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Ahmadi Kamalabadi M, Ostadebrahimi H, Koosha F, Fatemidokht A, Menbari Oskuie I, Amin F, Shiralizadeh Dezfuli A. Gd-GQDs as nanotheranostic platform for the treatment of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer. Med Oncol 2024; 41:205. [PMID: 39037549 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we developed new gadolinium-graphene quantum dot nanoparticles (Gd-GQDs) as a theranostic platform for magnetic resonance imaging and improved the efficiency of radiotherapy in HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer. Based on cell toxicity results, Gd-GQD NPs were nontoxic for both cancer and normal cell lines up to 25 µg/ml. These NPs enhance the cytotoxic effect of radiation only on cancer cells but not on normal cells. The flow cytometry analysis indicated that cell death mainly occurred in the late phase of apoptosis. The immunocytochemical analysis was used to evaluate apoptosis pathway proteins. The Bcl-2 and p53 protein levels did not differ statistically significantly between radiation alone group and those that received irradiation in combination with NPs. In contrast, the combination group exhibited a significant increase in Bax protein expression, suggesting that cells could undergo apoptosis independent of the p53 pathway. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed that Gd-GQD NPs, when used at low concentrations, enhanced T1-weighted signal intensity resulting from T1 shortening effects. At higher concentrations, the T2 shortening effect became predominant and was able to decrease the signal intensity. Gd-GQD appears to offer a novel approach for enhancing the effectiveness of radiation treatment and facilitating MR imaging for monitoring HPV-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Ahmadi Kamalabadi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamid Ostadebrahimi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Koosha
- Department of Radiology Technology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Darband St, Ghods Sq., Tehran, 1971653313, Iran.
| | - Asieh Fatemidokht
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Iman Menbari Oskuie
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Amin
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli
- Ronash Technology Pars Company (AMINBIC), Tehran University Science and Technology Park, North Campus of Tehran University, Farshi Moghadam St., North Kargar St, Tehran, 1439813204, Iran.
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Gür FM, Bilgiç S. Silymarin, an antioxidant flavonoid, protects the liver from the toxicity of the anticancer drug paclitaxel. Tissue Cell 2023; 83:102158. [PMID: 37459721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest factors that negatively affect the cancer treatment plan is the toxic effects of chemotherapeutics on non-target cells and tissues. This information prompted us to investigate the protective effects of silymarin (SL), a hepatoprotective agent, against the hepatotoxic effects of the anticancer drug paclitaxel (PAC). Four groups were formed from 28 rats as control, PAC (2 mg/kg), SL (100 mg/kg) and PAC + SL (combination of PAC with SL). After completing the experimental procedures, the tissues collected after anesthesia were analyzed by Western blot, qRT-PCR, biochemical, stereological, immunohistochemical, and histopathological techniques. Administration of PAC significantly increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Bax, cytochrome-c (cyt-c), and active caspase-3, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver tissue and decreased glutathione (GSH) levels compared with the control group. PAC also resulted in a significant increase in serum triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels compared with the control group. Pathological changes such as microvesicular steatosis, the formation of Councilman bodies, an increase in total sinusoidal volume, and a decrease in the total number of hepatocytes were observed in the liver tissue of the PAC group. Almost all analysis results in the PAC + SL group were similar to those in the control group, and no significant pathological alterations were observed in this group. The data obtained show that SL protects the liver from the harmful effects of PAC, especially thanks to its TNF-α suppressor, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects. Based on this result, in cases where PAC is used in cancer treatment, it can be recommended to be used together with SL to prevent harmful effects on healthy liver tissue and to continue treatment uninterruptedly and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Mehmet Gür
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey.
| | - Sedat Bilgiç
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Vocational School of Health Services, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey.
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Mohamed NZ, Shaban L, Safan S, El-Sayed ASA. Physiological and metabolic traits of Taxol biosynthesis of endophytic fungi inhabiting plants: Plant-microbial crosstalk, and epigenetic regulators. Microbiol Res 2023; 272:127385. [PMID: 37141853 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Attenuating the Taxol productivity of fungi with the subculturing and storage under axenic conditions is the challenge that halts the feasibility of fungi to be an industrial platform for Taxol production. This successive weakening of Taxol productivity by fungi could be attributed to the epigenetic down-regulation and molecular silencing of most of the gene clusters encoding Taxol biosynthetic enzymes. Thus, exploring the epigenetic regulating mechanisms controlling the molecular machinery of Taxol biosynthesis could be an alternative prospective technology to conquer the lower accessibility of Taxol by the potent fungi. The current review focuses on discussing the different molecular approaches, epigenetic regulators, transcriptional factors, metabolic manipulators, microbial communications and microbial cross-talking approaches on restoring and enhancing the Taxol biosynthetic potency of fungi to be industrial platform for Taxol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Z Mohamed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Lamis Shaban
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - Samia Safan
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
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Triple negative breast cancer: approved treatment options and their mechanisms of action. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04189-6. [PMID: 35976445 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer, the most prevalent cancer worldwide, consists of 4 main subtypes, namely, Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-positive, and Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Triple-negative breast tumors, which do not express estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors, account for approximately 15-20% of breast cancer cases. The lack of traditional receptor targets contributes to the heterogenous, aggressive, and refractory nature of these tumors, resulting in limited therapeutic strategies. METHODS Chemotherapeutics such as taxanes and anthracyclines have been the traditional go to treatment regimens for TNBC patients. Paclitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin, and epirubicin have been longstanding, Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies against TNBC. Additionally, the FDA approved PARP inhibitors such as olaparib and atezolizumab to be used in combination with chemotherapies, primarily to improve their efficiency and reduce adverse patient outcomes. The immunotherapeutic Keytruda was the latest addition to the FDA-approved list of drugs used to treat TNBC. RESULTS The following review aims to elucidate current FDA-approved therapeutics and their mechanisms of action, shedding a light on the various strategies currently used to circumvent the treatment-resistant nature of TNBC cases. CONCLUSION The recent approval and use of therapies such as Trodelvy, olaparib and Keytruda has its roots in the development of an understanding of signaling pathways that drive tumour growth. In the future, the emergence of novel drug delivery methods may help increase the efficiency of these therapies whiel also reducing adverse side effects.
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Miguel RDA, Hirata AS, Jimenez PC, Lopes LB, Costa-Lotufo LV. Beyond Formulation: Contributions of Nanotechnology for Translation of Anticancer Natural Products into New Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1722. [PMID: 36015347 PMCID: PMC9415580 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature is the largest pharmacy in the world. Doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX) are two examples of natural-product-derived drugs employed as first-line treatment of various cancer types due to their broad mechanisms of action. These drugs are marketed as conventional and nanotechnology-based formulations, which is quite curious since the research and development (R&D) course of nanoformulations are even more expensive and prone to failure than the conventional ones. Nonetheless, nanosystems are cost-effective and represent both novel and safer dosage forms with fewer side effects due to modification of pharmacokinetic properties and tissue targeting. In addition, nanotechnology-based drugs can contribute to dose modulation, reversion of multidrug resistance, and protection from degradation and early clearance; can influence the mechanism of action; and can enable drug administration by alternative routes and co-encapsulation of multiple active agents for combined chemotherapy. In this review, we discuss the contribution of nanotechnology as an enabling technology taking the clinical use of DOX and PTX as examples. We also present other nanoformulations approved for clinical practice containing different anticancer natural-product-derived drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo dos A. Miguel
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Amanda S. Hirata
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Paula C. Jimenez
- Institute of the Sea, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Santos 11070-100, Brazil
| | - Luciana B. Lopes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Leticia V. Costa-Lotufo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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Paclitaxel Resistance Modulated by the Interaction between TRPS1 and AF178030.2 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6019975. [PMID: 35399640 PMCID: PMC8986375 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6019975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a chemotherapeutic agent that acts as an inhibitor of cellular mitosis and has been widely used in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, paclitaxel resistance is one of the major reasons that contribute to the high failure rates of chemotherapy and the relapse of TNBC. Accumulating studies have demonstrated that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) plays a role in the paclitaxel resistance and positively correlated with progression and metastasis of breast cancers. In the present study, microarray expression profile analysis of lncRNA was performed between paclitaxel-resistant TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231 and their parental cells. After verification with quantitative PCR, we identified that AF178030.2, an orphan lncRNA, was significantly upregulated in paclitaxel-resistant TNBC cells. Overexpression of AF178030.2 greatly attenuated the sensitivity of TNBC to paclitaxel, whereas knockdown of AF178030.2 enhanced the sensitivity of TNBC cells to paclitaxel. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis and RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation assay reveal that AF178030.2 can directly bind with trichorhinophalangeal syndrome-1 (TRPS1), an oncogene in breast cancer, and downregulate its expression in paclitaxel-resistant TNBC cells. TRPS1 overexpression effectively increased the sensitivity of paclitaxel-resistant TNBC cells to paclitaxel. Taking together, high AF178030.2 expression contributed to paclitaxel resistance in TNBC through TRPS1 and poor clinical outcomes, which may provide a new treatment strategy for paclitaxel-resistant TNBC patients.
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Nanosized paclitaxel-loaded niosomes: formulation, in vitro cytotoxicity, and apoptosis gene expression in breast cancer cell lines. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:3597-3608. [PMID: 35235156 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the optimized niosomal formulation containing paclitaxel using non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol was designed and its cytotoxic effects against different breast cancer cell lines and apoptosis gene expression analysis were also investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Due to enhancing equation variables, the Box-Behnken method has been applied. Lipid/drug molar ratio, the amounts of Span 60, and cholesterol were selected as the target for optimization. The particle size of niosome loaded paclitaxel and entrapment efficiency proportion have been considered in the role of dependent variables. Then the cytotoxic activity of the optimized formulation was evaluated using an MTT assay against different breast cancer cell lines including MCF-7, T-47D, SkBr3, and MDA-MB-231. The expression level of Bax and Bcl-2 apoptosis genes was determined by Real-Time PCR. In this study, the optimized niosomal formulation revealed that the synthesized niosomes had a spherical appearance and had an average size of 192.73 ± 5.50 nm so that the percentage of drug loading was 94.71 ± 1.56%. Moreover, this formulation showed a controlled and slowed release of paclitaxel at different pH (7.4, 6.5, and 5.4). The cytotoxicity results demonstrated that cell viability in all concentrations of niosome loaded paclitaxel had profound cytotoxic effects on all studied breast cancer cell lines compared to the free paclitaxel (p < 0.05). In addition, the expression of apoptosis genes was much higher than that of free paclitaxel indicating the susceptibility of cells to apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS As a result, niosomal formulations containing paclitaxel can be used as a new drug delivery system to increase cytotoxicity and treatment of breast cancer in the upcoming future.
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Nan G, Zhao SH, Wang T, Chao D, Tian RF, Wang WJ, Fu X, Lin P, Guo T, Wang B, Sun XX, Chen X, Chen ZN, Wang SJ, Cui HY. CD147 supports paclitaxel resistance via interacting with RanBP1. Oncogene 2022; 41:983-996. [PMID: 34974521 PMCID: PMC8837534 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Though the great success of paclitaxel, the variable response of patients to the drug limits its clinical utility and the precise mechanisms underlying the variable response to paclitaxel remain largely unknown. This study aims to verify the role and the underlying mechanisms of CD147 in paclitaxel resistance. Immunostaining was used to analyze human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and ovarian cancer tissues. RNA-sequencing was used to identify downstream effectors. Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect apoptosis. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) were performed to determine protein interactions. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) was performed to measure the speed of microtubule turnover. Xenograft tumor model was established to evaluate sensitivity of cancer cells to paclitaxel in vivo. In vitro and in vivo assays showed that silencing CD147 sensitized the cancer cells to paclitaxel treatment. CD147 protected cancer cells from paclitaxel-induced caspase-3 mediated apoptosis regardless of p53 status. Truncation analysis showed that the intracellular domain of CD147 (CD147ICD) was indispensable for CD147-regulated sensitivity to paclitaxel. Via screening the interacting proteins of CD147ICD, Ran binding protein 1 (RanBP1) was identified to interact with CD147ICD via its C-terminal tail. Furthermore, we showed that RanBP1 mediated CD147-regulated microtubule stability and dynamics as well as response to paclitaxel treatment. These results demonstrated that CD147 regulated paclitaxel response by interacting with the C-terminal tail of RanBP1 and targeting CD147 may be a promising strategy for preventing paclitaxel resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Nan
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Shu-Hua Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong Chao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the 940th hospital of joint logistics support force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 730050, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruo-Fei Tian
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-Jing Wang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Fu
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Lin
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Guo
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Wang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiu-Xuan Sun
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, 710127, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi-Nan Chen
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China.
| | - Shi-Jie Wang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China.
| | - Hong-Yong Cui
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China.
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Bolanos-Garcia VM. On the Regulation of Mitosis by the Kinetochore, a Macromolecular Complex and Organising Hub of Eukaryotic Organisms. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:235-267. [PMID: 36151378 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore is the multiprotein complex of eukaryotic organisms that is assembled on mitotic or meiotic centromeres to connect centromeric DNA with microtubules. Its function involves the coordinated action of more than 100 different proteins. The kinetochore acts as an organiser hub that establishes physical connections with microtubules and centromere-associated proteins and recruits central protein components of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), an evolutionarily conserved surveillance mechanism of eukaryotic organisms that detects unattached kinetochores and destabilises incorrect kinetochore-microtubule attachments. The molecular communication between the kinetochore and the SAC is highly dynamic and tightly regulated to ensure that cells can progress towards anaphase until each chromosome is properly bi-oriented on the mitotic spindle. This is achieved through an interplay of highly cooperative interactions and concerted phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events that are organised in time and space.This contribution discusses our current understanding of the function, structure and regulation of the kinetochore, in particular, how its communication with the SAC results in the amplification of specific signals to exquisitely control the eukaryotic cell cycle. This contribution also addresses recent advances in machine learning approaches, cell imaging and proteomics techniques that have enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that ensure the high fidelity and timely segregation of the genetic material every time a cell divides as well as the current challenges in the study of this fascinating molecular machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Bolanos-Garcia
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
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Soond SM, Savvateeva LV, Makarov VA, Gorokhovets NV, Townsend PA, Zamyatnin AA. Cathepsin S Cleaves BAX as a Novel and Therapeutically Important Regulatory Mechanism for Apoptosis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030339. [PMID: 33807987 PMCID: PMC8035670 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain lysosomal cathepsin proteins have come into focus as being good candidates for therapeutic targeting, based on them being over-expressed in a variety of cancers and based on their regulation of the apoptotic pathway. Here, we report novel findings that highlight the ability of cathepsin S expression to be up-regulated under Paclitaxel-stimulatory conditions in kidney cell lines and it being able to cleave the apoptotic p21 BAX protein in intact cells and in vitro. Consistent with this, we demonstrate that this effect can be abrogated in vitro and in mammalian cells under conditions that utilize dominant-inhibitory cathepsin S expression, cathepsin S expression-knockdown and through the activity of a novel peptide inhibitor, CS-PEP1. Moreover, we report a unique role for cathepsin S in that it can cleave a polyubiquitinated-BAX protein intermediate and is a step that may contribute to down-regulating post-translationally-modified levels of BAX protein. Finally, CS-PEP1 may possess promising activity as a potential anti-cancer therapeutic against chemotherapeutic-resistant Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma kidney cancer cells and for combined uses with therapeutics such as Paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M. Soond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str. 8-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.S.); (V.A.M.); (N.V.G.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.S.); (A.A.Z.J.)
| | - Lyudmila V. Savvateeva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str. 8-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.S.); (V.A.M.); (N.V.G.)
| | - Vladimir A. Makarov
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str. 8-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.S.); (V.A.M.); (N.V.G.)
| | - Neonila V. Gorokhovets
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str. 8-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.S.); (V.A.M.); (N.V.G.)
| | - Paul A. Townsend
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7X, UK
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str. 8-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.S.); (V.A.M.); (N.V.G.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.M.S.); (A.A.Z.J.)
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Wang M, Liu X, Chen Z, Zhang L, Weng X. Downregulation of lysine-specific demethylase 1 enhances the sensitivity of hormone-sensitive prostate cancer cells to androgen deprivation therapy. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:93. [PMID: 33376526 PMCID: PMC7751335 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) plays an important role in androgen receptor (AR) signaling, and LSD1 levels are associated with prostate cancer (PCa) progression. The present study investigated the association between the downregulation of LSD1 and the proliferation and invasiveness of PCa cells, as well as the effect of LSD1 on the androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)-induced apoptosis of PCa cells. The effect of the inhibition of LSD1 combined with ADT on PCa cell apoptosis was characterized. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying LSD1-mediated apoptosis induced by ADT in PCa cells were investigated. Downregulation of LSD1 impaired the proliferation and invasiveness of PCa cells. Moreover, downregulation of LSD1 enhanced the apoptosis of PCa cells induced by bicalutamide in vitro. Downregulation of LSD1 decreased PSA expression, increased caspase 3 and Bax expression, decreased Bcl-2 expression and consequently enhanced castration-induced PCa cell apoptosis in vivo. These findings indicated that downregulation of LSD1 could effectively enhance the efficacy of ADT for hormone- sensitive PCa, demonstrating that this could be a promising adjunctive therapy with ADT for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiuheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Weng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Mosca L, Ilari A, Fazi F, Assaraf YG, Colotti G. Taxanes in cancer treatment: Activity, chemoresistance and its overcoming. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 54:100742. [PMID: 33429249 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 1984, when paclitaxel was approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma, taxanes have been widely used as microtubule-targeting antitumor agents. However, their historic classification as antimitotics does not describe all their functions. Indeed, taxanes act in a complex manner, altering multiple cellular oncogenic processes including mitosis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, inflammatory response, and ROS production. On the one hand, identification of the diverse effects of taxanes on oncogenic signaling pathways provides opportunities to apply these cytotoxic drugs in a more rational manner. On the other hand, this may facilitate the development of novel treatment modalities to surmount anticancer drug resistance. In the latter respect, chemoresistance remains a major impediment which limits the efficacy of antitumor chemotherapy. Taxanes have shown impact on key molecular mechanisms including disruption of mitotic spindle, mitosis slippage and inhibition of angiogenesis. Furthermore, there is an emerging contribution of cellular processes including autophagy, oxidative stress, epigenetic alterations and microRNAs deregulation to the acquisition of taxane resistance. Hence, these two lines of findings are currently promoting a more rational and efficacious taxane application as well as development of novel molecular strategies to enhance the efficacy of taxane-based cancer treatment while overcoming drug resistance. This review provides a general and comprehensive picture on the use of taxanes in cancer treatment. In particular, we describe the history of application of taxanes in anticancer therapeutics, the synthesis of the different drugs belonging to this class of cytotoxic compounds, their features and the differences between them. We further dissect the molecular mechanisms of action of taxanes and the molecular basis underlying the onset of taxane resistance. We further delineate the possible modalities to overcome chemoresistance to taxanes, such as increasing drug solubility, delivery and pharmacokinetics, overcoming microtubule alterations or mitotic slippage, inhibiting drug efflux pumps or drug metabolism, targeting redox metabolism, immune response, and other cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Fazi
- Dept. Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Via A. Scarpa 14-16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Lab, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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A Compressive Review about Taxol ®: History and Future Challenges. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245986. [PMID: 33348838 PMCID: PMC7767101 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxol®, which is also known as paclitaxel, is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used to treat different cancers. Since the discovery of its antitumoral activity, Taxol® has been used to treat over one million patients, making it one of the most widely employed antitumoral drugs. Taxol® was the first microtubule targeting agent described in the literature, with its main mechanism of action consisting of the disruption of microtubule dynamics, thus inducing mitotic arrest and cell death. However, secondary mechanisms for achieving apoptosis have also been demonstrated. Despite its wide use, Taxol® has certain disadvantages. The main challenges facing Taxol® are the need to find an environmentally sustainable production method based on the use of microorganisms, increase its bioavailability without exerting adverse effects on the health of patients and minimize the resistance presented by a high percentage of cells treated with paclitaxel. This review details, in a succinct manner, the main aspects of this important drug, from its discovery to the present day. We highlight the main challenges that must be faced in the coming years, in order to increase the effectiveness of Taxol® as an anticancer agent.
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Kim MJ, Park KS, Kim KT, Gil EY. The inhibitory effect of curcumin via fascin suppression through JAK/STAT3 pathway on metastasis and recurrence of ovary cancer cells. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2020; 20:256. [PMID: 33213437 PMCID: PMC7678137 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-020-01122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Fascin is an actin-binding protein and highly expressed in ovarian cancer cells. It is associated with metastasis of cancer and may be a useful prognostic factor. Anticancer activity of curcumin is related to its effect on several signaling mechanisms. Although there have been many reports regarding the anticancer properties of curcumin, its inhibitory effects on migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells, particularly in the context of fascin expression, have not been reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of curcumin on fascin expression in ovarian cancer cells and to propose a possible mechanism for the anticancer activity of curcumin through reduced fascin expression. Methods SKOV3, human epithelial ovary cancer cell line, was cultured with curcumin at various dose and duration. The fascin was quantified using cell viability test and Western blot. To determine the effect of curcumin on the upstream pathway of fascin expression, the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was analyzed by sandwich-ELISA. Attachment assay, migration assay and invasion assay were analyzed to approve the change of cellular invasiveness of ovary cancer after curcumin. To determine the morphological changes of ovarian cancer cells by curcumin, immunofluorescence was performed. Results MTS assays showed that cell viability was different at various concentration of curcumin, and as concentration increased, cell viability tended to decrease. Curcumin appears to suppress fascin expression, even with a minimal concentration and short exposure time. Also, curcumin may suppress fascin expression in ovarian cancer cells through STAT3 downregulation. The attachment assay, migration assay and invasion assay of the ovarian cancer cells exhibited a statistically significant decrease. Immunofluorescence revealed a change of cell shape from a typical form of uninfluenced cells to a more polygonal appearance, with a significant reduction in filopodia formation. Conclusions Curcumin reduces fascin expression through JAK/STAT3 pathway inhibition, which interferes with the cellular interactions essential for the metastasis and recurrence of ovarian cancer cells. Higher curcumin concentrations and longer exposure times concomitantly decreased fascin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ju Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki-Su Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Gil
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Abdel-Hakeem MA, Abdel-Haseb OM, Abdel-Ghany SE, Cevik E, Sabit H. Doxorubicin loaded on chitosan-protamine nanoparticles triggers apoptosis via downregulating Bcl-2 in breast cancer cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hasan I, Asaduzzaman AKM, Swarna RR, Fujii Y, Ozeki Y, Uddin MB, Kabir SR. MytiLec-1 Shows Glycan-Dependent Toxicity against Brine Shrimp Artemia and Induces Apoptotic Death of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells In Vivo. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17090502. [PMID: 31466257 PMCID: PMC6780975 DOI: 10.3390/md17090502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MytiLec-1, a 17 kDa lectin with β-trefoil folding that was isolated from the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) bound to the disaccharide melibiose, Galα(1,6) Glc, and the trisaccharide globotriose, Galα(1,4) Galβ(1,4) Glc. Toxicity of the lectin was found to be low with an LC50 value of 384.53 μg/mL, determined using the Artemia nauplii lethality assay. A fluorescence assay was carried out to evaluate the glycan-dependent binding of MytiLec-1 to Artemia nauplii. The lectin strongly agglutinated Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells cultured in vivo in Swiss albino mice. When injected intraperitoneally to the mice at doses of 1.0 mg/kg/day and 2.0 mg/kg/day for five consecutive days, MytiLec-1 inhibited 27.62% and 48.57% of cancer cell growth, respectively. Antiproliferative activity of the lectin against U937 and HeLa cells was studied by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in vitro in RPMI-1640 medium. MytiLec-1 internalized into U937 cells and 50 μg/mL of the lectin inhibited their growth of to 62.70% whereas 53.59% cell growth inhibition was observed against EAC cells when incubated for 24 h. Cell morphological study and expression of apoptosis-related genes (p53, Bax, Bcl-X, and NF-κB) showed that the lectin possibly triggered apoptosis in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaj Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh.
| | - A K M Asaduzzaman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Rubaiya Rafique Swarna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ozeki
- Department of Life and Environmental System Science, School of Sciences, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Md Belal Uddin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Rashel Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh.
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Durusu İZ, Hüsnügil HH, Ataş H, Biber A, Gerekçi S, Güleç EA, Özen C. Anti-cancer effect of clofazimine as a single agent and in combination with cisplatin on U266 multiple myeloma cell line. Leuk Res 2017; 55:33-40. [PMID: 28122281 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a malignant neoplasm of bone marrow plasma B cells with high morbidity. Clofazimine (CLF) is an FDA-approved leprostatic, anti-tuberculosis, and anti-inflammatory drug that was previously shown to have growth suppression effect on various cancer types such as hepatocellular, lung, cervix, esophageal, colon, and breast cancer as well as melanoma, neuroblastoma, and leukemia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effect and mechanism of CLF on U266 MM cell line. CLF (10μM, 24h) treatment resulted up to 72% growth suppression on a panel of hematological cell lines. Dose-response study conducted on U266 MM cell line revealed an IC50 value of 9.8±0.7μM. CLF also showed a synergistic inhibition effect in combination with cisplatin. In mechanistic assays, CLF treatment caused mitochondrial membrane depolarization, change in cell membrane asymmetry and increase in caspase-3 activity; indicating to an intrinsic apoptosis mechanism. This study provides new evidence for the anticancer effect of CLF on U266 cell line. Further in vivo and clinical studies are warranted to evaluate its therapeutic potential for MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- İpek Z Durusu
- Middle East Technical University, Biotechnology Graduate Program, Üniversiteler Mahallesi Dumlupınar Bulvarı No:1, 06800 Çankaya Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hazal H Hüsnügil
- Middle East Technical University, Biochemistry Graduate Program, Üniversiteler Mahallesi, Dumlupınar Bulvarı No:1, 06800 Çankaya Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Heval Ataş
- Middle East Technical University, Biotechnology Graduate Program, Üniversiteler Mahallesi Dumlupınar Bulvarı No:1, 06800 Çankaya Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ayşenur Biber
- Middle East Technical University, Biotechnology Graduate Program, Üniversiteler Mahallesi Dumlupınar Bulvarı No:1, 06800 Çankaya Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Selin Gerekçi
- Middle East Technical University, Biochemistry Graduate Program, Üniversiteler Mahallesi, Dumlupınar Bulvarı No:1, 06800 Çankaya Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ezgi A Güleç
- Middle East Technical University, Biochemistry Graduate Program, Üniversiteler Mahallesi, Dumlupınar Bulvarı No:1, 06800 Çankaya Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Can Özen
- Middle East Technical University, Biotechnology Department and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering and Central Laboratory, Üniversiteler Mahallesi, Dumlupınar Bulvarı No:1, 06800 Çankaya Ankara, Turkey.
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Xu J, Shen L, Zhang BC, Xu WH, Ruan SQ, Pan C, Wei QC. HER2 overexpression reverses the relative resistance of EGFR-mutant H1975 cell line to gefitinib. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:5363-5369. [PMID: 28105244 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gefitinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR TKI) that has been demonstrated to be clinically useful for the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, ~50% of patients do not respond to EGFR TKI treatment through the emergence of mutations, such as T790M. Therefore, it is important to determine which patients are eligible for treatment with gefitinib. As a preferred dimerization partner for EGFR, the role of EGFR 2 (HER2) in mediating sensitivity to gefitinib is poorly understood. In the present study, full-length human HER2 cDNA was introduced to the NSCLC cell lines H1975 and H1299, which have a low endogenous expression level of HER2. In addition, it was observed in the present study that the H1975 cell line harbored the L858R and T790M mutations in the EGFR kinase domain. Western blot analysis and MTT assay were used to evaluate the TKI sensitivity of HER2 expression status, and the activation of HER3 and HER2 downstream effectors. The results indicated that the sensitivity of H1975 cells to gefitinib was restored by the overexpression of HER2, which stimulated HER2-driven signaling cascades accompanied by the activation of protein kinase B. By contrast, ectopic HER2 overexpression in H1299 cells did not significantly alter the sensitivity to gefitinib treatment. In conclusion, the current study results suggested that the relatively resistance of the H1975 cell line to gefitinib could be reversed by the overexpression of HER2. Therefore, the expression of HER2 could also be considered when evaluate the patients' potential response to gefitinib, particularly in the subgroup of lung cancer patients who harbor an EGFR mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China; National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China; National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hong Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China; National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Qin Ruan
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Zhongshan Hospital, Chongqing 400013, P.R. China
| | - Chi Pan
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Chun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China; National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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Pilco-Ferreto N, Calaf GM. Influence of doxorubicin on apoptosis and oxidative stress in breast cancer cell lines. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:753-62. [PMID: 27278553 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among women worldwide due to aggressive behavior, early metastasis, resistance to existing chemotherapeutic agent and high mortality rate. Doxorubicin (Dox) is a powerful antitumoral drug. It is one of the most active agents for treatment of breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of Dox in apoptosis and oxidative stress in the breast cancer cell lines MCF-10F, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. These studies showed that Dox decreased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein expression and affected oxidative stress by increasing hydrogen peroxide production and simultaneously decreasing NF-κB gene and protein expression in MCF-7, a tumorigenic triple-positive cell line. Results also indicated that Dox induced apoptosis by upregulating Bax, caspase-8 and caspase-3 and downregulation of Bcl-2 protein expression. On the contrary, ROS damage decreased by increasing SOD2 gene and protein expression and hydrogen peroxide production with parallel NF-κB protein expression decrease in MDA-MB-231, a tumorigenic triple-negative breast cancer cell line. It can be concluded that Dox activated apoptosis by inducing proteolytic processing of Bcl-2 family, caspases and simultaneously decreased oxidative stress by influencing ROS damage in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Institute for Advanced Research, University of Tarapacá, 8097877 Arica, Chile
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Sidahmed HMA, Hashim NM, Mohan S, Abdelwahab SI, Taha MME, Dehghan F, Yahayu M, Ee GCL, Loke MF, Vadivelu J. Evidence of the gastroprotective and anti- Helicobacter pylori activities of β-mangostin isolated from Cratoxylum arborescens (vahl) blume. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:297-313. [PMID: 26834460 PMCID: PMC4716727 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s80625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose β-Mangostin (BM) from Cratoxylum arborescens demonstrated various pharmacological activities such as anticancer and anti-inflammatory. In this study, we aimed to investigate its antiulcer activity against ethanol ulcer model in rats. Materials and methods BM was isolated from C. arborescens. Gastric acid output, ulcer index, gross evaluation, mucus production, histological evaluation using hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid–Schiff staining and immunohistochemical localization for heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and Bax proteins were investigated. Possible involvement of reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation, prostaglandin E2, antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes, radical scavenging, nonprotein sulfhydryl compounds, and anti-Helicobacter pylori were investigated. Results BM showed antisecretory activity against the pylorus ligature model. The pretreatment with BM protect gastric mucosa from ethanol damaging effect as seen by the improved gross and histological appearance. BM significantly reduced the ulcer area formation, the submucosal edema, and the leukocytes infiltration compared to the ulcer control. The compound showed intense periodic acid–Schiff staining to the gastric mucus layer and marked amount of alcian blue binding to free gastric mucus. BM significantly increased the gastric homogenate content of prostaglandin E2 glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and nonprotein sulfhydryl compounds. The compound inhibited the lipid peroxidation revealed by the reduced gastric content of malondialdehyde. Moreover, BM upregulate HSP70 expression and downregulate Bax expression. Furthermore, the compound showed interesting anti-H. pylori activity. Conclusion Thus, it could be concluded that BM possesses gastroprotective activity, which could be attributed to the antisecretory, mucus production, antioxidant, HSP70, antiapoptotic, and anti-H. pylori mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Najihah Mohd Hashim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Firouzeh Dehghan
- Department of Exercise Science, Sports Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maizatulakmal Yahayu
- Department of Bioproduct Research and Innovation, Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | | | - Mun Fai Loke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Liu Z, Ding Y, Ye N, Wild C, Chen H, Zhou J. Direct Activation of Bax Protein for Cancer Therapy. Med Res Rev 2015; 36:313-41. [PMID: 26395559 DOI: 10.1002/med.21379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bax, a central cell death regulator, is an indispensable gateway to mitochondrial dysfunction and a major proapoptotic member of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins that control apoptosis in normal and cancer cells. Dysfunction of apoptosis renders the cancer cell resistant to treatment as well as promotes tumorigenesis. Bax activation induces mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, thereby leading to the release of apoptotic factor cytochrome c and consequently cancer cell death. A number of drugs in clinical use are known to indirectly activate Bax. Intriguingly, recent efforts demonstrate that Bax can serve as a promising direct target for small-molecule drug discovery. Several direct Bax activators have been identified to hold promise for cancer therapy with the advantages of specificity and the potential of overcoming chemo- and radioresistance. Further investigation of this new class of drug candidates will be needed to advance them into the clinic as a novel means to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - Ye Ding
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - Christopher Wild
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
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Jiang M, Gao PF, Li HQ, Tian PY, Fan XM. Ghrelin inhibition of ethanol-induced gastric epithelial cell apoptosis is mediated by miR-21. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:4662-4672. [PMID: 26191156 PMCID: PMC4503028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the underlying mechanism of ghrelin-induced gastro-protection in a cell culture model of ethanol-induced gastric epithelial cell injury. METHODS The human gastric epithelial cell line GES-1 was incubated with ghrelin (0.01-1 µM), 1 µM ghrelin and 1 µM D-Lys3-growth hormone releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6), or 1 µM ghrelin and 400 nM antagomiR-21 for 24 h, followed by treatment with 8% ethanol for 3 h to induce apoptosis. Cell viability was determined by MTT assays and flow cytometry was used for detection of apoptosis rates. miR-21 transcription was analyzed by qRT-PCR and Akt, Bcl-2, Bax and caspase 3 expressions were measured by Western blot. RESULTS Flow cytometry and a quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the expression of miR-21 showed that ghrelin inhibited apoptosis in a dose dependent manner through a signaling pathway that was both growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) and miR-21 dependent, as the antiapoptotic effect of ghrelin was blocked by both D-Lys3-GHRP-6 and antagomiR-21, respectively. Western blotting of Akt, Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase 3 showed that the levels of the antiapoptotic proteins, Akt and Bcl-2, in the cells pretreated with ghrelin alone were higher than those in the cells pretreated with D-Lys3-GHRP-6 or antagomiR-21. By contrast, the levels of the proapoptotic proteins, Bax and caspase 3, in the cells pretreated with ghrelin alone were lower than those in the cells pretreated with D-Lys3-GHRP-6 or antagomiR-21. CONCLUSION Ghrelin inhibits GES-1 cell apoptosis through GHS-R-dependent signaling in which miR-21 activates the PI3K/Akt pathway, which upregulates Bcl-2 and downregulates Bax and caspase 3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Peng-Fei Gao
- Department of TCM, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Huan-Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Pei-Ying Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
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Hassankhani R, Sam MR, Esmaeilou M, Ahangar P. Prodigiosin isolated from cell wall of Serratia marcescens alters expression of apoptosis-related genes and increases apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Med Oncol 2014; 32:366. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kim DY, Chung SI, Ro SW, Paik YH, Lee JI, Jung MK, Lee MG, Park YN, Lee KS, Park JG, Park HD, Han KH. Combined effects of an antioxidant and caspase inhibitor on the reversal of hepatic fibrosis in rats. Apoptosis 2014; 18:1481-91. [PMID: 24045874 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We sought to determine the hepatic fibrosis-reversal effects upon simultaneous administration of lithospermate B (LAB), an anti-oxidant, and nivocasan, a caspase inhibitor, to rats compared with each compound alone. Liver fibrosis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by thioacetamide (TAA). Rats were treated with TAA and then given LAB and (or) nivocasan. Fibrotic areas were evaluated quantitatively by computerized morphometry. Apoptosis was assessed using a TUNEL assay, and immunohistochemical staining for malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) was performed to assess oxidative stress levels. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to quantify expression of fibrosis-related genes. The degree of hepatic fibrosis was significantly reduced in rats treated with LAB and nivocasan compared to either treatment alone (P < 0.001). Treatment with each compound significantly decreased expression of fibrosis-related genes, such as type I collagen α1 (col1α1), α-SMA and TGF-β1 (P < 0.05). Co-treatment with LAB and nivocasan further reduced col1α1 expression compared to treatment with either compound. A TUNEL assay revealed that hepatocyte apoptosis was significantly decreased in the group treated with nivocasan compared to other groups (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry showed a decrease in MDA and 4HNE, reflecting amelioration of oxidative stress, when LAB or LAB+nivocasan was administered compared to nivocasan alone (P < 0.01). Nivocasan was found to inhibit caspase-1, -3, -7, -9 and gliotoxin-induced death of rat-derived hepatic stellate cells was inhibited by nivocasan administration without overexpression of α-SMA. CONCLUSIONS Co-incidental administration of LAB and nivocasan suppressed oxidative stress and apoptosis, resulting in enhanced reversal of hepatic fibrosis in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea,
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Alteration of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio contributes to Terminalia belerica-induced apoptosis in human lung and breast carcinoma. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 50:527-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Schiff base metal derivatives enhance the expression of HSP70 and suppress BAX proteins in prevention of acute gastric lesion. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:703626. [PMID: 24298554 PMCID: PMC3835702 DOI: 10.1155/2013/703626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Schiff base complexes have appeared to be promising in the treatment of different diseases and disorders and have drawn a lot of attention to their biological activities. This study was conducted to evaluate the regulatory effect of Schiff base metal derivatives on the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) 70 and BAX in protection against acute haemorrhagic gastric ulcer in rats. Rats were assigned to 6 groups of 6 rats: the normal control (Tween 20 5% v/v, 5 mL/kg), the positive control (Tween 20 5% v/v, 5 mL/kg), and four Schiff base derivative groups named Schiff_1, Schiff_2, Schiff_3, and Schiff_4 (25 mg/kg). After 1 h, all of the groups received ethanol 95% (5 mL/kg) but the normal control received Tween 20 (Tween 20 5% v/v, 5 mL/kg). The animals were euthanized after 60 min and the stomachs were dissected for histology (H&E), immunohistochemistry, and western blot analysis against HSP70 and BAX proteins. The results showed that the Schiff base metal derivatives enhanced the expression of HSP70 and suppressed the expression of BAX proteins during their gastroprotection against ethanol-induced gastric lesion in rats.
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Inclusion Complex of Zerumbone with Hydroxypropyl- β -Cyclodextrin Induces Apoptosis in Liver Hepatocellular HepG2 Cells via Caspase 8/BID Cleavage Switch and Modulating Bcl2/Bax Ratio. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:810632. [PMID: 23737847 PMCID: PMC3662198 DOI: 10.1155/2013/810632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Zerumbone (ZER) isolated from Zingiber zerumbet was previously encapsulated with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) to enhance ZER's solubility in water, thus making it highly tolerable in the human body. The anticancer effects of this new ZER-HPβCD inclusion complex via apoptosis cell death were assessed in this study for the first time in liver hepatocellular cells, HepG2. Apoptosis was ascertained by morphological study, nuclear stain, and sub-G1 cell population accumulation with G2/M arrest. Further investigations showed the release of cytochrome c and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, proving mitochondrial dysfunction upon the ZER-HPβCD treatment as well as modulating proapoptotic and anti-apototic Bcl-2 family members. A significant increase in caspase 3/7, caspase 9, and caspase 8 was detected with the depletion of BID cleaved by caspase 8. Collectively, these results prove that a highly soluble inclusion complex of ZER-HPβCD could be a promising anticancer agent for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans.
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Chiang YC, Chang MC, Chen PJ, Wu MM, Hsieh CY, Cheng WF, Chen CA. Epigenetic silencing of BLU through interfering apoptosis results in chemoresistance and poor prognosis of ovarian serous carcinoma patients. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:213-27. [PMID: 23329649 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma is usually present at the advanced stage, during which the patients generally have poor prognosis. Our study aimed to evaluate the correlation of gene methylation and the clinical outcome of patients with advanced-stage, high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma. The methylation status of eight candidate genes was first evaluated by methylation-specific PCR and capillary electrophoresis to select three potential genes including DAPK, CDH1, and BLU (ZMYND10) from the exercise group of 40 patients. The methylation status of these three genes was further investigated in the validation group consisting of 136 patients. Patients with methylated BLU had significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS; hazard ratio (HR) 1.48, 95% CI 1.01-2.56, P=0.013) and overall survival (OS; HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.07-3.11, P=0.027) in the multivariate analysis. Methylation of BLU was also an independent risk factor for 58 patients undergoing optimal debulking surgery for PFS (HR 2.37, 95% CI 1.03-5.42, P=0.043) and OS (HR 3.96, 95% CI 1.45-10.81, P=0.007) in the multivariate analysis. A possible mechanism of BLU in chemoresistance was investigated in ovarian cancer cell lines by in vitro apoptotic assays. In vitro studies have shown that BLU could upregulate the expression of BAX and enhance the effect of paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Our study suggested that methylation of BLU could be a potential prognostic biomarker for advanced ovarian serous carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kanakkanthara A, Miller JH. MicroRNAs: Novel mediators of resistance to microtubule-targeting agents. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 39:161-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chauffert B, Dimanche-Boitrel MT, Garrido C, Ivarsson M, Martin M, Martin F, Solary E. New insights into the kinetic resistance to anticancer agents. Cytotechnology 2012; 27:225-35. [PMID: 19002794 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008025124242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetic resistance plays a major role in the failure of chemotherapy towards many solid tumors. Kinetic resistance to cytotoxic drugs can be reproduced in vitro by growing the cells as multicellular spheroids (Multicellular Resistance) or as hyperconfluent cultures (Confluence-Dependent Resistance). Recent findings on the cell cycle regulation have permitted a better understanding why cancer cells which arrest in long quiescent phases are poorly sensitive to cell-cycle specific anticancer drugs. Two cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKI) seem particularly involved in the cell cycle arrest at the G1 to S transition checkpoint: the p53-dependent p21(cip1) protein which is activated by DNA damage and the p27(kip1) which is a mediator of the contact inhibition signal. Cell quiescence could alter drug-induced apoptosis which is partly dependent on an active progression in the cell cycle and which is facilitated by overexpression of oncogenes such as c-Myc or cyclins. Investigations are yet necessary to determine the influence of the cell cycle on the balance between antagonizing (bcl-2, bcl-X(L)...) or stimulating (Bax, Bcl-X(S), Fas...) factors in chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Quiescent cells could also be protected from toxic agents by an enhanced expression of stress proteins, such as HSP27 which is induced by confluence. New strategies are required to circumvent kinetic resistance of solid tumors: adequate choice of anticancer agents whose activity is not altered by quiescence (radiation, cisplatin), recruitment from G1 to S/G2 phases by cell pretreatment with alkylating drugs or attenuation of CDKI activity by specific inhibitors.
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Chatterjee S, Biswas G, Chandra S, Saha GK, Acharya K. Apoptogenic effects of Tricholoma giganteum on Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma cell. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 36:101-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Piplani H, Vaish V, Rana C, Sanyal SN. Up-regulation of p53 and mitochondrial signaling pathway in apoptosis by a combination of COX-2 inhibitor, Celecoxib and Dolastatin 15, a marine mollusk linear peptide in experimental colon carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2012; 52:845-58. [PMID: 22623379 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis, is an active process occurring in eukaryotic cells and it depends on various sets of pro and anti-apoptotic proteins. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer can be achieved by inducing apoptosis using synthetic compound, Celecoxib and natural peptide, Dolastatin 15 in an effective manner. But the apoptotic signaling by these two drugs remain unclear. The present study was thus focused on the role of Bcl2 family of proteins and their interplay with p53 in rats during the chemoprevention by these two drugs. After treatment for 6 wk with 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), animals showed a marked occurrence of multiple plaque lesions. However, a simultaneous treatment with Celecoxib and Dolastatin 15 decreases such number to a significant level. DMH treatment also decreases the number of apoptotic cells in the colonic enterocytes which were corrected to the normal level by Celecoxib and Dolastatin 15. An increased expression of Bcl2 while other proteins like Bax, Apaf-1, cyt c, and caspases in the apoptotic pathway, and the tumor suppressor proteins, p53 and p21 get down-regulated after DMH treatment which were reverted back to normal with Celecoxib and Dolastatin 15. Also, cells having high mitochondrial membrane potential had been seen to increase to significant levels which were reduced after the administration of these anti-inflammatory drugs. In silico molecular docking studies also showed that Dolastatin 15 and Celecoxib may bind to the active site pocket of Bcl2 , thus revealing the direct target of Dolastatin 15 and Celecoxib apart from binding to COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honit Piplani
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Taxane resistance in breast cancer: mechanisms, predictive biomarkers and circumvention strategies. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38:890-903. [PMID: 22465195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taxanes are established in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and early breast cancer (EBC) as potent chemotherapy agents. However, their therapeutic usefulness is limited by de-novo refractoriness or acquired resistance, which are common drawbacks to most anti-cancer cytotoxics. Considering that the taxanes will remain principle chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of breast cancer, we reviewed known mechanisms of resistance in with an outlook of optimizing their clinical use. METHODS We searched the PubMed and MEDLINE databases for articles (from inception through to 9th January 2012; last search 10/01/2012) and journals known to publish information relevant to taxane chemotherapy. We imposed no language restrictions. Search terms included: cancer, breast cancer, response, resistance, taxane, paclitaxel, docetaxel, taxol. Due to the possibility of alternative mechanisms of resistance all combination chemotherapy treated data sets were removed from our overview. RESULTS Over-expression of the MDR-1 gene product Pgp was extensively studied in vitro in association with taxane resistance, but data are conflicting. Similarly, the target components microtubules, which are thought to mediate refractoriness through alterations of the expression pattern of tubulins or microtubule associated proteins and the expression of alternative tubulin isoforms, failed to confirm such associations. Little consensus has been generated for reported associations between taxane-sensitivity and mutated p53, or taxane-resistance and overexpression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL or NFkB. In contrary sufficient in vitro data support an association of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) defects with resistance. Clinical data have been limited and inconsistent, which relate to the variety of methods used, lack of standardization of cut-offs for quantitation, differences in clinical endpoints measured and in methods of tissue collection preparation and storage, and study/patient heterogeneity. The most prominent finding is that pharmaceutical down-regulation of HER-2 appears to reverse the taxane resistance. CONCLUSIONS Currently no valid practical biomarkers exist that can predict resistance to the taxanes in breast cancer supporting the principle of individualized cancer therapy. The incorporation of several biomarker analyses into prospectively designed studies in this setting are needed.
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Daido S, Tamiya T, Ono Y, Terada K, Mizumatsu S, Ohmoto T. Expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-x, and Bax proteins in astrocytomas in relation to patient survival. Brain Tumor Pathol 2012; 18:123-9. [PMID: 11908868 DOI: 10.1007/bf02479425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Bcl-2 family is composed of a group of related proteins that either prevent or promote apoptosis. This study was undertaken to assess the prognostic value of Bcl-2, Bcl-x, and Bax in patients with astrocytomas. Tissue samples from 104 astrocytomas (WHO grade 2, 21 cases: grade 3, 49 cases; grade 4, 34 cases), including 68 primary and 36 recurrent tumors, were examined immunohistochemically for Bcl-2, Bcl-x, and Bax expression. Patient charts were reviewed for clinical presentation, and survival was followed. The mean values of the Bcl-2, Bcl-x, and Bax labeling indexes (LI) were 15.9 +/- 13.1%, 53.2 +/- 35.3%, and 25.9 +/- 23.2%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the Bcl-x LI of high-grade (grade 3 or 4) astrocytomas was higher than that of low-grade (grade 2) tumors (P = 0.0064). There were no significant differences in patient survival between the high- and low-LI groups of Bcl-2, Bcl-x, and Bax. Since the mechanism and regulation of apoptosis are still unclear, it seems difficult to use the Bcl-2 family as a biological marker in predicting the prognosis of patients with astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Daido
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Japan
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De S, Kumari J, Mudgal R, Modi P, Gupta S, Futami K, Goto H, Lindor NM, Furuichi Y, Mohanty D, Sengupta S. RECQL4 is essential for the transport of p53 to mitochondria in normal human cells in the absence of exogenous stress. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2509-22. [PMID: 22357944 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in RECQL4 helicase are associated with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS). A subset of RTS patients is predisposed to cancer and is sensitive to DNA damaging agents. The enhanced sensitivity of cells from RTS patients correlates with the accumulation of transcriptionally active nuclear p53. We found that in untreated normal human cells these two nuclear proteins, p53 and RECQL4, instead colocalize in the mitochondrial nucleoids. RECQL4 accumulates in mitochondria in all phases of the cell cycle except S phase and physically interacts with p53 only in the absence of DNA damage. p53-RECQL4 binding leads to the masking of the nuclear localization signal of p53. The N-terminal 84 amino acids of RECQL4 contain a mitochondrial localization signal, which causes the localization of RECQL4-p53 complex to the mitochondria. RECQL4-p53 interaction is disrupted after stress, allowing p53 translocation to the nucleus. In untreated normal cells RECQL4 optimizes de novo replication of mtDNA, which is consequently decreased in fibroblasts from RTS patients. Wild-type RECQL4-complemented RTS cells show relocalization of both RECQL4 and p53 to the mitochondria, loss of p53 activation, restoration of de novo mtDNA replication and resistance to different types of DNA damage. In cells expressing Δ84 RECQL4, which cannot translocate to mitochondria, all the above functions are compromised. The recruitment of p53 to the sites of de novo mtDNA replication is also regulated by RECQL4. Thus these findings elucidate the mechanism by which p53 is regulated by RECQL4 in unstressed normal cells and also delineates the mitochondrial functions of the helicase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth De
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Kinoshita Y, Kalir T, Rahaman J, Dottino P, Kohtz DS. Alterations in nuclear pore architecture allow cancer cell entry into or exit from drug-resistant dormancy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 180:375-89. [PMID: 22074739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic diversity arises in tumors just as it does in developing organisms, and tumor recurrence frequently manifests from the selective survival of divergent drug-resistant cells. Although the expanding tumor cell population may be successfully targeted, drug-resistant cells may persist and sustain the tumor or enter dormancy before igniting a future relapse. Herein, we show that partial knockdown of nucleoporin p62 (NUP62) by small-interfering RNA confers cisplatin resistance to cultured high-grade ovarian carcinoma cells. Treatment with NUP62 small-interfering RNA and cisplatin leaves resistant cells in a state of dormancy; some dormant cells can be induced to proliferate by transient induction of NUP62 expression from an ectopic expression construct. In addition to suggesting functional links between nuclear pore complex architecture and cancer cell survival, the culture system provides a novel experimental window into the dynamics of tumor cell drug resistance and dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Kinoshita
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate if ghrelin inhibits apoptosis in colonic cancer cells. METHODS Cell viability in HT-29 cells was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Apoptosis was measured using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining and flow cytometry. The protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 activation was examined using Western blotting. RESULTS Ghrelin dose dependently decreased the growth inhibition of HT-29 cells induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Cells treated with 5-FU displayed chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation, which are typical changes of apoptosis. However, co-treatment with ghrelin reduced these changes. Flow cytometry after staining with Annexin V and propidium iodide showed that ghrelin decreased the apoptotic rate of HT-29 cells induced by 5-FU. Caspase-3 activation was significantly lower in the co-treated group than in the group treated with 5-FU alone. In addition, ghrelin reversed the 5-FU-induced Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio. CONCLUSION Ghrelin inhibits 5-FU-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells through the regulation of the Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tong He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Jain D, Pathak N, Khan S, Raghuram GV, Bhargava A, Samarth R, Mishra PK. Evaluation of cytotoxicity and anticarcinogenic potential of Mentha leaf extracts. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:225-236. [PMID: 21300767 DOI: 10.1177/1091581810390527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
We examined the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the cytotoxicity and anticarcinogenic potential of Mentha leaf extracts (petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts) on 6 human cancer (HeLa, MCF-7, Jurkat, T24, HT-29, MIAPaCa-2) and normal (IMR-90, HEK-293) cell lines. Of all the extracts tested, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of M piperita showed significant dose- and time-dependent anticarcinogenic activity leading to G1 cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, perturbation of oxidative balance, upregulation of Bax gene, elevated expression of p53 and p21 in the treated cells, acquisition of senescence phenotype, while inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines response. Our results provide the first evidence of direct anticarcinogenic activity of Mentha leaf extracts. Further, bioassay-directed isolation of the active constituents might provide basis for mechanistic and translational studies for designing novel anticancer drugs to be used alone or as adjuvant for prevention of tumor progression and/or treatment of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Jain
- Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
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Abstract
The inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin’s threonine 34 to alanine (T34A) mutation abolishes a phosphorylation site for p34(cdc2)–cyclin B1, resulting in initiation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in cancer cells; however, it has little known direct effects on normal cells. The possibility that targeting survivin in this way may provide a novel approach for selective cancer gene therapy has yet to be fully evaluated. Although a flurry of work was undertaken in the late 1990s and early 2000s, only minor advances on this mutant have recently taken place. We recently described that cells generated to express a stable form of the mutant protein released this survivin-T34A to the conditioned medium. When this conditioned medium was collected and deposited on naive tumor cells, conditioned medium T34A was as effective as some chemotherapeutics in the induction of tumor cell apoptosis, and when combined with other forms of genotoxic stressors potentiated their killing effects. We hope with this review to revitalize the T34A field, as there is still much that needs to be investigated. In addition to determining the therapeutic dose and the duration of drug therapy required at the disease site, a better understanding of other key factors is also important. These include knowledge of target cell populations, cell-surface receptors, changes that occur in the target tissue at the molecular and cellular level with progression of the disease, and the mechanism and site of therapeutic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Aspe
- Center for Health Disparities, Research and Molecular Medicine, Division of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Ahmad S. Platinum-DNA interactions and subsequent cellular processes controlling sensitivity to anticancer platinum complexes. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:543-66. [PMID: 20232326 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200800340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-based compounds are widely used as chemotherapeutics for the treatment of a variety of cancers. The anticancer activity of cisplatin and other platinum drugs is believed to arise from their interaction with DNA. Several cellular pathways are activated in response to this interaction, which include recognition by high-mobility group and repair proteins, translesion synthesis by polymerases, and induction of apoptosis. The apoptotic process is regulated by activation of caspases, p53 gene, and several proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins. Such cellular processing eventually leads to an inhibition of the replication or transcription machinery of the cell. Deactivation of platinum drugs by thiols, increased nucleotide excision repair of Pt-DNA adducts, decreased mismatch repair, and defective apoptosis result in resistance to platinum therapy. The differences in cytotoxicity of various platinum complexes are attributed to the differential recognition of their adducts by cellular proteins. Cisplatin and oxaliplatin both produce mainly 1,2-GG intrastrand cross-links as major adducts, but oxaliplatin is found to be more active particularly against cisplatin-resistant tumor cells. Mismatch repair and replicative bypass appear to be the processes most likely involved in differentiating the molecular responses to these two agents. This review describes the formation of Pt-DNA adducts, their interaction with cellular components, and biological effects of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan.
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Abdullah H, Pihie AHL, Hohmann J, Molnár J. A natural compound from Hydnophytum formicarium induces apoptosis of MCF-7 cells via up-regulation of Bax. Cancer Cell Int 2010; 10:14. [PMID: 20441573 PMCID: PMC2873331 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-10-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydnophytum formicarium Jack is an epyphytic shrub that belongs to the family of Rubiaceae and is native to the tropical rain forests of the Asean region, which includes Malaysia. A flavanoid derivative, 7, 3', 5'-trihydroxyflavanone (3HFD), isolated from H. formicarium has been reported to have cytotoxic effects on the human breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7. The aim of the current study was to investigate the mode of cell death in MCF-7 cells treated with 3HFD. A DNA fragmentation assay was conducted on isolated genomic DNA, a TUNEL assay was used to determine the mode of cell death and Western blotting was used to evaluate the expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2. Immunofluorescence staining of MCF-7 cells was also performed to confirm the up-regulation of the Bax protein. RESULTS The ladder pattern resulting from the DNA fragmentation assay was a multimer of 180 kb. The morphological changes of cells undergoing apoptosis were visualised by a TUNEL assay over time. The percentage of apoptotic cells increased as early as 6 hours post treatment compared to untreated cells. Western blotting revealed up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. However, 3HFD did not affect expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that plant-derived 3HFD was able to induce the apoptotic cell death of MCF-7 cells by increasing Bax expression level and makes 3HFD a promising agent for chemotherapy, which merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasmah Abdullah
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan
| | - Azimahtol Hawariah Lope Pihie
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 46500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Judit Hohmann
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Joseph Molnár
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Hungary
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Perrone F, Bossi P, Cortelazzi B, Locati L, Quattrone P, Pierotti MA, Pilotti S, Licitra L. TP53 Mutations and Pathologic Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Cisplatin and Fluorouracil Chemotherapy in Resected Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:761-6. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.22.4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To find out if TP53 functional status predicts response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and thus may be helpful during treatment decision making of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients. Patients and Methods We analyzed the predictive value of TP53 mutations and their functional status on the basis of the transactivation activity of p53 mutant proteins in 53 pretreatment biopsies of oral cavity SCC patients receiving primary cisplatin and fluorouracil chemotherapy followed by surgery. Results The surgical specimens showed that 15 patients (28%) achieved a pathologic complete remission (pCR) at both T and N sites, and 38 patients had residual tumor cells. Among the 53 pretreatment biopsies, 24 (45%) displayed TP53 mutations: 22 single-nucleotide substitutions and two deletions. According to functional status that could be determined only for the 22 substitutions, 21 mutations were nonfunctional and one was partially functional. TP53 mutation was found in four (27%) of 15 patients who achieved a pCR and in 20 (53%) of 38 nonresponder patients; the difference was not statistically significant (P = .12). In contrast, two (14%) of 14 cases with pCR carried a nonfunctional TP53 mutation, a frequency significantly less than that found in the nonresponders (19 [51%] of 37; P = .02). TP53 mutation predicted pCR in four (17%) of 24 patients and a nonfunctional mutation in only two (9%) of 22 patients. Conclusion The results indicate that the loss of function (transactivation activities) of p53 mutant proteins may predict a significant low pCR rate and suboptimal response to cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with oral cavity SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Perrone
- From the Unit of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, and the Head and Neck Cancer Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Bossi
- From the Unit of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, and the Head and Neck Cancer Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Cortelazzi
- From the Unit of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, and the Head and Neck Cancer Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Locati
- From the Unit of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, and the Head and Neck Cancer Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Quattrone
- From the Unit of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, and the Head and Neck Cancer Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco A. Pierotti
- From the Unit of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, and the Head and Neck Cancer Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Pilotti
- From the Unit of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, and the Head and Neck Cancer Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Licitra
- From the Unit of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, and the Head and Neck Cancer Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Doles J, Hemann MT. Nek4 status differentially alters sensitivity to distinct microtubule poisons. Cancer Res 2010. [PMID: 20103636 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472/can-09-2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule poisons are widely used in cancer treatment, but the factors determining the relative efficacy of different drugs in this class remain obscure. In this study, we identified the NIMA kinase Nek4 in a genetic screen for mediators of the response to Taxol, a chemotherapeutic agent that stabilizes microtubules. After Taxol treatment, Nek4 promoted microtubule outgrowth, whereas Nek4 deficiency impaired G(2)-M arrest and decreased formation of mitotic-like asters. In contrast, Nek4 deficiency sensitized cells to vincristine, which destabilizes microtubules. Therefore, Nek4 deficiency may either antagonize or agonize the effects of microtubule poisons, depending on how they affect microtubule polymerization. Of note, Nek4 gene maps to a commonly deleted locus in non-small cell lung cancer. Thus, Nek4 deletion in this disease may rationalize the use of particular types of microtubule poisons for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Doles
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Doles J, Hemann MT. Nek4 status differentially alters sensitivity to distinct microtubule poisons. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1033-41. [PMID: 20103636 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule poisons are widely used in cancer treatment, but the factors determining the relative efficacy of different drugs in this class remain obscure. In this study, we identified the NIMA kinase Nek4 in a genetic screen for mediators of the response to Taxol, a chemotherapeutic agent that stabilizes microtubules. After Taxol treatment, Nek4 promoted microtubule outgrowth, whereas Nek4 deficiency impaired G(2)-M arrest and decreased formation of mitotic-like asters. In contrast, Nek4 deficiency sensitized cells to vincristine, which destabilizes microtubules. Therefore, Nek4 deficiency may either antagonize or agonize the effects of microtubule poisons, depending on how they affect microtubule polymerization. Of note, Nek4 gene maps to a commonly deleted locus in non-small cell lung cancer. Thus, Nek4 deletion in this disease may rationalize the use of particular types of microtubule poisons for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Doles
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Dalton WB, Yang VW. Role of prolonged mitotic checkpoint activation in the formation and treatment of cancer. Future Oncol 2009; 5:1363-70. [PMID: 19903065 PMCID: PMC2791162 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic abnormalities are a common feature of human cancer cells, and recent studies have provided evidence that such abnormalities may play a causative, rather than merely incidental role, in tumorigenesis. One such abnormality is prolonged activation of the mitotic checkpoint, which can be provoked by a number of the gene changes that drive tumor formation. At the same time, antimitotic chemotherapeutics exert their clinical efficacy through the large-scale induction of prolonged mitotic checkpoint activation, indicating that mitotic arrest is influential in both the formation and treatment of human cancer. However, how this influence occurs is not well understood. In this perspective, we will discuss the current evidence in support of the potential mechanisms by which prolonged activation of the mitotic checkpoint affects both tumorigenesis and antimitotic chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Brian Dalton
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, U. S. A
| | - Vincent W. Yang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, U. S. A
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, U. S. A
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Abstract
Decreasing hepatocyte injury and death is an attractive therapeutic target in chronic hepatitis C and other liver diseases. Apoptotic cell death is a critical mechanism responsible for liver injury in hepatitis C, and contributes to hepatic fibrogenesis. At the cellular level, apoptosis is executed by a family of cysteine proteases termed caspases. Caspase inhibitors have been developed to inhibit these proteases and attenuate cellular apoptosis in vivo. By reducing hepatocyte apoptosis these agents have the potential to serve as hepatoprotective agents, minimizing liver injury and fibrosis. Studies on a variety of animal models, and time-limited studies in human patients with hepatitis C suggest these are promising therapeutic agents. However, although these agents hold promise, their usefulness requires further studies, especially longer duration studies using hepatic fibrogenesis as the end point before they can be considered further for the treatment of patients infected with the hepatitis C virus.
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Crijns APG, Fehrmann RSN, de Jong S, Gerbens F, Meersma GJ, Klip HG, Hollema H, Hofstra RMW, te Meerman GJ, de Vries EGE, van der Zee AGJ. Survival-related profile, pathways, and transcription factors in ovarian cancer. PLoS Med 2009; 6:e24. [PMID: 19192944 PMCID: PMC2634794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis due to advanced stage at presentation and either intrinsic or acquired resistance to classic cytotoxic drugs such as platinum and taxoids. Recent large clinical trials with different combinations and sequences of classic cytotoxic drugs indicate that further significant improvement in prognosis by this type of drugs is not to be expected. Currently a large number of drugs, targeting dysregulated molecular pathways in cancer cells have been developed and are introduced in the clinic. A major challenge is to identify those patients who will benefit from drugs targeting these specific dysregulated pathways.The aims of our study were (1) to develop a gene expression profile associated with overall survival in advanced stage serous ovarian cancer, (2) to assess the association of pathways and transcription factors with overall survival, and (3) to validate our identified profile and pathways/transcription factors in an independent set of ovarian cancers. METHODS AND FINDINGS According to a randomized design, profiling of 157 advanced stage serous ovarian cancers was performed in duplicate using approximately 35,000 70-mer oligonucleotide microarrays. A continuous predictor of overall survival was built taking into account well-known issues in microarray analysis, such as multiple testing and overfitting. A functional class scoring analysis was utilized to assess pathways/transcription factors for their association with overall survival. The prognostic value of genes that constitute our overall survival profile was validated on a fully independent, publicly available dataset of 118 well-defined primary serous ovarian cancers. Furthermore, functional class scoring analysis was also performed on this independent dataset to assess the similarities with results from our own dataset. An 86-gene overall survival profile discriminated between patients with unfavorable and favorable prognosis (median survival, 19 versus 41 mo, respectively; permutation p-value of log-rank statistic = 0.015) and maintained its independent prognostic value in multivariate analysis. Genes that composed the overall survival profile were also able to discriminate between the two risk groups in the independent dataset. In our dataset 17/167 pathways and 13/111 transcription factors were associated with overall survival, of which 16 and 12, respectively, were confirmed in the independent dataset. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new clues to genes, pathways, and transcription factors that contribute to the clinical outcome of serous ovarian cancer and might be exploited in designing new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne P. G Crijns
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf S. N Fehrmann
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Gerbens
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan Meersma
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry G Klip
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Hollema
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M. W Hofstra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. te Meerman
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G. E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ate G. J van der Zee
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Ziółkowska-Seta I, Madry R, Kraszewska E, Szymańska T, Timorek A, Rembiszewska A, Kupryjańczyk J. TP53, BCL-2 and BAX analysis in 199 ovarian cancer patients treated with taxane-platinum regimens. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 112:179-84. [PMID: 18937971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In cell line studies, BCL-2 and BAX proteins interfere with cancer response to taxanes. This issue has not received much attention with regard to taxane-platinum (TP)-treated ovarian cancer patients. METHODS We evaluated prognostic/predictive significance of BCL-2 and BAX with regard to TP53 status. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 199 ovarian carcinomas FIGO stage IIB-IV treated with TP; the results were analyzed by the Cox and logistic regression models. RESULTS Clinicopathological parameters (residual tumor size, FIGO stage and/or tumor grade, but not patient's age) were the only or the strongest predictors of patient's outcome. Platinum highly sensitive response showed a positive association with TP53 accumulation (p=0.045). As in our previously published analysis on platinum-cyclophosphamide-treated group, complete remission showed a borderline negative (paradoxic) association with high BAX expression in the whole group (p=0.058) and with BCL-2 expression in the TP53(-) group (p=0.058). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that TP53, BCL-2 and BAX proteins carry some predictive potential in taxane-platinum-treated ovarian cancer patients, auxiliary to clinicopathological factors. We have confirmed on another patient group that clinical importance of BCL-2 may depend on TP53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Ziółkowska-Seta
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, the Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
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Yasuda H, Sugimoto K, Imai H, Isobe Y, Sasaki M, Kojima Y, Nakamura S, Oshimi K. Expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins and Ki-67 in nasal NK / T-cell lymphoma. Eur J Haematol 2008; 82:39-45. [PMID: 18778369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2008.01152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nasal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma is characterized by chemo-resistance, angiodestruction, and aggressive tumor progression. Few studies exist on molecular characteristics of this disease entity. METHODS Expression levels of major apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Mcl-1, Bax, and a proliferative marker Ki-67 were analyzed in 11 nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma cases by immunohistochemical methods. Nine cases were of NK-cell lineage and two cases were of T-cell lineage. For comparison, 12 follicular lymphoma (FL) cases and 16 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cases were also studied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Bax expression was low in all nasal NK-cell lymphoma cases, which constitute the major population of nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma. Bax expression in nasal NK-cell lymphoma was similar to FL and significantly lower compared with DLBCL. Bcl-2 expression was significantly lower in nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma compared with that of FL and DLBCL. Bcl-x expression was high in all three lymphomas. Two distinct Mcl-1 expression groups existed for nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma (6.2 +/- 5.2% and 59.1 +/- 12.3%, 95% CI). Ki-67 expression was high in nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma, and worse prognostic groups tended to express higher levels of Ki-67. The results suggest a combination of impaired apoptosis and aggressive proliferation in nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma, and may provide explanations for its poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Yasuda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo
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Yu CX, Zhang XQ, Kang LD, Zhang PJ, Chen WW, Liu WW, Liu QW, Zhang JY. Emodin induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cell LNCaP. Asian J Androl 2008; 10:625-34. [PMID: 18478162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To elucidate effects and mechanisms of emodin in prostate cancer cells. METHODS Viability of emodin-treated LNCaP cells and PC-3 cells was measured by MTT assay. Following emodin treatments, DNA fragmentation was assayed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Apoptosis rate and the expression of Fas and FasL were assayed by flow cytometric analysis. The mRNA expression levels of androgen receptor (AR), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), p53, p21, Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, -8, -9 and Fas were detected by RT-PCR, and the protein expression levels of AR, p53 and p21 were detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS In contrast to PC-3, emodin caused a marked increase in apoptosis and a decrease in cell proliferation in LNCaP cells. The expression of AR and PSA was decreased and the expression of p53 and p21 was increased as the emodin concentrations were increased. In the same time, emodin induced apoptosis of LNCaP cells through the upregulation of caspase-3 and -9, as well as the increase of Bax /Bcl-2 ratio. However, it did not involve modulation of Fas or caspase-8 protein expression. CONCLUSION In prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, emodin inhibites the proliferation by AR and p53-p21 pathways, and induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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