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Friesen OC, Aukema HM, Detwiler JT. Species-specific oxylipins and the effects of ontogeny and predation on their emission from freshwater snails. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 291:111607. [PMID: 38360203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Chemical cues play important roles in mediating ecological interactions. Oxylipins, oxygenated metabolites of fatty acids, are one signalling molecule type that influences the physiology and function of species, suggesting their broader significance in chemical communication within aquatic systems. Yet, our current understanding of their function is restricted taxonomically and contextually making it difficult to infer their ecological significance. Snails and leeches are ubiquitous in freshwater ecosystems worldwide, yet little is known about their oxylipin profiles and the factors that cause their profiles to change. As snails and leeches differ taxonomically and represent different trophic groups, we postulated oxylipin profile differences. For snails, we hypothesized that ontogeny (non-reproductive vs reproductive) and predation (non-infested vs leech-infested) would affect oxylipin profiles. Oxylipins were characterized from water conditioned with the snail Planorbella duryi and leech Helobdella lineata, and included three treatment types (snails, leeches, and leech-infested snails) with the snails consisting of three size classes: small (5-6 mm, non-reproductive) and medium and large (13-14 and 19-20 mm, reproductive). The two species differed in the composition of their oxylipin profiles both in diversity and amounts. Further, ontogeny and predation affected the diversity of oxylipins emitted by snails. Our experimental profiles of oxylipins show that chemical cues within freshwater systems vary depending upon the species emitting the signals, the developmental stage of the species, as well as from ecological interactions such as predation. We also identified some candidates, like 9-HETE and PGE2, that could be explored more directly for their physiological and ecological roles in freshwater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olwyn C Friesen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Canada
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Kvist S, Earl I, Kink E, Oceguera-Figueroa A, Trontelj P. Phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation in Haemopis (Annelida: Hirudinea: Haemopidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 178:107648. [PMID: 36283573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Holarctic leech genus Haemopis currently includes 11 species, all of which are macrophagous, as opposed to their more infamous bloodfeeding counterparts among hirudiniform leeches. In spite of their ecological importance as fish food and predators of freshwater invertebrates, there is a paucity of data regarding morphology and genetic variation that might guide future identification efforts for members of the genus. The lack of detailed descriptions of distinguishing morphological features, coupled with the absence of a robust phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus, have conspired to prevent meaningful inferences on the natural history of the group. In an attempt to remedy this, we present new genetic (using COI, 12S rDNA, 28S rDNA and 18S rDNA) data for the majority of the known species diversity within the genus in order to both infer a phylogenetic hypothesis and to introduce authoritative DNA barcodes for the newly collected species. The potential of these barcodes is increased through rigorous morphological investigations of the specimens, with comparisons to the original literature. Our resulting phylogenetic hypothesis is agnostic as to the geographic origin of the genus, with equal probability afforded to both a Nearctic and Palearctic origin. Beyond this, we show that there is a strong tendency towards a barcoding gap within the genus, but that a distinct gap is lacking due to the relatively high genetic variation found within H. marmorata. Taken together, our results shed light on species delimitation within, and evolutionary history of, this often-neglected group of leeches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kvist
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2B4, Canada.
| | - Ismay Earl
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2B4, Canada
| | - Ester Kink
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada
| | - Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Helmintología, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Peter Trontelj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Reihani H, Ghanei-Shahmirzadi A, Salehi S, Ansari-Charsoughi N, Karbasian F, Imanieh MH. Manifestation of leech infestation as severe gastrointestinal bleeding in a 3-year-old boy: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:704. [PMID: 36482427 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leeches are a class of hermaphroditic parasites that can attach to various body parts and start sucking blood. Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding due to leeches is a rare phenomenon that is more common in less developed countries. Common symptoms include melena, hematemesis, pallor, weakness, and fatigue. Due to the similar symptoms of this issue to the main differential diagnoses of GI bleeding in pediatrics, such as diarrhea, constipation, diverticulitis, esophagitis, and anal fissures, it is challenging to differentiate it from the rest. CASE PRESENTATION We present a three-year-old boy who was transferred to our center with hematemesis, tarry stool, and a drop in hemoglobin level. He finally was diagnosed with a leech in his stomach. CONCLUSIONS In less developed counties, the inability to reach safe drinking water, swim in lakes or springs, and inadequate awareness of public health information among individuals can be risk factors for leech infestation.
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Pyrka E, Kanarek G, Zaleśny G, Hildebrand J. Leeches as the intermediate host for strigeid trematodes: genetic diversity and taxonomy of the genera Australapatemon Sudarikov, 1959 and Cotylurus Szidat, 1928. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:44. [PMID: 33436032 PMCID: PMC7805170 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leeches (Hirudinida) play a significant role as intermediate hosts in the circulation of trematodes in the aquatic environment. However, species richness and the molecular diversity and phylogeny of larval stages of strigeid trematodes (tetracotyle) occurring in this group of aquatic invertebrates remain poorly understood. Here, we report our use of recently obtained sequences of several molecular markers to analyse some aspects of the ecology, taxonomy and phylogeny of the genera Australapatemon and Cotylurus, which utilise leeches as intermediate hosts. Methods From April 2017 to September 2018, 153 leeches were collected from several sampling stations in small rivers with slow-flowing waters and related drainage canals located in three regions of Poland. The distinctive forms of tetracotyle metacercariae collected from leeches supplemented with adult Strigeidae specimens sampled from a wide range of water birds were analysed using the 28S rDNA partial gene, the second internal transcribed spacer region (ITS2) region and the cytochrome c oxidase (COI) fragment. Results Among investigated leeches, metacercariae of the tetracotyle type were detected in the parenchyma and musculature of 62 specimens (prevalence 40.5%) with a mean intensity reaching 19.9 individuals. The taxonomic generic affiliation of metacercariae derived from the leeches revealed the occurrence of two strigeid genera: Australapatemon Sudarikov, 1959 and Cotylurus Szidat, 1928. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on the partial 28S rRNA gene, ITS2 region and partial COI gene confirmed the separation of the Australapatemon and Cotylurus clades. Taking currently available molecular data and our results into consideration, recently sequenced tetracotyle of Australapatemon represents most probably Au. minor; however, unclear phylogenetic relationships between Au. burti and Au. minor reduce the reliability of this conclusion. On the other hand, on the basis of the obtained sequences, supplemented with previously published data, the metacercariae of Cotylurus detected in leeches were identified as two species: C. strigeoides Dubois, 1958 and C. syrius Dubois, 1934. This is the first record of C. syrius from the intermediate host. Conclusions The results of this study suggest the separation of ecological niches and life cycles between C. cornutus (Rudolphi, 1808) and C. strigeoides/C. syrius, with potential serious evolutionary consequences for a wide range of host–parasite relationships. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses corroborated the polyphyletic character of C. syrius, the unclear status of C. cornutus and the separate position of Cotylurus raabei Bezubik, 1958 within Cotylurus. The data demonstrate the inconsistent taxonomic status of the sequenced tetracotyle of Australapatemon, resulting, in our opinion, from the limited availability of fully reliable, comparative sequences of related taxa in GenBank.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pyrka
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Gerard Kanarek
- Ornithological Station, Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nadwiślańska 108, 80-680, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Zaleśny
- Department of Systematic and Ecology of Invertebrates, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Hildebrand
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
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Smit NJ, Joubert A, Lawton SP, Hayes PM, Cook CA. Morphological and molecular characterization of an African freshwater fish trypanosome, including its development in a leech vector. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:921-929. [PMID: 32687913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are ubiquitous blood parasites of fishes and at least 16 species were originally described infecting African freshwater fishes. This number was later reduced to six and in the late 1990s it was proposed that most records of freshwater fish trypanosomes across Africa are Trypanosoma mukasai Hoare, 1932. Recently, results from a molecular analysis of fish trypanosomes from the Okavango Delta, Botswana, reported the presence of at least two genotypic groups and concluded that the identification of T. mukasai remains problematic. The aims of the present study were thus to elucidate the life cycle of a freshwater fish trypanosome from southern Africa and to do a morphological and molecular characterization of this parasite from both the fish host and leech vector. To locate trypanosome stages, leeches were removed from fishes captured in the Phongolo River, South Africa, and fish blood films and leech squashes were Giemsa-stained and screened. To determine whether trypanosome stages in fishes and leeches were of the same genotype, DNA was extracted and fragments of the 18S rDNA gene were amplified and sequenced. Trypanosomes were detected in the fish families Cichlidae, Clariidae, Mochokidae and Schilbeidae. Sequence data showed that the trypanosome from one of the leeches, identified as Batracobdelloides tricarinata (Blanchard, 1897), was highly similar to those obtained from the plain squeaker, Synodontis zambezensis, with 0.7% difference recorded between them. From morphological and molecular data presented here, it is clear that the trypanosomes from Phongolo are closely related to those of the Okavango and should be considered as a single diverse species with genetic differentiation between 0.4-2.9%, under the 3-5% differences expected to be seen between true distinct species within the rRNA. Developmental stages of the trypanosome found in the leech B. tricarinata supports its status as the vector and the molecular evidence shows the relationship between the trypanosome in the fish and leech, but also illustrates the exceptional genetic and morphological diversity of a single species of trypanosome between host species. The work presented here provides us with clear information to take further steps in resolving the taxonomy and systematics of African freshwater fish trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Adri Joubert
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Scott P Lawton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Polly M Hayes
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK; School of Life Sciences, College of Arts and Liberal Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish St, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Courtney A Cook
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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Abstract
As the number of patients seeking surgical and nonsurgical rhinoplasty continues to increase, the risk of nasal skin compromise after surgery also has risen. Vascular insult to the nasal skin envelope can lead to permanent disfigurement that is nearly impossible to correct. Tissue loss often requires major reconstruction that yields suboptimal cosmetic results. This article discusses prevention, early recognition, and effective treatment that aim to mitigate skin necrosis and the resulting soft tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Kerolus
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago-College of Medicine, 1855 W Taylor Street Suite 2.42 (MC 648), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Paul S Nassif
- Nassif MD, Inc. and Associates, 120 South Spalding Drive Suite 301, Beverly Hills, CA 90212, USA
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Qiu J, Lingna W, Jinghong H, Yongqing Z. Oral administration of leeches (Shuizhi): A review of the mechanisms of action on antiplatelet aggregation. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 232:103-109. [PMID: 30543914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The leeches (Shuizhi) comprise approximately 680 species distributed throughout the world. As recorded, they have been used as traditional Chinese medicines since the Eastern Han Dynasty, where they were claimed for promote blood circulation and eliminate blood stasis. And have been used to prevent CVDs by exerting multiple effects when orally administered, one of which is the significant inhibition of platelet aggregation. Its ability to exert this effect has been extensively investigated in vivo and in clinical practice. AIM OF STUDY The aim of this review is to summarize and analyse the antiplatelet aggregation mechanisms of leeches by oral administration, support their therapeutic potential and uncover opportunities for future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant studies from 1980 to 2018 on leeches and platelet aggregation were collected from ancient books, pharmacopoeia, reports and theses via library and internet databases (PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar, Web of science, SciFinder, Springer and Elsevier). RESULTS Leeches is a unique animal medicine, they can prevent platelet aggregation by inhibiting ADP-induced platelet aggregation, increasing PGI2, decreasing TXA2 and Ca2+, and possibly recovering endothelial cell dysfunction. Leeches also exhibit a strong ability to activate eNOS, leading to an increase in platelet-derived NO. Additionally, the pteridine compounds obtained and identified from leeches have sulfur structure similar to those of other antiplatelet aggregation agents, such as ticlopidine, clopidogrel and ticagrelor. CONCLUSION The present review has focused on the related antiplatelet aggregation mechanisms, dipyridine compounds and toxicological information of leeches. According to the reported data, leeches have emerged as a good source of natural medicine for the treatment of antiplatelet aggregation agents and also make educated guesses for material basis of effects on antiplatelet aggregation. This review can help provide new insights for further studies in association with the development of effective antiplatelet aggregation drugs from natural medicines, especially leeches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Wang Lingna
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Hu Jinghong
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Zhang Yongqing
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
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Santana DO, Iwama RE, Teixeira AAM, Moura GJB, Faria RG, Mesquita DO. Spatio-temporal variation and the use of host body surface by ectoparasites of the chelonians Phrynops geoffroanus and Mesoclemmys tuberculata in areas of the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest in northeast Brazil. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:913-26. [PMID: 30737672 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ectoparasites such as hematophagous leeches and monogeneans are common in chelonians, occupying different parts of the body. Thus, the present study aimed to identify and describe the fauna of ectoparasites that infest Phrynops geoffroanus and Mesoclemmys tuberculata to evaluate the effect of host conditions and seasonality (dry and rainy season) on the abundance and composition of ectoparasites. We verified the presence of ectoparasites in 73.2% of the examined turtles, with four species of leeches belonging to Glossiphoniidae, Haementeria brasiliensis sensu Cordero, 1937, Helobdella cf. adiastola, Haementeria sp1., and Haementeria sp2., and one monogenean Polystomatidae, Polystomoides brasiliensis. For both chelonians, we observed a significant difference in the abundance of ectoparasites in relation to sex, biome, and season, which was unrelated to length and mass. Leeches were more frequent in the cavities of the hind limbs in P. geoffroanus, and the anterior limbs of M. tuberculata. The general spatial niche overlap of ectoparasites was high, except for that of the monogenean P. brasiliensis, which did not overlap with those of other leech species. The present study is the first report of the presence of H. brasiliensis and P. brasiliensis parasitizing M. tuberculata, and Helobdella cf. adiastola in a phoretic relationship with P. geoffroanus and M. tuberculata. Finally, the differences in infestation levels may reflect ecological factors, differences in behavioral patterns of the hosts, and different anthropic alterations suffered in the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest biomes.
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Kim KS, Sim HS, Shin JH, Hwang JH, Lee SY. The Relationship between Explanation and Patient Compliance in Hirudotherapy. Arch Craniofac Surg 2017; 18:179-185. [PMID: 29090199 PMCID: PMC5647849 DOI: 10.7181/acfs.2017.18.3.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of leeches can effectively increase the salvage rate of flap congestion. However, the first reaction from patients and carers in using leeches in clinical fields is strong aversion. This can be due to the fact that development of our culture from agriculture to industrial society, coming across leeches became fairly rare. Also because of the biological traits that leeches carry; staying attached to a leg or other body parts of the host, sucking blood, and leaving wounds. Methods This study was conducted through questionnaires, divided into many subgroups. We scaled the compliance of the two therapies, with or without leech. Maximum scale of 10 showing no rejective response to the therapy and minimum scale of 0 showing the greatest rejective response. Results Overall subjects' compliance was improved after explaining the benefits of hirudotherapy. Irrelevant to the explanation, there was no significant difference in general compliance between male and female. Young-aged group and medical personnel or people studying medicine showed higher compliance over older-aged group and the general public. Conclusion In the terms of general social cognition, recognizing leech as a therapeutic material may not be welcomed at first, but provided with proper information and explanations, overall compliance of patients and carers can be improved and consequently result in superior outcomes in flap salvage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Seog Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ho Seup Sim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae Ha Hwang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sam Yong Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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ASGARI SA, ROSTAMI S, TEIMOORI M. Leech Therapy for Treating Priapism: Case Report. Iran J Public Health 2017; 46:985-988. [PMID: 28845411 PMCID: PMC5563882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Priapism is well-defined by persistent, painful penile erection which happens without sexual stimulation. Currently, the hirudotherapy is practiced to treat venous congestion and subsequent compartment syndrome. Here we will report a case of a male with priapism treated by leeches. The case was a 26 yr old young single male referred to the Razi Hospital Emergency Department, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran due to long-time spontaneous erections. The patient had no history of mental disorders, trauma or sickle cell anemia. we insert two leeches in each side of penile shaft for two hours, after a one hour break we insert do in same manner for another cycle. At follow-up two days later he had significantly decreased pain, though still had cavernosal swelling and tenderness to palpation. The patient was subsequently discharged after three days of admission. The pain and perineal swelling completely resolved over the course of one month. In this case, chronology indicates that leech therapy was possibly treatment option for priapism. This procedure seems to be non-invasive treatment strategy worth to discussing in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Aladdin ASGARI
- Urology Research Center, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran,Corresponding Author:
| | - Sadeq ROSTAMI
- Dept. of Urology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mojtaba TEIMOORI
- Dept. of Urology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Abstract
Plant and animal-derived products are crucial components in complementary and alternative medicine. Although modern medicine has provided numerous innovations and advancements, these often fail to reveal new and dependable, inexpensive treatments nor real cures that are relatively free of adverse side effects. We present evidence that hirudotherapy, which utilizes leeches, improves certain diseases, including osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis, a disease in joints, could benefit from use of medicinal peptides found in leech saliva, components of its immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin L. Cooper
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 (310) 825 2224. https://sites.google.com/site/edwinlcooperucla/
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Herlin C, Bertheuil N, Bekara F, Boissiere F, Sinna R, Chaput B. Leech therapy in flap salvage: Systematic review and practical recommendations. ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2016; 62:e1-e13. [PMID: 27427444 DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medicinal leeches have been part of the therapeutic armamenterium of plastic surgeons for more than 50 years. While their use in hand surgery is a matter of course, their use in salvage of flaps with venous congestion remains facultative depending on teams. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a systematic review of leech therapy for flap salvage between 1960 and 2015, analyzing 121 articles and subsequently taking into consideration 41 studies. In parallel, we collected data from 43 patients for whom leach therapy had recently been applied in treatment of venous insufficiency in pedicled or free flaps after revision surgery had failed to improve flap vascularization, or in cases where flap revision was not appropriate. The data collected pertained to relevant indications, treatment procedure, efficacy, adjuvant therapies, side effects and complications. RESULTS For this indication, the success rate of leech therapy ranged from 65 to 85% (83.7% in our series) according to the situations encountered. Optimal frequency of application ranged from 2 to 8hours, while average overall duration ranged from 4 to 10 days. The number of leeches to be applied can be determined depending on volume of the flap. In 50% of the cases reported in the literature, the patients required transfusion. Antibiotic prophylaxis against Aeromonas is highly advisable. A ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole combination currently appears as the most relevant prophylactic antibiotherapy. CONCLUSION Hirudotherapy is a reliable treatment in cases of patent venous insufficiency of pedicled or free flaps (or when revision surgery is not recommended). Even though the relevant literature is highly heterogeneous, we have attempted to put forward a specific protocol bringing together dosage, delivery route, frequency of administration and appropriate prophylactic antibiotherapy. An algorithm for treatment and management of venous congestion and a practical information sheet have been placed at the disposal of plastic surgery teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Herlin
- Service de chirurgie plastique et reconstructrice, centre des brûlés, CHRU Lapeyronie, 325, avenue du doyen-Gaston-Giraud, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Service de chirurgie plastique et craniofaciale pédiatrique, CHRU Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier, France; Unité de plaies et cicatrisation, CHRU Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier, France.
| | - N Bertheuil
- Service de chirurgie plastique, reconstructrice et esthétique, CHRU de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - F Bekara
- Service de chirurgie plastique et reconstructrice, centre des brûlés, CHRU Lapeyronie, 325, avenue du doyen-Gaston-Giraud, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Service de chirurgie plastique et craniofaciale pédiatrique, CHRU Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier, France; Unité de plaies et cicatrisation, CHRU Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - F Boissiere
- Service de chirurgie plastique et reconstructrice, centre des brûlés, CHRU Lapeyronie, 325, avenue du doyen-Gaston-Giraud, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Service de chirurgie plastique et craniofaciale pédiatrique, CHRU Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier, France; Unité de plaies et cicatrisation, CHRU Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - R Sinna
- Service de chirurgie plastique, reconstructrice et esthétique, CHRU de Picardie, 80080 Amiens, France
| | - B Chaput
- Service de chirurgie plastique, reconstructrice et esthétique, CHRU de Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France
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Park SH, Choi WY, Son KM, Cheon JS, Yang JY. Direct Open Venous Drainage: An Alternative Choice for Flap Congestion Salvage. Arch Craniofac Surg 2015; 16:143-146. [PMID: 28913240 PMCID: PMC5556784 DOI: 10.7181/acfs.2015.16.3.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we present a scalp defect reconstruction with lateral arm free flap. We highlight the difficulty in obtaining a recipient vein and the venous drainage managed through an open end of the donor vein. A 52-year-old woman presented with a pressure sore on the left scalp. A lateral arm free flap was transferred to cover this 8×6 cm defect. The arterial anastomosis was successful, but no recipient vein could be identified within the wound bed. Instead, we used a donor venous end for the direct open venous drainage. In order to keep this exposed venous end patent, we applied heparin-soaked gauze dressing to the wound. Also, the vein end was mechanically dilated and irrigated with heparin solution at two hour intervals. Along with fluid management and blood transfusion, this management was continued for the five days after the operation. The flap survived well without any complication. Through this case, we were able to demonstrate that venous congestion can be avoided by drainage of the venous blood through an open vessel without the use of leeches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Han Park
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Woo Young Choi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung Min Son
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji Seon Cheon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong Yeol Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
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Kutschera U, Weisblat DA. Leeches of the genus Helobdella as model organisms for Evo-Devo studies. Theory Biosci 2015; 134:93-104. [PMID: 26596996 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-015-0216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Model organisms are important tools in modern biology and have been used elucidate mechanism underlying processes, such as development, heredity, neuronal signaling, and phototropism, to name but a few. In this context, the use of model organisms is predicated on uncovering evolutionarily conserved features of biological processes in the expectation that the findings will be applicable to organisms that are either inaccessible or intractable for direct experimentation. For the most part, particular species have been adapted as model organisms because they can be easily reared and manipulated in the laboratory. In contrast, a major goal in the field of evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-Devo) is to identify and elucidate the differences in developmental processes among species associated with the dramatic range of body plans among organisms, and how these differences have emerged over time in various branches of phylogeny. At first glance then, it would appear that the concept of model organisms for Evo-Devo is oxymoronic. In fact, however, laboratory-compatible, experimentally tractable species are of great use for Evo-Devo, subject to the condition that the ensemble of models investigated should reflect the range of taxonomic diversity, and for this purpose glossiphoniid leeches are useful. Four decades ago (1975), leeches of the species-rich genus Helobdella (Lophotrochozoa; Annelida; Clitellata; Hirudinida; Glossiphoniidae) were collected in Stow Lake, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA (USA). These and other Helobdella species may be taken as Evo-Devo models of leeches, clitellate annelids, and the super-phylum Lophotrochozoa. Here we depict/discuss the biology/taxonomy of these Evo-Devo systems, and the challenges of identifying species within Helobdella. In addition, we document that H. austinensis has been established as a new model organism that can easily be cultivated in the laboratory. Finally, we provide an updated scheme illustrating the unique germ line/soma-differentiation during early development and speculate on the mechanisms of sympatric speciation in this group of aquatic annelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kutschera
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3200, USA.
| | - David A Weisblat
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3200, USA
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Fermino BR, Paiva F, Soares P, Tavares LER, Viola LB, Ferreira RC, Botero-Arias R, de-Paula CD, Campaner M, Takata CS, Teixeira MM, Camargo EP. Field and experimental evidence of a new caiman trypanosome species closely phylogenetically related to fish trypanosomes and transmitted by leeches. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2015; 4:368-78. [PMID: 26767165 PMCID: PMC4683569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma terena and Trypanosoma ralphi are known species of the South American crocodilians Caiman crocodilus, Caiman yacare and Melanosuchus niger and are phylogenetically related to the tsetse-transmitted Trypanosoma grayi of the African Crocodylus niloticus. These trypanosomes form the Crocodilian clade of the terrestrial clade of the genus Trypanosoma. A PCR-survey for trypanosomes in caiman blood samples and in leeches taken from caimans revealed unknown trypanosome diversity and frequent mixed infections. Phylogenies based on SSU (small subunit) of rRNA and gGAPDH (glycosomal Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase) gene sequences revealed a new trypanosome species clustering with T. terena and T. ralphi in the crocodilian clade and an additional new species nesting in the distant Aquatic clade of trypanosomes, which is herein named Trypanosoma clandestinus n. sp. This new species was found in Caiman yacare, Caiman crocodilus and M. niger from the Pantanal and Amazonian biomes in Brazil. Large numbers of dividing epimastigotes and unique thin and long trypomastigotes were found in the guts of leeches (Haementeria sp.) removed from the mouths of caimans. The trypanosomes recovered from the leeches had sequences identical to those of T. clandestinus of caiman blood samples. Experimental infestation of young caimans (Caiman yacare) with infected leeches resulted in long-lasting T. clandestinus infections that permitted us to delineate its life cycle. In contrast to T. terena, T. ralphi and T. grayi, which are detectable by hemoculturing, microscopy and standard PCR of caiman blood, T. clandestinus passes undetected by these methods due to very low parasitemia and could be detected solely by the more sensitive nested PCR method. T. clandestinus n. sp. is the first crocodilian trypanosome known to be transmitted by leeches and positioned in the aquatic clade closest to fish trypanosomes. Our data show that caimans can host trypanosomes of the aquatic or terrestrial clade, sometimes simultaneously. Species richness and geographical range of caiman trypanosomes. Trypanosoma clandestinus n. sp. is transmitted by leeches. T. clandestinus nests in the Aquatic clade closest to fish trypanosomes. Caimans were infected by the bite of leeches carrying T. clandestinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno R. Fermino
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Paiva
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Soares
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo R. Tavares
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Laerte B. Viola
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robson C. Ferreira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robinson Botero-Arias
- Caiman Research in Conservation and Management Program, Instituto Mamirauá para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Cátia D. de-Paula
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marta Campaner
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen S.A. Takata
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta M.G. Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
| | - Erney P. Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Amorim AMXP, de Oliveira UC, Faria F, Pasqualoto KFM, Junqueira-de-Azevedo IDLM, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. Transcripts involved in hemostasis: Exploring salivary complexes from Haementeria vizottoi leeches through transcriptomics, phylogenetic studies and structural features. Toxicon 2015; 106:20-9. [PMID: 26363292 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Throughout evolution, parasites have adapted in order to successfully intervene in the host defense, producing specific peptides and proteins. Interestingly, these peptides and proteins have been exploited as potential drug candidates against several diseases. Furthermore, biotechnology studies and cDNA libraries have remarkably contributed to identify potentially bioactive molecules. In this regard, herein, a cDNA library of salivary complexes from Haementeria vizottoi leeches was constructed, the transcriptome was characterized and a phylogenetic analysis was performed considering antistasin-like and antiplatelet-like proteins. Hundred twenty three transcripts were identified coding for putative proteins involved in animal feeding (representing about 10% of the expression level). These sequences showed similarities with myohemerythrins, carbonic anhydrases, anticoagulants, antimicrobials, proteases and protease inhibitors. The phylogenetic analysis, regarding antistasin-like and antiplatetlet-like proteins, revealed two main clades in the Rhynchobdellida leeches. As expected, the sequences from H. vizottoi have presented high similarities with those types of proteins. Thus, our findings could be helpful not only to identify new coagulation inhibitors, but also to better understand the biological composition of the salivary complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernanda Faria
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, CEP: 05.503-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, CEP: 05.503-900, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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Kaygorodova IA, Sorokovikova NV. Mass leech infestation of sculpin fish in Lake Baikal, with clarification of disease-prone species and parasite taxonomy. Parasitol Int 2014; 63:754-7. [PMID: 25004101 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sculpin fish bdellosis in Lake Baikal is caused by leech ectoparasites, which are identified as belonging to the genus Baicalobdella. In addition to Cottocomephorus grewinkii, eight sculpin hosts for Baicalobdella are newly recorded: Paracottus knerii (Cottocomephorinae), and Abyssocottus korotneffi, Asprocottus platycephalus, Batrachocottus baicalensis, Batrachocottus multiradiatus, Cyphocottus megalops, Limnocottus griseus and Procottus major (Abyssocottinae). These host fishes are mass infected by Baicalobdella leeches (up to 75%) in different sites of Lake Baikal. Comparative morphological analysis of Baicalobdella infecting sculpin fishes vs. Baicalobdella torquata proper revealed nine distinctive features that allow confirming a separate systematic position and revalidating original name Baicalobdella cottidarum Dogiel, 1957.
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TarazJamshidi M, Bagheri F, Mirkazemi M, Amelfarzad S, Ashraf H, Azami M, Peivandi MT. Leech therapy in nearly total amputation of fingers without vascular repair: a case report. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2014; 16:e6897. [PMID: 25031865 PMCID: PMC4082525 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.6897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In the absence of microvascular replantation or in crash injury cases in which obtaining an acceptable function is not possible, amputation of the injured finger seems to be the best treatment modality. Some studies recommended leech therapy for this kind of injury after vascular repair to decrease venous congestion. Case Presentation: In this case report, the authors presented a case of leech therapy after near total amputation of the fingers. A 25-year-old patient was admitted following a sawing injury with crashed bundles of the third, fourth and fifth fingers. Microvascular surgery was not performed because of crush injury. Discussion: After a simple repair and pin fixation, the patient was treated using leech therapy. The result was satisfactory. The third and fourth fingers were salvaged. It seems that in cases where a small part of the skin is still attached to the amputated part, even with complete crash of both bundles, leech therapy can help salvage the amputated fingers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad TarazJamshidi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad Orthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Farshid Bagheri
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad Orthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Masud Mirkazemi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad Orthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Sara Amelfarzad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Hami Ashraf
- Department of Research and Education, Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Mehran Azami
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad Orthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Peivandi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad Orthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Mohammad Taghi Peivandi, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad Orthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-5118523200, E-mail:
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Seiverling EV, Khalsa A, Ahrns HT. Pruritis and palpable purpura from leeches in the Australian Rainforest. IDCases 2014; 1:9-11. [PMID: 26839767 PMCID: PMC4735466 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leeches are prevalent in the Australian Rainforest. We report two cases of leech bites resulting in pruritis and palpable purpura. The dermatologic sequelae of leech bites, differential diagnosis of pruritic palpable purpura, leech bite treatment, prevention, and complications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hadjh T. Ahrns
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, United States
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20
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Kim JH, Kim JM, Park JW, Hwang JH, Kim KS, Lee SY. Reconstruction of the medial canthus using an ipsilateral paramedian forehead flap. Arch Plast Surg 2013; 40:742-7. [PMID: 24286048 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2013.40.6.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The medial canthus is an important area in determining the impression of a person's facial appearance. It is composed of various structures, including canthal tendons, lacrimal canaliculi, conjunctiva, the tarsal plate, and skin tissues. Due to its complexity, medial canthal defect reconstruction has been a challenging procedure to perform. The contralateral paramedian forehead flap is usually used for large defects; however, the bulkiness of the glabella and splitting at the distal end of the flap are factors that can reduce the rate of flap survival. We reconstructed medial canthal defects using ipsilateral paramedian forehead flaps, minimizing glabellar bulkiness. Methods This study included 10 patients who underwent medial canthal reconstruction using ipsilateral paramedian forehead flaps between 2010 and 2012. To avoid an acute curve of the pedicle, which can cause venous congestion, we attempted to make the arc of the pedicle rounder. Additionally, the pedicle was skeletonized from the nasal root to the glabella to reduce the bulkiness. Results All patients had basal cell carcinoma, and 3 of them had recurrent basal cell carcinoma. All of the flaps were successful without total or partial flap loss. Two patients developed venous congestion of the flap, which was healed using medicinal leeches. Four patients developed epiphora, and 2 patients developed telecanthus. Conclusions Large defects of the medial canthus can be successfully reconstructed using ipsilateral paramedian forehead flaps. In addition, any accompanying venous congestion can be healed using medicinal leeches.
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Nikolis A, Christopoulos A, Saint-Cyr M, Cordoba C, Guertin L, Harris PG. Recurrent venous thrombosis following free flap surgery: The role of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Can J Plast Surg 2013; 11:37-40. [PMID: 24115848 DOI: 10.1177/229255030301100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Complications following free tissue transfer have been well established in the literature. Common and rare causes of free flap failure must be addressed by the treating surgeon when microvascular patency is threatened. With the evolution and prevalence of microsurgery, 'rare' causes of free flap failure will become increasingly frequent. A high index of suspicion must be established in patients with multiple failed operative interventions. A case of recurrent free flap failure secondary to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is presented in a patient with a history of squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth, and a long-standing history of alcohol and tobacco consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nikolis
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec
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22
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Rafeey M, Jabbari-Mogaddam Y. Intermittent gastrointestinal bleeding in a child: leech infestation. Iran J Pediatr 2012; 22:572-3. [PMID: 23429838 PMCID: PMC3533169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Rafeey
- Department of Pediatrics, Liver and Gastrointestinal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Corresponding Author:Address: Children Hospital, Sheshglan St., Tabriz, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Yalda Jabbari-Mogaddam
- Pediatric Health Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Mommsen J, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Mateos-Micas M, Vázquez-Bouso O, Gumbao-Grau V, Forteza-Gonzalez G. Avulsion of the auricle in an anticoagulated patient: is leeching contraindicated? A review and a case. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2012; 4:61-8. [PMID: 22655116 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1279668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amputation of the auricle is a periodic occurrence leading to disfigurement if not treated properly. Venous stasis is a common complication in reattachments and requires decongestant and anticoagulant treatment. Today, leech therapy is the treatment of choice. Common problems are that it is not available everywhere and that it is usually contraindicated in anticoagulated patients. The peculiarities of leech therapy and the various aspects of surgical management are reviewed. A case of a partial amputation of the auricle in a patient under concomitant anticoagulation therapy with warfarin is presented. The amputated part was reattached in another hospital without microvascular anastomosis. The patient presented to our department with early signs of venous congestion. Leech therapy was started 35 hours after trauma, and the patient continued his anticoagulation therapy. With this treatment, 90% of the amputated part was rescued. The anticoagulation therapy of the patient may have played an important role in the first hours after reattachment, preventing capillary thrombosis and in consequence facilitating the minimal oxygenation necessary. The claim that anticoagulation therapy is a contraindication to leeching should be questioned in cases of reattachments in well-controllable locations without arterial anastomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Mommsen
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Cirugía Maxilofacial, Tarragona, Spain
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24
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Bhandari PS, Pall SK. AN UNUSUAL CAUSE OF EPISTAXIS: A Case Report. Med J Armed Forces India 1996; 52:256-257. [PMID: 28769410 DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(17)30881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P S Bhandari
- Graded Specialist (Surgery), Military Hospital, Shimla - 171006
| | - S K Pall
- Commanding Officer, Military Hospital, Shimla - 171006
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Abstract
The ability of an erpobdellid leech, Erpobdella montezuma, to discriminate between two congeneric amphipod prey (Hyalella montezuma and Hyalella azteca) through mechanoreception was examined. Both E. montezuma and H. montezuma, a pelagic filter feeder, are endemic to the near thermally constant environment of Montezuma Well, Arizona, and form a highly specialized predator-prey relationship. In contrast, H. azteca, a benthic detritivore, is widely distributed throughout North America. Erpobdella montezuma was highly responsive to the prey signals of the endemic H. montezuma and showed only a limited response to H. azteca. An inverse relationship occurred between the frequency of attack and size of the leech. The abilities of Erpobdella punctata and Nephelopsis obscura, neither found in Montezuma Well, to detect the signals of both amphipod prey were also examined. These species with non-specialized diets showed a low response to the signals of both prey species. This study demonstrates that very close predator-prey relationships can develop over evolutionary time in isolated aquatic systems through the use of mechanoreception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean W Blinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, 86011, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Ronald W Davies
- Division of Ecology (Aquatic Ecology Group), Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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