly variable across populations, with some regions of Asian or Latin America reporting close to 0%, contrasting to Ashkenazi Jews or North African Berbers reporting up to 13% and 40%, respectively. Patients with LRRK2 pathogenic variants are clinically and pathologically heterogeneous, highlighting the age-related variable penetrance that also characterizes LRRK2-related disease. Indeed, the majority of patients with LRRK2-related disease are characterized by a relatively mild Parkinsonism with less motor symptoms with variable presence of α-synuclein and/or tau aggregates, with pathologic pleomorphism widely described. At a functional cellular level, it is likely that pathogenic variants mediate a toxic gain-of-function of the LRRK2 protein resulting in increased kinase activity perhaps in a cell-specific manner; by contrast, some LRRK2 variants appear to be protective reducing PD risk by decreasing the kinase activity. Therefore, employing this information to define appropriate patient populations for clinical trials of targeted kinase LRRK2 inhibition strategies is very promising and demonstrates a potential future application for PD using precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Mata
- Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Philippe Salles
- Corporación Centro de Trastornos del Movimiento (CETRAM), Lo Espejo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Cornejo-Olivas
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Paula Saffie
- Corporación Centro de Trastornos del Movimiento (CETRAM), Lo Espejo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Xylena Reed
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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18
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Park Y, Liao J, Hoang QQ. Roc, the G-domain of the Parkinson's disease-associated protein LRRK2. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:1038-1047. [PMID: 35840518 PMCID: PMC9669111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutation in leucine-rich repeat (LRR) kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a common cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Aberrant LRRK2 kinase activity is associated with disease pathogenesis and thus it is an attractive drug target for combating PD. Intense efforts in the past nearly two decades have focused on the development of small-molecule inhibitors of the kinase domain of LRRK2 and have identified potent kinase inhibitors. However, most LRRK2 kinase inhibitors have shown adverse effects; therefore, alternative-mechanism-based strategies are desperately needed. In this review, we discuss the new insights gleaned from recent cryoelectron microscope (cryo-EM) structures of LRRK2 towards understanding the mechanisms of actions of LRRK2 and explore the potential new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangshin Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jingling Liao
- Department of Public Health, Academy of Nutrition and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, 430074 Wuhan, China.
| | - Quyen Q Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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19
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Afridi R, Rahman MH, Suk K. Implications of glial metabolic dysregulation in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105874. [PMID: 36154877 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are the most abundant cells of the brain, outnumbering neurons. These multifunctional cells are crucial for maintaining brain homeostasis by providing trophic and nutritional support to neurons, sculpting synapses, and providing an immune defense. Glia are highly plastic and undergo both structural and functional alterations in response to changes in the brain microenvironment. Glial phenotypes are intimately regulated by underlying metabolic machinery, which dictates the effector functions of these cells. Altered brain energy metabolism and chronic neuroinflammation are common features of several neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia and astrocytes are the major glial cells fueling the ongoing neuroinflammatory process, exacerbating neurodegeneration. Distinct metabolic perturbations in microglia and astrocytes, including altered carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism have been documented in neurodegenerative diseases. These disturbances aggravate the neurodegenerative process by potentiating the inflammatory activation of glial cells. This review covers the recent advances in the molecular aspects of glial metabolic changes in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we discuss studies exploiting glial metabolism as a potential therapeutic avenue in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Jagaran K, Singh M. Lipid Nanoparticles: Promising Treatment Approach for Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169361. [PMID: 36012619 PMCID: PMC9408920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is a life-altering, debilitating disease exhibiting a severe physical, psychological, and financial burden on patients. Globally, approximately 7–10 million people are afflicted with this disease, with the number of cases estimated to increase to 12.9 million by 2040. PD is a progressive movement disorder with nonmotor symptoms, including insomnia, depression, anxiety, and anosmia. While current therapeutics are available to PD patients, this treatment remains palliative, necessitating alternative treatment approaches. A major hurdle in treating PD is the protective nature of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and its ability to limit access to foreign molecules, including therapeutics. Drugs utilized presently are nonspecific and administered at dosages that result in numerous adverse side effects. Nanomedicine has emerged as a potential strategy for treating many diseases. From the array of nanomaterials available, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) possess various advantages, including enhanced permeability to the brain via passive diffusion and specific and nonspecific transporters. Their bioavailability, nontoxic nature, ability to be conjugated to drugs, and targeting moieties catapult LNPs as a promising therapeutic nanocarriers for PD. While PD-related studies are limited, their potential as therapeutics is evident in their formulations as vaccines. This review is aimed at examining the roles and properties of LNPs that make them efficient therapeutic nanodelivery vehicles for the treatment of PD, including therapeutic advances made to date.
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21
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Fernández B, Chittoor-Vinod VG, Kluss JH, Kelly K, Bryant N, Nguyen APT, Bukhari SA, Smith N, Lara Ordóñez AJ, Fdez E, Chartier-Harlin MC, Montine TJ, Wilson MA, Moore DJ, West AB, Cookson MR, Nichols RJ, Hilfiker S. Evaluation of Current Methods to Detect Cellular Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Kinase Activity. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:1423-1447. [PMID: 35599495 PMCID: PMC9398093 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-213128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: Coding variation in the Leucine rich repeat kinase 2 gene linked to Parkinson’s disease (PD) promotes enhanced activity of the encoded LRRK2 kinase, particularly with respect to autophosphorylation at S1292 and/or phosphorylation of the heterologous substrate RAB10. Objective: To determine the inter-laboratory reliability of measurements of cellular LRRK2 kinase activity in the context of wildtype or mutant LRRK2 expression using published protocols. Methods: Benchmark western blot assessments of phospho-LRRK2 and phospho-RAB10 were performed in parallel with in situ immunological approaches in HEK293T, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Rat brain tissue, with or without adenovirus-mediated LRRK2 expression, and human brain tissues from subjects with or without PD, were also evaluated for LRRK2 kinase activity markers. Results: Western blots were able to detect extracted LRRK2 activity in cells and tissue with pS1292-LRRK2 or pT73-RAB10 antibodies. However, while LRRK2 kinase signal could be detected at the cellular level with over-expressed mutant LRRK2 in cell lines, we were unable to demonstrate specific detection of endogenous cellular LRRK2 activity in cell culture models or tissues that we evaluated. Conclusion: Further development of reliable methods that can be deployed in multiple laboratories to measure endogenous LRRK2 activities are likely required, especially at cellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jillian H. Kluss
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaela Kelly
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicole Bryant
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - An Phu Tran Nguyen
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Syed A. Bukhari
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Redox Biology Center, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Antonio Jesús Lara Ordóñez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Mark A. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Redox Biology Center, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Darren J. Moore
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Andrew B. West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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22
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Ordóñez AJL, Fasiczka R, Fernández B, Naaldijk Y, Fdez E, Ramírez MB, Phan S, Boassa D, Hilfiker S. The LRRK2 signaling network converges on a centriolar phospho-Rab10/RILPL1 complex to cause deficits in centrosome cohesion and cell polarization. Biol Open 2022; 11:275880. [PMID: 35776681 PMCID: PMC9346292 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson's-disease-associated LRRK2 kinase phosphorylates multiple Rab GTPases including Rab8 and Rab10, which enhances their binding to RILPL1 and RILPL2. The nascent interaction between phospho-Rab10 and RILPL1 blocks ciliogenesis in vitro and in the intact brain, and interferes with the cohesion of duplicated centrosomes in dividing cells. We show here that regulators of the LRRK2 signaling pathway including vps35 and PPM1H converge upon causing centrosomal deficits. The cohesion alterations do not require the presence of other LRRK2 kinase substrates including Rab12, Rab35 and Rab43 or the presence of RILPL2. Rather, they depend on the RILPL1-mediated centrosomal accumulation of phosphorylated Rab10. RILPL1 localizes to the subdistal appendage of the mother centriole, followed by recruitment of the LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab proteins to cause the centrosomal defects. The centrosomal alterations impair cell polarization as monitored by scratch wound assays which is reverted by LRRK2 kinase inhibition. These data reveal a common molecular pathway by which enhanced LRRK2 kinase activity impacts upon centrosome-related events to alter the normal biology of a cell. Summary: The Parkinson's disease LRRK2 signaling pathway converges upon the formation of a complex at the subdistal appendage of the mother centriole which causes centrosomal deficits and impairs appropriate cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jesús Lara Ordóñez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Rachel Fasiczka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Marian Blanca Ramírez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Sébastien Phan
- Department of Neurosciences and National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Boassa
- Department of Neurosciences and National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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23
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Moon SH, Kwon Y, Huh YE, Choi HJ. Trehalose ameliorates prodromal non-motor deficits and aberrant protein accumulation in a rotenone-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:417-432. [PMID: 35618982 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose has been recently revealed as an attractive candidate to prevent and modify Parkinson's disease (PD) progression by regulating autophagy; however, studies have only focused on the reduction of motor symptoms rather than the modulation of disease course from prodromal stage. This study aimed to evaluate whether trehalose has a disease-modifying effect at the prodromal stage before the onset of a motor deficit in 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice exposed to rotenone. We found significant decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra and motor dysfunction after 2 weeks rotenone treatment. Mice exposed to rotenone for a week showed an accumulation of protein aggregates in the brain and prodromal non-motor deficits, such as depression and olfactory dysfunction, prior to motor deficits. Trehalose significantly improved olfactory dysfunction and depressive-like behaviors and markedly reduced α-synuclein and p62 deposition in the brain. Trehalose further ameliorated motor impairment and loss of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in rotenone-treated mice. We demonstrated that prodromal non-motor signs in a rotenone-induced PD mouse model are associated with protein aggregate accumulation in the brain and that an autophagy inducer could be valuable to prevent PD progression from prodromal stage by regulating abnormal protein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soung Hee Moon
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Pocheon, Gyeonggi-do, 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjung Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Pocheon, Gyeonggi-do, 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Huh
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Jin Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Pocheon, Gyeonggi-do, 11160, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Rocha EM, Keeney MT, Di Maio R, De Miranda BR, Greenamyre JT. LRRK2 and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:224-236. [PMID: 34991886 PMCID: PMC8854345 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD) is multifactorial, and both genetics and environmental exposures are risk factors. While mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) that are associated with increased kinase activity are the most common cause of autosomal dominant PD, the role of LRRK2 in iPD, independent of mutations, remains uncertain. In this review, we discuss how the architecture of LRRK2 influences kinase activation and how enhanced LRRK2 substrate phosphorylation might contribute to pathogenesis. We describe how oxidative stress and endolysosomal dysfunction, both of which occur in iPD, can activate non-mutated LRRK2 to a similar degree as pathogenic mutations. Similarly, environmental toxicants that are linked epidemiologically to iPD risk can also activate LRRK2. In aggregate, current evidence suggests an important role for LRRK2 in iPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Rocha
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew T Keeney
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Molecular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roberto Di Maio
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Briana R De Miranda
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Molecular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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25
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Modeling Parkinson's disease in LRRK2 mice: focus on synaptic dysfunction and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:621-632. [PMID: 35225340 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD), for which the LRRK2 locus itself represents a risk factor. Idiopathic and LRRK2-related PD share the main clinical and neuropathological features, thus animals harboring the most common LRRK2 mutations, i.e. G2019S and R1441C/G, have been generated to replicate the parkinsonian phenotype and investigate the underlying pathological mechanisms. Most LRRK2 rodent models, however, fail to show the main neuropathological hallmarks of the disease i.e. the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and presence of Lewy bodies or Lewy body-like aggregates of α-synuclein, lacking face validity. Rather, they manifest dysregulation in cellular pathways and functions that confer susceptibility to a variety of parkinsonian toxins/triggers and model the presymptomatic/premotor stages of the disease. Among such susceptibility factors, dysregulation of synaptic activity and proteostasis are evident in LRRK2 mutants. These abnormalities are also manifest in the PD brain and represent key events in the development and progression of the pathology. The present minireview covers recent articles (2018-2021) investigating the role of LRRK2 and LRRK2 mutants in the regulation of synaptic activity and autophagy-lysosomal pathway. These articles confirm a perturbation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis and glutamate release in LRRK2 mutants. Likewise, LRRK2 mutants show a marked impairment of selective forms of autophagy (i.e. mitophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy) and lysosomal function, with minimal perturbations of nonselective autophagy. Thus, LRRK2 rodents might help understand the contribution of these pathways to PD.
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26
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Muhammad F, Liu Y, Wang N, Zhao L, Zhou Y, Yang H, Li H. Anti-α-synuclein Toxicity and Anti-neurodegenerative Role of Chrysin in Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans Models of Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:442-453. [PMID: 35118868 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system in the elderly, causing motor impediments and cognitive dysfunctions. Dopaminergic (DA) neuron degeneration and α-synuclein (α-Syn) accumulation in substantia nigra pars compacta are the major contributors to this disease. At present, PD remains untreatable with a huge burden on the quality of life. Therefore, we attempt to explore novel treatment strategies by detecting effective drugs that stop or arrest PD's progression via modifying disease-specific pathways. Chrysin is a flavonoid derived from passion flowers and possesses anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-depression properties. In the present study, we assessed the neuroprotective potential of chrysin in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans models of PD. We observed that chrysin reduced the aggregative toxicity of α-Syn and diminished DA neuron degeneration induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), reduced food-sensing behavioral disabilities, and expanded the nematodes' lifespan. Moreover, chrysin augmented the ubiquitin-like proteasome and superoxide dismutase activities in transgenic C. elegans models. Further, we observed the anti-oxidative role of chrysin by reducing the internal cellular reactive oxygen species levels in 6-OHDA-intoxicated C. elegans. Together, these findings supported chrysin as a possible treatment for PD and encouraged further investigation of chrysin's mechanism of action as a neuroprotective medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Muhammad
- College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang West Road No. 199, Lanzhou 730020, P. R. China
| | - Ningbo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Longhe Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongtao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Clinical Center for Parkinson’s Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Instiute of Biology Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang West Road No. 199, Lanzhou 730020, P. R. China
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27
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Xu E, Boddu R, Abdelmotilib HA, Sokratian A, Kelly K, Liu Z, Bryant N, Chandra S, Carlisle SM, Lefkowitz EJ, Harms AS, Benveniste EN, Yacoubian TA, Volpicelli-Daley LA, Standaert DG, West AB. Pathological α-synuclein recruits LRRK2 expressing pro-inflammatory monocytes to the brain. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:7. [PMID: 35012605 PMCID: PMC8751347 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and SNCA are genetically linked to late-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Aggregated α-synuclein pathologically defines PD. Recent studies identified elevated LRRK2 expression in pro-inflammatory CD16+ monocytes in idiopathic PD, as well as increased phosphorylation of the LRRK2 kinase substrate Rab10 in monocytes in some LRRK2 mutation carriers. Brain-engrafting pro-inflammatory monocytes have been implicated in dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD models. Here we examine how α-synuclein and LRRK2 interact in monocytes and subsequent neuroinflammatory responses. METHODS Human and mouse monocytes were differentiated to distinct transcriptional states resembling macrophages, dendritic cells, or microglia, and exposed to well-characterized human or mouse α-synuclein fibrils. LRRK2 expression and LRRK2-dependent Rab10 phosphorylation were measured with monoclonal antibodies, and myeloid cell responses to α-synuclein fibrils in R1441C-Lrrk2 knock-in mice or G2019S-Lrrk2 BAC mice were evaluated by flow cytometry. Chemotaxis assays were performed with monocyte-derived macrophages stimulated with α-synuclein fibrils and microglia in Boyden chambers. RESULTS α-synuclein fibrils robustly stimulate LRRK2 and Rab10 phosphorylation in human and mouse macrophages and dendritic-like cells. In these cells, α-synuclein fibrils stimulate LRRK2 through JAK-STAT activation and intrinsic LRRK2 kinase activity in a feed-forward pathway that upregulates phosphorylated Rab10. In contrast, LRRK2 expression and Rab10 phosphorylation are both suppressed in microglia-like cells that are otherwise highly responsive to α-synuclein fibrils. Corroborating these results, LRRK2 expression in the brain parenchyma occurs in pro-inflammatory monocytes infiltrating from the periphery, distinct from brain-resident microglia. Mice expressing pathogenic LRRK2 mutations G2019S or R1441C have increased numbers of infiltrating pro-inflammatory monocytes in acute response to α-synuclein fibrils. In primary cultured macrophages, LRRK2 kinase inhibition dampens α-synuclein fibril and microglia-stimulated chemotaxis. CONCLUSIONS Pathologic α-synuclein activates LRRK2 expression and kinase activity in monocytes and induces their recruitment to the brain. These results predict that LRRK2 kinase inhibition may attenuate damaging pro-inflammatory monocyte responses in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enquan Xu
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, 3 Genome Court, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ravindra Boddu
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, 3 Genome Court, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Arpine Sokratian
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, 3 Genome Court, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kaela Kelly
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, 3 Genome Court, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, 3 Genome Court, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Nicole Bryant
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, 3 Genome Court, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sidhanth Chandra
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Samantha M Carlisle
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Elliot J Lefkowitz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ashley S Harms
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35216, USA
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Talene A Yacoubian
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35216, USA
| | - Laura A Volpicelli-Daley
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35216, USA
| | - David G Standaert
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35216, USA
| | - Andrew B West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, 3 Genome Court, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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28
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Ma R, Kutchy NA, Chen L, Meigs DD, Hu G. Primary cilia and ciliary signaling pathways in aging and age-related brain disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 163:105607. [PMID: 34979259 PMCID: PMC9280856 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain disorders are characterized by the progressive loss of structure and function of the brain as a consequence of progressive degeneration and/or death of nerve cells. Aging is a major risk factor for brain disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and stroke. Various cellular and molecular events have been shown to play a role in the progress of neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging studies suggest that primary cilia could be a key regulator in brain diseases. The primary cilium is a singular cellular organelle expressed on the surface of many cell types, such as astrocytes and neurons in the mature brain. Primary cilia detect extracellular cues, such as Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) protein, and transduce these signals into cells to regulate various signaling pathways. Abnormalities in ciliary length and frequency (ratio of ciliated cells) have been implicated in various human diseases, including brain disorders. This review summarizes current findings and thoughts on the role of primary cilia and ciliary signaling pathways in aging and age-related brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Naseer A Kutchy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Douglas D Meigs
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Guoku Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
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29
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LRRK2 signaling in neurodegeneration: two decades of progress. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:859-872. [PMID: 34897411 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a complex GTPase/kinase orchestrating cytoskeletal dynamics and multiple steps of the endolysosomal pathway through interaction with a host of partners and phosphorylation of a subset of Rab GTPases. Mutations in LRRK2 cause late-onset Parkinson's disease (PD) and common variants in the locus containing LRRK2 have been associated with sporadic PD, progressive supranuclear palsy as well as a number of inflammatory diseases. This review encompasses the major discoveries in the field of LRRK2 pathobiology, from the initial gene cloning to the latest progress in LRRK2 inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach to fight neurodegeneration.
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30
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Novello S, Mercatelli D, Albanese F, Domenicale C, Brugnoli A, D'Aversa E, Vantaggiato S, Dovero S, Murtaj V, Presotto L, Borgatti M, Shimshek DR, Bezard E, Moresco RM, Belloli S, Morari M. In vivo susceptibility to energy failure parkinsonism and LRRK2 kinase activity. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 162:105579. [PMID: 34871735 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The G2019S mutation of LRRK2 represents a risk factor for idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Here, we investigate whether LRRK2 kinase activity regulates susceptibility to the environmental toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). G2019S knock-in mice (bearing enhanced kinase activity) showed greater nigro-striatal degeneration compared to LRRK2 knock-out, LRRK2 kinase-dead and wild-type mice following subacute MPTP treatment. LRRK2 kinase inhibitors PF-06447475 and MLi-2, tested under preventive or therapeutic treatments, protected against nigral dopamine cell loss in G2019S knock-in mice. MLi-2 also rescued striatal dopaminergic terminal degeneration in both G2019S knock-in and wild-type mice. Immunoblot analysis of LRRK2 Serine935 phosphorylation levels confirmed target engagement of LRRK2 inhibitors. However, MLi-2 abolished phosphoSerine935 levels in the striatum and midbrain of both wild-type and G2019S knock-in mice whereas PF-06447475 partly reduced phosphoSerine935 levels in the midbrain of both genotypes. In vivo and ex vivo uptake of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) ligand [18F]-VC701 revealed a similar TSPO binding in MPTP-treated wild-type and G2019S knock-in mice which was consistent with an increased GFAP striatal expression as revealed by Real Time PCR. We conclude that LRRK2 G2019S, likely through enhanced kinase activity, confers greater susceptibility to mitochondrial toxin-induced parkinsonism. LRRK2 kinase inhibitors are neuroprotective in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Novello
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Daniela Mercatelli
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Technopole of Ferrara, LTTA Laboratory for Advanced Therapies, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Federica Albanese
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Chiara Domenicale
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alberto Brugnoli
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta D'Aversa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Silvia Vantaggiato
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sandra Dovero
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Valentina Murtaj
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - Luca Presotto
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Monica Borgatti
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Derya R Shimshek
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Segrate, Italy.
| | - Sara Belloli
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Segrate, Italy.
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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31
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Helton LG, Soliman A, von Zweydorf F, Kentros M, Manschwetus JT, Hall S, Gilsbach B, Ho FY, Athanasopoulos PS, Singh RK, LeClair TJ, Versées W, Raimondi F, Herberg FW, Gloeckner CJ, Rideout H, Kortholt A, Kennedy EJ. Allosteric Inhibition of Parkinson's-Linked LRRK2 by Constrained Peptides. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2326-2338. [PMID: 34496561 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large, multidomain protein with dual kinase and GTPase function that is commonly mutated in both familial and idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (PD). While dimerization of LRRK2 is commonly detected in PD models, it remains unclear whether inhibition of dimerization can regulate catalytic activity and pathogenesis. Here, we show constrained peptides that are cell-penetrant, bind LRRK2, and inhibit LRRK2 activation by downregulating dimerization. We further show that inhibited dimerization decreases kinase activity and inhibits ROS production and PD-linked apoptosis in primary cortical neurons. While many ATP-competitive LRRK2 inhibitors induce toxicity and mislocalization of the protein in cells, these constrained peptides were found to not affect LRRK2 localization. The ability of these peptides to inhibit pathogenic LRRK2 kinase activity suggests that disruption of dimerization may serve as a new allosteric strategy to downregulate PD-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah G. Helton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ahmed Soliman
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Felix von Zweydorf
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michalis Kentros
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Jascha T. Manschwetus
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Scotty Hall
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Bernd Gilsbach
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franz Y. Ho
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ranjan K. Singh
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Timothy J. LeClair
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wim Versées
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Friedrich W. Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, Center for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hardy Rideout
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology, Innovative Technologies Application and Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Sanchiz-Calvo M, Bentea E, Baekelandt V. Rodent models based on endolysosomal genes involved in Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 72:55-62. [PMID: 34628360 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Genes associated with endolysosomal function have been recently associated with familial Parkinson's disease and described as risk factors for sporadic cases. This indicates that deficits in this pathway predispose to parkinsonism. To better understand the role of these genes in disease development, rodent models have been created by targeting genes playing a role in endolysosomal function, such as LRRK2, DNAJC6, SYNJ1, VPS35, GBA1, ATP13A2 and TMEM175. Here, we review the latest findings describing parkinsonian features in these animal models secondary to endolysosomal dysfunction. Also, we provide suggestions for further development and application of these animal models to better understand the contribution of endolysosomal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and provide novel models for testing therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sanchiz-Calvo
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Eduard Bentea
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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Chandler R, Cogo S, Lewis P, Kevei E. Modelling the functional genomics of Parkinson's disease in Caenorhabditis elegans: LRRK2 and beyond. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20203672. [PMID: 34397087 PMCID: PMC8415217 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, Parkinson's disease (PD) cases have been genetically categorised into familial, when caused by mutations in single genes with a clear inheritance pattern in affected families, or idiopathic, in the absence of an evident monogenic determinant. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed how common genetic variability can explain up to 36% of PD heritability and that PD manifestation is often determined by multiple variants at different genetic loci. Thus, one of the current challenges in PD research stands in modelling the complex genetic architecture of this condition and translating this into functional studies. Caenorhabditis elegans provide a profound advantage as a reductionist, economical model for PD research, with a short lifecycle, straightforward genome engineering and high conservation of PD relevant neural, cellular and molecular pathways. Functional models of PD genes utilising C. elegans show many phenotypes recapitulating pathologies observed in PD. When contrasted with mammalian in vivo and in vitro models, these are frequently validated, suggesting relevance of C. elegans in the development of novel PD functional models. This review will discuss how the nematode C. elegans PD models have contributed to the uncovering of molecular and cellular mechanisms of disease, with a focus on the genes most commonly found as causative in familial PD and risk factors in idiopathic PD. Specifically, we will examine the current knowledge on a central player in both familial and idiopathic PD, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and how it connects to multiple PD associated GWAS candidates and Mendelian disease-causing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanna Cogo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, U.K
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121, Italy
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 0TU, U.K
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, U.K
| | - Eva Kevei
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, U.K
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Custodia A, Aramburu-Núñez M, Correa-Paz C, Posado-Fernández A, Gómez-Larrauri A, Castillo J, Gómez-Muñoz A, Sobrino T, Ouro A. Ceramide Metabolism and Parkinson's Disease-Therapeutic Targets. Biomolecules 2021; 11:945. [PMID: 34202192 PMCID: PMC8301871 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid involved in numerous cellular processes. In addition to being the precursor of complex sphingolipids, ceramides can act as second messengers, especially when they are generated at the plasma membrane of cells. Its metabolic dysfunction may lead to or be a consequence of an underlying disease. Recent reports on transcriptomics and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis have demonstrated the variation of specific levels of sphingolipids and enzymes involved in their metabolism in different neurodegenerative diseases. In the present review, we highlight the most relevant discoveries related to ceramide and neurodegeneration, with a special focus on Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antía Custodia
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Marta Aramburu-Núñez
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Clara Correa-Paz
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Adrián Posado-Fernández
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Ana Gómez-Larrauri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48980 Bilbao, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (A.G.-M.)
- Respiratory Department, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Antonio Gómez-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48980 Bilbao, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Alberto Ouro
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
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35
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Azeggagh S, Berwick DC. The development of inhibitors of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) as a therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease: the current state of play. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1478-1495. [PMID: 34050929 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutic approaches for Parkinson's disease (PD) are based around treatments that alleviate symptoms but do not slow or prevent disease progression. As such, alternative strategies are needed. A promising approach is the use of molecules that reduce the function of leucine-rich repeat kinase (LRRK2). Gain-of-function mutations in LRRK2 account for a notable proportion of familial Parkinson's disease cases, and significantly, elevated LRRK2 kinase activity is reported in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Here, we describe progress in finding therapeutically effective LRRK2 inhibitors, summarising studies that range from in vitro experiments to clinical trials. LRRK2 is a complex protein with two enzymatic activities and a myriad of functions. This creates opportunities for a rich variety of strategies and also increases the risk of unintended consequences. We comment on the strength and limitations of the different approaches and conclude that with two molecules under clinical trial and a diversity of alternative options in the pipeline, there is cause for optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Azeggagh
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Daniel C Berwick
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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36
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Sarkar S, Bardai F, Olsen AL, Lohr KM, Zhang YY, Feany MB. Oligomerization of Lrrk controls actin severing and α-synuclein neurotoxicity in vivo. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:33. [PMID: 34030727 PMCID: PMC8142648 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in LRRK2 are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease and typically cause disease in the context of abnormal aggregation and deposition of α-synuclein within affected brain tissue. METHODS We combine genetic analysis of Lrrk-associated toxicity in a penetrant Drosophila model of wild type human α-synuclein neurotoxicity with biochemical analyses and modeling of LRRK2 toxicity in human neurons and transgenic mouse models. RESULTS We demonstrate that Lrrk and α-synuclein interact to promote neuronal degeneration through convergent effects on the actin cytoskeleton and downstream dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics and function. We find specifically that monomers and dimers of Lrrk efficiently sever actin and promote normal actin dynamics in vivo. Oligomerization of Lrrk, which is promoted by dominant Parkinson's disease-causing mutations, reduces actin severing activity in vitro and promotes excess stabilization of F-actin in vivo. Importantly, a clinically protective Lrrk mutant reduces oligomerization and α-synuclein neurotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a specific mechanistic link between two key molecules in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, α-synuclein and LRRK2, and suggest potential new approaches for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvarish Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Boston, USA
| | - Farah Bardai
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Boston, USA
| | - Abby L. Olsen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Boston, USA
| | - Kelly M. Lohr
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Boston, USA
| | - Ying-Yi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Boston, USA
| | - Mel B. Feany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Boston, USA
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37
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Abstract
Point mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and are implicated in a significant proportion of apparently sporadic PD cases. Clinically, LRRK2-driven PD is indistinguishable from sporadic PD, making it an attractive genetic model for the much more common sporadic PD. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding LRRK2's subcellular functions using LRRK2-driven PD models, while also considering some of the limitations of these model systems. Recent developments of particular importance include new evidence of key LRRK2 functions in the endolysosomal system and LRRK2's regulation of and by Rab GTPases. Additionally, LRRK2's interaction with the cytoskeleton allowed elucidation of the LRRK2 structure and appears relevant to LRRK2 protein degradation and LRRK2 inhibitor therapies. We further discuss how LRRK2's interactions with other PD-driving genes, such as the VPS35, GBA1, and SNCA genes, may highlight cellular pathways more broadly disrupted in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Usmani
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Farbod Shavarebi
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Annie Hiniker
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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38
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Sargent D, Moore DJ. Mechanisms of VPS35-Mediated Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MOVEMENT DISORDERS 2021; 2:221-244. [PMID: 35497708 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irmvd.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a sporadic and common neurodegenerative movement disorder resulting from the complex interplay between genetic risk, aging and environmental exposure. Familial forms of PD account for ~10% of cases and are known to result from the inheritance of mutations in at least 15 genes. Mutations in the vacuolar protein sorting 35 ortholog (VPS35) gene cause late-onset, autosomal dominant familial PD. VPS35 is a key suunit of the pentameric retromer complex that plays a role in the retrograde sorting and recycling of transmembrane cargo proteins from endosomes to the plasma membrane and trans-Golgi network. A single heterozygous Asp620Asn (D620N) mutation in VPS35 has been identified in multiple families that segregates with PD, and a number of experimental cellular and animal models have been developed to understand its pathogenic effects. At the molecular level, the D620N mutation has been shown to impair the interaction of VPS35 with the WASH complex, that plays an accessory function in retromer-dependent sorting. In addition, the D620N mutation has been linked to the abnormal sorting of retromer cargo, including CI-M6PR, AMPA receptor subunits, MUL1, LAMP2a and ATG9A, as well as to LRRK2 hyperactivation. At the cellular level, data support an impact of D620N VPS35 on mitochondrial function, the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, Wnt signaling and neurotransmission via altered endosomal sorting. The relevance of abnormal retromer sorting and cellular pathways to PD-related neurodegenerative phenotypes induced by D620N VPS35 in rodent models is not yet clear. There is also uncertainty regarding the mechanism-of-action of the D620N mutation and whether it manifests pathogenic effects in animal models and PD through a gain-of-function and/or a partial dominant-negative mechanism. Here, we discuss the emerging molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying PD induced by familial VPS35 mutations, going from structure to cellular function to neuropathology. We further discuss studies linking reduced retromer function to other neurodegenerative diseases and potential therapeutic strategies to normalize retromer function to mitigate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Sargent
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Darren J Moore
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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Erb ML, Moore DJ. LRRK2 and the Endolysosomal System in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 10:1271-1291. [PMID: 33044192 PMCID: PMC7677880 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause autosomal dominant familial Parkinson’s disease (PD), with pathogenic mutations enhancing LRRK2 kinase activity. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that LRRK2 contributes to neuronal damage and pathology both in familial and sporadic PD, making it of particular interest for understanding the molecular pathways that underlie PD. Although LRRK2 has been extensively studied to date, our understanding of the seemingly diverse functions of LRRK2 throughout the cell remains incomplete. In this review, we discuss the functions of LRRK2 within the endolysosomal pathway. Endocytosis, vesicle trafficking pathways, and lysosomal degradation are commonly disrupted in many neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. Additionally, many PD-linked gene products function in these intersecting pathways, suggesting an important role for the endolysosomal system in maintaining protein homeostasis and neuronal health in PD. LRRK2 activity can regulate synaptic vesicle endocytosis, lysosomal function, Golgi network maintenance and sorting, vesicular trafficking and autophagy, with alterations in LRRK2 kinase activity serving to disrupt or regulate these pathways depending on the distinct cell type or model system. LRRK2 is critically regulated by at least two proteins in the endolysosomal pathway, Rab29 and VPS35, which may serve as master regulators of LRRK2 kinase activity. Investigating the function and regulation of LRRK2 in the endolysosomal pathway in diverse PD models, especially in vivo models, will provide critical insight into the cellular and molecular pathophysiological mechanisms driving PD and whether LRRK2 represents a viable drug target for disease-modification in familial and sporadic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalynn L Erb
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Darren J Moore
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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40
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Dues DJ, Moore DJ. LRRK2 and Protein Aggregation in Parkinson's Disease: Insights From Animal Models. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:719. [PMID: 32733200 PMCID: PMC7360724 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) instigate an autosomal dominant form of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Despite the neuropathological heterogeneity observed in LRRK2-PD, accumulating evidence suggests that alpha-synuclein and tau pathology are observed in a vast majority of cases. Intriguingly, the presence of protein aggregates spans both LRRK2-PD and idiopathic disease, supportive of a common pathologic mechanism. Thus, it is important to consider how LRRK2 mutations give rise to such pathology, and whether targeting LRRK2 might modify the accumulation, transmission, or toxicity of protein aggregates. Likewise, it is not clear how LRRK2 mutations drive PD pathogenesis, and whether protein aggregates are implicated in LRRK2-dependent neurodegeneration. While animal models have been instrumental in furthering our understanding of a potential interaction between LRRK2 and protein aggregation, the biology is far from clear. We aim to provide a thoughtful overview of the evidence linking LRRK2 to protein aggregation in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Dues
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Darren J Moore
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
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41
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Korecka JA, Thomas R, Hinrich AJ, Moskites AM, Macbain ZK, Hallett PJ, Isacson O, Hastings ML. Splice-Switching Antisense Oligonucleotides Reduce LRRK2 Kinase Activity in Human LRRK2 Transgenic Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 21:623-635. [PMID: 32736291 PMCID: PMC7393423 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder estimated to affect 7–10 million people worldwide. There is no treatment available that cures or slows the progression of PD. Elevated leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) activity has been associated with genetic and sporadic forms of PD and, thus, reducing LRRK2 function is a promising therapeutic strategy. We have previously reported that an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that blocks splicing of LRRK2 exon 41, which encodes part of the kinase domain, reverses aberrant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium levels and mitophagy defects in PD patient-derived cell lines harboring the LRRK2 G2019S mutation. In this study, we show that treating transgenic mice expressing human wild-type or G2019S LRRK2 with a single intracerebroventricular injection of ASO induces exon 41 skipping and results in a decrease in phosphorylation of the LRRK2 kinase substrate RAB10. Exon 41 skipping also reverses LRRK2 kinase-dependent changes in LC3B II/I ratios, a marker for the autophagic process. These results demonstrate the potential of LRRK2 exon 41 skipping as a possible therapeutic strategy to modulate pathogenic LRRK2 kinase activity associated with PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Korecka
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Ria Thomas
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Anthony J Hinrich
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Alyssa M Moskites
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Zach K Macbain
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Michelle L Hastings
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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