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Briand-Mésange F, Gennero I, Salles J, Trudel S, Dahan L, Ausseil J, Payrastre B, Salles JP, Chap H. From Classical to Alternative Pathways of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Synthesis: AlterAGs at the Crossroad of Endocannabinoid and Lysophospholipid Signaling. Molecules 2024; 29:3694. [PMID: 39125098 PMCID: PMC11314389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid (EC), acting as a full agonist at both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. It is synthesized on demand in postsynaptic membranes through the sequential action of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cβ1 (PLCβ1) and diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα), contributing to retrograde signaling upon interaction with presynaptic CB1. However, 2-AG production might also involve various combinations of PLC and DAGL isoforms, as well as additional intracellular pathways implying other enzymes and substrates. Three other alternative pathways of 2-AG synthesis rest on the extracellular cleavage of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophospholipids by three different hydrolases: glycerophosphodiesterase 3 (GDE3), lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs), and two members of ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (ENPP6-7). We propose the names of AlterAG-1, -2, and -3 for three pathways sharing an ectocellular localization, allowing them to convert extracellular lysophospholipid mediators into 2-AG, thus inducing typical signaling switches between various G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This implies the critical importance of the regioisomerism of both lysophospholipid (LPLs) and 2-AG, which is the object of deep analysis within this review. The precise functional roles of AlterAGs are still poorly understood and will require gene invalidation approaches, knowing that both 2-AG and its related lysophospholipids are involved in numerous aspects of physiology and pathology, including cancer, inflammation, immune defenses, obesity, bone development, neurodegeneration, or psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Briand-Mésange
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
| | - Isabelle Gennero
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Juliette Salles
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Psychiatrie D’urgences, de Crise et de Liaison, Institut des Handicaps Neurologiques, Psychiatriques et Sensoriels, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Trudel
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Dahan
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France;
| | - Jérôme Ausseil
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- I2MC-Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM UMR1297 and University of Toulouse III, 31400 Toulouse, France;
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Laboratoire d’Hématologie, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Salles
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Unité d’Endocrinologie et Maladies Osseuses, Hôpital des Enfants, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Hugues Chap
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Académie des Sciences, Inscriptions et Belles Lettres de Toulouse, Hôtel d’Assézat, 31000 Toulouse, France
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Ahluwalia M, Mcmichael H, Kumar M, Espinosa MP, Bosomtwi A, Lu Y, Khodadadi H, Jarrahi A, Khan MB, Hess DC, Rahimi SY, Vender JR, Vale FL, Braun M, Baban B, Dhandapani KM, Vaibhav K. Altered endocannabinoid metabolism compromises the brain-CSF barrier and exacerbates chronic deficits after traumatic brain injury in mice. Exp Neurol 2023; 361:114320. [PMID: 36627040 PMCID: PMC9904276 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids [2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA)], endogenously produced arachidonate-based lipids, are anti-inflammatory physiological ligands for two known cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying their effects after brain injury are poorly defined. In the present study, we hypothesize that traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced loss of endocannabinoids exaggerates neurovascular injury, compromises brain-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers (BCB) and causes behavioral dysfunction. Preliminary analysis in human CSF and plasma indicates changes in endocannabinoid levels. This encouraged us to investigate the levels of endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes in a mouse model of controlled cortical impact (CCI). Reductions in endocannabinoid (2-AG and AEA) levels in plasma were supported by higher expression of their respective metabolizing enzymes, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) in the post-TBI mouse brain. Following increased metabolism of endocannabinoids post-TBI, we observed increased expression of CB2, non-cannabinoid receptor Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1), aquaporin 4 (AQP4), ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and acute reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF). The BCB and pericontusional cortex showed altered endocannabinoid expressions and reduction in ventricular volume. Finally, loss of motor functions and induced anxiety behaviors were observed in these TBI mice. Taken together, our findings suggest endocannabinoids and their metabolizing enzymes play an important role in the brain and BCB integrity and highlight the need for more extensive studies on these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Ahluwalia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Hannah Mcmichael
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mario P Espinosa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Asamoah Bosomtwi
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Yujiao Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Hesam Khodadadi
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Abbas Jarrahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Badruzzaman Khan
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - David C Hess
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Scott Y Rahimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - John R Vender
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Fernando L Vale
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Molly Braun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America; VISN 20 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Kumar Vaibhav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America.
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Abstract
The endocannabinoids are lipid-derived messengers that play a diversity of regulatory roles in mammalian physiology. Dysfunctions in their activity have been implicated in various disease conditions, attracting attention to the endocannabinoid system as a possible source of therapeutic drugs. This signaling complex has three components: the endogenous ligands, anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG); a set of enzymes and transporters that generate, eliminate, or modify such ligands; and selective cell surface receptors that mediate their biological actions. We provide an overview of endocannabinoid formation, deactivation, and biotransformation and outline the properties and therapeutic potential of pharmacological agents that interfere with those processes. We describe small-molecule inhibitors that target endocannabinoid-producing enzymes, carrier proteins that transport the endocannabinoids into cells, and intracellular endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes. We briefly discuss selected agents that simultaneously interfere with components of the endocannabinoid system and with other functionally related signaling pathways. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA; .,Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Alex Mabou Tagne
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA;
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Tracey TJ, Kirk SE, Steyn FJ, Ngo ST. The role of lipids in the central nervous system and their pathological implications in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:69-81. [PMID: 32962914 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipids play an important role in the central nervous system (CNS). They contribute to the structural integrity and physical characteristics of cell and organelle membranes, act as bioactive signalling molecules, and are utilised as fuel sources for mitochondrial metabolism. The intricate homeostatic mechanisms underpinning lipid handling and metabolism across two major CNS cell types; neurons and astrocytes, are integral for cellular health and maintenance. Here, we explore the various roles of lipids in these two cell types. Given that changes in lipid metabolism have been identified in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, we also discuss changes in lipid handling and utilisation in the context of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in order to identify key cellular processes affected by the disease, and inform future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Tracey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - S E Kirk
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - F J Steyn
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Antiplatelet Activity of Acylphloroglucinol Derivatives Isolated from Dryopteris crassirhizoma. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122212. [PMID: 31200488 PMCID: PMC6631571 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are an important component of the initial response to vascular endothelial injury; however, platelet dysfunction induces the acute clinical symptoms of thrombotic disorders, which trigger severe cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, ischemia, and stroke. In this study, we investigated the Dryopteris crassirhizoma's antiplatelet activity. A water extract of D. crassirhizoma (WDC) was partitioned into dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol, and water. Among these four fractions, the DCM fraction potently inhibited the collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner. From this fraction, five different acylphloroglucinol compounds and one flavonoid were isolated by activity-guided column chromatography. They were identified by comparing their mass, 1H-, and 13C-NMR spectral data with those reported in the literature. Quantifying the six compounds in WDC and its DCM fraction by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that butyryl-3-methylphloroglucinol (compound 4) was the most abundant in these samples. Additionally, butyryl-3-methylphloroglucinol showed the strongest inhibitory activity in the collagen- and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation, with inhibition ratios of 92.36% and 89.51% in the collagen and AA-induced platelet aggregation, respectively, without cytotoxicity. On the active concentrations, butyryl-3-methylphloroglucinol significantly suppressed the convulxin-induced platelet activation. Regarding the structure-activity relationships for the five acylphloroglucinol compounds, our results demonstrated that the functional butanonyl, methoxy, and hydroxy groups in butyryl-3-methylphloroglucinol play important roles in antiplatelet activity. The findings indicate that acylphloroglucinols, including butyryl-3-methylphloroglucinol from D. crassirhizom, possess an antiplatelet activity, supporting the use of this species for antiplatelet remedies.
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Lei Z, Zhang K, Li C, Wu J, Davis D, Casper D, Jiang H, Jiao T, Wang X, Wang J. Dietary supplementation with Essential-oils-cobalt for improving growth performance, meat quality and skin cell capacity of goats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11634. [PMID: 30072796 PMCID: PMC6072763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EO) are secondary metabolites usually made up of terpenoids and phenylpropanoids and have antimicrobial properties. However, the feeding effects of EO-Cobalt (EOC) on the performance of goats are largely unknown. Herein we investigated and reported the effects of dietary EOC (0, 52, and 91 mg daily) on fiber producing cashmere goats. We determined the resulting phenotypes including live growth, carcass weight, meat quality, and cashmere fiber traits. We show that dietary supplement of EOC significantly promoted average daily gain (P < 0.05), and significantly improved carcass weight, and meat and hair fiber quality (P < 0.05). We further conducted RNA-seq using skin and liver tissues from each group to assess the molecular mechanism conferring these phenotypic changes. A total of 191 differentially expressed genes were found in the skin tissues (0 vs 91 mg), while 1,127 DEGs were found in livers. Analyses of liver samples for differential gene action and functional prediction found that EOC stimulated physiological changes in the body’s immune system at both blood and cell levels. Our results demonstrated the potential of using EO-based feed ingredient to improve animal growth performance, meat quality and fiber quality, and further illustrated the molecular basis that contribute to phenotypes at physiological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712199, China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712199, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | | | | | - Hui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ting Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712199, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712199, China
| | - Jianfu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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Tracey TJ, Steyn FJ, Wolvetang EJ, Ngo ST. Neuronal Lipid Metabolism: Multiple Pathways Driving Functional Outcomes in Health and Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:10. [PMID: 29410613 PMCID: PMC5787076 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a fundamental class of organic molecules implicated in a wide range of biological processes related to their structural diversity, and based on this can be broadly classified into five categories; fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), phospholipids, sterol lipids and sphingolipids. Different lipid classes play major roles in neuronal cell populations; they can be used as energy substrates, act as building blocks for cellular structural machinery, serve as bioactive molecules, or a combination of each. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dysfunctions in lipid metabolism and function have been identified as potential drivers of pathogenesis. In particular, aberrant lipid metabolism is proposed to underlie denervation of neuromuscular junctions, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, impaired neuronal transport, cytoskeletal defects, inflammation and reduced neurotransmitter release. Here we review current knowledge of the roles of lipid metabolism and function in the CNS and discuss how modulating these pathways may offer novel therapeutic options for treating ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Tracey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shyuan T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Michiels JJ. Aspirin cures erythromelalgia and cerebrovascular disturbances in JAK2-thrombocythemia through platelet-cycloxygenase inhibition. World J Hematol 2017; 6:32-54. [DOI: 10.5315/wjh.v6.i3.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitive (sticky) platelets in JAK2-mutated essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera (PV) with thrombocythemia spontaneously activate at high shear in arterioles, secrete their inflammatory prostaglandin endoperoxides and induce platelet-mediated arteriolar fibromuscular intimal proliferation. Constitutively activated JAK2 mutated hypersensitive (sticky) platelets spontaneously aggregate at high shear in the endarteriolar circulation as the cause of aspirin responsive erythromelalgia and platelet arterial thrombophilia in JAK2-mutated thrombocythemia patients. Increased production of prostglandin endoperoxides E2 and thromboxane A2 released by activated sticky platelets in arterioles account for redness warmth and swelling of erythromelalgia and platelet derived growth factor can readily explain the arteriolar fibromuscular intimal proliferation. Von Willebrand factor (VWF) platelet rich occlusive thrombi in arterioles are the underlying pathobiology of erythromelalgic acrocyanosis, migraine-like transient cerebral attacks (MIAs), acute coronary syndromes and abdominal microvscular ischemic events. Irreversible platelet cyco-oxygenase inhibition by aspirin cures the erythromelalgia, MIAs and microvascular events, corrects shortened platelet survival to normal, and returns increased plasma levels of beta-TG, platelet factor 4, thrombomoduline and urinary thromboxane B2 excretion to normal in symptomatic JAK2-thrombocythemia patients. In vivo activation of sticky platelets and VWF-platelet aggregates account for endothelial cell activation to secrete thrombomoduline and sVCAM followed by occlusion of arterioles by VWF-rich platelet thrombi in patients with erythromelalgic thrombotic thrombocythemia (ETT) in ET and PV patients. ETT is complicated by spontaneous hemorrhagic thrombocythemia (HT) or paradoxical ETT/HT due to acquired von Willebrand disease type 2A at platelet counts above 1000 × 109/L and disappears by cytoreduction of platelets to normal (< 400 × 109/L).
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Fowler CJ, Doherty P, Alexander SPH. Endocannabinoid Turnover. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 80:31-66. [PMID: 28826539 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we consider the biosynthetic, hydrolytic, and oxidative metabolism of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. We describe the enzymes associated with these events and their characterization. We identify the inhibitor profile for these enzymes and the status of therapeutic exploitation, which to date has been limited to clinical trials for fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. To bring the review to a close, we consider whether point block of a single enzyme is likely to be the most successful approach for therapeutic exploitation of the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Doherty
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Schurman LD, Lichtman AH. Endocannabinoids: A Promising Impact for Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:69. [PMID: 28261100 PMCID: PMC5314139 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system regulates a diverse array of physiological processes and unsurprisingly possesses considerable potential targets for the potential treatment of numerous disease states, including two receptors (i.e., CB1 and CB2 receptors) and enzymes regulating their endogenous ligands N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG). Increases in brain levels of endocannabinoids to pathogenic events suggest this system plays a role in compensatory repair mechanisms. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathology remains mostly refractory to currently available drugs, perhaps due to its heterogeneous nature in etiology, clinical presentation, and severity. Here, we review pre-clinical studies assessing the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids and manipulations of the endocannabinoid system to ameliorate TBI pathology. Specifically, manipulations of endocannabinoid degradative enzymes (e.g., fatty acid amide hydrolase, monoacylglycerol lipase, and α/β-hydrolase domain-6), CB1 and CB2 receptors, and their endogenous ligands have shown promise in modulating cellular and molecular hallmarks of TBI pathology such as; cell death, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular breakdown, and cell structure and remodeling. TBI-induced behavioral deficits, such as learning and memory, neurological motor impairments, post-traumatic convulsions or seizures, and anxiety also respond to manipulations of the endocannabinoid system. As such, the endocannabinoid system possesses potential drugable receptor and enzyme targets for the treatment of diverse TBI pathology. Yet, full characterization of TBI-induced changes in endocannabinoid ligands, enzymes, and receptor populations will be important to understand that role this system plays in TBI pathology. Promising classes of compounds, such as the plant-derived phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and endocannabinoids, as well as their non-cannabinoid receptor targets, such as TRPV1 receptors, represent important areas of basic research and potential therapeutic interest to treat TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, RichmondVA, USA
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Chap H. Forty five years with membrane phospholipids, phospholipases and lipid mediators: A historical perspective. Biochimie 2016; 125:234-49. [PMID: 27059515 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases play a key role in the metabolism of phospholipids and in cell signaling. They are also a very useful tool to explore phospholipid structure and metabolism as well as membrane organization. They are at the center of this review, covering a period starting in 1971 and focused on a number of subjects in which my colleagues and I have been involved. Those include determination of phospholipid asymmetry in the blood platelet membrane, biosynthesis of lysophosphatidic acid, biochemistry of platelet-activating factor, first attempts to define the role of phosphoinositides in cell signaling, and identification of novel digestive (phospho)lipases such as pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2) or phospholipase B. Besides recalling some of our contributions to those various fields, this review makes an appraisal of the impressive and often unexpected evolution of those various aspects of membrane phospholipids and lipid mediators. It is also the occasion to propose some new working hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Chap
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse F-31300, France. hugues.chap.@univ-tlse3.fr
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Conti B. Prostaglandin E2 that triggers fever is synthesized through an endocannabinoid- dependent pathway. Temperature (Austin) 2016; 3:25-7. [PMID: 27227089 PMCID: PMC4861185 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1130520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Conti
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road SR307 , La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
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Hillard CJ. The Endocannabinoid Signaling System in the CNS: A Primer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 125:1-47. [PMID: 26638763 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the mechanisms for the regulation of endocannabinoid signaling through CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system. The processes involved in the synthesis and degradation of the two most well-studied endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol and N-arachidonylethanolamine are outlined along with information regarding the regulation of the proteins involved. Signaling mechanisms and pharmacology of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor are outlined, as is the paradigm of endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor regulation of neurotransmitter release. The reader is encouraged to appreciate the importance of the endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor signaling system in the regulation of synaptic activity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia J Hillard
- Neuroscience Research Center, and Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Abstract
Cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as ibuprofen have been used for decades to control fever through reducing the levels of the pyrogenic lipid transmitter prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Historically, phospholipases have been considered to be the primary generator of the arachidonic acid (AA) precursor pool for generating PGE2 and other eicosanoids. However, recent studies have demonstrated that monoacyglycerol lipase (MAGL), through hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol, provides a major source of AA for PGE2 synthesis in the mammalian brain under basal and neuroinflammatory states. We show here that either genetic or pharmacological ablation of MAGL leads to significantly reduced fever responses in both centrally or peripherally-administered lipopolysaccharide or interleukin-1β-induced fever models in mice. We also show that a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist does not attenuate these anti-pyrogenic effects of MAGL inhibitors. Thus, much like traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, MAGL inhibitors can control fever, but appear to do so through restricted control over prostaglandin production in the nervous system.
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Abstract
Monoglyceride lipase (MGL), the main enzyme responsible for the hydrolytic deactivation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), is an intracellular serine hydrolase that plays critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes, such as pain, inflammation, neuroprotection and cancer. The crystal structures of MGL that are currently available provide valuable information about how this enzyme might function and interact with site-directed small-molecule inhibitors. On the other hand, its conformational equilibria and the contribution of regulatory cysteine residues present within the substrate-binding pocket or on protein surface remain open issues. Several classes of MGL inhibitors have been developed, from early reversible ones, such as URB602 and pristimerin, to carbamoylating agents that react with the catalytic serine, such as JZL184 and more recent O-hexafluoroisopropyl carbamates. Other inhibitors that modulate MGL activity by interacting with conserved regulatory cysteines act through mechanisms that deserve to be more thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Unit of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy.
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Kita Y, Yoshida K, Tokuoka SM, Hamano F, Yamazaki M, Sakimura K, Kano M, Shimizu T. Fever Is Mediated by Conversion of Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol to Prostaglandin E2. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26196692 PMCID: PMC4511515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fever is a common response to inflammation and infection. The mechanism involves prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-EP3 receptor signaling in the hypothalamus, which raises the set point of hypothalamic thermostat for body temperature, but the lipid metabolic pathway for pyretic PGE2 production remains unknown. To reveal the molecular basis of fever initiation, we examined lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced fever model in monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL)-deficient (Mgll-/-) mice, CB1 receptor-MGL compound-deficient (Cnr1-/-Mgll-/-) mice, cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α)-deficient (Pla2g4a-/-) mice, and diacylglycerol lipase α (DGLα)-deficient (Dagla-/-) mice. Febrile reactions were abolished in Mgll-/- and Cnr1-/-Mgll-/- mice, whereas Cnr1-/-Mgll+/+, Pla2g4a-/- and Dagla-/- mice responded normally, demonstrating that MGL is a critical enzyme for fever, which functions independently of endocannabinoid signals. Intracerebroventricular administration of PGE2 caused fever similarly in Mgll-/- and wild-type control mice, suggesting a lack of pyretic PGE2 production in Mgll-/- hypothalamus, which was confirmed by lipidomics analysis. Normal blood cytokine responses after LPS administration suggested that MGL-deficiency does not affect pyretic cytokine productions. Diurnal body temperature profiles were normal in Mgll-/- mice, demonstrating that MGL is unrelated to physiological thermoregulation. In conclusion, MGL-dependent hydrolysis of endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol is necessary for pyretic PGE2 production in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kita
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Life Sciences Core Facility, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kenij Yoshida
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suzumi M. Tokuoka
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumie Hamano
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Life Sciences Core Facility, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Lee DH, Kim HH, Cho HJ, Yu YB, Kang HC, Kim JL, Lee JJ, Park HJ. Cordycepin-Enriched WIB801C from Cordyceps militaris Inhibits Collagen-Induced [Ca(2+)]i Mobilization via cAMP-Dependent Phosphorylation of Inositol 1, 4, 5-Trisphosphate Receptor in Human Platelets. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:223-31. [PMID: 25009703 PMCID: PMC4060073 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we prepared cordycepin-enriched (CE)-WIB801C, a n-butanol extract of Cordyceps militaris-hypha, and investigated the effect of CE-WIB801C on collagen-induced human platelet aggregation. CE-WIB801C dose-dependently inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation, and its IC50 value was 175 μg/ml. CE-WIB801C increased cAMP level more than cGMP level, but inhibited collagen-elevated [Ca2+]i mobilization and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase) inhibitor Rp-8-Br-cAMPS increased the CE-WIB801C-downregulated [Ca2+]i level in a dose dependent manner, and strongly inhibited CE-WIB801C-induced inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) phosphorylation. These results suggest that the inhibition of [Ca2+]i mobilization by CE-WIB801C is resulted from the cAMP/A-kinase-dependent phosphorylation of IP3R. CE-WIB801C suppressed TXA2 production, but did not inhibit the activities of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and TXA2 synthase (TXAS). These results suggest that the inhibition of TXA2 production by WIB801C is not resulted from the direct inhibition of COX-1 and TXAS. In this study, we demonstrate that CE-WIB801C with cAMP-dependent Ca2+-antagonistic antiplatelet effects may have preventive or therapeutic potential for platelet aggregation-mediated diseases, such as thrombosis, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ha Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749
| | - Hyun-Hong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749
| | - Hyun-Jeong Cho
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718
| | - Young-Bin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718
| | - Hyo-Chan Kang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui Institute of Technology, Busan 614-715
| | - Jong-Lae Kim
- Bioscience & Biotechnology Team, Central Research Center, Whanin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Suwon 443-766, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Jin Lee
- Bioscience & Biotechnology Team, Central Research Center, Whanin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Suwon 443-766, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Jin Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749
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Wang D, Zhang M, Bian H, Xu W, Xu X, Zhu Y, Liu F, Geng Z, Zhou G. Changes of phospholipase A2 and C activities during dry-cured duck processing and their relationship with intramuscular phospholipid degradation. Food Chem 2014; 145:997-1001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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20
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Singh Bahia M, Kumar Katare Y, Silakari O, Vyas B, Silakari P. Inhibitors of Microsomal Prostaglandin E2
Synthase-1 Enzyme as Emerging Anti-Inflammatory Candidates. Med Res Rev 2014; 34:825-55. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malkeet Singh Bahia
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Yogesh Kumar Katare
- Radharaman Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462046 India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Bhawna Vyas
- Department of Chemistry; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Pragati Silakari
- Adina institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sagar Madhya Pradesh (M.P.) 470001 India
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21
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Jackson ECG, Ortar G, McNicol A. The effects of an inhibitor of diglyceride lipase on collagen-induced platelet activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:582-8. [PMID: 24042163 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.205591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2025] Open
Abstract
Human platelet activation by collagen occurs in a dose-dependent manner. High concentrations of collagen bind to a pair of receptors, the α2β1 integrin and glycoprotein (GP)VI/Fc-receptor γ-chain (FcRγ), which stimulate a cascade of events including Syk, LAT, Btk, Gads, and phospholipase Cγ2, leading to calcium release and protein kinase C (PKC) activation. Calcium and PKC are responsible for a range of platelet responses including exocytosis and aggregation, as well as the cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2)-mediated release of arachidonic acid, which is converted to thromboxane (Tx)A2. In contrast, low concentrations of collagen are acutely aspirin-sensitive, and calcium release and aggregation are TxA2-dependent. Under these conditions, cPLA2 is not involved and it has been suggested that phospholipase C generates 1,2-diacylglycerol (DG) from which arachidonic acid is liberated by diglyceride lipase (DGL). Here a novel DGL blocker (OMDM-188) inhibited collagen-, but not arachidonic acid-induced aggregation and TxA2 synthesis. Furthermore, OMDM-188 inhibited collagen-induced arachidonic acid release. Finally OMDM-188 inhibited collagen-induced p38(MAPK) phosphorylation, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, with no effect on the phosphorylation of either enzyme in response to arachidonic acid. Taken together, these data suggest a role for a pathway involving phospholipase C liberating DG from membrane phospholipids in response to minimally activating concentrations of collagen. The DG serves as a substrate for DGL, potentially under the regulations of p38(MAPK), to release arachidonic acid, which is subsequently converted to TxA2, which mediates the final platelet response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke C G Jackson
- Department of Oral Biology (E.C.G.J., A.M.) and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (A.M.), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco Università di Roma 'Sapienza', Roma, Italy (G.O.)
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Piomelli D. More surprises lying ahead. The endocannabinoids keep us guessing. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:228-34. [PMID: 23954677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to point out some important facts that we don't know about endogenous cannabinoids - lipid-derived signaling molecules that activate CB1 cannabinoid receptors and play key roles in motivation, emotion and energy balance. The first endocannabinoid substance to be discovered, anandamide, was isolated from brain tissue in 1992. Research has shown that this molecule is a bona fide brain neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of stress responses and pain, but the molecular mechanisms that govern its formation and the neural pathways in which it is employed are still unknown. There is a general consensus that enzyme-mediated cleavage, catalyzed by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), terminates the biological actions of anandamide, but there are many reasons to believe that other as-yet-unidentified proteins are also involved in this process. We have made significant headway in understanding the second arrived in the endocannabinoid family, 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), which was discovered three years after anandamide. Researchers have established some of the key molecular players involved in 2-AG formation and deactivation, localized them to specific synaptic components, and showed that their assembly into a multi-molecular protein complex (termed the '2-AG signalosome') allows 2-AG to act as a retrograde messenger at excitatory synapses of the brain. Basic questions that remain to be answered pertain to the exact molecular composition of the 2-AG signalosome, its regulation by neural activity and its potential role in the actions of drugs of abuse such as Δ(9)-THC and cocaine. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA; Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA.
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Shimizu T, Tanaka K, Nakamura K, Taniuchi K, Yokotani K. Brain phospholipase C, diacylglycerol lipase and monoacylglycerol lipase are involved in (±)-epibatidine-induced activation of central adrenomedullary outflow in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 691:93-102. [PMID: 22796670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered (±)-epibatidine (a potent agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) (1, 5 and 10 nmol/animal) dose-dependently elevated plasma levels of noradrenaline and adrenaline and that this response was reduced by i.c.v. administered indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) and abolished by bilateral adrenalectomy, indicating the involvement of brain arachidonic acid, as a substrate of cyclooxygenase, in this alkaloid-induced secretion of both catecholamines from the adrenal medulla in rats. Arachidonic acid is mainly released by the action of phospholipase A(2), but is also released by a phospholipase C-, diacylglycerol lipase- and monoacylglycerol lipase-mediated pathway. In the present study, (±)-epibatidine (5 nmol/animal, i.c.v.)-induced elevation of plasma catecholamines was not influenced by pretreatment with mepacrine (phospholipase A(2) inhibitor) (1.1 and 2.2 μmol/animal, i.c.v.), but was effectively reduced by pretreatment with U-73122 (1-[6-[[(17 β)-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl]amino]hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione) (phospholipase C inhibitor) (10 and 30 nmol/animal, i.c.v.), RHC-80267 [1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonylamino)hexane] (diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor) (1.3 and 2.6 μmol/animal, i.c.v.), MAFP (methyl arachidonoyl fluorophosphonate) (monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor) (0.7 and 1.4 μmol/animal, i.c.v.) or JZL184 [4-nitrophenyl 4-(dibenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl(hydroxy)methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate] (selective monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor) (0.7 and 1.4 μmol/animal, i.c.v.). Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that (±)-epibatidine (10 nmol/animal, i.c.v.) activates spinally projecting neurons expressing monoacylglycerol lipase in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, a control center of central sympatho-adrenomedullary outflow. Taken together, the brain phospholipase C-, diacylglycerol lipase- and monoacylglycerol lipase-mediated pathway seems to be involved in the centrally administered (±)-epibatidine-induced activation of central adrenomedullary outflow in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
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Abstract
Despite being regarded as a hippie science for decades, cannabinoid research has finally found its well-deserved position in mainstream neuroscience. A series of groundbreaking discoveries revealed that endocannabinoid molecules are as widespread and important as conventional neurotransmitters such as glutamate or GABA, yet they act in profoundly unconventional ways. We aim to illustrate how uncovering the molecular, anatomical, and physiological characteristics of endocannabinoid signaling has revealed new mechanistic insights into several fundamental phenomena in synaptic physiology. First, we summarize unexpected advances in the molecular complexity of biogenesis and inactivation of the two endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Then, we show how these new metabolic routes are integrated into well-known intracellular signaling pathways. These endocannabinoid-producing signalosomes operate in phasic and tonic modes, thereby differentially governing homeostatic, short-term, and long-term synaptic plasticity throughout the brain. Finally, we discuss how cell type- and synapse-specific refinement of endocannabinoid signaling may explain the characteristic behavioral effects of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Katona
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1051 Budapest, Hungary.
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Oudin MJ, Hobbs C, Doherty P. DAGL-dependent endocannabinoid signalling: roles in axonal pathfinding, synaptic plasticity and adult neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 34:1634-46. [PMID: 22103420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, endocannabinoid (eCB) signalling was largely studied in the context of synaptic plasticity in the postnatal brain in the absence of detailed knowledge of the nature of the enzyme(s) responsible for the synthesis of the eCBs. However, the identification of two diacylglycerol lipases (DAGLα and DAGLβ) responsible for the synthesis of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) has increased the understanding of where this eCB is synthesised in relationship to the expression of cannabinoid receptor (CB)1 and CB2. Furthermore, the generation of knockout animals for each enzyme has allowed for the direct testing of their importance for established and emerging eCB functions. Based on this, we now know that DAGLα is enriched in dendritic spines that appose CB1-positive synaptic terminals, and that 2-AG functions as a retrograde signal controlling synaptic strength throughout the nervous system. Consequently, we have built on the principle that expression of eCB components dictates function to identify additional physiological functions of this signalling cassette. A number of studies have now provided support for DAGL-dependent eCB signalling playing important roles in brain development and in cellular plasticity in the adult nervous system. In this article, we will review evidence based on the localisation of the enzymes, as well as from genetic and pharmacological studies, that show DAGL-dependent eCB signalling to play an important role in axonal growth and guidance during development, in retrograde synaptic signalling at mature synapses, and in the control of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus and subventricular zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J Oudin
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
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Lee JJ, Yang H, Yoo YM, Hong SS, Lee D, Lee HJ, Lee HJ, Myung CS, Choi KC, Jeung EB. Morusinol Extracted from Morus Alba Inhibits Arterial Thrombosis and Modulates Platelet Activation for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. J Atheroscler Thromb 2012; 19:516-22. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Jin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University
| | - Hyun Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Yeong-Min Yoo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Seong Su Hong
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University
| | - Dongho Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University
| | | | | | - Chang-Seon Myung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
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Shimizu T, Lu L, Yokotani K. Endogenously generated 2-arachidonoylglycerol plays an inhibitory role in bombesin-induced activation of central adrenomedullary outflow in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 658:123-31. [PMID: 21371452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the involvement of brain diacylglycerol lipase and cyclooxygenase in intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered bombesin-induced secretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline from the adrenal medulla in rats. Diacylglycerol can be hydrolyzed by diacylglycerol lipase into 2-arachidonoylglycerol, which may be further hydrolyzed by monoacylglycerol lipase into arachidonic acid, a substrate of cyclooxygenase. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol is a major endocannabinoid, which can inhibit synaptic transmission by presynaptic cannabinoid CB(1) receptors. Released 2-arachidonoylglycerol is rapidly inactivated by uptake into cells and enzymatic hydrolysis. In the present study, we examined the involvement of brain 2-arachidonoylglycerol and its regulatory role in the bombesin-induced central activation of adrenomedullary outflow using anesthetized rats. The elevation of plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline induced by a sub-maximal dose of bombesin (1 nmol/animal, i.c.v.) was reduced by MAFP (monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor) (0.28 and 0.7 μmol/animal, i.c.v.), JZL184 (selective monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor) (0.7 and 1.4 μmol/animal, i.c.v.), ACEA (CB(1) receptor agonist) (0.7 and 1.4 μmol/animal, i.c.v.) and AM 404 (endocannabinoid uptake-inhibitor) (80 and 250 nmol/animal, i.c.v.), while AM 251 (CB(1) receptor antagonist) (90 and 180 nmol/animal, i.c.v.) potentiated the response induced by a small dose of bombesin (0.1 nmol/animal, i.c.v.). These results suggest a possibility that 2-arachidonoylglycerol is endogenously generated in the brain during bombesin-induced activation of central adrenomedullary outflow, thereby inhibiting the peptide-induced response by activation of brain CB(1) receptors in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
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α1-Adrenoceptor activation is involved in the central N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced adrenomedullary outflow in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 640:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Shimizu T, Lu L, Yokotani K. Possible inhibitory roles of endogenous 2-arachidonoylglycerol during corticotropin-releasing factor-induced activation of central sympatho-adrenomedullary outflow in anesthetized rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 641:54-60. [PMID: 20519139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) (0.5-3.0 nmol/animal) dose-dependently elevates plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline through brain phospholipase C-, diacylglycerol lipase- and prostanoids-mediated mechanisms in rats. Diacylglycerol produced by phospholipase C from phospholipids can be hydrolyzed by diacylglycerol lipase into 2-arachidonoylglycerol, which may be further hydrolyzed by monoacylglycerol lipase into arachidonic acid, a precursor of prostanoids. Recently, 2-arachidonoylglycerol has been recognized as a major brain endocannabinoid, which can modulate synaptic transmission through presynaptic cannabinoid CB(1) receptors. Released 2-arachidonoylglycerol is rapidly deactivated by uptake into cells and enzymatic hydrolysis. In the present study, therefore, we examined (1) the involvement of brain 2-arachidonoylglycerol, (2) the regulatory role of 2-arachidonoylglycerol as a brain endocannabinoid, and (3) the effect of exogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist, on the CRF-induced elevation of plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline using anesthetized rats. The elevation of both catecholamines induced by a submaximal dose of CRF (1.5 nmol/animal, i.c.v.) was reduced by i.c.v. administered MAFP (monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor) (0.7 and 1.4 micromol/animal), AM 404 (endocannabinoid uptake-inhibitor) (80 and 250 nmol/animal) and ACEA (cannabinoid CB(1) receptor agonist) (0.7 and 1.4 micromol/animal), while AM 251 (cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist) (90 and 180 nmol/animal, i.c.v.) potentiated the response induced by a small dose of CRF (0.5 nmol/animal, i.c.v.). These results suggest a possibility that 2-arachidonoylglycerol is endogenously generated in the brain during CRF-induced activation of central sympatho-adrenomedullary outflow, thereby inhibiting the peptide-induced response by activation of brain cannabinoid CB(1) receptors in anesthetized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan.
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Ko CW, Riffle S, Michaels L, Morris C, Holub J, Shapiro JA, Ciol MA, Kimmey MB, Seeff LC, Lieberman D. Serious complications within 30 days of screening and surveillance colonoscopy are uncommon. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8:166-73. [PMID: 19850154 PMCID: PMC2821994 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The risk of serious complications after colonoscopy has important implications for the overall benefits of colorectal cancer screening programs. We evaluated the incidence of serious complications within 30 days after screening or surveillance colonoscopies in diverse clinical settings and sought to identify potential risk factors for complications. METHODS Patients age 40 and over undergoing colonoscopy for screening, surveillance, or evaluation based an abnormal result from another screening test were enrolled through the National Endoscopic Database (CORI). Patients completed a standardized telephone interview approximately 7 and 30 days after their colonoscopy. We estimated the incidence of serious complications within 30 days of colonoscopy and identified risk factors associated with complications using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS We enrolled 21,375 patients. Gastrointestinal bleeding requiring hospitalization occurred in 34 patients (incidence 1.59/1000 exams; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-2.22). Perforations occurred in 4 patients (0.19/1000 exams; 95% CI, 0.05-0.48), diverticulitis requiring hospitalization in 5 patients (0.23/1000 exams; 95% CI, 0.08-0.54), and postpolypectomy syndrome in 2 patients (0.09/1000 exams; 95% CI, 0.02-0.30). The overall incidence of complications directly related to colonoscopy was 2.01 per 1000 exams (95% CI, 1.46-2.71). Two of the 4 perforations occurred without biopsy or polypectomy. The risk of complications increased with preprocedure warfarin use and performance of polypectomy with cautery. CONCLUSIONS Complications after screening or surveillance colonoscopy are uncommon. Risk factors for complications include warfarin use and polypectomy with cautery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean A. Shapiro
- the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Laura C. Seeff
- the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Navarro-Tito N, Soto-Guzman A, Castro-Sanchez L, Martinez-Orozco R, Salazar EP. Oleic acid promotes migration on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through an arachidonic acid-dependent pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 42:306-17. [PMID: 19931412 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An association between dietary fatty, obesity and an increased risk of developing breast cancer has been suggested. In breast cancer cells, free fatty acids (FFAs) mediate biological effects including cell proliferation and ERK1/2 activation. However, the contribution of FFAs to tumor progression and metastasis through the regulation of cell migration has not been studied. We demonstrated here that stimulation on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with oleic acid (OA) promotes an increase in focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation, as revealed by site-specific antibodies that recognize the phosphorylation state of FAK at tyrosine-397 (Tyr-397), Tyr-577 and in vitro kinase assays. OA also promotes the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. Treatment with Gi/Go proteins, phospholipase C (PLC), lipoxygenases (LOXs) and Src inhibitor prevents FAK phosphorylation and cell migration. In summary, our findings delineate a new signal transduction pathway, where OA mediates the production of arachidonic acid (AA), and then AA metabolites mediate FAK phosphorylation and cell migration in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napoleon Navarro-Tito
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN, Av IPN # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico, DF 07360, Mexico
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Sato T, Fujii T, Hashizume T, Fujii T. Increase in Membrane Cholesterol Content Enhances Phospholipase A2Activity and Endoperoxide Receptor Response in Human Platelets. Platelets 2009; 1:193-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09537109009005488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Mustard JF, Packham MA, Kinlough-Rathbone RL. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and coronary heart disease. ACTA MEDICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2009; 642:180-90. [PMID: 6935944 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1980.tb10951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Prostaglandins may induce or inhibit platelet aggregation and constrict ro dilate blood vessels. Recent interest has focused on prostaglandins which are derivatives of arachidonic acid including prostaglandin, endoperoxides, thromboxane A2, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin D2 and prostacyclin. Prostacyclin (PGI2) is a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation whose enhanced production by vessel walls should be beneficial. It now appears that the circulating levels of PGI2 in man are extremely low and little is known about the manner in which to increase them. Furthermore, aspirin, in doses of as little as 4 mg/kg inhibits prostacyclin as well as thromboxane formation. Thromboxane A2 may be involved in coronary ischemia because it is a potent vasoconstrictor that is biosynthesized during platelet aggregation. Although thromboxane A2 is very unstable indirect evidence obtained by using thromboxane A generating systems or a stable analogue called carbocyclic thromboxane A2 (CTA2) suggests that it exacerbates ischaemic damage because of a selective increase in vascular resistance due to coronary vasospasm and platelet aggregation which acts to decrease myocardial blood flow. The stable prostaglandins PGD2 and PGE2 are also of interest as both are formed during platelet aggregation. Like PGI2, PGD2 inhibits platelet aggregation.
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Liu FC, Liao CH, Chang YW, Liou JT, Day YJ. Splitomicin suppresses human platelet aggregation via inhibition of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase and intracellular Ca++ release. Thromb Res 2009; 124:199-207. [PMID: 19327818 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Splitomicin is derived from beta-naphthol and is an inhibitor of Silent Information Regulator 2 (SIR2). Its naphthoic moiety might be responsible for its inhibitory effects on platelets. The major goal of our study was to examine possible mechanisms of action of splitomicin on platelet aggregation in order to promote development of a novel anti-platelet aggregation therapy for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. To study the inhibitory effects of splitomicin on platelet aggregation, we used washed human platelets, and monitored platelet aggregation and ATP release induced by thrombin (0.1 U/ml), collagen (2 microg/ml), arachidonic acid (AA) (0.5 mM), U46619 (2 microM) or ADP (10 microM). Splitomicin inhibited platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, collagen, AA and U46619 with a concentration dependent manner. Splitomicin increased cAMP and this effect was enhanced when splitomicin (150 microM) was combined with PGE1 (0.5 microM). It did not further increase cAMP when combined with IBMX. This data indicated that splitomicin increases cAMP by inhibiting activity of phosphodiestease. In addition, splitomicin (300 microM) attenuated intracellular Ca(++) mobilization, and production of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) in platelets that was induced by thrombin, collagen, AA or U46619. The inhibitory mechanism of splitomicin on platelet aggregation may increase cyclic AMP levels via inhibition of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity and subsequent inhibition of intracellular Ca(++) mobilization, TXB2 formation and ATP release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan, ROC
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Liu FC, Liao CH, Chang YW, Liou JT, Day YJ. A new insight of anti-platelet effects of sirtinol in platelets aggregation via cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:1364-73. [PMID: 19426675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sirtinol, a cell permeable six-membered lactone ring, is derived from naphthol and potent inhibitor of SIR2 and its naphtholic may have the inhibitory effects on platelets aggregation. In this study, platelet function was examined by collagen/epinephrine (CEPI) and collagen/ADP-induced closure times using the PFA-100 system reveal that CEPI-CT and CADP-CT were prolonged by sirtinol. The platelets aggregation regulated by physiological agonists such as: thrombin, collagen and AA and U46619 were significantly inhibited by sirtinol. Increases cAMP level was observed when sirtinol treated with Prostaglandin E1 in washed platelets. Moreover, sirtinol attenuated intracellular Ca(2+) release and thromboxane B2 formation stimulated by thrombin, collagen, AA and U46619 in human washed platelets. This study indicated that sirtinol could inhibit the platelet aggregation induced by physiological agonists, AA and U46619. The mechanism of action may include an increase of cAMP level with enhanced VASP-Ser157 phosphorylation via inhibition of cAMP phosphodiesterase activity and subsequent inhibition of intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, thromboxane A2 formation, and ATP release during the platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Taiwan, ROC
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Hwang SY, Son DJ, Kim IW, Kim DM, Sohn SH, Lee JJ, Kim SK. Korean red ginseng attenuates hypercholesterolemia-enhanced platelet aggregation through suppression of diacylglycerol liberation in high-cholesterol-diet-fed rabbits. Phytother Res 2008; 22:778-83. [PMID: 18446850 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Intake of Korean red ginseng (KRG, ginseng Radix rubra), rich in glycosylated saponins (ginsenosides), has been known to inhibit platelet aggregation in the normocholesterolemic condition. However, it is unclear whether KRG can attenuate hypercholesterolemia-enhanced platelet aggregation. This study examined whether the daily consumption of a KRG-water extract (WE) could prevent the hypercholesterolemia-enhanced platelet aggregation and progression of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis. KRG-WE administration (200 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks potently inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by low doses of agonists (0.5 microg/mL collagen and 0.025 unit/mL thrombin), whereas it weakly reduced the blood-cholesterol levels and formation of atheromatous lesions. In further investigation, KRG-WE significantly suppressed collagen-induced 1,2-diacylglycerol liberation, but had no significant effect on arachidonic acid liberation. Taken together, it can be suggested that the antiplatelet effect of KRG-WE may, at least partly, be due to the inhibition of 1,2-diacylglycerol generation rather than regulation of blood lipid levels. In conclusion, daily consumption of KRG-WE could be a useful alternative measure for the prevention of thrombus and atheroma formation in hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seock-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Juseong College, Cheongwongun, Chungbuk 363-794, Korea
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Inhibition of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 by the phospholipase-blocker, arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:731-7. [PMID: 18641670 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (ATK) is widely used as an inhibitor of cytosolic group IV phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and calcium-independent group VI phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)). ATK thus reduces arachidonic acid (AA) substrate for cyclooxygenase (COX; also known as prostaglandin H synthase) and attenuates prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. It has been shown previously, that ATK blocks thromboxane B(2) production induced by exogenous AA in human platelets. It remains, however, unknown whether ATK also directly modulates the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Time courses for inhibition of COX by ATK was obtained using osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells, with exogenous AA as substrate and the pure enzymes COX-1 and COX-2. PGE(2) was measured by GC-MS. KEY RESULTS ATK was a potent inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2 with IC(50) values of 0.5 and 0.1 microM in MC3T3-E1 cells and of 1.7 and 2.6 microM using the pure enzymes. Inhibition was reversible, with slow- and tight-binding characteristics. The arachidonyl carbon chain was essential, as the saturated palmitoyl analogue had no effect. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Attenuation of PG synthesis by ATK is taken to be the consequence of PLA(2) inhibition and the findings of many studies are interpreted on that basis. If there are, however, alternative routes for AA liberation (such as phospholipase C/diacyl glycerol lipase or phospholipase D), this interpretation can lead to false conclusions. As ATK is a widely used and important pharmacological tool in eicosanoid research, knowledge of its interactions with other major enzymes of the cascade is of considerable importance.
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Liu L, Heneghan JF, Michael GJ, Stanish LF, Egertová M, Rittenhouse AR. L- and N-current but not M-current inhibition by M1 muscarinic receptors requires DAG lipase activity. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:91-100. [PMID: 18247369 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of postsynaptic M(1) muscarinic receptors (M(1)Rs) increases firing rates of both sympathetic and central neurons that underlie increases in vasomotor tone, heart rate, and cognitive memory functioning. At the cellular level, M(1)R stimulation modulates currents through various voltage-gated ion channels, including KCNQ K+ channels (M-current) and both L- and N-type Ca2+ channels (L- and N-current) by a pertussis toxin-insensitive, slow signaling pathway. Depletion of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) during M(1)R stimulation suffices to inhibit M-current. We found previously that following PIP2 hydrolysis by phospholipase C, activation of phospholipase A2 and liberation of a lipid metabolite, most likely arachidonic acid (AA) are necessary for L- and N-current modulation. Here we examined the involvement of a third lipase, diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL), in the slow pathway. We documented the presence of DAGL in superior cervical ganglion neurons, and then tested the highly selective DAGL inhibitor, RHC-80267, for its capacity to antagonize M(1)R-mediated modulation of whole-cell Ca2+ currents. RHC-80267 significantly reduced L- and N-current inhibition by the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine-M (Oxo-M) but did not affect their inhibition by exogenous AA. Moreover, voltage-dependent inhibition of N-current by Oxo-M remained in the presence of RHC-80267, indicating selective action on the slow pathway. RHC also blocked inhibition of recombinant N-current. In contrast, RHC-80267 had no effect on native M-current inhibition. These data are consistent with a role for DAGL in mediating L- and N-current inhibition. These results extend our previous findings that the signaling pathway mediating L- and N-current inhibition diverges from the pathway initiating M-current inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwang Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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Shimizu T, Yamaguchi N, Okada S, Lu L, Sasaki T, Yokotani K. Roles of brain phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C and diacylglycerol lipase in centrally administered histamine-induced adrenomedullary outflow in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 571:138-44. [PMID: 17628524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered histamine evokes the secretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline from adrenal medulla by brain cyclooxygenase-1- and thromboxane A2-mediated mechanisms in rats. These results suggest the involvement of brain arachidonic acid cascade in the histamine-induced activation of the central adrenomedullary outflow. Arachidonic acid is released mainly by phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-dependent pathway or phospholipase C (PLC)/diacylglycerol lipase-dependent pathway. In the present study, histamine (27 nmol/animal, i.c.v.) -induced elevation of plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline was dose-dependently reduced by U-73122 (PLC inhibitor) (10 and 100 nmol/animal, i.c.v.), ET-18-OCH3 (phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC inhibitor) (10 and 30 nmol/animal, i.c.v.) and RHC-80267 (diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor) (1.3 and 2.6 micromol/animal, i.c.v.). However, mepacrine (PLA2 inhibitor) (1.1 and 2.2 micromol/animal, i.c.v.) and D609 (phosphatidylcholine-specific PLC inhibitor) (30, 100 and 300 nmol/animal, i.c.v.) had no effect. These results suggest the involvement of brain phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC and diacylglycerol lipase in the centrally administered histamine-induced activation of the adrenomedullary outflow in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
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Rosenberger TA, Farooqui AA, Horrocks LA. Bovine brain diacylglycerol lipase: substrate specificity and activation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Lipids 2007; 42:187-95. [PMID: 17393225 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) was purified from bovine brain microsomes using multiple column chromatographic techniques. The purified enzyme migrates as a single band on SDS-PAGE and has an apparent molecular weight of 27 kDa. Substrate specificity experiments using mixed molecular species of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols indicate that low concentrations of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) have no direct effect on enzymic activity and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols are the preferred substrate over 1,3-diacyl-sn-glycerols. The enzyme hydrolyzes stearate in preference to palmitate from the sn-1 position of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols. 1-O-Alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerols are not a substrate for the purified enzyme. The native enzyme had a V (max) value of 616 nmol/min mg protein. Phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase resulted in a threefold increase in catalytic throughput (V (max) = 1,900 nmol/min mg protein). The substrate specificity and catalytic properties of the bovine brain diacylglycerol lipase suggest that diacylglycerol lipase may regulate protein kinase C activity and 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol levels by rapidly altering the intracellular concentration of diacylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thad A Rosenberger
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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Karkoulias G, Mastrogianni O, Lymperopoulos A, Paris H, Flordellis C. alpha(2)-Adrenergic receptors activate MAPK and Akt through a pathway involving arachidonic acid metabolism by cytochrome P450-dependent epoxygenase, matrix metalloproteinase activation and subtype-specific transactivation of EGFR. Cell Signal 2006; 18:729-739. [PMID: 16098714 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous study carried out on PC12 cells expressing each alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor subtype individually (PC12/alpha(2A), /alpha(2B) or /alpha(2C)) have shown that epinephrine causes activation of PI3K and phosphorylation of Erk 1/2. The signal transduction mechanisms whereby each alpha(2)-AR subtype triggers these actions were investigated in the present study. In all three clones, epinephrine-induced phosphorylation of MAPK or Akt was abolished by prior treatment with ketoconazole, but not with indomethacin or nordihydroguaiaretic acid. On the other hand, treatment of the clones with epinephrine caused a rapid increase of AA release, which was fully abolished by the PLC inhibitor U73122, but was unaffected by the PLA(2) inhibitor quinacrine. The effects of epinephrine on MAPK and Akt were mimicked by cell exposure to exogenous AA. Furthermore, whereas U73122 abolished the effects of epinephrine, quinacrine only prevented the effects of epinephrine, suggesting that AA release through PLC and its metabolites are responsible for MAPK and Akt activation by alpha(2)-ARs. Treatment with 1,10-phenanthroline, CRM197, or tyrphostin AG1478 suppressed MAPK and Akt phosphorylation by epinephrine or AA, in a subtype-specific manner. Furthermore, conditioned culture medium from epinephrine-treated PC12/alpha(2) induced MAPK and Akt phosphorylation in wild-type PC12. Inhibition of NGFR tyrosine phosphorylation had no effect but the src inhibitor PP1 abolished MAPK and Akt phosphorylation in all three clones. Our results provide evidence for a putative pathway by which alpha(2)-ARs activate MAPK and Akt in PC12 cells, involving stimulation of PLC, AA release, AA metabolism by cytochrome P450-dependent epoxygenase, stimulation of matrix metalloproteinases and subtype-specific transactivation of EGFR through src activation and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Karkoulias
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio Patras, Greece
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Kennerly DA. Donald Alan Kennerly, MD, PhD: A Conversation with the Editor. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2006; 19:134-43. [PMID: 16609741 PMCID: PMC1426179 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2006.11928148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Alan Kennerly
- Institute for Health Care Research and Improvement, Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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Chiu HF, Yang SP, Kuo YL, Lai YS, Chou TC. Mechanisms involved in the antiplatelet effect of C-phycocyanin. Br J Nutr 2006; 95:435-40. [PMID: 16469164 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
C-phycocyanin (cpc), a biliprotein isolated from Spirulina platensis, has been reported to exert many therapeutic and nutritional values. In the present study, we examined whether cpc has an antiplatelet activity in vitro and further investigated the possible anti-aggregatory mechanisms involved. Our results showed that preincubation of cpc (1-50 microg/ml) with rabbit washed platelets dose-dependently inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by collagen (10 microg/ml) or arachidonic acid (100 microm), with an IC50 of about 10 microg/ml. Furthermore, the thromboxane B2 formation caused by collagen or arachidonic acid was significantly inhibited by cpc due to suppression of cyclooxygenase and thromboxane synthase activity. Similarly, the rise of platelet intracellular calcium level stimulated by arachidonic acid and collagen-induced platelet membrane surface glycoprotein IIb/IIIa expression were also attenuated by cpc. In addition, cpc itself significantly increased the platelet membrane fluidity and the cyclic AMP level through inhibiting cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity. These findings strongly demonstrate that cpc is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, which may be associated with mechanisms including inhibition of thromboxane A2 formation, intracellular calcium mobilization and platelet surface glycoprotein IIb/IIIa expression accompanied by increasing cyclic AMP formation and platelet membrane fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fen Chiu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Matsubara T, Shirai Y, Miyasaka K, Murakami T, Yamaguchi Y, Ueyama T, Kai M, Sakane F, Kanoh H, Hashimoto T, Kamada S, Kikkawa U, Saito N. Nuclear Transportation of Diacylglycerol Kinase γ and Its Possible Function in the Nucleus. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:6152-64. [PMID: 16407189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509873200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) convert diacylglycerol (DG) to phosphatidic acid, and both lipids are known to play important roles in lipid signal transduction. Thereby, DGKs are considered to be a one of the key players in lipid signaling, but its physiological function remains to be solved. In an effort to investigate one of nine subtypes, we found that DGKgamma came to be localized in the nucleus with time in all cell lines tested while seen only in the cytoplasm at the early stage of culture, indicating that DGKgamma is transported from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The nuclear transportation of DGKgamma didn't necessarily need DGK activity, but its C1 domain was indispensable, suggesting that the C1 domain of DGKgamma acts as a nuclear transport signal. Furthermore, to address the function of DGKgamma in the nucleus, we produced stable cell lines of wild-type DGKgamma and mutants, including kinase negative, and investigated their cell size, growth rate, and cell cycle. The cells expressing the kinase-negative mutant of DGKgamma were larger in size and showed slower growth rate, and the S phase of the cells was extended. These findings implicate that nuclear DGKgamma regulates cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Matsubara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biosignal Research Center, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501
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Cherng SC, Huang WH, Shiau CY, Lee AR, Chou TC. Mechanisms of antiplatelet activity of PC-09, a newly synthesized pyridazinone derivative. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 532:32-7. [PMID: 16457809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined whether PC-09, a new pyridazinone derivative, has antiplatelet activity in vitro and further investigated the possible mechanisms involved. Pretreatment with PC-09 resulted in an inhibition on rabbit platelet aggregation and ATP release induced by arachidonic acid, collagen or thrombin, with the IC(50) values of 5.4 to 76.8 muM. The thromboxane B(2) formation caused by collagen or thrombin was markedly inhibited by PC-09, but there was no alteration in that caused by arachidonic acid. The rise of platelet intracellular calcium level stimulated by aggregation agonists and collagen-induced platelet membrane surface glycoprotein IIb/IIIa expression was also reduced by PC-09. In addition, PC-09 itself significantly increased the cyclic AMP level through inhibiting cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity. These findings demonstrate that PC-09 is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, which may be associated with mechanisms including inhibition of thromboxane A(2) formation, intracellular calcium mobilization and platelet surface GPIIb/IIIa expression accompanied by increasing cyclic AMP level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiou-Chi Cherng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Tang X, Edwards EM, Holmes BB, Falck JR, Campbell WB. Role of phospholipase C and diacylglyceride lipase pathway in arachidonic acid release and acetylcholine-induced vascular relaxation in rabbit aorta. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 290:H37-45. [PMID: 16024567 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00491.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ACh stimulates arachidonic acid (AA) release from membrane phospholipids of vascular endothelial cells (ECs). In rabbit aorta, AA is metabolized through the 15-lipoxygenase pathway to form vasodilatory eicosanoids 15-hydroxy-11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (HEETA) and 11,12,15-trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (THETA). AA is released from phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) by phospholipase A2 (PLA2), or from phosphatidylinositol (PI) by phospholipase C (PLC) pathway. The diacylglycerol (DAG) lipase can convert DAG into 2-arachidonoylglycerol from which free AA can be released by monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipase or fatty acid amidohydrolase (FAAH). We used specific inhibitors to determine the involvement of the PLC pathway in ACh-induced AA release. In rabbit aortic rings precontracted by phenylephrine, ACh induced relaxation in the presence of indomethacin and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA). These relaxations were blocked by the PLC inhibitor U-73122, DAG lipase inhibitor RHC-80267, and MAG lipase/FAAH inhibitor URB-532. Cultured rabbit aortic ECs were labeled with [14C]AA and stimulated with methacholine (10(-5) M). Free [14C]AA was released by methacholine. Methacholine decreased the [14C]AA content of PI, DAG, and MAG fractions but not PC or PE fractions. Methacholine-induced release of [14C]AA was blocked by U-73122, RHC-80267, and URB-532 but not by U-73343, an inactive analog of U-73122. The data suggested that ACh activates PLC, DAG lipase, and MAG lipase pathway to release AA from membrane lipids. This pathway is important in regulating vasodilatory eicosanoid synthesis and vascular relaxation in rabbit aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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