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Friesen OC, Aukema HM, Detwiler JT. Species-specific oxylipins and the effects of ontogeny and predation on their emission from freshwater snails. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 291:111607. [PMID: 38360203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Chemical cues play important roles in mediating ecological interactions. Oxylipins, oxygenated metabolites of fatty acids, are one signalling molecule type that influences the physiology and function of species, suggesting their broader significance in chemical communication within aquatic systems. Yet, our current understanding of their function is restricted taxonomically and contextually making it difficult to infer their ecological significance. Snails and leeches are ubiquitous in freshwater ecosystems worldwide, yet little is known about their oxylipin profiles and the factors that cause their profiles to change. As snails and leeches differ taxonomically and represent different trophic groups, we postulated oxylipin profile differences. For snails, we hypothesized that ontogeny (non-reproductive vs reproductive) and predation (non-infested vs leech-infested) would affect oxylipin profiles. Oxylipins were characterized from water conditioned with the snail Planorbella duryi and leech Helobdella lineata, and included three treatment types (snails, leeches, and leech-infested snails) with the snails consisting of three size classes: small (5-6 mm, non-reproductive) and medium and large (13-14 and 19-20 mm, reproductive). The two species differed in the composition of their oxylipin profiles both in diversity and amounts. Further, ontogeny and predation affected the diversity of oxylipins emitted by snails. Our experimental profiles of oxylipins show that chemical cues within freshwater systems vary depending upon the species emitting the signals, the developmental stage of the species, as well as from ecological interactions such as predation. We also identified some candidates, like 9-HETE and PGE2, that could be explored more directly for their physiological and ecological roles in freshwater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olwyn C Friesen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Canada
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2
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Jian X, Hou G, Li L, Diao Z, Wu Y, Wang J, Xie L, Peng C, Lin L, Li J. Identification of pyruvic and maleic acid as potential markers for disease activity and prognosis in chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024:S0091-6749(24)00336-1. [PMID: 38599289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-based studies have highlighted the link between chronic urticaria (CU) and metabolic syndrome, and metabolic alterations have been revealed in CU. However, to our knowledge, a comprehensive metabolomics study on a large cohort of patients with CU has not been reported. OBJECTIVE We sought to explore the underlying metabolic subtypes and novel metabolite biomarkers for CU diagnosis and therapy. METHODS Plasma samples from 80 patients with CU and 82 healthy controls were collected for metabolomics quantification and bioinformatics analysis. Another independent cohort consisting of 144 patients with CU was studied to validate the findings. Bone marrow-derived mast cells and mice with IgE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis were used for in vitro and in vivo experiments, respectively. RESULTS We observed clear metabolome differences between CU patients and healthy controls. Meanwhile, differential metabolites N6-acetyl-l-lysine, l-aspartate, maleic acid, and pyruvic acid were used to construct random forest classifiers and achieved area under receiver operating characteristic curve values greater than 0.85, suggesting their potential as diagnostic biomarkers of CU. More importantly, by exploring the underlying metabolic subtypes of CU, we found that the low abundance of pyruvic acid and maleic acid was significantly related to the activity of CU, poor efficacy of second-generation H1 antihistamines, and short relapse-free time. The results were validated in the independent cohort. Moreover, supplementation with pyruvate or maleate could significantly attenuate IgE-mediated mast cell activation in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Plasma pyruvic acid and maleic acid may be effective biomarkers for predicting disease activity, therapeutic efficacy, and prognosis for patients with CU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Jian
- Department of Dermatology (Dermatology Hospital), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Bioinformatics Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Liqiao Li
- Department of Dermatology (Dermatology Hospital), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Dermatology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | | | - Yingfang Wu
- Department of Dermatology (Dermatology Hospital), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Department of Dermatology (Dermatology Hospital), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Xie
- Bioinformatics Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology (Dermatology Hospital), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Furong Laboratory, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Jie Li
- Department of Dermatology (Dermatology Hospital), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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3
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Lyu B, Li J, Niemeyer B, Anderson D, Beerntsen B, Song Q. Identification, structural modeling, gene expression analysis and RNAi effect of putative phospholipase A 2 in the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2024; 15:102256. [PMID: 37734164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Amblyomma americanum, also known as the lone star tick, is a small arachnid that feeds on blood and can spread disease to humans and other animals. Despite the overlapped ecological niche, geographic distribution, and host selection, there is no proof that A. americanum transmits the pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi that causes Lyme disease. Studies have shown that phospholipase A2 (PLA2) may act as a tool to eliminate B. burgdorferi, but particular PLA2 genes in A. americanum have not been identified and functionally characterized. Using the de novo sequencing method, we identified 42 putative A. americanum PLA2 (pAaPLA2) homologs in the present study, of which three pAaPLA2 had calcium binding sites and canonical histidine catalytic sites. Then, we determined phylogenetic relationships, sequence alignments, and conserved protein motifs of these pAaPLA2s. Protein structural analysis demonstrated that pAaPLA2s primarily consisted of α-helices, β-sheets, and random coils. These genes were predicted to be engaged in the phospholipid metabolic process, arachidonic acid secretion, and PLA2 activity by functional annotation analysis. A transcriptional factor (Bgb) was discovered that interacted with pAaPLA2 proteins that may have unrecognized roles in regulating neuronal development. Based on the RNA-seq data, we surveyed expression profiles of key pAaPLA2-related genes to reveal putative modulatory networks of these genes. RNAi knockdown of pAaPLA2_1, a dominant isoform in A. americanum, led to decreased bacterial inhibition ability, suggesting pAaPLA2 may play an important role in mediating immune responses. Collectively, this study provides essential evidence of the identification, gene structure, phylogeny, and expression analysis of pAaPLA2 genes in A. americanum, and offers a deeper understanding of the putative borreliacidal roles in the lone star tick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lyu
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jingjing Li
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Brigid Niemeyer
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Deborah Anderson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Brenda Beerntsen
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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4
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Li T, Wang G, He W, Li G, Wang C, Zhao J, Chen P, Guo M, Chen P. A secreted phospholipase A 2 (BmsPLA 2 ) regulates melanization of immunity through BmDDC in the silkworm Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:1579-1594. [PMID: 36924440 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Insect immune-associated phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) is an important target of pathogen invasion. Melanization, an effective defense response, has significant correlations with other immune responses to coordinate immune attack against invaders. However, the effect of PLA2 on melanization has not yet been reported in insects or other arthropods. In this work, we cloned a PLA2 gene (BmsPLA2 ), and its protein had characteristic features of secreted PLA2 (sPLA2 ). After injection of bacteria, BmsPLA2 expression and sPLA2 activity in hemolymph significantly increased. BmsPLA2 fluorescence was transferred from the cytoplasm to the cell membranes of circulating hemocytes. These results indicated that BmsPLA2 was related to hemolymph immunity in silkworms. Interestingly, reducing BmsPLA2 by RNA interference decreased melanosis (melanistic hemocytes) levels in vivo and in vitro, while BmsPLA2 overexpression had the opposite effect. The larval survival and melanization rate in the hemocoel both slowed depending on the PLA2 inhibitor dosage. These results demonstrated that BmsPLA2 plays a role in melanization during the immune process of silkworms. Surprisingly, the level of BmDDC matched the degree of melanization in various observations. BmDDC expression showed a significant increase, with the peak occurring later than that of BmsPLA2 after injection of bacteria, implying that BmsPLA2 was activated prior to BmDDC. Moreover, the alteration of BmsPLA2 by RNA interference or overexpression led to altered BmDDC levels. These results suggested that BmsPLA2 regulates the melanization response in silkworms through BmDDC. Our study proposes a new regulatory mechanism of the melanization response and new directions for understanding the complex immune networks of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Gemin Wang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei He
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guiqin Li
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyang Wang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiamei Zhao
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Chen
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meiwei Guo
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Kang DS, Kim Y, Stanley D. What is in a model? ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 112:e21972. [PMID: 36164283 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
After reading contradictory claims of model status for some insect species, we feel a brief discussion of the topic may be useful. Here, we document a few examples where clarity on model status seems to be lacking, briefly review work on widely recognized models, and offer criteria for including any given species as a model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Kang
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Romero S, Laino A, Molina G, Cunningham M, Garcia CF. Embryonic and post-embryonic development of the spider Polybetes pythagoricus (Sparassidae): A biochemical point of view. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20210159. [PMID: 35976362 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220210159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of energy expense during development has achieved special interest through time on account of the crucial role of the consumption of resources required for offspring survival. Spider eggs have a fixed composition as well as some initial energy that is supplied by mothers. These resources are necessary to support the metabolic expense not only through the embryonic period but also during the post-embryonic period, as well as for post emerging activities before spiderlings become self-sustaining. Depletion of these resources would be critical for spiders since it could give rise to prey competition as well as filial cannibalism. Even though spiders represent a megadiverse order, information regarding the metabolic requirements during spiders development is very scarce. In this study, we analyse the changes in protein, lipid and carbohydrate content as well as the variation in lipovitellin reserves and hemocyanin content during Polybetes pythagoricus development. Our results show that lipovitellins and phospholipids represent the major energy source throughout embryonic and post-embryonic development. Lipovitellin apolipoproteins are gradually consumed but are later depleted after dispersion. Phosphatidylethanolamine is mainly consumed during the post-embryonic period, while triacylglycerides are consumed after juveniles' dispersion. Finally, hemocyanin concentration starts to increase in postembryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Romero
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (UNLP-CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP), FCM, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata (1900), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldana Laino
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (UNLP-CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP), FCM, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata (1900), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Molina
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (UNLP-CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP), FCM, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata (1900), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Monica Cunningham
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (UNLP-CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP), FCM, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata (1900), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Fernando Garcia
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (UNLP-CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP), FCM, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata (1900), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Tadmor E, Juravel K, Morin S, Santos-Garcia D. Evolved transcriptional responses and their trade-offs after long-term adaptation of Bemisia tabaci to a marginally-suitable host. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6649882. [PMID: 35880721 PMCID: PMC9372648 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although generalist insect herbivores can migrate and rapidly adapt to a broad range of host plants, they can face significant difficulties when accidentally migrating to novel and marginally-suitable hosts. What happens, both in performance and gene expression regulation, if these marginally-suitable hosts must be used for multiple generations before migration to a suitable host can take place, largely remains unknown. In this study, we established multigenerational colonies of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a generalist phloem-feeding species, adapted to a marginally-suitable host (habanero pepper) or an optimal host (cotton). We used reciprocal host tests to estimate the differences in performance of the populations on both hosts under optimal (30 oC) and mild-stressful (24 oC) temperature conditions, and documented the associated transcriptomic changes. The habanero pepper-adapted population greatly improved its performance on habanero pepper but did not reach its performance level on cotton, the original host. It also showed reduced performance on cotton, relative to the non-adapted population, and an antagonistic effect of the lower-temperature stressor. The transcriptomic data revealed that most of the expression changes, associated with long-term adaptation to habanero pepper, can be categorized as "evolved" with no initial plastic response. Three molecular functions dominated: enhanced formation of cuticle structural constituents, enhanced activity of oxidation-reduction processes involved in neutralization of phytotoxins and reduced production of proteins from the cathepsin B family. Taken together, these findings indicate that generalist insects can adapt to novel host plants by modifying the expression of a relatively small set of specific molecular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Tadmor
- Department of Entomology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ksenia Juravel
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Diego Santos-Garcia
- Laboratory of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology University Lyon 1 - UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne, France
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8
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Changes in Snail Chemical Profiles through Host-Parasite Interactions. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 249:111464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Friesen OC, Li CH, Sykes EME, Stout JM, Aukema HM, Kumar A, Detwiler JT. Density-Dependent Prophylaxis in Freshwater Snails Driven by Oxylipin Chemical Cues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826500. [PMID: 35173735 PMCID: PMC8841777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While animal aggregations can benefit the fitness of group members, the behaviour may also lead to higher risks of parasite infection as group density increases. Some animals are known to moderate their investment in immunity relative to the risk of infection. These animals exhibit density-dependent prophylaxis (DDP) by increasing their immune investment as group density increases. Despite being documented in many taxa, the mechanisms of DDP remain largely unexplored. Snails are known to aggregate and experience large fluctuations in density and serve as required hosts for many parasites. Further, they are known to use chemical cues to aggregate. To test whether freshwater snails exhibit DDP and investigate the role that chemical signaling compounds may play in triggering this phenomenon, we performed four experiments on the freshwater snail Stagnicola elodes, which is a common host for many trematode parasite species. First, we tested if DDP occurred in snails in laboratory-controlled conditions (control vs snail-conditioned water) and whether differences in exposure to chemical cues affected immune function. Second, we used gas chromatography to characterize fatty acids expressed in snail-conditioned water to determine if precursors for particular signaling molecules, such as oxylipins, were being produced by snails. Third, we characterized the oxylipins released by infected and uninfected field-collected snails, to better understand how differences in oxylipin cocktails may play a role in inducing DDP. Finally, we tested the immune response of snails exposed to four oxylipins to test the ability of specific oxylipins to affect DDP. We found that snails exposed to water with higher densities of snails and raised in snail-conditioned water had higher counts of haemocytes. Additionally, lipid analysis demonstrated that fatty acid molecules that are also precursors for oxylipins were present in snail-conditioned water. Trematode-infected snails emitted 50 oxylipins in higher amounts, with 24 of these oxylipins only detected in this group. Finally, oxylipins that were higher in infected snails induced naïve snails to increase their immune responses compared to sham-exposed snails. Our results provide evidence that snails exhibit DDP, and the changes in oxylipins emitted by infected hosts may be one of the molecular mechanisms driving this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olwyn C. Friesen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Olwyn C. Friesen,
| | - Chen-Hua Li
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ellen M. E. Sykes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jake M. Stout
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Harold M. Aukema
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ayush Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jillian T. Detwiler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Wrońska AK, Kaczmarek A, Kazek M, Boguś MI. Infection of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) Larvae With the Entomopathogenic Fungus Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomophthorales) Induces Apoptosis of Hemocytes and Affects the Concentration of Eicosanoids in the Hemolymph. Front Physiol 2022; 12:774086. [PMID: 35069239 PMCID: PMC8769874 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.774086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and autophagy, the mechanisms of programmed cell death, play critical roles in physiological and pathological processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Apoptosis is also known to play an important role in the immune response, particularly in the context of entomopathogenic infection. Of the factors influencing the apoptotic process during infection, two of the lesser known groups are caspases and eicosanoids. The aim of this study was to determine whether infection by the entomopathogenic soil fungus Conidiobolus coronatus is associated with apoptosis and changes in caspase activity in the hemocytes of Galleria mellonella larvae, and to confirm whether fungal infection may affect eicosanoid levels in the host. Larvae were exposed for 24 h to fully grown and sporulating fungus. Hemolymph was collected either immediately after termination of exposure (F24 group) or 24 h later (F48 group). Apoptosis/necrosis tests were performed in hemocytes using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, while ELISA tests were used to measure eicosanoid levels. Apoptosis and necrosis occurred to the same degree in F24, but necrosis predominated in F48. Fungal infection resulted in caspase activation, increased PGE1, PGE2, PGA1, PGF2α, and 8-iso-PGF2α levels and decreased TXB2 levels, but had no effect on TXA2 or 11-dehydro-TXB2 concentrations. In addition, infected larvae demonstrated significantly increased PLA2 activity, known to be involved in eicosanoid biosynthesis. Our findings indicate that fungal infection simultaneously induces apoptosis in insects and stimulates general caspase activity, and this may be correlated with changes in the concentrations of eicosanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Kaczmarek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michalina Kazek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,BIOMIBO, Warsaw, Poland
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Quque M, Villette C, Criscuolo F, Sueur C, Bertile F, Heintz D. Eusociality is linked to caste-specific differences in metabolism, immune system, and somatic maintenance-related processes in an ant species. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:29. [PMID: 34971425 PMCID: PMC11073003 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The social organization of many primate, bird and rodent species and the role of individuals within that organization are associated with specific individual physiological traits. However, this association is perhaps most pronounced in eusocial insects (e.g., termites, ants). In such species, genetically close individuals show significant differences in behavior, physiology, and life expectancy. Studies addressing the metabolic changes according to the social role are still lacking. We aimed at understanding how sociality could influence essential molecular processes in a eusocial insect, the black garden ant (Lasius niger) where queens can live up to ten times longer than workers. Using mass spectrometry-based analysis, we explored the whole metabolome of queens, nest-workers and foraging workers. A former proteomics study done in the same species allowed us to compare the findings of both approaches. Confirming the former results at the proteome level, we showed that queens had fewer metabolites related to immunity. Contrary to our predictions, we did not find any metabolite linked to reproduction in queens. Among the workers, foragers had a metabolic signature reflecting a more stressful environment and a more highly stimulated immune system. We also found that nest-workers had more digestion-related metabolites. Hence, we showed that specific metabolic signatures match specific social roles. Besides, we identified metabolites differently expressed among behavioral castes and involved in nutrient sensing and longevity pathways (e.g., sirtuins, FOXO). The links between such molecular pathways and aging being found in an increasing number of taxa, our results confirm and strengthen their potential universality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Quque
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 23 rue du Loess, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Claire Villette
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - François Criscuolo
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 23 rue du Loess, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cédric Sueur
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 23 rue du Loess, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Bertile
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 23 rue du Loess, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
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12
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Xu M, Xie Y, Li Y, Shen L, Huang K, Lin Z, Li B, Xia C, Zhang X, Chi Y, Zhang B, Yang J. Proteomic Analysis of Histone Crotonylation Suggests Diverse Functions in Myzus persicae. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16391-16401. [PMID: 34235310 PMCID: PMC8246447 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Myzus persicae is one of the most important economic pests of cultivated crops. In the present study, we used an integrated approach involving high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation, affinity enrichment, and mass spectrometry-based proteomics to carry out a comprehensive proteomic analysis of lysine crotonylation in M. persicae. Altogether, 7530 lysine crotonylation sites were identified in 2452 protein groups. Intensive bioinformatic analyses were then carried out to annotate those lysine crotonylated targets identified in terms of Gene Ontology annotation, domain annotation, subcellular localization, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway annotation, functional cluster analysis, etc. Analysis results showed that lysine-crotonylated proteins were involved in many biological processes, such as the amino acid metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, spliceosomes, ribosomes, and so forth. Notably, the interaction network showed that there were 199 crotonylated proteins involved in the amino acid metabolism and numerous crotonylation targets associated with fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation. The results provide a system-wide view of the entire M. persicae crotonylome and a rich data set for functional analysis of crotonylated proteins in this economically important pest, which marks an important beginning for the further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlin Xu
- Tobacco
Research Institute of CAAS, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Shandong
Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Tobacco
Research Institute of CAAS, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Ying Li
- Tobacco
Research Institute of CAAS, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Lili Shen
- Tobacco
Research Institute of CAAS, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tobacco
Company of Yunnan Province, Honghe Company, Mile, Yunnan 652300, China
| | - Zhonglong Lin
- China
Tobacco Corporation Yunnan Company, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Bin Li
- China
Tobacco Corporation Sichuan Company, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Changjian Xia
- Haikou Cigar
Research Institute, Hainan Provincial Branch
of China National Tobacco Corporation (CNTC), Haikou, Hainan 570100, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Shandong
Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Yucheng Chi
- Shandong
Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Qingdao
Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Jinguang Yang
- Tobacco
Research Institute of CAAS, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
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13
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Friesen OC, Detwiler JT. Parasite-Modified Chemical Communication: Implications for Aquatic Community Dynamics. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.634754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical communication within an aquatic environment creates an intricate signaling web that provides species with information about their surroundings. Signaling molecules, like oxylipins, mediate a multitude of interactions between free-living members of a community including non-consumptive effects by predators. Parasites are another source of signaling molecules in aquatic communities and contribute directly by synthesizing them or indirectly by manipulating host chemical cues. If chemical cues of infected hosts are altered, then non-consumptive interactions between other members of the community may also be affected. Different cues from infected hosts may alter behaviors in other individuals related to foraging, competition, and defense priming. Here, we discuss how parasites could modify host chemical cues, which may have far reaching consequences for other community members and the ecosystem. We discuss how the modification of signaling molecules by parasites may also represent a mechanism for parasite-modified behavior within some systems and provide a mechanism for non-consumptive effects of parasites. Further, we propose a host-parasite system that could be used to investigate some key, unanswered questions regarding the relationship between chemical cues, parasite-modified behavior, and non-consumptive effects. We explain how trematode-gastropod systems can be used to test whether there are alterations in the diversity and amounts of signaling molecules available, and if habitat use, immune function, and behavior of other individuals and species are affected. Finally, we argue that changes to pathway crosstalk by parasites within communities may have broad ecological implications.
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Kim Y, Stanley D. Eicosanoid Signaling in Insect Immunology: New Genes and Unresolved Issues. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020211. [PMID: 33535438 PMCID: PMC7912528 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is focused on eicosanoid signaling in insect immunology. We begin with eicosanoid biosynthesis through the actions of phospholipase A2, responsible for hydrolyzing the C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid (18:2n-6), from cellular phospholipids, which is subsequently converted into arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6) via elongases and desaturases. The synthesized AA is then oxygenated into one of three groups of eicosanoids, prostaglandins (PGs), epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and lipoxygenase products. We mark the distinction between mammalian cyclooxygenases and insect peroxynectins, both of which convert AA into PGs. One PG, PGI2 (also called prostacyclin), is newly discovered in insects, as a negative regulator of immune reactions and a positive signal in juvenile development. Two new elements of insect PG biology are a PG dehydrogenase and a PG reductase, both of which enact necessary PG catabolism. EETs, which are produced from AA via cytochrome P450s, also act in immune signaling, acting as pro-inflammatory signals. Eicosanoids signal a wide range of cellular immune reactions to infections, invasions and wounding, including nodulation, cell spreading, hemocyte migration and releasing prophenoloxidase from oenocytoids, a class of lepidopteran hemocytes. We briefly review the relatively scant knowledge on insect PG receptors and note PGs also act in gut immunity and in humoral immunity. Detailed new information on PG actions in mosquito immunity against the malarial agent, Plasmodium berghei, has recently emerged and we treat this exciting new work. The new findings on eicosanoid actions in insect immunity have emerged from a very broad range of research at the genetic, cellular and organismal levels, all taking place at the international level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea
- Correspondence:
| | - David Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, 1503 South Providence Road, Columbia, MO 65203, USA;
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15
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Barletta ABF, Alves e Silva TL, Talyuli OAC, Luna-Gomes T, Sim S, Angleró-Rodríguez Y, Dimopoulos G, Bandeira-Melo C, Sorgine MHF. Prostaglandins regulate humoral immune responses in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008706. [PMID: 33095767 PMCID: PMC7584201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are immuno-active lipids that mediate the immune response in invertebrates and vertebrates. In insects, PGs play a role on different physiological processes such as reproduction, ion transport and regulation of cellular immunity. However, it is unclear whether PGs play a role in invertebrate's humoral immunity, and, if so, which immune signaling pathways would be modulated by PGs. Here, we show that Aedes aegypti gut microbiota and Gram-negative bacteria challenge induces prostaglandin production sensitive to an irreversible inhibitor of the vertebrate cyclooxygenase, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). ASA treatment reduced PG synthesis and is associated with decreased expression of components of the Toll and IMD immune pathways, thereby rendering mosquitoes more susceptible to both bacterial and viral infections. We also shown that a cytosolic phospholipase (PLAc), one of the upstream regulators of PG synthesis, is induced by the microbiota in the midgut after blood feeding. The knockdown of the PLAc decreased prostaglandin production and enhanced the replication of Dengue in the midgut. We conclude that in Ae. aegypti, PGs control the amplitude of the immune response to guarantee an efficient pathogen clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Ferreira Barletta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brasil
| | - Thiago Luiz Alves e Silva
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brasil
| | - Octavio A. C. Talyuli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Tatiana Luna-Gomes
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Instituto de Aplicação Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira (CAp-UERJ), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Shuzhen Sim
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yesseinia Angleró-Rodríguez
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christianne Bandeira-Melo
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marcos H. Ferreira Sorgine
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brasil
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16
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López-Doval JC, Serra-Compte A, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Barceló D, Sabater S. Diet quality and NSAIDs promote changes in formation of prostaglandins by an aquatic invertebrate. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:126892. [PMID: 32480082 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We used the freshwater insect Hydropsyche sp. to investigate the impact of diets lacking arachidonic acid (ARA) and an environmentally relevant mixture of NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, Diclofenac and Naproxen at a nominal concentration of all compounds together 16.75 μg L-1) on their metabolism of ARA and prostaglandins (PGs). The organisms were exposed for 16 days to four different treatments: a reference (FF), a diet lacking ARA (O), to NSAIDs in water (FFN) and to the combination of the two factors (ON). Mortality, biomass and bioconcentration of pharmaceuticals were investigated. The ARA and PGs levels in the organisms were monitored by utilising a targeted metabolomics approach. NSAIDs or dietary constraints did not produce significant differences in biomass or mortality of Hydropsyche sp. among treatments. In organisms exposed to NSAIDs, all pharmaceuticals were detected, except for Ketoprofen. Metabolomic approach determined the presence of PGH2, PGE1 and PGD1. Levels of ARA diminished significantly in those organisms in treatment ON. The levels of PGs responded negatively to the absence of ARA in diet: PGH2 diminished significantly with respect to the reference in treatment O while PGE1 diminished significantly in treatment ON. Regarding the effects of NSAIDs on ARA metabolism, our results suggest that it was sensitive to NSAIDs, but effects were weak and did not imply a general decrease in the PGs. We confirmed that ARA was the main substrate for the synthesis of PGs in Hydropsyche sp, their absence or poor levels of ARA in diet, produced changes in the PG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C López-Doval
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Faculty of Sciences - University of Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - A Serra-Compte
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Faculty of Sciences - University of Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - S Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Faculty of Sciences - University of Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA- CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - S Sabater
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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17
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Ahmed S, Kim Y. PGE 2 mediates cytoskeletal rearrangement of hemocytes via Cdc42, a small G protein, to activate actin-remodeling factors in Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 102:e21607. [PMID: 31338878 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) mediates cellular immune responses in insects by stimulating hemocyte-spreading behavior that is driven by actin remodeling to form filopodial or lamellipodial cytoplasmic extensions. In Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Cdc42, a small G protein, played a crucial role in mediating PGE2 signal on hemocyte-spreading behavior. Hemocyte-spreading behavior requires actin cytoskeletal rearrangement. A plethora of actin-related proteins have been predicted to have functional links with Cdc42. Here, we selected four actin-associated genes (Actin-related protein 2 [Arp2], Profilin, Cofilin, and Fascin) and evaluated their influences on cytoskeletal rearrangement in S. exigua. Bioinformatic analysis confirmed their gene identities. Transcript analysis using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction indicated that all four actin-associated genes were expressed in most developmental stages, showing high expression levels in larval hemocytes. RNA interference (RNAi) against these genes was performed by injecting double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to hemocoel. Under RNAi condition, the hemocyte-spreading behavior was significantly impaired except for dsRNA treatment against Cofilin, an actin-depolymerizing factor. Alteration of cytoskeletal rearrangement appeared to vary after different RNAi treatments. RNAi against Arp2 markedly suppressed lamellipodial extension while RNAi against Profilin or Fascin adversely influenced filopodial extension. RNAi of these actin-associated factors prevented cellular immune responses measured by nodule formation against bacterial challenge. Under RNAi conditions, addition of PGE2 did not well induce hemocyte-spreading behavior, suggesting that these actin-associated factors might act downstream of the hormone signaling pathway. These results suggest that PGE2 can mediate hemocyte-spreading behavior via Cdc42 to activate downstream actin polymerization/branching/bundling factors, thus inducing actin cytoskeletal rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir Ahmed
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
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18
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Abdullah Al Baki M, Kim Y. Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis leads to suppressed ovarian development in Spodoptera exigua. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 114:83-91. [PMID: 30872119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are a group of eicosanoids that are C20 oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids. PGs can mediate various physiological processes such as immunity, salivary secretion, excretion, and reproduction in insects. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of PG on oocyte development in Spodoptera exigua, a lepidopteran insect known to biosynthesize PGs. Polytrophic ovarioles of S. exigua females exhibited follicle development in germarium, in which oocytes were distinct from nurse cells. During vitellogenesis, nurse cells degenerated by losing cytoplasm called "nurse cell dumping" while oocytes showed increase in cell volume. When PG biosynthesis inhibitors such as ibuprofen or aspirin were applied, nurse cell dumping was not complete and no chorion was formed, thus preventing egg formation. However, addition of PGE2 significantly rescued such inhibition and resumed oocyte development and choriogenesis. To support the observation with genetic factor, RNA interference (RNAi) specific to peroxynectins (Pxts: Se-Pxt1 and Se-Pxt2) known to act as insect cyclooxygenase was performed to suppress PG biosynthesis. Both Se-Pxt1 and Se-Pxt2 were highly expressed in the ovary of control female. RNAi treatment against Se-Pxt1 or Se-Pxt2 specifically suppressed target genes and inhibited oocyte development. Addition of PGE2 to adults treated with RNAi rescued the suppressed development of oocytes. Results of this study suggest that PGs can stimulate oocyte development as autocrine/paracrine mediators of vitellogenesis and choriogenesis in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdullah Al Baki
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Stanley D, Kim Y. Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids in Insects: Biosynthesis and Biological Actions. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1927. [PMID: 30792667 PMCID: PMC6375067 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This essay reviews the discoveries, synthesis, and biological significance of prostaglandins (PGs) and other eicosanoids in insect biology. It presents the most current - and growing - understanding of the insect mechanism of PG biosynthesis, provides an updated treatment of known insect phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and details contemporary findings on the biological roles of PGs and other eicosanoids in insect physiology, including reproduction, fluid secretion, hormone actions in fat body, immunity and eicosanoid signaling and cross-talk in immunity. It completes the essay with a prospectus meant to illuminate research opportunities for interested readers. In more detail, cellular and secretory types of PLA2, similar to those known on the biomedical background, have been identified in insects and their roles in eicosanoid biosynthesis documented. It highlights recent findings showing that eicosanoid biosynthetic pathway in insects is not identical to the solidly established biomedical picture. The relatively low concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA) present in insect phospholipids (PLs) (< 0.1% in some species) indicate that PLA2 may hydrolyze linoleic acid (LA) as a precursor of eicosanoid biosynthesis. The free LA is desaturated and elongated into AA. Unlike vertebrates, AA is not oxidized by cyclooxygenase, but by a specific peroxidase called peroxinectin to produce PGH2, which is then isomerized into cell-specific PGs. In particular, PGE2 synthase recently identified converts PGH2 into PGE2. In the cross-talks with other immune mediators, eicosanoids act as downstream signals because any inhibition of eicosanoid signaling leads to significant immunosuppression. Because host immunosuppression favors pathogens and parasitoids, some entomopathogens evolved a PLA2 inhibitory strategy activity to express their virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
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20
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Prevalence of a nematode castrator of the carrot weevil and impact on fecundity and survival. Parasitology 2018; 146:702-707. [PMID: 30567618 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018002056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Bradynema listronoti is a parasitic nematode described from infected specimens of the carrot weevil Listronotus oregonensis. Prevalence of infection by B. listronoti under field conditions was followed over a period of 16 years in an untreated carrot field. Susceptibility of different carrot weevil life stages was evaluated as well as the impact of infection on fecundity and mortality. Gene expression in infected and uninfected carrot weevils was also compared to evaluate the impact of the parasite on the host transcriptome. Prevalence of B. listronoti in carrot weevil populations was sustained over the years ranging from 20 to 63%. All the weevil stages exposed to B. listronoti inoculum were susceptible to infection, larvae being more vulnerable (59 ± 8% infected) compared with pupae (4 ± 3% infected) and adults (7 ± 3% infected). The fecundity of infected female weevils was greatly reduced (60-fold) due to an inhibition of the maturation of the reproductive system. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that this parasitic castration may have been triggered by the inhibition of reproductive hormone production. The B. listronoti-L. oregonensis interaction represents a case of parasitic castration with a unique potential for biological control of an important pest of carrots.
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de Melo AR, Pereira Garcia IJ, Serrão JE, Santos HL, Rodrigues Dos Santos Lima LA, Alves SN. Toxicity of different fatty acids and methyl esters on Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 154:1-5. [PMID: 29448064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito is a vector of several diseases, and its control has been performed with synthetic insecticides, which may have human and environmental side effects. Thus, the use of new and safe molecules are important, and this study evaluated the toxicity of active substances against this mosquito. The oleic, linoleic, linolenic, palmitic and stearic acids and their respective methyl esters were tested against fourth instar C. quinquefasciatus larvae. Oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids had LC50 values of 8.58, 10.04 and 19.78 mg/L, respectively. Histological analysis showed that these three compounds caused cell instability with an increase in the number of vesicles in the fat body and in the midgut cells. Based on these results, glucose, triglyceride, and protein levels were evaluated after 1 h of acid exposure. These compounds decreased in insects treated with linoleic acid. Linolenic acid also caused a significant increase in acetylcholinesterase activity. These results show that oleic, linoleic, and linoleic acids have a lower LC50 for C. quinquefasciatus, affecting its metabolism and the morphology of midgut and fat body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Rocha de Melo
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400 Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Israel J Pereira Garcia
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400 Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Hérica Lima Santos
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400 Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana A Rodrigues Dos Santos Lima
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400 Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Stênio Nunes Alves
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400 Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil.
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Kim Y, Ahmed S, Stanley D, An C. Eicosanoid-mediated immunity in insects. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:130-143. [PMID: 29225005 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Eicosanoid is a collective term for oxygenated metabolites of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. As seen in mammals, eicosanoids play crucial roles in mediating various physiological processes, including immune responses, in insects. Upon microbial pathogen infection, non-self recognition signals are propagated to nearly immune effectors such as hemocytes and fat body using various immune mediators, in which eicosanoid signals act as the ultimate downstream mediator. The chemical diversity of eicosanoids may operate to mediate various immune responses. Some entomopathogenic bacteria suppress eicosanoid biosynthesis, which inhibits host insect immunity and promotes their pathogenicity. This review introduces immune responses mediated by various eicosanoids. Then it explains the cross-talks of eicosanoids with other immune mediators including cytokines, biogenic monoamines, and nitric oxide to clarify the complexity of insect immune mediation. Finally, we highlight the biological significance of eicosanoids by demonstrating bacterial pathogenicity inhibiting a key enzyme - phospholipase A2 - in eicosanoid biosynthesis using their secondary metabolites to defend host insect immune attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Natural Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shabbir Ahmed
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Natural Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - David Stanley
- USDA- ARS, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia MO 65203, USA
| | - Chunju An
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Ahmed S, Kim Y. Differential immunosuppression by inhibiting PLA 2 affects virulence of Xenorhabdus hominickii and Photorhabdus temperata temperata. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 157:136-146. [PMID: 29802883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunity negatively influences bacterial pathogenicity. Eicosanoids mediate both cellular and humoral immune responses in insects. This study tested a hypothesis that differential bacterial virulence of Xenorhabdus/Photorhabdus is dependent on their inhibitory activity against phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity. P. temperata subsp. temperata ('Ptt') was more than 40 times more potent than X. hominickii ('Xh'). Although both bacteria suppressed cellular immune responses, Ptt infection suppressed hemocyte nodule formation much more than Xh infection. Their differential immunosuppression appeared to be induced by their secondary metabolites because organic extracts of Ptt-cultured broth exhibited higher inhibitory activities against cellular immune responses than Xn-cultured broth extracts. Humoral immune responses were analyzed by measuring expression levels of 11 antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes. Among inducible AMPs in hemocytes and fat body, higher number and more kinds of AMPs exhibited lower expression levels in Ptt infection than those in Xh infection. Suppressed immune responses induced by Ptt or Xh infection were significantly rescued by the addition of a catalytic product of PLA2, suggesting that PLA2 was a common inhibitory target. In fact, Ptt infection inhibited PLA2 activity more strongly than Xh infection. RNA interference of a PLA2 gene decreased its expression and significantly increased bacterial virulence. Moreover, addition of PLA2 inhibitor to Xh infection enhanced its virulence, similar to virulence level of Ptt infection. These results suggest that variation in Xenorhabdus/Photorhabdus bacterial virulence can be explained by their differential inhibitory activities against host insect PLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir Ahmed
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea.
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Sadekuzzaman M, Gautam N, Kim Y. A novel calcium-independent phospholipase A 2 and its physiological roles in development and immunity of a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 77:210-220. [PMID: 28851514 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes hydrolysis of ester linkage at sn-2 position of phospholipids. At least 15 groups (I-XV) of PLA2 gene superfamily are associated with various physiological processes such as digestion, secretion, immunity, and maintenance of membrane integrity. This study suggests that various insects encode putative Group VI PLA2s representing intracellular and calcium-independent PLA2s (iPLA2). These insect iPLA2s are separated into at least two subgroups: iPLA2A (Group VIA-like) and iPLA2B (non-Group VIA). Most insects encode genes of iPLA2B type, although their biological functions are currently unknown. This study predicted a novel iPLA2 from Spodoptera exigua (a lepidopteran insect) (SeiPLA2B) and analyzed its physiological functions by RNA interference (RNAi). SeiPLA2B encodes 336 amino acid sequence with a predicted size of about 36.6 kDa and an isoelectric point at pH 8.61. It possesses a lipase catalytic site, but does not have ankyrin repeats in the amino terminal region. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that SeiPLA2B was clustered with other Group VI iPLA2s, in which SeiPLA2B was closely associated with Group VIF gene while SeiPLA2A was closely related to Group VIA gene. SeiPLA2B was expressed in all developmental stages of S. exigua. In larval stage, SeiPLA2B was expressed in fat body, hemocyte, and epidermis, but not in digestive tract. SeiPLA2B RNAi significantly reduced PLA2 enzyme activities and resulted in developmental retardation and immunosuppression. Though RNAi treatment did not significantly change fatty acid composition in fat body lipids, it significantly increased lipid peroxidation. Taken together, our results suggest that SeiPLA2B plays important roles in the development and immunity of S. exigua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadekuzzaman
- Department of Bio-Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Neelam Gautam
- Department of Bio-Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bio-Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea.
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Malcicka M, Visser B, Ellers J. An Evolutionary Perspective on Linoleic Acid Synthesis in Animals. Evol Biol 2017; 45:15-26. [PMID: 29497218 PMCID: PMC5816129 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-017-9436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The diet of organisms generally provides a sufficient supply of energy and building materials for healthy growth and development, but should also contain essential nutrients. Species differ in their exogenous requirements, but it is not clear why some species are able to synthesize essential nutrients, while others are not. The unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) plays an important role in functions such as cell physiology, immunity, and reproduction, and is an essential nutrient in diverse organisms. LA is readily synthesized in bacteria, protozoa and plants, but it was long thought that all animals lacked the ability to synthesize LA de novo and thus required a dietary source of this fatty acid. Over the years, however, an increasing number of studies have shown active LA synthesis in animals, including insects, nematodes and pulmonates. Despite continued interest in LA metabolism, it has remained unclear why some organisms can synthesize LA while others cannot. Here, we review the mechanisms by which LA is synthesized and which biological functions LA supports in different organisms to answer the question why LA synthesis was lost and repeatedly gained during the evolution of distinct invertebrate groups. We propose several hypotheses and compile data from the available literature to identify which factors promote LA synthesis within a phylogenetic framework. We have not found a clear link between our proposed hypotheses and LA synthesis; therefore we suggest that LA synthesis may be facilitated through bifunctionality of desaturase enzymes or evolved through a combination of different selective pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriama Malcicka
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bertanne Visser
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kelly CD. Sexually dimorphic effect of mating on the melanotic encapsulation response in the harem-defending Wellington tree weta,Hemideina crassidens(Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Anostostomatidae). Ethology 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clint D. Kelly
- Département des Sciences Biologiques; Université du Québec à Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
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Li YF, Zhang H, Ringbauer JA, Goodman CL, Lincoln TR, Zhou K, Stanley D. Prostaglandin actions in established insect cell lines. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:421-429. [PMID: 28455813 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-017-0147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Fa Li
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences/IPM Center of Hebei Province/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding, 07100, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Joseph A Ringbauer
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA
| | - Cynthia L Goodman
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA.
| | - Tamra Reall Lincoln
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA
| | - Kaile Zhou
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - David Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA
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Sadekuzzaman M, Park Y, Lee S, Kim K, Jung JK, Kim Y. An entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus hominickii ANU101, produces oxindole and suppresses host insect immune response by inhibiting eicosanoid biosynthesis. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 145:13-22. [PMID: 28302381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus hominickii ANU101, was isolated from an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema monticolum. X. hominickii exhibited significant insecticidal activities at ≥6.6×102 colony-forming units per larva against a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua with hemocoelic injection. The insecticidal activity of X. hominickii was reduced by an addition of arachidonic acid (AA, a catalytic product of PLA2), but enhanced by an addition by dexamethasone (DEX, a specific inhibitor of PLA2). S. exigua could defend the bacterial infection by forming hemocyte nodules. However, live X. hominickii significantly reduced the hemocytic nodulation compared to similar treatment with heat-killed X. hominickii. An addition of AA to live X. hominickii significantly rescued the immunosuppression. X. hominickii also inhibited phenoloxidase activity in hemolymph of S. exigua larvae. Furthermore, the bacteria suppressed gene expressions of antimicrobial peptides, such as attacin-1, attacin-2, defensin, gallerimycin and transferrin-1 of S. exigua. An organic extract of X. hominickii-cultured broth with ethyl acetate possessed oxindole and significantly suppressed hemocyte nodulation. Again, an addition of AA diminished the inhibitory activity of the organic extract against hemocyte nodulation. Oxindole alone inhibited hemocyte nodulation and PLA2 enzyme activity. These results suggest that the entomopathogenicity of X. hominickii comes from its inhibitory activity against eicosanoid biosynthesis of target insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadekuzzaman
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjin Park
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunwoo Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyo Jung
- Division of Crop Cultivation and Environment Research, Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 16429, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Li Q, Dong X, Zheng W, Zhang H. The PLA2 gene mediates the humoral immune responses in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:293-299. [PMID: 27646139 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) gene encodes the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids (PLs) from the sn-2 position. However, little is known about its role in humoral immune responses. In this study, we investigated the expression profile of PLA2 in different tissues and developmental stages in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and the results showed that the transcriptional level of PLA2 was high in the egg and mature stage and in the testis tissue. Bacterial infection increased the expression of PLA2, and the highest degree of up-regulation appeared in the fat body. Silencing PLA2 influenced the expression of immune-related genes, including MyD88 and defensin in the Toll pathway and relish and diptericin in the Imd pathway. Moreover, the expression of MyD88 and defensin was down-regulated significantly in the ds-PLA2 group compared with those in the ds-egfp group when B. dorsalis was infected with L. monocytogenes and S. aureus, indicating that PLA2 was involved in the activation of the Toll pathway. Meanwhile, infection with L. monocytogenes and E. coli, which activate the Imd pathway, does not increase the mRNA levels of relish and diptericin in the ds-PLA2 group as severely as it increases those in the ds-egfp group, indicating that the Imd pathway was also repressed after silencing PLA2. Notably, the development of lipid droplets in fat body cells was influenced by silencing PLA2, implying that PLA2 affects the function of fat body tissue. These results suggest that the PLA2 gene may mediate humoral immune responses by reducing lipid storage in fat body cells in B. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujia Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaolong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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30
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Schlotz N, Roulin A, Ebert D, Martin-Creuzburg D. Combined effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and parasite exposure on eicosanoid-related gene expression in an invertebrate model. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 201:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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31
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Kim Y, Lee S, Seo S, Kim K. Fatty Acid Composition of Different tissues of Spodoptera exigua Larvae and a Role of Cellular Phospholipase A2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5656/ksae.2016.04.0.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Butt TM, Coates CJ, Dubovskiy IM, Ratcliffe NA. Entomopathogenic Fungi: New Insights into Host-Pathogen Interactions. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 94:307-64. [PMID: 27131329 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although many insects successfully live in dangerous environments exposed to diverse communities of microbes, they are often exploited and killed by specialist pathogens. Studies of host-pathogen interactions (HPI) provide valuable insights into the dynamics of the highly aggressive coevolutionary arms race between entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and their arthropod hosts. The host defenses are designed to exclude the pathogen or mitigate the damage inflicted while the pathogen responds with immune evasion and utilization of host resources. EPF neutralize their immediate surroundings on the insect integument and benefit from the physiochemical properties of the cuticle and its compounds that exclude competing microbes. EPF also exhibit adaptations aimed at minimizing trauma that can be deleterious to both host and pathogen (eg, melanization of hemolymph), form narrow penetration pegs that alleviate host dehydration and produce blastospores that lack immunogenic sugars/enzymes but facilitate rapid assimilation of hemolymph nutrients. In response, insects deploy an extensive armory of hemocytes and macromolecules, such as lectins and phenoloxidase, that repel, immobilize, and kill EPF. New evidence suggests that immune bioactives work synergistically (eg, lysozyme with antimicrobial peptides) to combat infections. Some proteins, including transferrin and apolipophorin III, also demonstrate multifunctional properties, participating in metabolism, homeostasis, and pathogen recognition. This review discusses the molecular intricacies of these HPI, highlighting the interplay between immunity, stress management, and metabolism. Increased knowledge in this area could enhance the efficacy of EPF, ensuring their future in integrated pest management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Butt
- Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - C J Coates
- Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | - N A Ratcliffe
- Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Eicosanoids mediate Galleria mellonella immune response to hemocoel injection of entomopathogenic nematode cuticles. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:597-608. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Wright MS, Lax AR. Improved mortality of the Formosan subterranean termite by fungi, when amended with cuticle-degrading enzymes or eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 61:73-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Xu YJ, Luo F, Gao Q, Shang Y, Wang C. Metabolomics reveals insect metabolic responses associated with fungal infection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4815-21. [PMID: 25895944 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between insects and pathogenic fungi are complex. We employed metabolomic techniques to profile insect metabolic dynamics upon infection by the pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Silkworm larvae were infected with fungal spores and microscopic observations demonstrated that the exhaustion of insect hemocytes was coupled with fungal propagation in the insect body cavity. Metabolomic analyses revealed that fungal infection could significantly alter insect energy and nutrient metabolisms as well as the immune defense responses, including the upregulation of carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, and lipids, but the downregulation of eicosanoids and amines. The insect antifeedant effect of the fungal infection was evident with the reduced level of maclurin (a component of mulberry leaves) in infected insects but elevated accumulations in control insects. Insecticidal and cytotoxic mycotoxins like oosporein and beauveriolides were also detected in insects at the later stages of infection. Taken together, the metabolomics data suggest that insect immune responses are energy-cost reactions and the strategies of nutrient deprivation, inhibition of host immune responses, and toxin production would be jointly employed by the fungus to kill insects. The data obtained in this study will facilitate future functional studies of genes and pathways associated with insect-fungus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Zhang C, Dai L, Wang L, Qian C, Wei G, Li J, Zhu B, Liu C. Inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis influencing the transcripts level of sHSP21.4 gene induced by pathogen infections, in Antheraea pernyi. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121296. [PMID: 25844646 PMCID: PMC4386827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) can regulate protein folding and protect cells from stress. To investigate the role of sHSPs in the silk-producing insect Antheraea pernyi response to microorganisms, a sHsp gene termed as Ap-sHSP21.4, was identified. This gene encoded a 21.4 kDa protein which shares the conserved structure of insect sHsps and belongs to sHSP21.4 family. Ap-sHSP21.4 was highly expressed in fat body and up-regulated in midgut and fat body of A. pernyi challenged with Escherichia coli, Beauveria bassiana and nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), which was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Meanwhile, knock down of Ap-sHSP21.4 with dsRNA result in the decrease at the expression levels of several immune response-related genes (defensin, Dopa decarboxylase, Toll1, lysozyme and Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor). Additionally, the impact of eicosanoid biosynthesis on the expression of Ap-sHSP21.4 response to NPV was determined using qPCR, inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis significantly suppress Ap-HSP21.4 expression upon NPV challenge. All together, Ap-sHSP21.4 was involved in the immunity of A. pernyi against microorganism and possibly mediated by eicosanoids pathway. These results will shed light in the understanding of the pathogen-host interaction in A. pernyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congfen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui Hefei, P.R. China, 230036
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Anhui Wuhu, P.R.China, 241002
| | - Lishang Dai
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui Hefei, P.R. China, 230036
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui Hefei, P.R. China, 230036
| | - Cen Qian
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui Hefei, P.R. China, 230036
| | - Guoqing Wei
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui Hefei, P.R. China, 230036
| | - Jun Li
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui Hefei, P.R. China, 230036
| | - Baojian Zhu
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui Hefei, P.R. China, 230036
| | - Chaoliang Liu
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui Hefei, P.R. China, 230036
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37
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Schlotz N, Pester M, Freese HM, Martin-Creuzburg D. A dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid improves consumer performance during challenge with an opportunistic bacterial pathogen. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 90:467-77. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schlotz
- Limnological Institute; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
- Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control; Medical Center; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Michael Pester
- Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Heike M. Freese
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ; German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures; Braunschweig Germany
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38
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Satyavathi VV, Minz A, Nagaraju J. Nodulation: An unexplored cellular defense mechanism in insects. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1753-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Shabab M, Khan SA, Vogel H, Heckel DG, Boland W. OPDA isomerase GST16 is involved in phytohormone detoxification and insect development. FEBS J 2014; 281:2769-83. [PMID: 24730650 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
12-Oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA), a well-known phytohormone of the jasmonate family, has a reactive α,β-unsaturated carbonyl structure which easily adds cellular nucleophiles (Michael addition), making OPDA potentially toxic for herbivores. The glutathione S-transferase GST16 inactivates 12-OPDA in the insect gut by isomerization to inactive iso-OPDA. Quantitative tissue expression analysis showed that HarmGST16 transcripts were present in most larval tissues, including those of the midgut, fatbody and Malpighian tubules. Activity assays confirmed the presence of an active enzyme. Interestingly, feeding different diets to Helicoverpa armigera influenced gst16 expression levels in various tissues, and larvae fed wild-type tobacco leaves had reduced gst16 mRNA levels. The temporal expression of HarmGST16 during larval development was high in the second instar and reduced during the third, fourth and fifth instars. Plant-mediated RNA interference silencing of HarmGST16 retarded larval growth of H. armigera. Injecting cis-OPDA into the hemolymph of larvae caused premature pupation. This result, as well as the finding that GST16 influenced the growth of insects, suggests that GST16 may play an important role in larval development.
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40
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Defferrari MS, da Silva R, Orchard I, Carlini CR. Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) urease induces eicosanoid-modulated hemocyte aggregation in the Chagas' disease vector Rhodnius prolixus. Toxicon 2014; 82:18-25. [PMID: 24561121 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ureases are multifunctional proteins that display biological activities independently of their enzymatic function, such as induction of exocytosis and insecticidal effects. Rhodnius prolixus, a major vector of Chagas' disease, is a model for studies on the entomotoxicity of jack bean urease (JBU). We have previously shown that JBU induces the production of eicosanoids in isolated tissues of R. prolixus. In insects, the immune response comprises cellular and humoral reactions, and is centrally modulated by eicosanoids. Cyclooxygenase products signal immunity in insects, mainly cellular reactions, such as hemocyte aggregation. In searching for a link between JBU's toxic effects and immune reactions in insects, we have studied the effects of this toxin on R. prolixus hemocytes. JBU triggers aggregation of hemocytes after injection into the hemocoel and when applied to isolated cells. On in vitro assays, the eicosanoid synthesis inhibitors dexamethasone (phospholipase A2 indirect inhibitor) and indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) counteracted JBU's effect, indicating that eicosanoids, more specifically cyclooxygenase products, are likely to mediate the aggregation response. Contrarily, the inhibitors esculetin and baicalein were inactive, suggesting that lipoxygenase products are not involved in JBU's effect. Extracellular calcium was also necessary for JBU's effect, in agreement to other cell models responsive to ureases. A progressive darkening of the medium of JBU-treated hemocytes was observed, suggestive of a humoral response. JBU was immunolocalized in the cultured cells upon treatment along with cytoskeleton damage. The highest concentration of JBU tested on cultured cells also led to nuclei aggregation of adherent hemocytes. This is the first time urease has been shown to affect insect hemocytes, contributing to our understanding of the entomotoxic mechanisms of action of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Defferrari
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center of Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - R da Silva
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - I Orchard
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
| | - C R Carlini
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center of Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto do Cérebro - InsCer, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, and Department of Biophysics, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Schlotz N, Ebert D, Martin-Creuzburg D. Dietary supply with polyunsaturated fatty acids and resulting maternal effects influence host--parasite interactions. BMC Ecol 2013; 13:41. [PMID: 24175981 PMCID: PMC3826666 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-13-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interactions between hosts and parasites can be substantially modulated by host nutrition. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential dietary nutrients; they are indispensable as structural components of cell membranes and as precursors for eicosanoids, signalling molecules which act on reproduction and immunity. Here, we explored the potential of dietary PUFAs to affect the course of parasitic infections using a well-established invertebrate host – parasite system, the freshwater herbivore Daphnia magna and its bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa. Results Using natural food sources differing in their PUFA composition and by experimentally modifying the availability of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) we examined PUFA-mediated effects resulting from direct consumption as well as maternal effects on offspring of treated mothers. We found that both host and parasite were affected by food quality. Feeding on C20 PUFA-containing food sources resulted in higher offspring production of hosts and these effects were conveyed to a great extent to the next generation. While feeding on a diet containing high PUFA concentrations significantly reduced the likelihood of becoming infected, the infection success in the next generation increased whenever the maternal diet contained PUFAs. We suggest that this opposing effect was caused by a trade-off between reproduction and immunity in the second generation. Conclusions Considering the direct and maternal effects of dietary PUFAs on host and parasite we propose that host – parasite interactions and thus disease dynamics under natural conditions are subject to the availability of dietary PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schlotz
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany.
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Gätschenberger H, Azzami K, Tautz J, Beier H. Antibacterial immune competence of honey bees (Apis mellifera) is adapted to different life stages and environmental risks. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66415. [PMID: 23799099 PMCID: PMC3684586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of all honey bee castes proceeds through three different life stages all of which encounter microbial infections to a various extent. We have examined the immune strength of honey bees across all developmental stages with emphasis on the temporal expression of cellular and humoral immune responses upon artificial challenge with viable Escherichia coli bacteria. We employed a broad array of methods to investigate defence strategies of infected individuals: (a) fate of bacteria in the haemocoel; (b) nodule formation and (c) induction of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Newly emerged adult worker bees and drones were able to activate efficiently all examined immune reactions. The number of viable bacteria circulating in the haemocoel of infected bees declined rapidly by more than two orders of magnitude within the first 4–6 h post-injection (p.i.), coinciding with the occurrence of melanised nodules. Antimicrobial activity, on the other hand, became detectable only after the initial bacterial clearance. These two temporal patterns of defence reactions very likely represent the constitutive cellular and the induced humoral immune response. A unique feature of honey bees is that a fraction of worker bees survives the winter season in a cluster mostly engaged in thermoregulation. We show here that the overall immune strength of winter bees matches that of young summer bees although nodulation reactions are not initiated at all. As expected, high doses of injected viable E.coli bacteria caused no mortality in larvae or adults of each age. However, drone and worker pupae succumbed to challenge with E.coli even at low doses, accompanied by a premature darkening of the pupal body. In contrast to larvae and adults, we observed no fast clearance of viable bacteria and no induction of AMPs but a rapid proliferation of E.coli bacteria in the haemocoel of bee pupae ultimately leading to their death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klara Azzami
- BEEgroup, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Tautz
- BEEgroup, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hildburg Beier
- BEEgroup, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Büyükgüzel E. Eicosanoids mediate cellular immune response and phenoloxidase reaction to viral infection in adult Pimpla turionellae. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 81:20-33. [PMID: 22622947 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nodulation is the predominant insect cellular immune response to microbial infections. We posed the hypothesis that parasitoid insects in their adulthood express melanotic nodulation reactions to viral challenge and that eicosanoids mediate nodulation reactions and phenoloxidase (PO) activation in response to viral challenge. To test this idea, we injected Pimpla turionellae adults with indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, immediately prior to intrahemocoelic injection of Bovine herpes simplex virus-1 (BHSV-1). Treating newly emerged adults of P. turionellae with BHSV-1 induced nodulation reactions, and decreased PO activity at high viral doses. Relative to vehicle-treated controls, indomethacin-treated adults produced significantly reduced numbers of nodules following viral infection (down from approximately 21 nodules per adult to less than six nodules per adult). In addition to injection treatments, increasing dietary indomethacin dosages (from 0.01% to 0.1%) were associated with decreasing nodulation (by six-fold) and PO (by about three-fold) reactions to BHSV-1 injection. Wasp adults orally fed with the lowest dietary indomethacin concentration (0.001%) expressed significantly increased PO activity (1.45 unit/min/mg protein) while nodulation reaction was not affected in response to viral challenge compared to control adults. We infer from these findings that cyclooxygenase (COX) products, at least prostaglandins, mediate nodulation response and PO action to viral infection in adults of these highly specialized insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ender Büyükgüzel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, İncivez, Zonguldak, Turkey.
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Eicosanoids: Exploiting Insect Immunity to Improve Biological Control Programs. INSECTS 2012; 3:492-510. [PMID: 26466540 PMCID: PMC4553607 DOI: 10.3390/insects3020492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Insects, like all invertebrates, express robust innate, but not adaptive, immune reactions to infection and invasion. Insect immunity is usually resolved into three major components. The integument serves as a physical barrier to infections. Within the hemocoel, the circulating hemocytes are the temporal first line of defense, responsible for clearing the majority of infecting bacterial cells from circulation. Specific cellular defenses include phagocytosis, microaggregation of hemocytes with adhering bacteria, nodulation and encapsulation. Infections also stimulate the humoral component of immunity, which involves the induced expression of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides and activation of prophenoloxidase. These peptides appear in the hemolymph of challenged insects 6-12 hours after the challenge. Prostaglandins and other eicosanoids are crucial mediators of innate immune responses. Eicosanoid biosynthesis is stimulated by infection in insects. Inhibition of eicosanoid biosynthesis lethally renders experimental insects unable to clear bacterial infection from hemolymph. Eicosanoids mediate specific cell actions, including phagocytosis, microaggregation, nodulation, hemocyte migration, hemocyte spreading and the release of prophenoloxidase from oenocytoids. Some invaders have evolved mechanisms to suppress insect immunity; a few of them suppress immunity by targeting the first step in the eicosanoid biosynthesis pathways, the enzyme phospholipase A₂. We proposed research designed to cripple insect immunity as a technology to improve biological control of insects. We used dsRNA to silence insect genes encoding phospholipase A₂, and thereby inhibited the nodulation reaction to infection. The purpose of this article is to place our view of applying dsRNA technologies into the context of eicosanoid actions in insect immunity. The long-term significance of research in this area lies in developing new pest management technologies to contribute to food security in a world with a rapidly growing human population.
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Das UN. Infection, inflammation, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutrition 2012; 27:1080-4. [PMID: 21907900 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lysophosphatidylcholine: A Novel Modulator of Trypanosoma cruzi Transmission. J Parasitol Res 2011; 2012:625838. [PMID: 22132309 PMCID: PMC3206328 DOI: 10.1155/2012/625838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine is a bioactive lipid that regulates a large number of cellular processes and is especially present during the deposition and infiltration of inflammatory cells and deposition of atheromatous plaque. Such molecule is also present in saliva and feces of the hematophagous organism Rhodnius prolixus, a triatominae bug vector of Chagas disease. We have recently demonstrated that LPC is a modulator of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. It acts as a powerful chemoattractant for inflammatory cells at the site of the insect bite, which will provide a concentrated population of cells available for parasite infection. Also, LPC increases macrophage intracellular calcium concentrations that ultimately enhance parasite invasion. Finally, LPC inhibits NO production by macrophages stimulated by live T. cruzi, and thus interferes with the immune system of the vertebrate host. In the present paper, we discuss the main signaling mechanisms that are likely used by such molecule and their eventual use as targets to block parasite transmission and the pathogenesis of Chagas disease.
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Stanley D, Kim Y. Prostaglandins and their receptors in insect biology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:105. [PMID: 22654840 PMCID: PMC3356066 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We treat the biological significance of prostaglandins (PGs) and their known receptors in insect biology. PGs and related eicosanoids are oxygenated derivatives of arachidonic acid (AA) and two other C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. PGs are mostly appreciated in the context of biomedicine, but a growing body of literature indicates the biological significance of these compounds extends throughout the animal kingdom, and possibly beyond. The actions of most PGs are mediated by specific receptors. Biomedical research has discovered a great deal of knowledge about PG receptors in mammals, including their structures, pharmacology, molecular biology and cellular locations. Studies of PG receptors in insects lag behind the biomedical background, however, recent results hold the promise of accelerated research in this area. A PG receptor has been identified in a class of lepidopteran hemocytes and experimentally linked to the release of prophenoloxidase. PGs act in several crucial areas of insect biology. In reproduction, a specific PG, PGE(2), releases oviposition behavior in most crickets and a few other insect species; PGs also mediate events in egg development in some species, which may represent all insects. PGs play major roles in modulating fluid secretion in Malpighian tubules, rectum and salivary glands, although, again, this has been studied in only a few insect species that may represent the Class. Insect immunity is a very complex defense system. PGs and other eicosanoids mediate a large number of immune reactions to infection and invasion. We conclude that research into PGs and their receptors in insects will lead to important advances in our understanding of insect biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureColumbia, MO, USA
- *Correspondence: David Stanley, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1503 South Providence Road, Columbia, MO 65203, USA. e-mail:
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National UniversityAndong, Republic of Korea
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Kim J, Kim Y. Benzylideneacetone, an eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitor enhances baculovirus pathogenicity in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 106:308-13. [PMID: 21112333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Benzylideneacetone (BZA) is a monoterpenoid compound produced by an entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila. BZA inhibits phospholipase A(2) to suppress biosynthesis of eicosanoids that mediate immune responses in insects. In response to per os infection of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV), the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, developed red spots on the midgut epithelium. The midgut exhibiting red spot formation suffered abnormal cell integrity, such as genomic DNA fragmentation and condensed spots in the nucleoplasm. The number of red spots increased with viral dose and incubation time after the viral treatment. BZA inhibited the formation of the midgut red spots in a dose-dependent manner. However, the inhibitory effect of BZA on the red spot formation was reversed by addition of arachidonic acid, suggesting that the red spot response may be mediated by eicosanoids. BZA treatment resulted in significant enhancement of AcMNPV occlusion body (OB) pathogenicity to P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwan Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
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Chemical modulators of the innate immune response alter gypsy moth larval susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:129. [PMID: 20423490 PMCID: PMC2873493 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut comprises an essential barrier that protects both invertebrate and vertebrate animals from invasion by microorganisms. Disruption of the balanced relationship between indigenous gut microbiota and their host can result in gut bacteria eliciting host responses similar to those caused by invasive pathogens. For example, ingestion of Bacillus thuringiensis by larvae of some species of susceptible Lepidoptera can result in normally benign enteric bacteria exerting pathogenic effects. Results We explored the potential role of the insect immune response in mortality caused by B. thuringiensis in conjunction with gut bacteria. Two lines of evidence support such a role. First, ingestion of B. thuringiensis by gypsy moth larvae led to the depletion of their hemocytes. Second, pharmacological agents that are known to modulate innate immune responses of invertebrates and vertebrates altered larval mortality induced by B. thuringiensis. Specifically, Gram-negative peptidoglycan pre-treated with lysozyme accelerated B. thuringiensis-induced killing of larvae previously made less susceptible due to treatment with antibiotics. Conversely, several inhibitors of the innate immune response (eicosanoid inhibitors and antioxidants) increased the host's survival time following ingestion of B. thuringiensis. Conclusions This study demonstrates that B. thuringiensis infection provokes changes in the cellular immune response of gypsy moth larvae. The effects of chemicals known to modulate the innate immune response of many invertebrates and vertebrates, including Lepidoptera, also indicate a role of this response in B. thuringiensis killing. Interactions among B. thuringiensis toxin, enteric bacteria, and aspects of the gypsy moth immune response may provide a novel model to decipher mechanisms of sepsis associated with bacteria of gut origin.
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Garcia ES, Castro DP, Figueiredo MB, Genta FA, Azambuja P. Trypanosoma rangeli: a new perspective for studying the modulation of immune reactions of Rhodnius prolixus. Parasit Vectors 2009; 2:33. [PMID: 19615044 PMCID: PMC2719633 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-2-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are exposed to a wide range of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses) and have interconnected powerful immune reactions. Although insects lack an acquired immune system they have well-developed innate immune defences that allow a general and rapid response to infectious agents. Over the last few decades we have observed a dramatic increase in the knowledge of insect innate immunity, which relies on both humoral and cellular responses. However, innate reactions to natural insect pathogens and insect-transmitted pathogens, such as parasites, still remain poorly understood. In this review, we briefly introduce the general immune system of insects and highlight our current knowledge of these reactions focusing on the interactions of Trypanosoma rangeli with Rhodnius prolixus, an important model for innate immunity investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi S Garcia
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, RJ, Brazil.
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