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Ding BW, Eremeeva EV, Vysotski ES, Liu YJ. Luminescence Activity Decreases When v-coelenterazine Replaces Coelenterazine in Calcium-Regulated Photoprotein-A Theoretical and Experimental Study. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:1047-1060. [PMID: 32416626 DOI: 10.1111/php.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-regulated photoproteins are found in at least five phyla of organisms. The light emitted by those photoproteins can be tuned by mutating the photoprotein and/or by modifying the substrate coelenterazine (CTZ). Thirty years ago, Shimomura observed that the luminescence activity of aequorin was dramatically reduced when the substrate CTZ was replaced by its analog v-CTZ. The latter is formed by adding a phenyl ring to the π-conjugated moiety of CTZ. The decrease in luminescence activity has not been understood until now. In this paper, through combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics calculations as well as molecular dynamics simulations, we discovered the reason for this observation. Modification of the substrate changes the conformation of nearby aromatic residues and enhances the π-π stacking interactions between the conjugated moiety of v-CTZ and the residues, which weakens the charge transfer to form light emitter and leads to a lower luminescence activity. The microenvironments of CTZ in obelin and in aequorin are very similar, so we predicted that the luminescence activity of obelin will also dramatically decrease when CTZ is replaced by v-CTZ. This prediction has received strong evidence from currently theoretical calculations and has been verified by experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Elena V Eremeeva
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Eugene S Vysotski
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Ya-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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2
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Jafarian V, Sajedi RH, Hosseinkhani S, Sariri R, Taghdir M, Khalifeh K, Vafa M, Aghamaali MR. Structural and functional consequences of EF-hand I recovery in mnemiopsin 2. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:2006-2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Eremeeva EV, Vysotski ES. Exploring Bioluminescence Function of the Ca2+
-regulated Photoproteins with Site-directed Mutagenesis. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:8-23. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Eremeeva
- Photobiology Laboratory; Institute of Biophysics SB RAS; Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”; Krasnoyarsk Russia
| | - Eugene S. Vysotski
- Photobiology Laboratory; Institute of Biophysics SB RAS; Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”; Krasnoyarsk Russia
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4
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Bioluminescence and kinetic aspects of double mutated aequorin variants. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:163-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Sharifian S, Homaei A, Hemmati R, B Luwor R, Khajeh K. The emerging use of bioluminescence in medical research. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:74-86. [PMID: 29477474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence is the light produced by a living organism and is commonly emitted by sea life with Ca2+-regulated photoproteins being the most responsible for bioluminescence emission. Marine coelenterates provide important functions involved in essential purposes such as defense, feeding, and breeding. In this review, the main characteristics of marine photoproteins including aequorin, clytin, obelin, berovin, pholasin and symplectin from different marine organisms will be discussed. We will focused on the recent use of recombinant photoproteins in different biomedical research fields including the measurement of Ca2+ in different intracellular compartments of animal cells, as labels in the design and development of binding assays. This review will also outline how bioluminescent photoproteins have been used in a plethora of analytical methods including ultra-sensitive assays and in vivo imaging of cellular processes. Due to their unique properties including elective intracellular distribution, wide dynamic range, high signal-to-noise ratio and low Ca2+-buffering effect, recombinant photoproteins represent a promising future analytical tool in several in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Sharifian
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Roohullah Hemmati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Rodney B Luwor
- Department of Surgery, Level 5, Clinical Sciences Building, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Vafa M, Khalifeh K, Jafarian V. Negative net charge of EF-hand loop I can affect both calcium sensitivity and substrate binding pattern in mnemiopsin 2. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:807-814. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00058a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mnemiopsin 2 from Mnemiopsis leidy has three Ca2+-binding motifs and has luminescence properties in the presence of calcium and coelenterazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Vafa
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Zanjan
- Zanjan
- Iran
| | - Khosrow Khalifeh
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Zanjan
- Zanjan
- Iran
| | - Vahab Jafarian
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Zanjan
- Zanjan
- Iran
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7
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Fundamental Principles for Luminescence Sensing Measuring Devices Used for the Detection of Biological Warfare Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMCID: PMC7122564 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1113-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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8
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Bakayan A, Domingo B, Vaquero CF, Peyriéras N, Llopis J. Fluorescent Protein-photoprotein Fusions and Their Applications in Calcium Imaging. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:448-465. [PMID: 27925224 DOI: 10.1111/php.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-activated photoproteins, such as aequorin, have been used as luminescent Ca2+ indicators since 1967. After the cloning of aequorin in 1985, microinjection was substituted by its heterologous expression, which opened the way for a widespread use. Molecular fusion of green fluorescent protein (GFP) to aequorin recapitulated the nonradiative energy transfer process that occurs in the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, from which these two proteins were obtained, resulting in an increase of light emission and a shift to longer wavelength. The abundance and location of the chimera are seen by fluorescence, whereas its luminescence reports Ca2+ levels. GFP-aequorin is broadly used in an increasing number of studies, from organelles and cells to intact organisms. By fusing other fluorescent proteins to aequorin, the available luminescence color palette has been expanded for multiplexing assays and for in vivo measurements. In this report, we will attempt to review the various photoproteins available, their reported fusions with fluorescent proteins and their biological applications to image Ca2+ dynamics in organelles, cells, tissue explants and in live organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Bakayan
- BioEmergences Unit (CNRS, USR3695), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Beatriz Domingo
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB) and Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Cecilia F Vaquero
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB) and Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Nadine Peyriéras
- BioEmergences Unit (CNRS, USR3695), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Juan Llopis
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB) and Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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Inouye S, Sahara-Miura Y. Expression and characterization of EF-hand I loop mutants of aequorin replaced with other loop sequences of Ca2+-binding proteins: an approach to studying the EF-hand motif of proteins. J Biochem 2016; 160:59-68. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Grinstead K, Joel S, Zingg JM, Dikici E, Daunert S. Enabling Aequorin for Biotechnology Applications Through Genetic Engineering. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015:149-179. [PMID: 26475468 DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, luminescent proteins have been studied for their potential application in a variety of detection systems. Bioluminescent proteins, which do not require an external excitation source, are especially well-suited as reporters in analytical detection. The photoprotein aequorin is a bioluminescent protein that can be engineered for use as a molecular reporter under a wide range of conditions while maintaining its sensitivity. Herein, the characteristics of aequorin as well as the engineering and production of aequorin variants and their impact on signal detection in biological systems are presented. The structural features and activity of aequorin, its benefits as a label for sensing and applications in highly sensitive detection, as well as in gaining insight into biological processes are discussed. Among those, focus has been placed on the highly sensitive calcium detection in vivo, in vitro DNA and small molecule sensing, and development of in vivo imaging technologies. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Grinstead
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Smita Joel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Zingg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Emre Dikici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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11
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Webb SE, Karplus E, Miller AL. Retrospective on the development of aequorin and aequorin-based imaging to visualize changes in intracellular free [Ca2+]. Mol Reprod Dev 2014; 82:563-86. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Webb
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Kowloon Hong Kong
| | | | - Andrew L. Miller
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Kowloon Hong Kong
- Marine Biological Laboratory; Woods Hole Massachusetts
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12
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Mahdavi A, Sajedi RH, Hosseinkhani S, Taghdir M, Sariri R. Site-directed mutagenesis of photoprotein mnemiopsin: implication of some conserved residues in bioluminescence properties. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25320h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Webb SE, Miller AL. Aequorin-based genetic approaches to visualize Ca2+ signaling in developing animal systems. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:1160-8. [PMID: 22198462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, as our understanding of the various roles played by Ca2+ signaling in development and differentiation has expanded, the challenge of imaging Ca2+ dynamics within living cells, tissues, and whole animal systems has been extended to include specific signaling activity in organelles and non-membrane bound sub-cellular domains. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review we outline how recent advances in genetics and molecular biology have contributed to improving and developing current bioluminescence-based Ca2+ imaging techniques. Reporters can now be targeted to specific cell types, or indeed organelles or domains within a particular cell. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS These advances have contributed to our current understanding of the specificity and heterogeneity of developmental Ca2+ signaling. The improvement in the spatial resolution that results from specifically targeting a Ca2+ reporter has helped to reveal how a ubiquitous signaling messenger like Ca2+ can regulate coincidental but different signaling events within an individual cell; a Ca2+ signaling paradox that until now has been hard to explain. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Techniques used to target specific reporters via genetic means will have applications beyond those of the Ca2+ signaling field, and these will, therefore, make a significant contribution in extending our understanding of the signaling networks that regulate animal development. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemical, biophysical and genetic approaches to intracellular calcium signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Webb
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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14
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Dupriez VJ, Maes K, Le Poul E, Burgeon E, Detheux M. Aequorin-Based Functional Assays for G-Protein-Coupled Receptors, Ion Channels, and Tyrosine Kinase Receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/10606820214646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Toda Y, Okada S, Misaka T. Establishment of a new cell-based assay to measure the activity of sweeteners in fluorescent food extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12131-12138. [PMID: 21981007 PMCID: PMC3217308 DOI: 10.1021/jf2029835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Taste receptors have been defined at the molecular level in the past decade, and cell-based assays have been developed using cultured cells heterologously expressing these receptors. The most popular approach to detecting the cellular response to a tastant is to measure changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration using Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent dyes. However, this method cannot be applied to food-derived samples that contain fluorescent substances. To establish an assay system that would be applicable to fluorescent samples, we tested the use of Ca(2+)-sensitive photoproteins, such as aequorin and mitochondrial clytin-II, as Ca(2+) indicators in a human sweet taste receptor assay. Using these systems, we successfully detected receptor activation in response to sweetener, even when fluorescent compounds coexisted. This luminescence-based assay will be a powerful tool to objectively evaluate the sweetness of food-derived samples even at an industry level.
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16
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Tsuji FI. Early history, discovery, and expression of Aequorea green fluorescent protein, with a note on an unfinished experiment. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 73:785-96. [PMID: 20169618 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The bioluminescent hydromedusan jellyfish, Aequorea victoria, emits a greenish light (lambda(max) = 508 nm) when stimulated electrically or mechanically. The light comes from photocytes located along the margin of its umbrella. The greenish light depends on two intracellular proteins working in consort: aequorin (21.4 kDa) and a green fluorescent protein (27 kDa). An excited state green fluorescent protein molecule results, which, on returning to the ground state, emits a greenish light. Similarly, a green light emission may be induced in the green fluorescent protein by exposing it to ultraviolet or blue light. Because the green light can be readily detected under a fluorescence microscope, the green fluorescent protein, tagged to a protein of interest, has been used widely as a marker to locate proteins in cells and to monitoring gene expression. This article reviews the work that took place leading to the discovery, cloning, and expression of the green fluorescent protein, with a note on an unfinished experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick I Tsuji
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0202, USA.
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17
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Jones B, Holskin B, Meyer S, Ung T, Dupriez V, Flores SY, Burgeon E, Ator M, Duzic E. Aequorin functional assay for characterization of G-protein-coupled receptors: implementation with cryopreserved transiently transfected cells. Anal Biochem 2010; 400:184-9. [PMID: 20109436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Assay technologies that measure intracellular Ca(2+) release are among the predominant methods for evaluation of GPCR function. These measurements have historically been performed using cell-permeable fluorescent dyes, although the use of the recombinant photoprotein aequorin (AEQ) as a Ca(2+) sensor has gained popularity with recent advances in instrumentation. The requirement of the AEQ system for cells expressing both the photoprotein and the GPCR target of interest has necessitated the labor-intensive development of cell lines stably expressing both proteins. With the goal of streamlining this process, transient transfections were used to either (1) introduce AEQ into cells stably expressing the GPCR of interest or (2) introduce the GPCR into cells stably expressing the AEQ protein, employing the human muscarinic M(1) receptor as a model system. Robust results were obtained from cryopreserved cells prepared by both strategies, yielding agonist and antagonist pharmacology in good agreement with literature values. Good reproducibility was observed between multiple transient transfection events. These results indicate that transient transfection is a viable and efficient method for production of cellular reagents for use in AEQ assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Jones
- Cephalon, Inc., Worldwide Discovery Research, 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, PA 19380, USA.
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18
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Isobe H, Yamanaka S, Okumura M, Yamaguchi K. Theoretical Investigation of Thermal Decomposition of Peroxidized Coelenterazines with and without External Perturbations. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:15171-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jp905401b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Syusuke Yamanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Okumura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kizashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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19
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Doi I, Kuse M, Nishikawa T, Isobe M. Selective protein modification by the hydroperoxide intermediate in a photoprotein, aequorin. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3399-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Teasley Hamorsky K, Ensor CM, Wei Y, Daunert S. A bioluminescent molecular switch for glucose. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:3718-21. [PMID: 18383457 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200704440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Teasley Hamorsky K, Ensor C, Wei Y, Daunert S. A Bioluminescent Molecular Switch For Glucose. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200704440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Teranishi K. Luminescence of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-one compounds. Bioorg Chem 2007; 35:82-111. [PMID: 17007903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this review I will discuss chemical principles of the luminescence of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-one compounds described to date. The review is composed of two main parts, the first dealing with the bioluminescence of coelenterate luciferin "coelenterazine" and Cypridina luciferin in marine organisms and the second with the chemiluminescence of these luciferins and their analogues. In the second section, possible applications of chemiluminescence and enhanced chemiluminescence in the area of bioassay are also discussed.
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Tricoire L, Tsuzuki K, Courjean O, Gibelin N, Bourout G, Rossier J, Lambolez B. Calcium dependence of aequorin bioluminescence dissected by random mutagenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9500-5. [PMID: 16769886 PMCID: PMC1480436 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603176103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aequorin bioluminescence is emitted as a rapidly decaying flash upon calcium binding. Random mutagenesis and functional screening were used to isolate aequorin mutants showing slow decay rate of luminescence. Calcium sensitivity curves were shifted in all mutants, and an intrinsic link between calcium sensitivity and decay rate was suggested by the position of all mutations in or near EF-hand calcium-binding sites. From these results, a low calcium affinity was assigned to the N-terminal EF hand and a high affinity to the C-terminal EF-hand pair. In WT aequorin, the increase of the decay rate with calcium occurred at constant total photon yield and thus determined a corresponding increase of light intensity. Increase of the decay rate was underlain by variations of a fast and a slow component and required the contribution of all three EF hands. Conversely, analyses of double EF-hand mutants suggested that single EF hands are sufficient to trigger luminescence at a slow rate. Finally, a model postulating that proportions of a fast and a slow light-emitting state depend on calcium concentration adequately described the calcium dependence of aequorin bioluminescence. Our results suggest that variations of luminescence kinetics, which depend on three EF hands endowed with different calcium affinities, critically determine the amplitude of aequorin responses to biological calcium signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Tricoire
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7637, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Keisuke Tsuzuki
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7637, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Courjean
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7637, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Gibelin
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7637, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Bourout
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7637, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean Rossier
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7637, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Lambolez
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7637, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Tsuzuki K, Tricoire L, Courjean O, Gibelin N, Rossier J, Lambolez B. Thermostable Mutants of the Photoprotein Aequorin Obtained by in Vitro Evolution. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:34324-31. [PMID: 15972815 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m505303200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aequorin is a photoprotein that emits light upon binding calcium. Aequorin mutants showing increased intensity or slow decay of bioluminescence were isolated by in vitro evolution combining DNA shuffling and functional screening in bacteria. Luminescence decay mutants were isolated at the first round of screening and carried mutations located in EF-hand calcium binding sites or their vicinity. During in vitro evolution, the luminescence intensity of the population of mutants increased with the frequency of effective mutations whereas the frequency of other amino acid substitutions remained roughly stable. Luminescence intensity mutations neighbored the His-16 or His-169 coelenterazine binding residues or were located in the first EF-hand. None of the selected mutants exhibited an increase in photon yield when examined in a cell-free assay. However, we observed that two mutants, Q168R and L170I, exhibited an increase of the photoprotein lifetime at 37 degrees C that may underlie their high luminescence intensity in bacteria. Further analysis of Q168R and L170I mutations showed that they increased aequorin thermostability. Conversely, examination of luminescence decay mutants revealed that the F149S substitution decreased aequorin thermostability. Finally, screening of a library of random Gln-168 and Leu-170 mutants confirmed the involvement of both positions in thermostability and indicated that optimal thermostability was conferred by Q168R and L170I mutations selected through in vitro evolution. Our results suggest that Phe-149 and Gln-168 residues participate in stabilization of the coelenterazine peroxide and the triggering of photon emission by linking the third EF-hand to Trp-129 and His-169 coelenterazine binding residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tsuzuki
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7637, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 75005 Paris, France
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25
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Rider TH, Petrovick MS, Nargi FE, Harper JD, Schwoebel ED, Mathews RH, Blanchard DJ, Bortolin LT, Young AM, Chen J, Hollis MA. A B cell-based sensor for rapid identification of pathogens. Science 2003; 301:213-5. [PMID: 12855808 DOI: 10.1126/science.1084920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of genetically engineered cells in a pathogen identification sensor. This sensor uses B lymphocytes that have been engineered to emit light within seconds of exposure to specific bacteria and viruses. We demonstrated rapid screening of relevant samples and identification of a variety of pathogens at very low levels. Because of its speed, sensitivity, and specificity, this pathogen identification technology could prove useful for medical diagnostics, biowarfare defense, food- and water-quality monitoring, and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd H Rider
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA 02420, USA.
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26
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Shrestha S, Paeng IR, Deo SK, Daunert S. Cysteine-free mutant of aequorin as a photolabel in immunoassay development. Bioconjug Chem 2002; 13:269-75. [PMID: 11906264 DOI: 10.1021/bc010044c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bioluminescent protein aequorin is a sensitive label that has been employed in a number of analytical applications. A mutant of aequorin with enhanced stability produced recombinantly in our laboratory has been employed as a label in the development of an immunoassay for digoxin. Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. This drug has a very narrow therapeutic range of 0.8-2.0 ng/mL (1.0-2.5 nmol/L), thus requiring therapeutic drug monitoring. In this study, a derivative of digoxigenin was chemically conjugated to the mutant aequorin, and the resulting protein-digoxigenin derivative conjugates were characterized in terms of their luminescence properties. A solid-phase immunoassay for digoxin was then developed. The detection limit of the assay for digoxin was 1 x 10(-12) M. To demonstrate the use of this mutant aequorin as a label in biological sample analysis without any need for pretreatment of the samples, the assay was tested in serum spiked with digoxin. Interference from digoxin analogues was also evaluated to determine the specificity of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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27
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Deo SK, Lewis JC, Daunert S. C-Terminal and N-Terminal Fusions of Aequorin with Small Peptides in Immunoassay Development. Bioconjug Chem 2001; 12:378-84. [PMID: 11353535 DOI: 10.1021/bc0001140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aequorin fusion proteins have been used extensively in intracellular Ca2+ measurements and in the development of binding assays. Gene fusions to aequorin for production of fusion proteins have been so far limited to its N-terminus, as previous studies have indicated that aequorin loses its activity upon modification of its C-terminus. To further investigate this, two model peptides, an octapeptide (DTLDDDDL), and leu-enkephalin (TGGFL), an opioid peptide, were fused to the C-terminus of a cysteine-free mutant of aequorin through genetic engineering. The octapeptide was also fused to the N-terminus of the aequorin-leu-enkephalin fusion protein, which enables its affinity purification. Contrary to reports of earlier studies, we found that aequorin retains its bioluminescence activity after modification of the C-terminus. The half-life of light emission and the calibration curves obtained with the fusion proteins were comparable to those of the cysteine-free mutant of aequorin. Dose-response curves for the octapeptide were generated using two aequorin-octapeptide fusion proteins with the octapeptide fused to the N-terminus in one case, and to the C-terminus in the other. Similar detection limits for the octapeptide were obtained using both fusion proteins. The C-terminal fusion system has advantages in cases where antibodies recognize only the C-terminus of the peptide, as well as in cases where the functionality of the peptide lies in its C-terminus. The purification is also simplified as the affinity tag can be engineered at one terminus and the peptide of interest at the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Deo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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28
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Deo SK, Daunert S. An immunoassay for Leu-enkephalin based on a C-terminal aequorin-peptide fusion. Anal Chem 2001; 73:1903-8. [PMID: 11338609 DOI: 10.1021/ac001100q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently we demonstrated that the fusion of an octapeptide to the C-terminus of a cysteine-free mutant of aequorin showed no inhibitory effect on the luminescence activity of the photoprotein. This observation is of particular importance when the use of aequorin as a label in the development of immunoassays for peptides whose activity lies in their C-terminal region or the epitope for antibody recognition is at their C-terminus is desired. In the case of opioid peptides, antibodies are directed toward their C-terminus as they differ from each other at this terminus. The goal of this study was to develop an immunoassay for Leu-enkephalin, a mammalian opioid peptide, using a C-terminal aequorin-peptide fusion protein. For that, the N-terminus of Leu-enkephalin was genetically fused to the C-terminus of a cysteine-free mutant of aequorin. It was observed that the C-terminal conjugated aequorin maintained its luminescence activity. An immunoassay for Leu-enkephalin was then developed using the aequorin-Leu-enkephalin fusion protein as a labeled analyte in a competitive as well as in a sequential binding mode. It was demonstrated that aequorin can be used as a label in peptide assays in which it is critical that the peptide's C-terminus be free for activity and/or for antibody recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Deo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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29
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Luminol chemiluminescence selectively stimulated with self-assembled molecular aggregates of fluoroalkylated end-capped N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl) acrylamide oligomer. Eur Polym J 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(99)00236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Baubet V, Le Mouellic H, Campbell AK, Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Brúlet P. Chimeric green fluorescent protein-aequorin as bioluminescent Ca2+ reporters at the single-cell level. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:7260-5. [PMID: 10860991 PMCID: PMC16533 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.13.7260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring calcium fluxes in real time could help to understand the development, the plasticity, and the functioning of the central nervous system. In jellyfish, the chemiluminescent calcium binding aequorin protein is associated with the green fluorescent protein and a green bioluminescent signal is emitted upon Ca(2+) stimulation. We decided to use this chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer between the two molecules. Calcium-sensitive bioluminescent reporter genes have been constructed by fusing green fluorescent protein and aequorin, resulting in much more light being emitted. Chemiluminescent and fluorescent activities of these fusion proteins have been assessed in mammalian cells. Cytosolic Ca(2+) increases were imaged at the single-cell level with a cooled intensified charge-coupled device camera. This bifunctional reporter gene should allow the investigation of calcium activities in neuronal networks and in specific subcellular compartments in transgenic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Baubet
- Unité d'Embryologie Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche Associée 1947, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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31
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Head JF, Inouye S, Teranishi K, Shimomura O. The crystal structure of the photoprotein aequorin at 2.3 A resolution. Nature 2000; 405:372-6. [PMID: 10830969 DOI: 10.1038/35012659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aequorin is a calcium-sensitive photoprotein originally obtained from the jellyfish Aequorea aequorea. Because it has a high sensitivity to calcium ions and is biologically harmless, aequorin is widely used as a probe to monitor intracellular levels of free calcium. The aequorin molecule contains four helix-loop-helix 'EF-hand' domains, of which three can bind calcium. The molecule also contains coelenterazine as its chromophoric ligand. When calcium is added, the protein complex decomposes into apoaequorin, coelenteramide and CO2, accompanied by the emission of light. Apoaequorin can be regenerated into active aequorin in the absence of calcium by incubation with coelenterazine, oxygen and a thiol agent. Cloning and expression of the complementary DNA for aequorin were first reported in 1985 (refs 2, 6), and growth of crystals of the recombinant protein has been described; however, techniques have only recently been developed to prepare recombinant aequorin of the highest purity, permitting a full crystallographic study. Here we report the structure of recombinant aequorin determined by X-ray crystallography. Aequorin is found to be a globular molecule containing a hydrophobic core cavity that accommodates the ligand coelenterazine-2-hydroperoxide. The structure shows protein components stabilizing the peroxide and suggests a mechanism by which calcium activation may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Head
- Department of Physiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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32
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Lewis JC, Cullen LC, Daunert S. Site-specifically labeled photoprotein-thyroxine conjugates using aequorin mutants containing unique cysteine residues: applications for binding assays (Part II). Bioconjug Chem 2000; 11:140-5. [PMID: 10725089 DOI: 10.1021/bc990081s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The jellyfish Aequorea victoria produces a protein, aequorin, which belongs to the class of Ca(2+)-dependent photoproteins known for their ability to emit visible light. This property of aequorin has allowed for its as a bioluminescent label in binding assays for a variety of analytes. Due to the excellent detection limits we demonstrated in assays for small peptides using a fusion protein between the peptide of interest and the photoprotein, our next goal was to expand the range of possible analytes for producing homogeneous populations of conjugates with the aequorin label to those that were nonpeptidic in nature. Recently, we prepared and characterized four aequorin mutants containing unique cysteine residues at various positions in the polypeptide chain. In the work reported here, the four aequorin mutants were each conjugated with a maleimide-activated methyl ester derivative of thyroxine, a hormone frequently determined to evaluate thyroid function. The thyroxine-aequorin mutant conjugates were characterized in terms of the bioluminescence activities and binding properties with an anti-thyroxine monoclonal antibody for possible future employment in either heterogeneous or homogeneous binding assays for thyroxine and/or other desired analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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33
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Jeffery J, Kendall JM, Campbell AK. Apoaequorin monitors degradation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins initiated by loss of ER Ca(2+). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 268:711-5. [PMID: 10679270 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apoaequorin was targeted to the cytosol, nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum of HeLa cells in order to determine the effect of Ca(2+) release from the ER on protein degradation. In resting cells apoaequorin had a rapid half-life (ca. 20-30 min) in the cytosol or nucleus, but was relatively stable for up to 24 h in the ER (t(1/2) > 24 h). However, release of Ca(2+) from the ER, initiated by the addition of inhibitors of the ER Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) ATPase such as 2 microM thapsigargin or 1 microM ionomycin, initiated rapid loss of apoaequorin in the ER, but had no detectable effect on apoaequorin turnover in the cytosol nor the nucleus. This loss of apoprotein was not the result of secretion into the external fluid, and could not be inhibited by inhibitors of protein degradation by proteosomes. Proteolysis of apoaequorin in cell extracts (t(1/2) < 20 min) was completely inhibited in the presence of 1 mM Ca(2+), and this effect was independent of the ER retention signal KDEL at the C-terminus. Proteolysis was unaffected by the presence of selected serine protease inhibitors, or 10 microM Zn(2+), a known caspase-3 inhibitor. The results show that apoaequorin can monitor proteolysis of ER proteins activated by loss of ER Ca(2+). Several Ca(2+)-binding proteins exist in the ER, acting as the Ca(2+) store and chaperones. Our results have important implications both for the role of ER Ca(2+) in cell activation and stress and when using aequorin for monitoring free ER Ca(2+) over long time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jeffery
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF4 4XN, United Kingdom
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34
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Zheng JL, Chen FQ, Hirano T, Ohmiya Y, Maki S, Niwa H, Ohashi M. Synthesis, Chemi- and Bioluminescence Properties, and Photolysis of a Coelenterazine Analogue Having a Photoreactive Azido Group. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2000. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.73.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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35
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Lewis JC, López-Moya JJ, Daunert S. Bioluminescence and secondary structure properties of aequorin mutants produced for site-specific conjugation and immobilization. Bioconjug Chem 2000; 11:65-70. [PMID: 10639087 DOI: 10.1021/bc9900800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aequorin is one of several photoproteins that emits visible light upon binding to calcium ions. It has been widely used as a Ca(2+)-indicator and as an alternative highly sensitive bioluminescent label in binding assays. The apoprotein of aequorin binds an imidazopyrazine compound (coelenterazine) and molecular oxygen to form a stable photoprotein complex. Upon addition of calcium, the photoprotein undergoes a conformational change leading to the oxidation of the chromophore with the release of CO(2) and blue light. To gain more information of structure-function relationships within the photoprotein that will aid in the design of mutants suitable for site-specific conjugation and immobilization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based site-directed mutagenesis was employed to produce five different aequorin mutants. The five mutants included a cysteine-free mutant and four other mutants with single cysteine residues at selected positions within the protein. The aequorin mutants exhibited different bioluminescence emission characteristics with two mutants showing a decrease in relative light production in comparison to the cysteine-free mutant. Additionally, circular dichroism (CD) spectra revealed that the single amino acid substitutions made for two of the aequorin mutants did alter their secondary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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36
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Abstract
Bioluminescence has revolutionized research into many cellular and molecular-biological processes, ranging from intracellular signalling to gene transcription. This article focuses on the chemistry and biotechnological exploitation of the two proteins involved in bioluminescence of the jellyfish Aequorea victoria--aequorin and green fluorescent protein. Engineered recombinant aequorin has led to a novel technological approach to monitoring calcium signals in organelles and subcellular domains. A new generation of intracellular calcium indicators has been produced in which engineered variants of green fluorescent protein are used to probe their ionic environment using intramolecular fluorescence-resonance-energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kendall
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Medicine, Health Park, Cardiff, UK
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37
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Ohmiya Y, Teranishi K, Akutagawa M, Ohashi M, Tsuji FI. Bioluminescence Activity of Coelenterazine Analogues after Incorporation into Recombinant Apoaequorin. CHEM LETT 1993. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1993.2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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38
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Fagan TF, Ohmiya Y, Blinks JR, Inouye S, Tsuji FI. Cloning, expression and sequence analysis of cDNA for the Ca(2+)-binding photoprotein, mitrocomin. FEBS Lett 1993; 333:301-5. [PMID: 8224198 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80675-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The primary structure of mitrocomin consists of 190 amino acid residues, with three Ca(2+)-binding sites and a tyrosine residue at the C-terminus. Mitrocomin shows an amino acid sequence homology of 67.9% and 60.7% when compared with aequorin and clytin, respectively. The amino acid residues Cys152, His58, His169, Trp12, Trp86, Trp108, Trp129 and Trp173 are conserved in all three photoproteins, suggesting that they play a role in light emission.
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39
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Ohmiya Y, Kurono S, Ohashi M, Fagan TF, Tsuji FI. Mass spectrometric evidence for a disulfide bond in aequorin regeneration. FEBS Lett 1993; 332:226-8. [PMID: 8405461 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80637-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tryptic digests of purified recombinant apoaequorin were analyzed, before and after reduction with DTT, by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The results showed that apoaequorin contains a disulfide bond between Cys145 and Cys152 and that the reduction of this bond is involved in the regeneration of aequorin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohmiya
- PRESTO, JRDC, Solar Energy Research Group, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Saitama, Japan
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40
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Watkins NJ, Campbell AK. Requirement of the C-terminal proline residue for stability of the Ca(2+)-activated photoprotein aequorin. Biochem J 1993; 293 ( Pt 1):181-5. [PMID: 8101077 PMCID: PMC1134337 DOI: 10.1042/bj2930181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
cDNA coding for the Ca(2+)-activated photoprotein aequorin from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has been engineered to investigate the role of the C-terminal proline residue in bioluminescence. Recombinant aequorin proteins were synthesized by PCR followed by in vitro transcription/translation, and characterized by specific activity, stability, and affinity for coelenterazine. The C-terminal proline residue of aequorin was shown to be essential for the long-term stability of the bound coelenterazine. Aequorin minus proline had only 1% of the specific activity of the wild-type after 2 h, and was virtually inactive after 18 h. The instability of this variant was further demonstrated by re-activating with a coelenterazine analogue (epsilon-coelenterazine), where maximum reactivation was reached in 15 min, and the luminescent activity was almost completely abolished within 3 h. Replacement of the C-terminal proline residue with histidine or glutamic acid decreased the specific activity to 10 and 19% of that of the wild-type respectively. However these variants were also unstable, having t1/2 values of 2.4 h and 2.3 h respectively. Enhancement of the Ca(2+)-independent light emission when proline was replaced by histidine confirmed the stabilizing role of the C-terminal proline. No significant effect of removal of the C-terminal proline was detected on the affinity for coelenterazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Watkins
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, U.K
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41
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Ohmiya Y, Tsuji FI. Bioluminescence of the Ca(2+)-binding photoprotein, aequorin, after histidine modification. FEBS Lett 1993; 320:267-70. [PMID: 8462695 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Modification studies of the 5 histidine residues in aequorin employing site-directed mutagenesis and diethyl pyrocarbonate suggested that His169 may be the site of binding of molecular oxygen in aequorin. The modification of this residue led to complete loss of activity, whereas modification of the remaining 4 histidine residues yielded mutant aequorins with varying bioluminescence activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohmiya
- Osaka Bioscience Institute, Japan
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42
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Inouye S, Tsuji FI. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for the Ca(2+)-activated photoprotein, clytin. FEBS Lett 1993; 315:343-6. [PMID: 8422928 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Clytin is a member of the aequorin family of photoproteins. It is made up of 189 amino acid residues, contains 3 Ca(2+)-binding sites, and shows 62% homology in amino acid residues to those in aequorin. The cysteine, tryptophan, and histidine residues, and the C-terminal proline, that are conserved in aequorin and clytin may be involved in the Ca(2+)-activated bioluminescence of the two proteins. Clytin may also prove useful in the determination of Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Inouye
- Marine Biology Research Division 0202, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093
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43
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Oishi O, Nagatomo A, Kohzuma T, Oda N, Miyazima T, Ohno M, Sakaki Y. Validity of putative calcium binding loops of photoprotein aequorin. FEBS Lett 1992; 307:272-4. [PMID: 1644183 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80693-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Three peptides containing the putative Ca2+ binding loops, I, II and III, respectively, of a photoprotein, aequorin, from jellyfish Aequorea victoria were synthesized by a solid-phase procedure. The peptides bound Ca2+ with dissociation constants of 10(-3) to 10(-4) M, providing evidence for the assumption that Ca2+ binding loops are actually responsible for the binding of Ca2+. When the highly conserved 6th glycine residue in the 12-residue loops was replaced by arginine, no large effect was observed on Ca2+ binding. Exposure to a hydrophobic environment and the binding of Ca2+ brought about conformational changes to the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Oishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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44
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Ohmiya Y, Ohashi M, Tsuji FI. Two excited states in aequorin bioluminescence induced by tryptophan modification. FEBS Lett 1992; 301:197-201. [PMID: 1568480 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)81247-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Ca(2+)-activated photoprotein, aequorin, contains six tryptophan residues and has a bioluminescence emission maximum at 465 nm. On converting the six tryptophan residues to phenylalanine, the mutant aequorins exhibited varied luminescence activities and spectra, but one mutant, with tryptophan-86 replaced by phenylalanine, gave a bimodal emission spectrum, with maxima at 455 nm and 400 nm. This result suggests that tryptophan-86 may be importantly involved in the generation of the product excited state during aequorin bioluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohmiya
- Osaka Bioscience Institute, Japan
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45
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Nomura M, Inouye S, Ohmiya Y, Tsuji FI. A C-terminal proline is required for bioluminescence of the Ca(2+)-binding photoprotein, aequorin. FEBS Lett 1991; 295:63-6. [PMID: 1765170 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81385-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The requirement for a proline residue at the C-terminus of the Ca(2+)-binding photoprotein, aequorin, was investigated by measuring luminescence activities of a series of C-terminal deletion mutants, substitution mutants and an addition mutant. CD spectral measurements of apoaequorin with the C-terminal proline deleted showed a small change in secondary structure. In all cases studied, the C-terminal proline was required for bioluminescence activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nomura
- Osaka Bioscience Institute, Japan
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Teranishi K, Goto T. Synthesis and Chemiluminescence of Coelenterazine (OplophorusLuciferin) Analogues. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1990. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.63.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Casadei J, Powell MJ, Kenten JH. Expression and secretion of aequorin as a chimeric antibody by means of a mammalian expression vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:2047-51. [PMID: 2315301 PMCID: PMC53623 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.6.2047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A fusion protein has been expressed from the relevant genes in mammalian cells consisting of the photoprotein aequorin and an anti-4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenacetyl antibody gene. This chimeric antibody has allowed the development of a sensitive luminescent immunoassay. Initially the cDNA of the photoprotein aequorin from Aequorea victoria was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene was expressed as apoaequorin and, by using luciferin isolated from Renilla reniformis, its activity was found essentially identical to native aequorin. The aequorin gene was subcloned into a mammalian expression vector to produce a fusion protein directing secretion of apoaequorin; the aequorin gene was fused to the 3' terminus of an immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene that directed expression of an anti-4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenacetyl antibody. The gene fusion contained the variable region, the constant region domain 1, and part of domain 2 for the IgG2b mouse immunoglobulin, followed by the aequorin gene. Transfection of the chimeric gene into a cell line expressing the complementary lambda 1 light chain, J558L, allowed recovery of a chimeric antibody with binding specificity for the 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenacetyl group and the related 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenacetyl hapten. The Ca2(+)-dependent bioluminescent activity of aequorin was also recovered.
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Blinks JR. Use of photoproteins as intracellular calcium indicators. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1990; 84:75-81. [PMID: 2190821 PMCID: PMC1567652 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.908475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The calcium-regulated photoproteins, of which aequorin is the best known, continue to be one of the most useful groups of intracellular Ca2+ indicators. They are self-contained bioluminescent systems that emit blue light in the presence of Ca2+ ions, can readily be purified intact, and are nontoxic when introduced into foreign cells. They have been used successfully as Ca2+ indicators in almost every kind of cell, but are most widely used in muscle cells because of their relative freedom from motion artifacts. Photoproteins have also been used in conjunction with microscopic image intensification to localize Ca2+ in cells. Their large molecular size makes them difficult to introduce into cells, but once there, they have the advantage of staying in the cytoplasm. Aequorin can be microinjected satisfactorily into single cells of almost any size, but a number of alternative methods for introducing photoproteins into cells have been developed in recent years. Disadvantages of the photoproteins for some applications include the nonlinear relation between [Ca2+] and light intensity, the modest speed with which they respond to sudden changes in [Ca2+], and the fact the Mg2+ antagonizes the effect of Ca2+. Native photoproteins consist of a mixture of isospecies, and there are differences in Ca2+ sensitivity and in kinetic properties--both among photoproteins and among the isospecies of a given photoprotein. The genes for several of the isospecies of aequorin have been cloned and expressed in E. coli. It seems reasonable to hope that genetic engineering techniques may soon make it possible to consider using, as Ca2+ indicators, rare isospecies or rare photoproteins that have optimal properties for particular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Blinks
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
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Kemple MD, Lovejoy ML, Ray BD, Prendergast FG, Nageswara Rao BD. Mn(II)-EPR measurements of cation binding by aequorin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 187:131-5. [PMID: 2153542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cation binding at 5 degrees C by aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, was examined by means of Mn(II) EPR. The bioluminescence of aequorin is triggered by Ca(II), as well as by trivalent lanthanides, and is inhibited by Mg(II) and Mn(II). Three EF-hand Ca(II)-binding domains have been identified in the aequorin amino acid sequence. In the work reported here, active native aequorin was found to have a single tight binding site for Mn(II) with an association constant of 0.566 microM-1. Ca(II) and La(III) competed for the Mn(II) site with association constants of 1.92 microM-1 and 1.38 microM-1, respectively. The affinity of Ca(II) and La(III) for their two other (presumed) sites on aequorin was an order of magnitude less than their affinity for the Mn(II) site. Mg(II) competed for the Mn(II) site as well but with a much smaller association constant of 0.0109 microM-1. Ca(II)-independent discharged aequorin did not bind Mn(II) to a significant degree. Conjectures on the location of the Mn(II) site in the aequorin amino acid sequence and on the relationship between the binding parameters of the cations and their influence on aequorin activity are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Kemple
- Department of Physics, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46205-2810
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Teranishi K, Goto T. Effects of Conformational Rigidity and Hydrogen Bonding in the Emitter on the Chemiluminescence Efficiency of Coelenterazine (OplophorusLuciferin). CHEM LETT 1989. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1989.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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