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Terentyev VV, Trubitsina LI, Shukshina AK, Trubitsin IV, Rudenko NN. Highly Active Carbonic Anhydrase of the Thylakoid Lumen of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:55. [PMID: 39795314 PMCID: PMC11723331 DOI: 10.3390/plants14010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2024] [Revised: 12/22/2024] [Accepted: 12/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2025]
Abstract
The green unicellular algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contains 12-13 carbonic anhydrases (CAs). For a long time, the two closely related α-CAs of the periplasmic membrane CAH1 and CAH2 were considered to be the CAs with the highest CO2 hydration activity. The recombinant protein α-CA CAH3 (rCAH3) from the thylakoid lumen obtained in the present study showed more than three times higher activity compared to CAH1 and more than 11 times higher compared to previous studies with rCAH3. Long-term sustainability of the enzyme was observed at alkaline pH (>8), with maintenance of half of its activity at 4 °C for up to 50 days. Thermostability of rCAH3 indicated the retention of the activity at 20 °C for one hour at pH 9-10 with its ~50% decrease at pH 6-7. However, the residual activity of rCAH3 after incubation at an extremely high temperature (75 °C) for 15 min led to the formation of the double-hump graph with maxima at pH 6 and 9. The enzyme demonstrated high sensitivity to ethoxyzolamide and acetazolamide at nM concentrations, to Zn2+ and Cu2+ cations at 1 mM concentrations, and L-cysteine was able to completely inhibit CA activity of rCAH3 through reduction of sulfhydryl groups. Esterase activity of rCAH3 was well detected with values comparable to those of bovine CAII, but with a maximum at pH 8 instead of pH 9, which is usual for bovine CAII. The results indicated that CAH3 may be the most active CA of C. reinhardtii and that its role in the photosynthetic apparatus function could have been underestimated in previous works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily V. Terentyev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia (N.N.R.)
| | - Liubov I. Trubitsina
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (L.I.T.); (I.V.T.)
| | - Anna K. Shukshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia (N.N.R.)
| | - Ivan V. Trubitsin
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (L.I.T.); (I.V.T.)
| | - Natalia N. Rudenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia (N.N.R.)
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Youse MS, Holly KJ, Flaherty DP. Neisseria gonorrhoeae carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Enzymes 2024; 55:243-281. [PMID: 39222993 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are ubiquitous enzymes that are found in all kingdoms of life. Though different classes of CAs vary in their roles and structures, their primary function is to catalyze the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to produce bicarbonate and a proton. Neisseria gonorrhoeae encodes for three distinct CAs (NgCAs) from three different families: an α-, a β-, and a γ-isoform. This chapter details the differences between the three NgCAs, summarizing their subcellular locations, roles, essentiality, structures, and enzyme kinetics. These bacterial enzymes have the potential to be drug targets; thus, previous studies have investigated the inhibition of NgCAs-primarily the α-isoform. Therefore, the classes of inhibitors that have been shown to bind to the NgCAs will be discussed as well. These classes include traditional CA inhibitors, such as sulfonamides, phenols, and coumarins, as well as non-traditional inhibitors including anions and thiocarbamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Youse
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Katrina J Holly
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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Braun HP, Klusch N. Promotion of oxidative phosphorylation by complex I-anchored carbonic anhydrases? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:64-71. [PMID: 37599162 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial NADH-dehydrogenase complex of the respiratory chain, known as complex I, includes a carbonic anhydrase (CA) module attached to its membrane arm on the matrix side in protozoans, algae, and plants. Its physiological role is so far unclear. Recent electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) structures show that the CA module may directly provide protons for translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane at complex I. CAs can have a central role in adjusting the proton concentration in the mitochondrial matrix. We suggest that CA anchoring in complex I represents the original configuration to secure oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the context of early endosymbiosis. After development of 'modern mitochondria' with pronounced cristae structures, this anchoring became dispensable, but has been retained in protozoans, algae, and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Braun
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Niklas Klusch
- Department of Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Kupriyanova EV, Pronina NA, Los DA. Adapting from Low to High: An Update to CO 2-Concentrating Mechanisms of Cyanobacteria and Microalgae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1569. [PMID: 37050194 PMCID: PMC10096703 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular accumulation of inorganic carbon (Ci) by microalgae and cyanobacteria under ambient atmospheric CO2 levels was first documented in the 80s of the 20th Century. Hence, a third variety of the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), acting in aquatic photoautotrophs with the C3 photosynthetic pathway, was revealed in addition to the then-known schemes of CCM, functioning in CAM and C4 higher plants. Despite the low affinity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) of microalgae and cyanobacteria for the CO2 substrate and low CO2/O2 specificity, CCM allows them to perform efficient CO2 fixation in the reductive pentose phosphate (RPP) cycle. CCM is based on the coordinated operation of strategically located carbonic anhydrases and CO2/HCO3- uptake systems. This cooperation enables the intracellular accumulation of HCO3-, which is then employed to generate a high concentration of CO2 molecules in the vicinity of Rubisco's active centers compensating up for the shortcomings of enzyme features. CCM functions as an add-on to the RPP cycle while also acting as an important regulatory link in the interaction of dark and light reactions of photosynthesis. This review summarizes recent advances in the study of CCM molecular and cellular organization in microalgae and cyanobacteria, as well as the fundamental principles of its functioning and regulation.
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Rai AK, DiMario RJ, Kasili RW, Groszmann M, Cousins AB, Donze D, Moroney JV. A Rapid Method for Detecting Normal or Modified Plant and Algal Carbonic Anhydrase Activity Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11141882. [PMID: 35890517 PMCID: PMC9320139 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have attempted to improve photosynthesis by introducing components from cyanobacterial and algal CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) into terrestrial C3 plants. For these attempts to succeed, we need to understand the CCM components in more detail, especially carbonic anhydrase (CA) and bicarbonate (HCO3−) transporters. Heterologous complementation systems capable of detecting carbonic anhydrase activity (i.e., catalysis of the pH-dependent interconversion between CO2 and HCO3−) or active HCO3− transport can be of great value in the process of introducing CCM components into terrestrial C3 plants. In this study, we generated a Saccharomyces cerevisiae CA knock-out (ΔNCE103 or ΔCA) that has a high-CO2-dependent phenotype (5% (v/v) CO2 in air). CAs produce HCO3− for anaplerotic pathways in S. cerevisiae; therefore, the unavailability of HCO3− for neutral lipid biosynthesis is a limitation for the growth of ΔCA in ambient levels of CO2 (0.04% (v/v) CO2 in air). ΔCA can be complemented for growth at ambient levels of CO2 by expressing a CA from human red blood cells. ΔCA was also successfully complemented for growth at ambient levels of CO2 through the expression of CAs from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Arabidopsis thaliana. The ΔCA strain is also useful for investigating the activity of modified CAs, allowing for quick screening of modified CAs before putting them into the plants. CA activity in the complemented ΔCA strains can be probed using the Wilbur−Anderson assay and by isotope exchange membrane-inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS). Other potential uses for this new ΔCA-based screening system are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani K. Rai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (A.K.R.); (R.W.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Robert J. DiMario
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (R.J.D.); (A.B.C.)
| | - Remmy W. Kasili
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (A.K.R.); (R.W.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Michael Groszmann
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Building, 134 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Asaph B. Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (R.J.D.); (A.B.C.)
| | - David Donze
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (A.K.R.); (R.W.K.); (D.D.)
| | - James V. Moroney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (A.K.R.); (R.W.K.); (D.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Dang Y, Wei Y, Batool W, Sun X, Li X, Zhang SH. Contribution of the Mitochondrial Carbonic Anhydrase (MoCA1) to Conidiogenesis and Pathogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845570. [PMID: 35250959 PMCID: PMC8891501 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The interconversion of CO2 and HCO3− catalyzed by carbonic anhydrases (CAs) is a fundamental biochemical process in organisms. During mammalian–pathogen interaction, both host and pathogen CAs play vital roles in resistance and pathogenesis; during planta–pathogen interaction, however, plant CAs function in host resistance but whether pathogen CAs are involved in pathogenesis is unknown. Here, we biologically characterized the Magnaporthe oryzae CA (MoCA1). Through detecting the DsRED-tagged proteins, we observed the fusion MoCA1 in the mitochondria of M. oryzae. Together with the measurement of CA activity, we confirmed that MoCA1 is a mitochondrial zinc-binding CA. MoCA1 expression, upregulated with H2O2 or NaHCO3 treatment, also showed a drastic upregulation during conidiogenesis and pathogenesis. When MoCA1 was deleted, the mutant ΔMoCA1 was defective in conidiophore development and pathogenicity. 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining indicated that more H2O2 accumulated in ΔMoCA1; accordingly, ATPase genes were downregulated and ATP content decreased in ΔMoCA1. Summarily, our data proved the involvement of the mitochondrial MoCA1 in conidiogenesis and pathogenesis in the rice blast fungus. Considering the previously reported HCO3− transporter MoAE4, we propose that MoCA1 in cooperation with MoAE4 constitutes a HCO3− homeostasis-mediated disease pathway, in which MoCA1 and MoAE4 can be a drug target for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejia Dang
- Center for Extreme-Environmental Microorganisms, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Center for Extreme-Environmental Microorganisms, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wajjiha Batool
- Center for Extreme-Environmental Microorganisms, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xicen Sun
- Center for Extreme-Environmental Microorganisms, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Center for Extreme-Environmental Microorganisms, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shi-Hong Zhang
- Center for Extreme-Environmental Microorganisms, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shi-Hong Zhang,
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Rai AK, Chen T, Moroney JV. Mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases are needed for optimal photosynthesis at low CO2 levels in Chlamydomonas. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1387-1398. [PMID: 34618049 PMCID: PMC8566214 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can grow photosynthetically using CO2 or in the dark using acetate as the carbon source. In the light in air, the CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) of C. reinhardtii accumulates CO2, enhancing photosynthesis. A combination of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and bicarbonate transporters in the CCM of C. reinhardtii increases the CO2 concentration at Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) in the chloroplast pyrenoid. Previously, CAs important to the CCM have been found in the periplasmic space, surrounding the pyrenoid and inside the thylakoid lumen. Two almost identical mitochondrial CAs, CAH4 and CAH5, are also highly expressed when the CCM is made, but their role in the CCM is not understood. Here, we adopted an RNAi approach to reduce the expression of CAH4 and CAH5 to study their possible physiological functions. RNAi mutants with low expression of CAH4 and CAH5 had impaired rates of photosynthesis under ambient levels of CO2 (0.04% CO2 [v/v] in air). These strains were not able to grow at very low CO2 (<0.02% CO2 [v/v] in air), and their ability to accumulate inorganic carbon (Ci = CO2 + HCO3-) was reduced. At low CO2 concentrations, the CCM is needed to both deliver Ci to Rubisco and to minimize the leak of CO2 generated by respiration and photorespiration. We hypothesize that CAH4 and CAH5 in the mitochondria convert the CO2 released from respiration and photorespiration as well as the CO2 leaked from the chloroplast to HCO3- thus "recapturing" this potentially lost CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani K Rai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Timothy Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - James V Moroney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
- Author for communication:
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Bi YH, Du AY, Li JL, Zhou ZG. Isolation and characterization of a γ-carbonic anhydrase localized in the mitochondria of Saccharina japonica. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:129162. [PMID: 33310361 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Saccharina japonica is an ecologically and economically important seaweed that is dominant in the rocky shores of cold-temperate regions, forms the major component of productive beds, and affects marine environments. S. japonica exhibits a high photosynthetic efficiency in natural seawater with low dissolved CO2 concentration, thus suggesting the presence of its carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM). However, the genes, proteins, and pathways involved in the CCM of S. japonica have not been fully identified and characterized. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a crucial component of CCM in macroalgae. In this study, the cloning, characterization, and subcellular localization of a specific CA were described. Multisequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that this CA belonged to the gamma (Sjγ-CA) class. This enzyme has a full-length cDAN of 1370 bp, encodes a protein with 246 amino acids (aa; ca. 25.7 kDa), and contains the mitochondrial transit peptide of 16 aa and LbH_gama_CA_like domain of 159 aa that defined the γ-CA region. The Sjγ-CA was successfully expressed in E. coli BL21 and purified as an active recombinant CA. Immunogold electron microscopy and fluorescence localization illustrated that this enzyme is localized in the mitochondria, and its transcription level is up-regulated by low CO2 concentration. These findings showed that Sjγ-CA is a possible component of the CCM in S. japonica. This work is the first to report about the mtCA of macroalgae and provides a basis for further analysis on seaweed CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Conferred By Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for the Experimental Teaching of Fisheries Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - An-Ying Du
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Conferred By Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jia-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Conferred By Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhou
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences Conferred By Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Rudenko NN, Ignatova LK, Nadeeva-Zhurikova EM, Fedorchuk TP, Ivanov BN, Borisova-Mubarakshina MM. Advances in understanding the physiological role and locations of carbonic anhydrases in C3 plant cells. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:249-262. [PMID: 33118061 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The review describes the structures of plant carbonic anhydrases (CAs), enzymes catalyzing the interconversion of inorganic carbon forms and belonging to different families, as well as the interaction of inhibitors and activators of CA activity with the active sites of CAs in representatives of these families. We outline the data that shed light on the location of CAs in green cells of C3 plants, algae and angiosperms, with the emphasis on the recently obtained data. The proven and proposed functions of CAs in these organisms are listed. The possibility of the involvement of several chloroplast CAs in acceleration of the conversion of bicarbonate to CO2 and in supply of CO2 for fixation by Rubisco is particularly considered. Special attention is paid to CAs in various parts of thylakoids and to discussion about current knowledge of their possible physiological roles. The review states that, despite the significant progress in application of the mutants with suppressed CAs synthesis, the approach based on the use of the inhibitors of CA activity in some cases remains quite effective. Combination of these two approaches, namely determining the effect of CA activity inhibitors in plants with certain knocked-out CA genes, turns out to be very useful for understanding the functions of other CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N Rudenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290.
| | - Lyudmila K Ignatova
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
| | - Elena M Nadeeva-Zhurikova
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
| | - Tatiana P Fedorchuk
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
| | - Boris N Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
| | - Maria M Borisova-Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
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Polishchuk OV. Stress-Related Changes in the Expression and Activity of Plant Carbonic Anhydrases. PLANTA 2021; 253:58. [PMID: 33532871 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The data on stress-related changes in the expression and activity of plant carbonic anhydrases (CAs) suggest that they are generally upregulated at moderate stress severity. This indicates probable involvement of CAs in adaptation to drought, high salinity, heat, high light, Ci deficit, and excess bicarbonate. The changes in CA levels under cold stress are less studied and generally represented by the downregulation of CAs excepting βCA2. Excess Cd2+ and deficit of Zn2+ specifically reduce CA activity and reduce its synthesis. Probable roles of βCAs in stress adaptation include stomatal closure, ROS scavenging and partial compensation for decreased mesophyll CO2 conductance. βCAs play contrasting roles in pathogen responses, interacting with phytohormone signaling networks. Their role can be either negative or positive, probably depending on the host-pathogen system, pathogen initial titer, and levels of ·NO and ROS. It is still not clear why CAs are suppressed under severe stress levels. It should be noted, that the role of βCAs in the facilitation of CO2 diffusion and their involvement in redox signaling or ROS detoxication are potentially antagonistic, as they are inactivated by oxidation or nitrosylation. Interestingly, some chloroplastic βCAs may be relocated to the cytoplasm under stress conditions, but the physiological meaning of this effect remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Polishchuk
- Membranology and Phytochemistry Department, M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of NAS of Ukraine, 2 Tereshchenkivska Str, Kyiv, 01004, Ukraine.
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11
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Effects of inorganic carbon concentration and pH on carbonic anhydrase activity of gametophytes of Saccharina japonica. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Takeuchi T, Sears BB, Lindeboom C, Lin YT, Fekaris N, Zienkiewicz K, Zienkiewicz A, Poliner E, Benning C. Chlamydomonas CHT7 Is Required for an Effective Quiescent State by Regulating Nutrient-Responsive Cell Cycle Gene Expression. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:1240-1269. [PMID: 32001503 PMCID: PMC7145468 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
COMPROMISED HYDROLYSIS OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLS7 (CHT7) in Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) was previously shown to affect the transcription of a subset of genes during nitrogen (N)-replete growth and following N refeeding. Here, we show that an extensive derepression of genes involved in DNA metabolism and cell cycle-related processes, as well as downregulation of genes encoding oxidoreductases and nutrient transporters, occurs in the cht7 mutant during N deprivation. Cellular mutant phenotypes are consistent with the observed transcriptome misregulation, as cht7 cells fail to properly arrest growth, nuclear replication, and cell division following N deprivation. Reduction in cht7 colony formation following N refeeding is explained by its compromised viability during N deprivation and by the occurrence of abortive divisions during N refeeding. Surprisingly, the largely unstructured C-terminal half of CHT7 with predicted protein binding domains, but not the canonical CXC DNA binding domain, is essential for the ability of CHT7 to form stable complexes and reverse the cellular phenotypes and transcription levels in the cht7 mutant. Hence, although lacking the presumed DNA binding domain, CHT7 modulates the expression of cell cycle genes in response to N availability, which is essential for establishing an effective quiescent state and the coordinated resumption of growth following N refeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Takeuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Barbara B Sears
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Chase Lindeboom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Yang-Tsung Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Nicholas Fekaris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Centre of Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Centre of Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Eric Poliner
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Sun N, Han X, Xu M, Kaplan A, Espie GS, Mi H. A thylakoid-located carbonic anhydrase regulates CO 2 uptake in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:206-217. [PMID: 30383301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are involved in CO2 uptake and conversion, a fundamental process in photosynthetic organisms. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying the regulation of CO2 uptake and intracellular conversion in cyanobacteria is largely unknown. We report the characterization of a previously unrecognized thylakoid-located CA Slr0051 (EcaB) from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, which possesses CA activity to regulate CO2 uptake. Inactivation of ecaB stimulated CO2 hydration in the thylakoids, suppressed by the classical CA inhibitor acetazolamide. Absence of ecaB increased the reduced state of the photosynthetic electron transport system, lowered the rate of photosynthetic O2 evolution at high light (HL) and pH, and decreased the cellular affinity for extracellular inorganic carbon. Furthermore, EcaB was upregulated in cells grown at limiting CO2 concentration or HL in tandem with CupA. EcaB is mainly located in the thylakoid membranes where it interacts with CupA and CupB involved in CO2 uptake by converting it to bicarbonate. We propose that modulation of the EcaB level and activity in response to CO2 changes, illumination or pH reversibly regulates its conversion to HCO3 by the two CO2 -uptake systems (CupA, CupB), dissipating the excess HCO3- and alleviating photoinhibition, and thereby optimizes photosynthesis, especially under HL and alkaline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xunling Han
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Aaron Kaplan
- Department Plant and Environmental Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - George S Espie
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Hualing Mi
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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14
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Kolbe AR, Studer AJ, Cornejo OE, Cousins AB. Insights from transcriptome profiling on the non-photosynthetic and stomatal signaling response of maize carbonic anhydrase mutants to low CO 2. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:138. [PMID: 30767781 PMCID: PMC6377783 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes the hydration of CO2 in the first biochemical step of C4 photosynthesis, and has been considered a potentially rate-limiting step when CO2 availability within a leaf is low. Previous work in Zea mays (maize) with a double knockout of the two highest-expressed β-CA genes, CA1 and CA2, reduced total leaf CA activity to less than 3% of wild-type. Surprisingly, this did not limit photosynthesis in maize at ambient or higher CO2concentrations. However, the ca1ca2 mutants exhibited reduced rates of photosynthesis at sub-ambient CO2, and accumulated less biomass when grown under sub-ambient CO2 (9.2 Pa). To further clarify the importance of CA for C4 photosynthesis, we assessed gene expression changes in wild-type, ca1 and ca1ca2 mutants in response to changes in pCO2 from 920 to 9.2 Pa. RESULTS Leaf samples from each genotype were collected for RNA-seq analysis at high CO2 and at two time points after the low CO2 transition, in order to identify early and longer-term responses to CO2 deprivation. Despite the existence of multiple isoforms of CA, no other CA genes were upregulated in CA mutants. Although photosynthetic genes were downregulated in response to low CO2, differential expression was not observed between genotypes. However, multiple indicators of carbon starvation were present in the mutants, including amino acid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and sugar signaling. In particular, multiple genes previously implicated in low carbon stress such as asparagine synthetase, amino acid transporters, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, as well as many transcription factors, were strongly upregulated. Furthermore, genes in the CO2 stomatal signaling pathway were differentially expressed in the CA mutants under low CO2. CONCLUSIONS Using a transcriptomic approach, we showed that carbonic anhydrase mutants do not compensate for the lack of CA activity by upregulating other CA or photosynthetic genes, but rather experienced extreme carbon stress when grown under low CO2. Our results also support a role for CA in the CO2 stomatal signaling pathway. This study provides insight into the importance of CA for C4 photosynthesis and its role in stomatal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Kolbe
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Anthony J. Studer
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Omar E. Cornejo
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Asaph B. Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
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15
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Razzak MA, Lee J, Lee DW, Kim JH, Yoon HS, Hwang I. Expression of seven carbonic anhydrases in red alga Gracilariopsis chorda and their subcellular localization in a heterologous system, Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:147-159. [PMID: 30446790 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Red alga, Gracilariopsis chorda, contains seven carbonic anhydrases that can be grouped into α-, β- and γ-classes. Carbonic anhydrases (CAHs) are metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2. These enzymes are present in all living organisms and play roles in various cellular processes, including photosynthesis. In this study, we identified seven CAH genes (GcCAHs) from the genome sequence of the red alga Gracilariopsis chorda and characterized them at the molecular, cellular and biochemical levels. Based on sequence analysis, these seven isoforms were categorized into four α-class, one β-class, and two γ-class isoforms. RNA sequencing revealed that of the seven CAHs isoforms, six genes were expressed in G. chorda in light at room temperature. In silico analysis revealed that these seven isoforms localized to multiple subcellular locations such as the ER, mitochondria and cytosol. When expressed as green fluorescent protein fusions in protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana leaf cells, these seven isoforms showed multiple localization patterns. The four α-class GcCAHs with an N-terminal hydrophobic leader sequence localized to the ER and two of them were further targeted to the vacuole. GcCAHβ1 with no noticeable signal sequence localized to the cytosol. The two γ-class GcCAHs also localized to the cytosol, despite the presence of a predicted presequence. Based on these results, we propose that the red alga G. chorda also employs multiple CAH isoforms for various cellular processes such as photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdur Razzak
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - JunMo Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, South Korea
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, South Korea
| | - Hwan Su Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
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16
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Aspatwar A, Haapanen S, Parkkila S. An Update on the Metabolic Roles of Carbonic Anhydrases in the Model Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Metabolites 2018. [PMID: 29534024 PMCID: PMC5876011 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metalloenzymes that are omnipresent in nature. CAs catalyze the basic reaction of the reversible hydration of CO2 to HCO3− and H+ in all living organisms. Photosynthetic organisms contain six evolutionarily different classes of CAs, which are namely: α-CAs, β-CAs, γ-CAs, δ-CAs, ζ-CAs, and θ-CAs. Many of the photosynthetic organisms contain multiple isoforms of each CA family. The model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contains 15 CAs belonging to three different CA gene families. Of these 15 CAs, three belong to the α-CA gene family; nine belong to the β-CA gene family; and three belong to the γ-CA gene family. The multiple copies of the CAs in each gene family may be due to gene duplications within the particular CA gene family. The CAs of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are localized in different subcellular compartments of this unicellular alga. The presence of a large number of CAs and their diverse subcellular localization within a single cell suggests the importance of these enzymes in the metabolic and biochemical roles they perform in this unicellular alga. In the present review, we update the information on the molecular biology of all 15 CAs and their metabolic and biochemical roles in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We also present a hypothetical model showing the known functions of CAs and predicting the functions of CAs for which precise metabolic roles are yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Susanna Haapanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.
- Fimlab, Ltd., and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
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17
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Zhan Y, Marchand CH, Maes A, Mauries A, Sun Y, Dhaliwal JS, Uniacke J, Arragain S, Jiang H, Gold ND, Martin VJJ, Lemaire SD, Zerges W. Pyrenoid functions revealed by proteomics in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0185039. [PMID: 29481573 PMCID: PMC5826530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Organelles are intracellular compartments which are themselves compartmentalized. Biogenic and metabolic processes are localized to specialized domains or microcompartments to enhance their efficiency and suppress deleterious side reactions. An example of intra-organellar compartmentalization is the pyrenoid in the chloroplasts of algae and hornworts. This microcompartment enhances the photosynthetic CO2-fixing activity of the Calvin-Benson cycle enzyme Rubisco, suppresses an energetically wasteful oxygenase activity of Rubisco, and mitigates limiting CO2 availability in aquatic environments. Hence, the pyrenoid is functionally analogous to the carboxysomes in cyanobacteria. However, a comprehensive analysis of pyrenoid functions based on its protein composition is lacking. Here we report a proteomic characterization of the pyrenoid in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Pyrenoid-enriched fractions were analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry. Contaminant proteins were identified by parallel analyses of pyrenoid-deficient mutants. This pyrenoid proteome contains 190 proteins, many of which function in processes that are known or proposed to occur in pyrenoids: e.g. the carbon concentrating mechanism, starch metabolism or RNA metabolism and translation. Using radioisotope pulse labeling experiments, we show that pyrenoid-associated ribosomes could be engaged in the localized synthesis of the large subunit of Rubisco. New pyrenoid functions are supported by proteins in tetrapyrrole and chlorophyll synthesis, carotenoid metabolism or amino acid metabolism. Hence, our results support the long-standing hypothesis that the pyrenoid is a hub for metabolism. The 81 proteins of unknown function reveal candidates for new participants in these processes. Our results provide biochemical evidence of pyrenoid functions and a resource for future research on pyrenoids and their use to enhance agricultural plant productivity. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD004509.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhan
- Department of Biology & Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christophe H. Marchand
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Maes
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Mauries
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Biology & Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James S. Dhaliwal
- Department of Biology & Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James Uniacke
- Department of Biology & Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon Arragain
- Department of Biology & Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Heng Jiang
- Department of Biology & Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicholas D. Gold
- Department of Biology & Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent J. J. Martin
- Department of Biology & Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphane D. Lemaire
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (SDL); (WZ)
| | - William Zerges
- Department of Biology & Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail: (SDL); (WZ)
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18
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Rademacher N, Wrobel TJ, Rossoni AW, Kurz S, Bräutigam A, Weber APM, Eisenhut M. Transcriptional response of the extremophile red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae to changes in CO 2 concentrations. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 217:49-56. [PMID: 28705662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cyanidioschyzon merolae (C. merolae) is an acidophilic red alga growing in a naturally low carbon dioxide (CO2) environment. Although it uses a ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase with high affinity for CO2, the survival of C. merolae relies on functional photorespiratory metabolism. In this study, we quantified the transcriptomic response of C. merolae to changes in CO2 conditions. We found distinct changes upon shifts between CO2 conditions, such as a concerted up-regulation of photorespiratory genes and responses to carbon starvation. We used the transcriptome data set to explore a hypothetical CO2 concentrating mechanism in C. merolae, based on the assumption that photorespiratory genes and possible candidate genes involved in a CO2 concentrating mechanism are co-expressed. A putative bicarbonate transport protein and two α-carbonic anhydrases were identified, which showed enhanced transcript levels under reduced CO2 conditions. Genes encoding enzymes of a PEPCK-type C4 pathway were co-regulated with the photorespiratory gene cluster. We propose a model of a hypothetical low CO2 compensation mechanism in C. merolae integrating these low CO2-inducible components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Rademacher
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas J Wrobel
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alessandro W Rossoni
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Samantha Kurz
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marion Eisenhut
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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19
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Jeon H, Jeong J, Baek K, McKie-Krisberg Z, Polle JE, Jin E. Identification of the carbonic anhydrases from the unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina strain CCAP 19/18. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Rudenko NN, Ignatova LK, Fedorchuk TP, Ivanov BN. Carbonic anhydrases in photosynthetic cells of higher plants. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:674-87. [PMID: 26531014 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915060048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review presents information about carbonic anhydrases, enzymes catalyzing the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions. The families of carbonic anhydrases are described, and data concerning the presence of their representatives in organisms of different classes, and especially in the higher plants, are considered. Proven and hypothetical functions of carbonic anhydrases in living organisms are listed. Particular attention is given to those functions of the enzyme that are relevant to photosynthetic reactions. These functions in algae are briefly described. Data about probable functions of carbonic anhydrases in plasma membrane, mitochondria, and chloroplast stroma of higher plants are discussed. Update concerning carbonic anhydrases in chloroplast thylakoids of higher plants, i.e. their quantity and possible participation in photosynthetic reactions, is given in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Rudenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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21
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Esperanza M, Seoane M, Rioboo C, Herrero C, Cid Á. Early alterations on photosynthesis-related parameters in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells exposed to atrazine: A multiple approach study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 554-555:237-245. [PMID: 26950638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells were exposed to a sublethal concentration of the widespread herbicide atrazine for 3h. Physiological cellular parameters, such as chlorophyll a fluorescence and oxidative stress monitored by flow cytometry and pigments levels were altered in microalgal cells exposed to 0.25 μM of atrazine. Furthermore, the effects of this herbicide on C. reinhardtii were explored using "omics" techniques. Transcriptomic analyses, carried out by RNA-Seq technique, displayed 9 differentially expressed genes, related to photosynthesis, between control cultures and atrazine exposed cultures. Proteomic profiles were obtained using iTRAQ tags and MALDI-MS/MS analysis, identifying important changes in the proteome during atrazine stress; 5 proteins related to photosynthesis were downexpressed. The results of these experiments advance the understanding of photosynthetic adjustments that occur during an early herbicide exposure. Inhibition of photosynthesis induced by atrazine toxicity will affect the entire physiological and biochemical states of microalgal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Esperanza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta Seoane
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carmen Rioboo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Concepción Herrero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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22
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Xiao L, Lian B, Dong C, Liu F. The selective expression of carbonic anhydrase genes of Aspergillus nidulans in response to changes in mineral nutrition and CO2 concentration. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:60-9. [PMID: 26553629 PMCID: PMC4767425 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) plays an important role in the formation and evolution of life. However, to our knowledge, there has been no report on CA isoenzyme function differentiation in fungi. Two different CA gene sequences in Aspergillus nidulans with clear genetic background provide us a favorable basis for studying function differentiation of CA isoenzymes. Heterologously expressed CA1 was used to test its weathering ability on silicate minerals and real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect expression of the CA1 and CA2 genes at different CO2 concentrations and in the presence of different potassium sources. The northern blot method was applied to confirm the result of CA1 gene expression. Heterologously expressed CA1 significantly promoted dissolution of biotite and wollastonite, and CA1 gene expression increased significantly in response to soluble K-deficiency. The northern blot test further showed that CA1 participated in K-feldspar weathering. In addition, the results showed that CA2 was primary involved in adapting to CO2 concentration change. Taken together, A. nidulans can choose different CA to meet their survival needs, which imply that some environmental microbes have evolved different CAs to adapt to changes in CO2 concentration and acquire mineral nutrition so that they can better adapt to environmental changes. Inversely, their adaption may impact mineral weathering and/or CO2 concentration, and even global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional GenomicsJiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for MicrobiologyCollege of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjing210023China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological RemediationYantai Institute of Coastal Zone ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesYantai264003China
| | - Bin Lian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional GenomicsJiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for MicrobiologyCollege of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjing210023China
| | - Cuiling Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional GenomicsJiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for MicrobiologyCollege of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjing210023China
| | - Fanghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological RemediationYantai Institute of Coastal Zone ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesYantai264003China
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23
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Wang Y, Stessman DJ, Spalding MH. The CO2 concentrating mechanism and photosynthetic carbon assimilation in limiting CO2 : how Chlamydomonas works against the gradient. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:429-448. [PMID: 25765072 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) represents an effective strategy for carbon acquisition that enables microalgae to survive and proliferate when the CO2 concentration limits photosynthesis. The CCM improves photosynthetic performance by raising the CO2 concentration at the site of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), simultaneously enhancing carbon fixation and suppressing photorespiration. Active inorganic carbon (Ci) uptake, Rubisco sequestration and interconversion between different Ci species catalyzed by carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are key components in the CCM, and an array of molecular regulatory elements is present to facilitate the sensing of CO2 availability, to regulate the expression of the CCM and to coordinate interplay between photosynthetic carbon metabolism and other metabolic processes in response to limiting CO2 conditions. This review intends to integrate our current understanding of the eukaryotic algal CCM and its interaction with carbon assimilation, based largely on Chlamydomonas as a model, and to illustrate how Chlamydomonas acclimates to limiting CO2 conditions and how its CCM is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Wang
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Dan J Stessman
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Martin H Spalding
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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24
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Benlloch R, Shevela D, Hainzl T, Grundström C, Shutova T, Messinger J, Samuelsson G, Sauer-Eriksson AE. Crystal structure and functional characterization of photosystem II-associated carbonic anhydrase CAH3 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:950-62. [PMID: 25617045 PMCID: PMC4348767 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In oxygenic photosynthesis, light energy is stored in the form of chemical energy by converting CO2 and water into carbohydrates. The light-driven oxidation of water that provides the electrons and protons for the subsequent CO2 fixation takes place in photosystem II (PSII). Recent studies show that in higher plants, HCO3 (-) increases PSII activity by acting as a mobile acceptor of the protons produced by PSII. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a luminal carbonic anhydrase, CrCAH3, was suggested to improve proton removal from PSII, possibly by rapid reformation of HCO3 (-) from CO2. In this study, we investigated the interplay between PSII and CrCAH3 by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and x-ray crystallography. Membrane inlet mass spectrometry measurements showed that CrCAH3 was most active at the slightly acidic pH values prevalent in the thylakoid lumen under illumination. Two crystal structures of CrCAH3 in complex with either acetazolamide or phosphate ions were determined at 2.6- and 2.7-Å resolution, respectively. CrCAH3 is a dimer at pH 4.1 that is stabilized by swapping of the N-terminal arms, a feature not previously observed in α-type carbonic anhydrases. The structure contains a disulfide bond, and redox titration of CrCAH3 function with dithiothreitol suggested a possible redox regulation of the enzyme. The stimulating effect of CrCAH3 and CO2/HCO3 (-) on PSII activity was demonstrated by comparing the flash-induced oxygen evolution pattern of wild-type and CrCAH3-less PSII preparations. We showed that CrCAH3 has unique structural features that allow this enzyme to maximize PSII activity at low pH and CO2 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Benlloch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology (R.B) and Department of Plant Physiology (T.S., G.S.), Umeå Plant Science Centre, and Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Biology Centre (D.S., T.H., C.G., J.M., A.E.S.-E.), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - Dmitriy Shevela
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology (R.B) and Department of Plant Physiology (T.S., G.S.), Umeå Plant Science Centre, and Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Biology Centre (D.S., T.H., C.G., J.M., A.E.S.-E.), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - Tobias Hainzl
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology (R.B) and Department of Plant Physiology (T.S., G.S.), Umeå Plant Science Centre, and Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Biology Centre (D.S., T.H., C.G., J.M., A.E.S.-E.), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - Christin Grundström
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology (R.B) and Department of Plant Physiology (T.S., G.S.), Umeå Plant Science Centre, and Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Biology Centre (D.S., T.H., C.G., J.M., A.E.S.-E.), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - Tatyana Shutova
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology (R.B) and Department of Plant Physiology (T.S., G.S.), Umeå Plant Science Centre, and Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Biology Centre (D.S., T.H., C.G., J.M., A.E.S.-E.), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology (R.B) and Department of Plant Physiology (T.S., G.S.), Umeå Plant Science Centre, and Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Biology Centre (D.S., T.H., C.G., J.M., A.E.S.-E.), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - Göran Samuelsson
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology (R.B) and Department of Plant Physiology (T.S., G.S.), Umeå Plant Science Centre, and Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Biology Centre (D.S., T.H., C.G., J.M., A.E.S.-E.), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - A Elisabeth Sauer-Eriksson
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology (R.B) and Department of Plant Physiology (T.S., G.S.), Umeå Plant Science Centre, and Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Biology Centre (D.S., T.H., C.G., J.M., A.E.S.-E.), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden
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Zolfaghari Emameh R, Barker H, Tolvanen MEE, Ortutay C, Parkkila S. Bioinformatic analysis of beta carbonic anhydrase sequences from protozoans and metazoans. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:38. [PMID: 24447594 PMCID: PMC3907363 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the high prevalence of parasitic infections, and their impact on global health and economy, the number of drugs available to treat them is extremely limited. As a result, the potential consequences of large-scale resistance to any existing drugs are a major concern. A number of recent investigations have focused on the effects of potential chemical inhibitors on bacterial and fungal carbonic anhydrases. Among the five classes of carbonic anhydrases (alpha, beta, gamma, delta and zeta), beta carbonic anhydrases have been reported in most species of bacteria, yeasts, algae, plants, and particular invertebrates (nematodes and insects). To date, there has been a lack of knowledge on the expression and molecular structure of beta carbonic anhydrases in metazoan (nematodes and arthropods) and protozoan species. Methods Here, the identification of novel beta carbonic anhydrases was based on the presence of the highly-conserved amino acid sequence patterns of the active site. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on codon-aligned DNA sequences. Subcellular localization prediction for each identified invertebrate beta carbonic anhydrase was performed using the TargetP webserver. Results We verified a total of 75 beta carbonic anhydrase sequences in metazoan and protozoan species by proteome-wide searches and multiple sequence alignment. Of these, 52 were novel, and contained highly conserved amino acid residues, which are inferred to form the active site in beta carbonic anhydrases. Mitochondrial targeting peptide analysis revealed that 31 enzymes are predicted with mitochondrial localization; one was predicted to be a secretory enzyme, and the other 43 were predicted to have other undefined cellular localizations. Conclusions These investigations identified 75 beta carbonic anhydrases in metazoan and protozoan species, and among them there were 52 novel sequences that were not previously annotated as beta carbonic anhydrases. Our results will not only change the current information in proteomics and genomics databases, but will also suggest novel targets for drugs against parasites.
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Bykova NV, Møller IM, Gardeström P, Igamberdiev AU. The function of glycine decarboxylase complex is optimized to maintain high photorespiratory flux via buffering of its reaction products. Mitochondrion 2014; 19 Pt B:357-64. [PMID: 24444663 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of glycine in photorespiratory pathway is the major flux through mitochondria of C3 plants in the light. It sustains increased intramitochondrial concentrations of NADH and NADPH, which are required to engage the internal rotenone-insensitive NAD(P)H dehydrogenases and the alternative oxidase. We discuss here possible mechanisms of high photorespiratory flux maintenance in mitochondria and suggest that it is fulfilled under conditions where the concentrations of glycine decarboxylase reaction products NADH and CO2 achieve an equilibrium provided by malate dehydrogenase and carbonic anhydrase, respectively. This results in the removal of these products from the glycine decarboxylase multienzyme active sites and in the maintenance of their concentrations at levels sufficiently low to prevent substrate inhibition of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Bykova
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2M9, Canada
| | - Ian M Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Per Gardeström
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, University of Umeå, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada.
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Abstract
The β-carbonic anhydrases (β-CAs) are a structurally distinct family of carbonic anhydrase that is widely distributed in microorganisms, algae, plants, and invertebrates. Like all carbonic anhydrases, β-CAs catalyze the reaction CO2 + H2O ⇆ HCO3 (-) + H(+), and is typically associated with other enzymes that produce or utilize CO2 or HCO3 (-). β-CA is required for normal growth for many organisms. Unique among the five different families of carbonic anhydrases, β-CA is the only family of carbonic anhydrase to exhibit allostery. This chapter summarizes the structure, catalytic mechanism, and allosteric regulation of β-CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Rowlett
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA,
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Abstract
The carbonic anhydrases (CAs) (or carbonate dehydratases) form a family of metalloenzymes that catalyze the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons (or vice versa), a reversible reaction that occurs rather slowly in the absence of a catalyst. The β-CAs have been characterized in a high number of human pathogens, such as the fungi/yeasts Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the bacteria Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Haemophilus influenzae, Brucella suis, and Streptococcus pneumonia. The β-CAs in microorganisms provide physiological concentration of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate (CO2/HCO3-) for their growth. Inhibition of β-CAs from the pathogenic microorganism is recently being explored as a novel pharmacological target to treat infections caused by the these organisms. The present study aimed to establish a relationship between the β-CAs inhibitory activity for structurally related sulphonamide derivatives and the physicochemical descriptors in quantitative terms. The statistically validated two-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (2D QSAR) model was obtained through multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis method using Vlife molecular design suits (MDS). Five descriptors showing positive and negative correlation with the β-CAs inhibitory activity have been included in the model. This validated 2D QSAR model may be used to design sulfonamide derivatives with better inhibitory properties.
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Fukuzawa H, Ogawa T, Kaplan A. The Uptake of CO2 by Cyanobacteria and Microalgae. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1579-0_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Yamano T, Fujita A, Fukuzawa H. Photosynthetic characteristics of a multicellular green alga Volvox carteri in response to external CO2 levels possibly regulated by CCM1/CIA5 ortholog. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2011; 109:151-159. [PMID: 21253860 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
When CO(2) supply is limited, aquatic photosynthetic organisms induce a CO(2)-concentrating mechanism (CCM) and acclimate to the CO(2)-limiting environment. Although the CCM is well studied in unicellular green algae such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, physiological aspects of the CCM and its associated genes in multicellular algae are poorly understood. In this study, by measuring photosynthetic affinity for CO(2), we present physiological data in support of a CCM in a multicellular green alga, Volvox carteri. The low-CO(2)-grown Volvox cells showed much higher affinity for inorganic carbon compared with high-CO(2)-grown cells. Addition of ethoxyzolamide, a membrane-permeable carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, to the culture remarkably reduced the photosynthetic affinity of low-CO(2) grown Volvox cells, indicating that an intracellular carbonic anhydrase contributed to the Volvox CCM. We also isolated a gene encoding a protein orthologous to CCM1/CIA5, a master regulator of the CCM in Chlamydomonas, from Volvox carteri. Volvox CCM1 encoded a protein with 701 amino acid residues showing 51.1% sequence identity with Chlamydomonas CCM1. Comparison of Volvox and Chlamydomonas CCM1 revealed a highly conserved N-terminal region containing zinc-binding amino acid residues, putative nuclear localization and export signals, and a C-terminal region containing a putative LXXLL protein-protein interaction motif. Based on these results, we discuss the physiological and genetic aspects of the CCM in Chlamydomonas and Volvox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Moroney JV, Ma Y, Frey WD, Fusilier KA, Pham TT, Simms TA, DiMario RJ, Yang J, Mukherjee B. The carbonic anhydrase isoforms of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: intracellular location, expression, and physiological roles. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2011; 109:133-49. [PMID: 21365258 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic photosynthetic organisms, such as the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, respond to low CO(2) conditions by inducing a CO(2) concentrating mechanism (CCM). Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are important components of the CCM. CAs are zinc-containing metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO(2) and HCO(3)(-). In C. reinhardtii, there are at least 12 genes that encode CA isoforms, including three alpha, six beta, and three gamma or gamma-like CAs. The expression of the three alpha and six beta genes has been measured from cells grown on elevated CO(2) (having no active CCM) versus cells growing on low levels of CO(2) (with an active CCM) using northern blots, differential hybridization to DNA chips and quantitative RT-PCR. Recent RNA-seq profiles add to our knowledge of the expression of all of the CA genes. In addition, protein content for some of the CA isoforms was estimated using antibodies corresponding to the specific CA isoforms: CAH1/2, CAH3, CAH4/5, CAH6, and CAH7. The intracellular location of each of the CA isoforms was elucidated using immunolocalization and cell fractionation techniques. Combining these results with previous studies using CA mutant strains, we will discuss possible physiological roles of the CA isoforms concentrating on how these CAs might contribute to the acquisition and retention of CO(2) in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Moroney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Tachibana M, Allen AE, Kikutani S, Endo Y, Bowler C, Matsuda Y. Localization of putative carbonic anhydrases in two marine diatoms, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira pseudonana. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2011; 109:205-21. [PMID: 21365259 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
It is believed that intracellular carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are essential components of carbon concentrating mechanisms in microalgae. In this study, putative CA-encoding genes were identified in the genome sequences of the marine diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira pseudonana. Subsequently, the subcellular localizations of the encoded proteins were determined. Nine and thirteen CA sequences were found in the genomes of P. tricornutum and T. pseudonana, respectively. Two of the β-CA genes in P. tricornutum corresponded to ptca1 and ptca2 identified previously. Immunostaining transmission electron microscopy of a PtCA1:YFP fusion expressed in the cells of P. tricornutum clearly showed the localization of PtCA1 within the central part of the pyrenoid structure in the chloroplast. Besides these two β-CA genes, P. tricornutum likely contains five α- and two γ-CA genes, whereas T. pseudonana has three α-, five γ-, four δ-, and one ζ-CA genes. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR performed on mRNA from the two diatoms grown in changing light and CO(2) conditions revealed that levels of six putative α- and γ-CA mRNAs in P. tricornutum did not change between cells grown in air-level CO(2) and 5% CO(2). However, mRNA levels of one putative α-CA gene, CA-VII in P. tricornutum, were reduced in the dark compared to that in the light. In T. pseudonana, mRNA accumulation levels of putative α-CA (CA-1), ζ-CA (CA-3) and δ-CA (CA-7) were analyzed and all levels found to be significantly reduced when cells were grown in 0.16% CO(2). Intercellular localizations of eight putative CAs were analyzed by expressing GFP fusion in P. tricornutum and T. pseudonana. In P. tricornutum, CA-I and II localized in the periplastidial compartment, CA-III, VI, VII were found in the chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum, and CA-VIII was localized in the mitochondria. On the other hand, T. pseudonana CA-1 localized in the stroma and CA-3 was found in the periplasm. These results suggest that CAs are constitutively present in the four chloroplastic membrane systems in P. tricornutum and that CO(2) responsive CAs occur in the pyrenoid of P. tricornutum, and in the stroma and periplasm of T. pseudonana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Tachibana
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University,Sanda, Hyogo, Japan
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Tsikou D, Stedel C, Kouri ED, Udvardi MK, Wang TL, Katinakis P, Labrou NE, Flemetakis E. Characterization of two novel nodule-enhanced α-type carbonic anhydrases from Lotus japonicus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1814:496-504. [PMID: 21256984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two cDNA clones coding for α-type carbonic anhydrases (CA; EC 4.2.1.1) in the nitrogen-fixing nodules of the model legume Lotus japonicus were identified. Functionality of the full-length proteins was confirmed by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and purification of the encoded polypeptides. The developmental expression pattern of LjCAA1 and LjCAA2 revealed that both genes code for nodule enhanced carbonic anhydrase isoforms, which are induced early during nodule development. The genes were slightly to moderately down-regulated in ineffective nodules formed by mutant Mesorhizobium loti strains, indicating that these genes may also be involved in biochemical and physiological processes not directly linked to nitrogen fixation/assimilation. The spatial expression profiling revealed that both genes were expressed in nodule inner cortical cells, vascular bundles and central tissue. These results are discussed in the context of the possible roles of CA in nodule carbon dioxide (CO(2)) metabolism.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Carbonic Anhydrases/chemistry
- Carbonic Anhydrases/genetics
- Carbonic Anhydrases/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Enzyme Assays
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Lotus/cytology
- Lotus/enzymology
- Lotus/genetics
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Root Nodules, Plant/cytology
- Root Nodules, Plant/enzymology
- Root Nodules, Plant/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Up-Regulation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Tsikou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
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Roussel MR, Igamberdiev AU. Dynamics and mechanisms of oscillatory photosynthesis. Biosystems 2011; 103:230-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2010.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Renberg L, Johansson AI, Shutova T, Stenlund H, Aksmann A, Raven JA, Gardeström P, Moritz T, Samuelsson G. A metabolomic approach to study major metabolite changes during acclimation to limiting CO2 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:187-96. [PMID: 20634393 PMCID: PMC2938146 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.157651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-time of flight technique, we determined major metabolite changes during induction of the carbon-concentrating mechanism in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In total, 128 metabolites with significant differences between high- and low-CO(2)-grown cells were detected, of which 82 were wholly or partially identified, including amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. In a 24-h time course experiment, we show that the amino acids serine and phenylalanine increase transiently while aspartate and glutamate decrease after transfer to low CO(2). The biggest differences were typically observed 3 h after transfer to low-CO(2) conditions. Therefore, we made a careful metabolomic examination at the 3-h time point, comparing low-CO(2) treatment to high-CO(2) control. Five metabolites involved in photorespiration, 11 amino acids, and one lipid were increased, while six amino acids and, interestingly, 21 lipids were significantly lower. Our conclusion is that the metabolic pattern during early induction of the carbon-concentrating mechanism fit a model where photorespiration is increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Göran Samuelsson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (L.R., T.S., P.G., G.S.), and Department of Chemistry (H.S.), Umeå University, SE 90187 Umea, Sweden; Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 90183 Umea, Sweden (A.I.J., T.M.); Department of Plant Physiology, University of Gdańsk, 81–378 Gdynia, Poland (A.A.); Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (J.A.R.)
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Lee SW, Park SB, Jeong SK, Lim KS, Lee SH, Trachtenberg MC. On carbon dioxide storage based on biomineralization strategies. Micron 2010; 41:273-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mathy G, Cardol P, Dinant M, Blomme A, Gérin S, Cloes M, Ghysels B, DePauw E, Leprince P, Remacle C, Sluse-Goffart C, Franck F, Matagne RF, Sluse FE. Proteomic and Functional Characterization of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Mutant Lacking the Mitochondrial Alternative Oxidase 1. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:2825-38. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900866e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Mathy
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre Cardol
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Monique Dinant
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Blomme
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Gérin
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Marie Cloes
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Bart Ghysels
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Edwin DePauw
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre Leprince
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Claire Remacle
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Claudine Sluse-Goffart
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Franck
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - René F. Matagne
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Francis E. Sluse
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
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Chloroplast DnaJ-like proteins 3 and 4 (CDJ3/4) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contain redox-active Fe–S clusters and interact with stromal HSP70B. Biochem J 2010; 427:205-15. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20091412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we report on the identification and characterization of three novel chloroplast-targeted DnaJ-like proteins CDJ3–5, which in addition to their J-domains contain bacterial-type ferredoxin domains. In sequence databases we could identify homologues of CDJ3–5 in green algae, moss and higher plants, but not in cyanobacteria. Phylogenetic analyses allowed us to distinguish two clades containing CDJ3/4 and CDJ5 that must have diverged early in the ancestor of the ‘green lineage’ and have further diversified later on. Molecular and biochemical analysis of CDJ3 and CDJ4 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii revealed that both proteins are weakly expressed and appear to be localized to the stroma and to thylakoid membranes respectively. The low transcript levels of the CDJ3 and CDJ4 genes declined even further in the initial phase of heat shock, but CDJ3 transcript levels strongly increased after a dark-to-light shift. Accordingly, the Arabidopsis orthologue of CDJ5 was also found to be light-inducible and to be under strong circadian control. CDJ3 and CDJ4 proteins could both be expressed in Escherichia coli and had redox-active Fe–S clusters. In vitro cross-linking studies demonstrated that CDJ3 and CDJ4 interact with chloroplast ATP-bound HSP70B (heat-shock protein 70B), presumably as dimers, and immunoprecipitation studies showed that CDJ3/4 were also in a complex with HSP70B in Chlamydomonas cell extracts. Finally, CDJ3 was found in complexes with apparent molecular masses of approx. 550–2800 kDa, which appeared to contain RNA. We speculate that the CDJ3–5 proteins might represent redox switches that act by recruiting HSP70B for the reorganization of regulatory protein complexes.
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Wienkoop S, Weiß J, May P, Kempa S, Irgang S, Recuenco-Munoz L, Pietzke M, Schwemmer T, Rupprecht J, Egelhofer V, Weckwerth W. Targeted proteomics for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii combined with rapid subcellular protein fractionation, metabolomics and metabolic flux analyses. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:1018-31. [DOI: 10.1039/b920913a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Martin V, Villarreal F, Miras I, Navaza A, Haouz A, González-Lebrero RM, Kaufman SB, Zabaleta E. Recombinant plant gamma carbonic anhydrase homotrimers bind inorganic carbon. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:3425-30. [PMID: 19808034 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Gamma carbonic anhydrases (gammaCA) are widespread in Prokaryotes. In Eukaryotes, homologous genes were found only in plant genomes. In Arabidopsis and maize, the corresponding gene products are subunits of mitochondrial Complex I. At present, only gammaCA homotrimers of Methanosarcina thermophila (CAM) show reversible carbon dioxide (CO(2)) hydration activity. In the present work, it is shown that recombinant plant gammaCA2 could form homotrimers and bind H(14)CO(3)(-). However, they are unable to catalyse the reversible hydration of CO(2). These results suggest that plant gammaCAs do not act as carbonic anhydrases but with a related activity possibly contributing to recycle CO(2) in the context of photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Martin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), CC 1245, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Rowlett RS. Structure and catalytic mechanism of the beta-carbonic anhydrases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1804:362-73. [PMID: 19679201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The beta-carbonic anhydrases (beta-CAs) are a diverse but structurally related group of zinc-metalloenzymes found in eubacteria, plant chloroplasts, red and green algae, and in the Archaea. The enzyme catalyzes the rapid interconversion of CO(2) and H(2)O to HCO(3)(-) and H(+), and is believed to be associated with metabolic enzymes that consume or produce CO(2) or HCO(3)(-). For many organisms, beta-CA is essential for growth at atmospheric concentrations of CO(2). Of the five evolutionarily distinct classes of carbonic anhydrase, beta-CA is the only one known to exhibit allosterism. Here we review the structure and catalytic mechanism of beta-CA, including the structural basis for allosteric regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Rowlett
- Colgate University, Department of Chemistry, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA.
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Elleuche S, Pöggeler S. Beta-carbonic anhydrases play a role in fruiting body development and ascospore germination in the filamentous fungus Sordaria macrospora. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5177. [PMID: 19365544 PMCID: PMC2664464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) is among the most important gases for all organisms. Its reversible interconversion to bicarbonate (HCO(3) (-)) reaches equilibrium spontaneously, but slowly, and can be accelerated by a ubiquitous group of enzymes called carbonic anhydrases (CAs). These enzymes are grouped by their distinct structural features into alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta- and zeta-classes. While physiological functions of mammalian, prokaryotic, plant and algal CAs have been extensively studied over the past years, the role of beta-CAs in yeasts and the human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans has been elucidated only recently, and the function of CAs in multicellular filamentous ascomycetes is mostly unknown. To assess the role of CAs in the development of filamentous ascomycetes, the function of three genes, cas1, cas2 and cas3 (carbonic anhydrase of Sordaria) encoding beta-class carbonic anhydrases was characterized in the filamentous ascomycetous fungus Sordaria macrospora. Fluorescence microscopy was used to determine the localization of GFP- and DsRED-tagged CAs. While CAS1 and CAS3 are cytoplasmic enzymes, CAS2 is localized to the mitochondria. To assess the function of the three isoenzymes, we generated knock-out strains for all three cas genes (Deltacas1, Deltacas2, and Deltacas3) as well as all combinations of double mutants. No effect on vegetative growth, fruiting-body and ascospore development was seen in the single mutant strains lacking cas1 or cas3, while single mutant Deltacas2 was affected in vegetative growth, fruiting-body development and ascospore germination, and the double mutant strain Deltacas1/2 was completely sterile. Defects caused by the lack of cas2 could be partially complemented by elevated CO(2) levels or overexpression of cas1, cas3, or a non-mitochondrial cas2 variant. The results suggest that CAs are required for sexual reproduction in filamentous ascomycetes and that the multiplicity of isoforms results in redundancy of specific and non-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skander Elleuche
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Genetics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefanie Pöggeler
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Genetics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Willmund F, Dorn KV, Schulz-Raffelt M, Schroda M. The chloroplast DnaJ homolog CDJ1 of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is part of a multichaperone complex containing HSP70B, CGE1, and HSP90C. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 148:2070-82. [PMID: 18931144 PMCID: PMC2593681 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.127944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report on the molecular and biochemical characterization of CDJ1, one of three zinc-finger-containing J-domain proteins encoded by the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genome. Fractionation experiments indicate that CDJ1 is a plastidic protein. In the chloroplast, CDJ1 was localized to the soluble stroma fraction, but also to thylakoids and to low density membranes. Although the CDJ1 gene was strongly heat shock inducible, CDJ1 protein levels increased only slightly during heat shock. Cellular CDJ1 concentrations were close to those of heat shock protein 70B (HSP70B), the major HSP70 in the Chlamydomonas chloroplast. CDJ1 complemented the temperature-sensitive phenotype of an Escherichia coli mutant lacking its dnaJ gene and interacted with E. coli DnaK, hence classifying it as a bona fide DnaJ protein. In soluble cell extracts, CDJ1 was found to organize into stable dimers and into complexes of high molecular mass. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that CDJ1 forms common complexes with plastidic HSP90C, HSP70B, and CGE1. In blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, all four (co)chaperones migrated at 40% to 90% higher apparent than calculated molecular masses, indicating that greatest care must be taken when molecular masses of protein complexes are estimated from their migration relative to standard native marker proteins. Immunoprecipitation experiments from size-fractioned soluble cell extracts suggested that HSP90C and HSP70B exist as preformed complex that is joined by CDJ1. In summary, CDJ1 and CGE1 are novel cohort proteins of the chloroplast HSP90-HSP70 multichaperone complex. As HSP70B, CDJ1, and CGE1 are derived from the endosymbiont, whereas HSP90C is of eukaryotic origin, we observe in the chloroplast the interaction of two chaperone systems of distinct evolutionary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Willmund
- Institute of Biology II, Plant Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Whole-genome transcriptional profiling of Bradyrhizobium japonicum during chemoautotrophic growth. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:6697-705. [PMID: 18689488 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00543-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a facultative chemoautotroph capable of utilizing hydrogen gas as an electron donor in a respiratory chain terminated by oxygen to provide energy for cellular processes and carbon dioxide assimilation via a reductive pentose phosphate pathway. A transcriptomic analysis of B. japonicum cultured chemoautotrophically identified 1,485 transcripts, representing 17.5% of the genome, as differentially expressed when compared to heterotrophic cultures. Genetic determinants required for hydrogen utilization and carbon fixation, including the uptake hydrogenase system and components of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, were strongly induced in chemoautotrophically cultured cells. A putative isocitrate lyase (aceA; blr2455) was among the most strongly upregulated genes, suggesting a role for the glyoxylate cycle during chemoautotrophic growth. Addition of arabinose to chemoautotrophic cultures of B. japonicum did not significantly alter transcript profiles. Furthermore, a subset of nitrogen fixation genes was moderately induced during chemoautotrophic growth. In order to specifically address the role of isocitrate lyase and nitrogenase in chemoautotrophic growth, we cultured aceA, nifD, and nifH mutants under chemoautotrophic conditions. Growth of each mutant was similar to that of the wild type, indicating that the glyoxylate bypass and nitrogenase activity are not essential components of chemoautotrophy in B. japonicum.
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Willmund F, Hinnenberger M, Nick S, Schulz-Raffelt M, Mühlhaus T, Schroda M. Assistance for a Chaperone. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:16363-73. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708431200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Yamano T, Miura K, Fukuzawa H. Expression analysis of genes associated with the induction of the carbon-concentrating mechanism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:340-54. [PMID: 18322145 PMCID: PMC2330288 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.114652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation to varying CO2 concentrations and light intensities is associated with the monitoring of environmental changes by controlling genetic and physiological responses through CO2 and light signal transduction. While CO2 and light signals are indispensable for photosynthesis, and these environmental factors have been proposed as strongly associated with each other, studies linking these components are largely limited to work on higher plants. In this study, we examined the physiological characteristics of a green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, exposed to various light intensities or CO2 concentrations. Acclimation to CO2-limiting conditions by Chlamydomonas requires the induction of a carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM) to allow the uptake of inorganic carbon (Ci) and increase the affinity for Ci. We revealed that the induction of the CCM is not solely dependent on absolute environmental Ci concentrations but is also affected by light intensity. Using a cDNA array containing 10,368 expressed sequence tags, we also obtained global expression profiles related to the physiological responses. The induction of several CCM-associated genes was strongly affected by high light as well as CO2 concentrations. We identified novel candidates for Ci transporters and CO2-responsive regulatory factors whose expression levels were significantly increased during the induction of the CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Ynalvez RA, Xiao Y, Ward AS, Cunnusamy K, Moroney JV. Identification and characterization of two closely related beta-carbonic anhydrases from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2008; 133:15-26. [PMID: 18405332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.01043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic photosynthetic organisms such as the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii respond to low-CO(2) conditions by inducing a CO(2) concentrating mechanism (CCM). Important components of the CCM are the carbonic anhydrases (CAs), zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the interconversion of CO(2) and HCO(-)(3). Six CAs have previously been identified in C. reinhardtii. Here, we identify and characterize two additional beta-type CAs. These two CAs are closely related beta-type CAs and have been designated as CAH7 and CAH8. Conceptual translation shows that CAH7 and CAH8 encode proteins of 399 and 333 amino acids, respectively, and they contain targeting sequences. An unusual characteristic of these two CAs is that they have carboxy-terminal extensions containing a hydrophobic sequence. Both these CAs are constitutively expressed at the transcript and protein level. The CAH7 and CAH8 open reading frames were cloned in the overexpression vector pMal-c2x and expressed as recombinant proteins. Activity assays showed that CAH7 and CAH8 are both active CAs. Antibodies were raised against both CAH7 and CAH8, and immunolocalization studies showed that CAH8 was localized in the periplasmic space. A possible role for CAH8 in the inorganic carbon acquisition by C. reinhardtii is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby A Ynalvez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Kohinata T, Nishino H, Fukuzawa H. Significance of zinc in a regulatory protein, CCM1, which regulates the carbon-concentrating mechanism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 49:273-283. [PMID: 18202004 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In conditions with the poor availability of inorganic carbon (CO(2) and HCO(3) (-): Ci) for photosynthesis, aquatic photosynthetic organisms induce active Ci uptake systems that allow accumulation of Ci within the cell, the so-called carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM). In a unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a regulatory factor CCM1 is indispensable for the regulation of the CCM by sensing CO(2) availability. CCM1 has two putative zinc-binding domains with several conserved cysteine and histidine residues in its N-terminal region. To determine whether the domains actually bind zinc atoms, the N-terminal parts of CCM1 were expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins and subjected to atomic absorption spectrometry. It was found that 1 mol of zinc is bound to 1 mol of amino acid regions 1-71 and 72-101 of CCM1, respectively. In the case of the site-directed mutant proteins, H54Y, C77V and C80V, the zinc-binding ability was lost. Physiological analyses of the transgenic Chlamydomonas cells harboring a mutated Ccm1 gene revealed that amino acid residues such as C36, C41, H54, C77, C80, H90 and C93 were indispensable for induction of the CCM in response to Ci-limiting stress conditions. Size exclusion chromatography followed by immunoblot analyses indicated that CCM1 is present as a protein complex of approximately 290-580 kDa independent of Ci availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Kohinata
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Kupriyanova E, Villarejo A, Markelova A, Gerasimenko L, Zavarzin G, Samuelsson G, Los DA, Pronina N. Extracellular carbonic anhydrases of the stromatolite-forming cyanobacterium Microcoleus chthonoplastes. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:1149-1156. [PMID: 17379724 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/003905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Active extracellular carbonic anhydrases (CAs) were found in the alkaliphilic stromatolite-forming cyanobacterium Microcoleus chthonoplastes. Enzyme activity was detected in intact cells and in the cell envelope fraction. Western blot analysis of polypeptides from the cell envelope suggested the presence of at least two polypeptides cross-reacting with antibodies against both alpha and beta classes of CA. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed putative alpha-CA localized in the glycocalyx. This alpha-CA has a molecular mass of about 34 kDa and a pI of 3.5. External CAs showed two peaks of activity at around pH 10 and 7.5. The possible involvement of extracellular CAs of M. chthonoplastes in photosynthetic assimilation of inorganic carbon and its relationship to CaCO(3) deposition during mineralization of cyanobacterial cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kupriyanova
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276 Russia
| | - Arsenio Villarejo
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Umeå, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Markelova
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276 Russia
| | - Lyudmila Gerasimenko
- Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 60-Letiya Oktyabrya 7/2, Moscow, 117312 Russia
| | - Georgy Zavarzin
- Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 60-Letiya Oktyabrya 7/2, Moscow, 117312 Russia
| | - Göran Samuelsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Umeå, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dmitry A Los
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276 Russia
| | - Natalia Pronina
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276 Russia
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