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Karkali K, Pastor-Pareja JC, Martin-Blanco E. JNK signaling and integrins cooperate to maintain cell adhesion during epithelial fusion in Drosophila. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1034484. [PMID: 38264353 PMCID: PMC10803605 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1034484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The fusion of epithelial sheets is an essential and conserved morphogenetic event that requires the maintenance of tissue continuity. This is secured by membrane-bound or diffusible signals that instruct the epithelial cells, in a coordinated fashion, to change shapes and adhesive properties and when, how and where to move. Here we show that during Dorsal Closure (DC) in Drosophila, the Jun kinase (JNK) signaling pathway modulates integrins expression and ensures tissue endurance. An excess of JNK activity, as an outcome of a failure in the negative feedback implemented by the dual-specificity phosphatase Puckered (Puc), promotes the loss of integrins [the ß-subunit Myospheroid (Mys)] and amnioserosa detachment. Likewise, integrins signal back to the pathway to regulate the duration and strength of JNK activity. Mys is necessary for the regulation of JNK activity levels and in its absence, puc expression is downregulated and JNK activity increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Karkali
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Pastor-Pareja
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IN-CSIC), Alicante, Spain
| | - Enrique Martin-Blanco
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Blake ME, Kleinpeter AB, Jureka AS, Petit CM. Structural Investigations of Interactions between the Influenza a Virus NS1 and Host Cellular Proteins. Viruses 2023; 15:2063. [PMID: 37896840 PMCID: PMC10612106 DOI: 10.3390/v15102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Influenza A virus is a continuous threat to public health that causes yearly epidemics with the ever-present threat of the virus becoming the next pandemic. Due to increasing levels of resistance, several of our previously used antivirals have been rendered useless. There is a strong need for new antivirals that are less likely to be susceptible to mutations. One strategy to achieve this goal is structure-based drug development. By understanding the minute details of protein structure, we can develop antivirals that target the most conserved, crucial regions to yield the highest chances of long-lasting success. One promising IAV target is the virulence protein non-structural protein 1 (NS1). NS1 contributes to pathogenicity through interactions with numerous host proteins, and many of the resulting complexes have been shown to be crucial for virulence. In this review, we cover the NS1-host protein complexes that have been structurally characterized to date. By bringing these structures together in one place, we aim to highlight the strength of this field for drug discovery along with the gaps that remain to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chad M. Petit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.E.B.)
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3
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Ahmad SMS, Nazar H, Rahman MM, Rusyniak RS, Ouhtit A. ITGB1BP1, a Novel Transcriptional Target of CD44-Downstream Signaling Promoting Cancer Cell Invasion. BREAST CANCER (DOVE MEDICAL PRESS) 2023; 15:373-380. [PMID: 37252376 PMCID: PMC10225144 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s404565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy worldwide and has a poor prognosis, because it begins in the breast and disseminates to lymph nodes and distant organs. While invading, BC cells acquire aggressive characteristics from the tumor microenvironment through several mechanisms. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying the process of BC cell invasion can pave the way towards the development of targeted therapeutics focused on metastasis. We have previously reported that the activation of CD44 receptor with its major ligand hyaluronan (HA) promotes BC metastasis to the liver in vivo. Next, a gene expression profiling microarray analysis was conducted to identify and validate CD44-downstream transcriptional targets mediating its pro-metastatic function from RNA samples collected from Tet CD44-induced versus control MCF7-B5 cells. We have already validated a number of novel CD44-target genes and published their underlying signaling pathways in promoting BC cell invasion. From the same microarray analysis, Integrin subunit beta 1 binding protein 1 (ITGB1BP1) was also identified as a potential CD44-target gene that was upregulated (2-fold) upon HA activation of CD44. This report will review the lines of evidence collected from the literature to support our hypothesis, and further discuss the possible mechanisms linking HA activation of CD44 to its novel potential transcriptional target ITGB1BP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma M S Ahmad
- Biological Sciences Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hanan Nazar
- Biological Sciences Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Md Mizanur Rahman
- Biological Sciences Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Radoslaw Stefan Rusyniak
- Biological Sciences Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Allal Ouhtit
- Biological Sciences Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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4
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Biological Significance and Targeting of the FGFR Axis in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225681. [PMID: 34830836 PMCID: PMC8616401 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary All cells within tissues and organ systems must communicate with each other to ensure they function in a coordinated manner. One form of communication is signalling mediated by small proteins (for example fibroblast growth factors; FGFs) that are secreted by one cell and bind to specialised receptors (for example FGF receptors) on nearby cells. These receptors propagate the signal to the nucleus of the receiving cell, which in turn dictates to the cell how it should react. FGFR signalling is versatile, tightly controlled and important for normal body homeostasis, facilitating growth, healing and replacing old cells. However, cancer cells can take command of this pathway and use it to their advantage. This review will first explain the biology of FGFR signalling and then describe how it can be corrupted, the implications in cancer, and how it can be targeted to improve cancer therapy. Abstract The pleiotropic effects of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), the widespread expression of all seven signalling FGF receptors (FGFRs) throughout the body, and the dramatic phenotypes shown by many FGF/R knockout mice, highlight the diversity, complexity and functional importance of FGFR signalling. The FGF/R axis is critical during normal tissue development, homeostasis and repair. Therefore, it is not surprising that substantial evidence also pinpoints the involvement of aberrant FGFR signalling in disease, including tumourigenesis. FGFR aberrations in cancer include mutations, gene fusions, and amplifications as well as corrupted autocrine/paracrine loops. Indeed, many clinical trials on cancer are focusing on targeting the FGF/FGFR axis, using selective FGFR inhibitors, nonselective FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, ligand traps, and monoclonal antibodies and some have already been approved for the treatment of cancer patients. The heterogeneous tumour microenvironment and complexity of FGFR signalling may be some of the factors responsible for the resistance or poor response to therapy with FGFR axis-directed therapeutic agents. In the present review we will focus on the structure and function of FGF(R)s, their common irregularities in cancer and the therapeutic value of targeting their function in cancer.
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Adaptor protein CrkII negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation and function through JNK phosphorylation. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-10. [PMID: 31554784 PMCID: PMC6802640 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein CrkII is involved in several biological activities, including mitogenesis, phagocytosis, and cytoskeleton reorganization. Previously, we demonstrated that CrkII plays an important role in osteoclast differentiation and function through Rac1 activation both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated whether CrkII also regulates the differentiation and function of another type of bone cells, osteoblasts. Overexpression of CrkII in primary osteoblasts inhibited bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2-induced osteoblast differentiation and function, whereas knockdown of CrkII expression exerted the opposite effect. Importantly, CrkII strongly enhanced c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, and the CrkII overexpression-mediated attenuation of osteoblast differentiation and function was recovered by JNK inhibitor treatment. Furthermore, transgenic mice overexpressing CrkII under control of the alpha-1 type I collagen promoter exhibited a reduced bone mass phenotype. Together, these results indicate that CrkII negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation and function through JNK phosphorylation. Given that CrkII acts as a negative and positive regulator of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, respectively, the regulation of CrkII expression in bone cells may help to develop new strategies to enhance bone formation and inhibit bone resorption.
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Yi SJ, Hwang SY, Oh MJ, Kim K, Jhun BH. Carboxy-terminal domain of Cas differentially modulates c-Jun expression, DNA synthesis, and membrane ruffling induced by insulin, EGF, and IGF-1. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2018; 22:69-75. [PMID: 30460082 PMCID: PMC6138344 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1447013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
p130 Crk-associated substrate (Cas) is an adaptor protein associating with many other signaling proteins and regulates a various biological processes including cell adhesion, migration, and growth factor stimulation. However, the exact functional role of Cas in growth factor signaling pathway was poorly understood. Here we investigated the role of Cas and its domains in the effects of insulin, EGF, and IGF-1 on c-Jun gene expression, DNA synthesis, cytoskeletal reorganization. We found that microinjection of anti-Cas antibody and C-terminal domain of Cas (Cas-CT) specifically inhibited EGF-induced, but not insulin- or IGF-1-induced, c-Jun expression. Cell cycle progression and cytoskeleton reorganization induced by insulin and EGF, but not by IGF-1, were inhibited by microinjected anti-Cas and Cas-CT. In contrast, microinjection of the substate domain (Cas-SD) of Cas did not have any inhibitory effects. These results revealed that the Cas-CT is differentially implicated in insulin and EGF-mediated, but not IGF-1-mediated, c-Jun expression, DNA synthesis and membrane ruffling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ju Yi
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yun Hwang
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Ju Oh
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwan Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung H Jhun
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Zhou J, Zhu YF, Chen XY, Han B, Li F, Chen JY, Peng XL, Luo LP, Chen W, Yu XP. Black rice-derived anthocyanins inhibit HER-2-positive breast cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition-mediated metastasis in vitro by suppressing FAK signaling. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1649-1656. [PMID: 29039492 PMCID: PMC5716451 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling in the inhibitory effects of black rice anthocyanins (BRACs) on human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2)-positive human breast cancer cell metastasis, using the MCF-10A, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-453 cells. BRACs exerted an anti-metastatic effect on the HER-2-positive breast cancer cells. The effects of BRACs on the proliferation of the MDA-MB-453 cells were examined by cell counting kit-8 assay. A wound-healing assay was used to examine the effects of BRACs on the migration of the breast cancer cells. BRACs interrupted migration and invasion. BRACs decreased the migration distance of the HER-2-positive human breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-453, by 37% compared with the cells in the untreated group. They also reduced the number of invading MDA-MB-453 cells by 68%. In addition, BRACs exerted an inhibitory effect on epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Western blot analysis revealed that BRACs decreased the phosphorylation of FAK, cSrc and p130Cas. The FAK inhibitor, Y15, was also used to further evaluate the role of FAK signaling in the anti-metastatic effects of BRACs on MDA-MB-453 cells. The results of western blot analysis revealed that BRACs increased the expression of the epithelial marker, E-cadherin, and decreased the expression of the mesenchymal markers, fibronectin and vimentin, in the MDA-MB-453 cells. In addition, BRACs decreased the interaction between HER-2 and FAK, FAK and cSrc, cSrc and p130Cas, and between FAK and p130Cas. These results suggest that BRACs suppress the metastasis of HER-2-positive breast cancer in vitro, and that the cSrc/FAK/p130Cas pathway plays a vital role in this inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Feng Zhu
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Yan Chen
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Bin Han
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Yao Chen
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Peng
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Luo
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Yu
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
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8
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Shen Q, Zeng D, Zhao B, Bhatt VS, Li P, Cho JH. The Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Hijack of Host Proteins by the 1918 Spanish Influenza Virus. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1199-1203. [PMID: 28368102 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The 1918 Spanish influenza A virus (IAV) caused one of the most serious pandemics in history. The nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of the 1918 IAV hijacks the interaction between human CrkII and JNK1. Little is, however, known about its molecular mechanism. Here, we performed X-ray crystallography, NMR relaxation dispersion experiment, and fluorescence spectroscopy to determine the structural, kinetic, and thermodynamic mechanisms underlying the hijacking of CrkII by 1918 IAV NS1. We observed that the interaction between a proline-rich motif in NS1 and the N-terminal SH3 domain of CrkII displays strikingly rapid kinetics and exceptionally high affinity with 100-fold faster kon and 3300-fold lower Kd compared to those for the CrkII-JNK1 interaction. These results provide molecular insight into the mechanism by which 1918 IAV NS1 hijacks CrkII and disrupts its interactions with critical cellular signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Danyun Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Baoyu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Veer S. Bhatt
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jae-Hyun Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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9
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Crk adaptor proteins regulate CD3ζ chain phosphorylation and TCR/CD3 down-modulation in activated T cells. Cell Signal 2017; 36:117-126. [PMID: 28465009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of a peptide antigen in the context of MHC molecules initiates positive and negative cascades that regulate T cell activation, proliferation and differentiation, and culminate in the acquisition of effector T cell functions. These processes are a prerequisite for the induction of specific T cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. A key event in the activation of TCR-coupled signaling pathways is the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues within the cytoplasmic tails of the CD3 subunits, predominantly CD3ζ. These transiently formed phosphotyrosyl epitopes serve as docking sites for SH2-domain containing effector molecules, predominantly the ZAP70 protein tyrosine kinase, which is critical for signal propagation. We found that CrkI and CrkII adaptor proteins also interact with CD3ζ in TCR activated-, but not in resting-, T cells. Crk binding to CD3ζ was independent of ZAP70 and also occurred in ZAP70-deficient T cells. Binding was mediated by Crk-SH2 domain interaction with phosphotyrosine-containing motifs on CD3ζ, via a direct physical interaction, as demonstrated by Far-Western blot. CrkII binding to CD3ζ could also be demonstrated in a heterologous system, where coexpression of a catalytically active Lck was used to phosphorylate the CD3ζ chain. TCR activation-induced Crk binding to CD3ζ resulted in increased and prolonged phosphorylation of CD3ζ, as well as ZAP70 and LAT, suggesting a positive role for CrkI/II binding to CD3ζ in regulation of TCR-coupled signaling pathways. Furthermore, Crk-dependent increased phosphorylation of CD3ζ coincided with inhibition of TCR downmodulation, supporting a positive role for Crk adaptor proteins in TCR-mediated signal amplification.
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10
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Wang L, Lu L. Ultraviolet Irradiation-Induced Volume Alteration of Corneal Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:6747-6756. [PMID: 27978555 PMCID: PMC5172162 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the study is to understand how extracellular stresses, such as ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, affect corneal epithelial cells. Cell volume changes, damage to corneal epithelial integrity, and cellular responses were assessed after exposure to UVC stresses. Methods Primary human and rabbit corneal epithelial cells were exposed to UVC light in culture conditions. Ultraviolet C irradiation–induced changes in cell size and volume were measured by real-time microscopy and self-quenching of the fluorescent dye calcein, respectively. The effects of UVC irradiation on Src and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation and FAK-dependent integrin signaling were detected by ELISA, immunoblotting, and immunostaining. Results Ultraviolet C irradiation induced both size and volume shifts in human and rabbit corneal epithelial cells. Ultraviolet C irradiation-induced decrease of cell volume elicited activation of Src and FAK, characterized by increased phosphorylations of SrcY416, FAKY397, and FAKY925. In addition, immunostaining studies showed UVC irradiation–induced increases in phosphorylation of FAK and formation of integrin β5 clustering. Application of Kv channel blockers, including 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), α-DTX, and depressing substance-1 (BDS-1), effectively suppressed UVC irradiation–induced cell volume changes, and subsequently inhibited UVC irradiation–induced phosphorylation of Src/FAK, and formation of integrin β5 clustering, suggesting UVC irradiation–induced volume changes and Src/FAK activation. Hyperosmotic pressure–induced volume decreases were measured in comparison with effects of UVC irradiation on volume and Src/FAK activation. However, Kv channel blocker, 4-AP, had no effect on hyperosmotic pressure–induced responses. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that UVC irradiation–induced decreases in cell volume lead to Src/FAK activation due to a rapid loss of K ions through membrane Kv channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Torrance, California, United States
| | - Luo Lu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Torrance, California, United States
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11
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TrpC5 regulates differentiation through the Ca2+/Wnt5a signalling pathway in colorectal cancer. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 131:227-237. [PMID: 27895148 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential channel 5 (TrpC5) is a member of the TrpC subgroup, and it forms a receptor-activated, non-selective Ca2+ channel. The architecture of the TrpC5 channel is poorly understood. In the present study, we report that TrpC5 is a key factor in regulating differentiation in colorectal cancer (CRC). Through a study of specimens from a large cohort of patients with CRC, we found that TrpC5 was highly expressed and its cellular level correlated with tumour grade. We showed further that up-regulated TrpC5 caused a robust rise in intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]i, increased Wnt5a expression and the nuclear translocation of β-catenin, leading to a reduction in cancer differentiation and an increase in cancer cell stemness. Notably, patients with tumours that expressed high levels of TrpC5 showed significantly poorer disease-free and overall survival. Therefore, our findings suggest that TrpC5 is an independent adverse prognostic factor for death in CRC, reducing differentiation through the Ca2+/Wnt5a signalling pathway.
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12
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Dolgos H, Freisleben A, Wimmer E, Scheible H, Krätzer F, Yamagata T, Gallemann D, Fluck M. In vitro and in vivo drug disposition of cilengitide in animals and human. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00217. [PMID: 27069630 PMCID: PMC4804314 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilengitide is very low permeable (1.0 nm/sec) stable cyclic pentapeptide containing an Arg-Gly-Asp motif responsible for selective binding to αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins administered intravenously (i.v.). In vivo studies in the mouse and Cynomolgus monkeys showed the major component in plasma was unchanged drug (>85%). These results, together with the absence of metabolism in vitro and in animals, indicate minimal metabolism in both species. The excretion of [(14)C]-cilengitide showed profound species differences, with a high renal excretion of the parent drug observed in Cynomolgus monkey (50% dose), but not in mouse (7 and 28%: m/f). Consistently fecal (biliary) secretion was high in mouse (87 and 66% dose: m/f) but low in Cynomolgus monkey (36.5%). Human volunteers administrated with [(14)C]-cilengitide showed that most of the dose was recovered in urine as unchanged drug (77.5%, referred to Becker et al. 2015), indicating that the Cynomolgus monkey was the closer species to human. In order to better understand the species difference between human and mouse, the hepatobiliary disposition of [(14)C]-cilengitide was determined in sandwich-cultured hepatocytes. Cilengitide exhibited modest biliary efflux (30-40%) in mouse, while in human hepatocytes this was negligible. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the uptake of cilengitide into human hepatocytes was minor and appeared to be passive. In summary, the extent of renal and biliary secretion of cilengitide appears to be highly species specific and is qualitatively well explained using sandwich hepatocyte culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Dolgos
- Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD) Merck Grafing Germany
| | - Achim Freisleben
- Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD) Merck Grafing Germany
| | - Elmar Wimmer
- Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD) Merck Grafing Germany
| | - Holger Scheible
- Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD) Merck Grafing Germany
| | - Friedrich Krätzer
- Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD) Merck Grafing Germany
| | - Tetsuo Yamagata
- Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD) Merck Grafing Germany
| | - Dieter Gallemann
- Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD) Merck Grafing Germany
| | - Markus Fluck
- Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD) Merck Grafing Germany
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13
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Tiong KH, Mah LY, Leong CO. Functional roles of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) signaling in human cancers. Apoptosis 2014; 18:1447-68. [PMID: 23900974 PMCID: PMC3825415 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) regulate important biological processes including cell proliferation and differentiation during development and tissue repair. Over the past decades, numerous pathological conditions and developmental syndromes have emerged as a consequence of deregulation in the FGFRs signaling network. This review aims to provide an overview of FGFR family, their complex signaling pathways in tumorigenesis, and the current development and application of therapeutics targeting the FGFRs signaling for treatment of refractory human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hung Tiong
- School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
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14
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Keasey MP, Kang SS, Lovins C, Hagg T. Inhibition of a novel specific neuroglial integrin signaling pathway increases STAT3-mediated CNTF expression. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:35. [PMID: 23693126 PMCID: PMC3691611 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) expression is repressed in astrocytes by neuronal contact in the CNS and is rapidly induced by injury. Here, we defined an inhibitory integrin signaling pathway. Results The integrin substrates laminin, fibronectin and vitronectin, but not collagen, thrombospondin or fibrinogen, reduced CNTF expression in C6 astroglioma cells. Antibodies against αv and β5, but not α6 or β1, integrin induced CNTF. Together, the ligand and antibody specificity suggests that CNTF is repressed by αvβ5 integrin. Antibodies against Thy1, an abundant neuronal surface protein whose function is unclear, induced CNTF in neuron-astrocyte co-cultures indicating that it is a neuroglial CNTF repressor. Inhibition of the integrin signaling molecule Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) or the downstream c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) or p38 MAPK, greatly induced CNTF mRNA and protein expression within 4 hours. This selective inhibitory pathway phosphorylated STAT3 on its inhibitory ser-727 residue interfering with activity of the pro-transcription Tyr-705 residue. STAT3 can activate CNTF transcription because it bound to its promoter and FAK antagonist-induced CNTF was reduced by blocking STAT3. Microinjection of FAK inhibitor directly into the brain or spinal cord in adult mice rapidly induced CNTF mRNA and protein expression. Importantly, systemic treatment with FAK inhibitors over 3 days induced CNTF in the subventricular zone and increased neurogenesis. Conclusions Neuron-astroglia contact mediated by integrins serves as a sensor to enable rapid neurotrophic responses and provides a new pharmacological avenue to exploit the neuroprotective properties of endogenous CNTF.
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Abstract
Protein kinases represent one of the largest families of genes found in eukaryotes. Kinases mediate distinct cellular processes ranging from proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Ligand-mediated activation of receptor kinases can lead to the production of endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by membrane-bound NADPH oxidases. In turn, H₂O₂ can be utilized as a secondary messenger in signal transduction pathways. This review presents an overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in redox regulation of protein kinases and its effects on signaling cascades. In the first half, we will focus primarily on receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), whereas the latter will concentrate on downstream non-receptor kinases involved in relaying stimulant response. Select examples from the literature are used to highlight the functional role of H₂O₂ regarding kinase activity, as well as the components involved in H₂O₂ production and regulation during cellular signaling. In addition, studies demonstrating direct modulation of protein kinases by H₂O₂ through cysteine oxidation will be emphasized. Identification of these redox-sensitive residues may help uncover signaling mechanisms conserved within kinase subfamilies. In some cases, these residues can even be exploited as targets for the development of new therapeutics. Continued efforts in this field will further basic understanding of kinase redox regulation, and delineate the mechanisms involved in physiological and pathological H₂O₂ responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu H Truong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Wallez Y, Mace PD, Pasquale EB, Riedl SJ. NSP-CAS Protein Complexes: Emerging Signaling Modules in Cancer. Genes Cancer 2012; 3:382-93. [PMID: 23226576 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912460050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The CAS (CRK-associated substrate) family of adaptor proteins comprises 4 members, which share a conserved modular domain structure that enables multiple protein-protein interactions, leading to the assembly of intracellular signaling platforms. Besides their physiological role in signal transduction downstream of a variety of cell surface receptors, CAS proteins are also critical for oncogenic transformation and cancer cell malignancy through associations with a variety of regulatory proteins and downstream effectors. Among the regulatory partners, the 3 recently identified adaptor proteins constituting the NSP (novel SH2-containing protein) family avidly bind to the conserved carboxy-terminal focal adhesion-targeting (FAT) domain of CAS proteins. NSP proteins use an anomalous nucleotide exchange factor domain that lacks catalytic activity to form NSP-CAS signaling modules. Additionally, the NSP SH2 domain can link NSP-CAS signaling assemblies to tyrosine-phosphorylated cell surface receptors. NSP proteins can potentiate CAS function by affecting key CAS attributes such as expression levels, phosphorylation state, and subcellular localization, leading to effects on cell adhesion, migration, and invasion as well as cell growth. The consequences of these activities are well exemplified by the role that members of both families play in promoting breast cancer cell invasiveness and resistance to antiestrogens. In this review, we discuss the intriguing interplay between the NSP and CAS families, with a particular focus on cancer signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Wallez
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Reardon DA, Cheresh D. Cilengitide: a prototypic integrin inhibitor for the treatment of glioblastoma and other malignancies. Genes Cancer 2011; 2:1159-65. [PMID: 22866207 PMCID: PMC3411133 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912450586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are critical intermediaries in a wide spectrum of cancer cell activities and thus represent a highly attractive target in oncology therapy. Nonetheless, successful exploitation of anti-integrin therapeutics has proven challenging to date for cancer patients. In this review, we will focus on cilengitide, an RGD pentapeptide inhibitor of α V integrins. Although several integrin inhibitors are under clinical evaluation, cilengitide is the most clinically advanced and is emerging as a prototype for this class of anticancer therapy. A foundation of encouraging preclinical studies led to a well-designed clinical development plan that culminated in a pivotal phase III study of cilengitide in combination with radiation therapy and temozolomide chemotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients. Accrual to this study recently completed, while phase II studies of cilengitide are ongoing for head and neck cancer as well as lung cancer. Important future considerations for cilengitide and other integrin-targeting agents will likely include the identification of optimal combinatorial regimens and the delineation of biomarkers associated with efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Reardon
- Department of Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Cheresh
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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18
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Serrels A, McLeod K, Canel M, Kinnaird A, Graham K, Frame MC, Brunton VG. The role of focal adhesion kinase catalytic activity on the proliferation and migration of squamous cell carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:287-97. [PMID: 21823119 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is upregulated in several epithelial tumours and there has been considerable interest in developing small molecule kinase inhibitors of FAK. However, FAK also has important adaptor functions within the cell, integrating signals from both integrins and growth factors. To investigate the role of FAKs kinase domain, we generated fak-deficient squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines. Re-expression of a wild type or kinase dead FAK allowed us to delineate its kinase dependent functions. In addition, we used the novel FAK kinase inhibitor PF-562,271. The kinase activity of FAK was important for tumour cell migration and polarity but more striking was its requirement for the anchorage independent 3 dimensional (3D) proliferation of SCC cells and their growth as xenografts in mice. Inhibition of FAK activity and prevention of growth in 3D correlated with Src inhibition. We further identified a mechanism whereby FAK regulates proliferation in 3D via regulation of the kinase activity of Src. This was dependent on the kinase activity of FAK and its resulting phosphorylation on Y397 that provides a high affinity binding site for Src. These data support the further development of FAK kinase inhibitors as agents that have the potential to inhibit both tumour cell migration and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Serrels
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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19
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Reardon DA, Neyns B, Weller M, Tonn JC, Nabors LB, Stupp R. Cilengitide: an RGD pentapeptide ανβ3 and ανβ5 integrin inhibitor in development for glioblastoma and other malignancies. Future Oncol 2011; 7:339-54. [PMID: 21417900 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilengitide, a cyclicized arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-containing pentapeptide, potently blocks ανβ3 and ανβ5 integrin activation. Integrins are upregulated in many malignancies and mediate a wide variety of tumor-stroma interactions. Cilengitide and other integrin-targeting therapeutics have preclinical activity against many cancer subtypes including glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and deadliest CNS tumor. Cilengitide is active against orthotopic GBM xenografts and can augment radiotherapy and chemotherapy in these models. In Phase I and II GBM trials, cilengitide and the combination of cilengitide with standard temozolomide and radiation demonstrate consistent antitumor activity and a favorable safety profile. Cilengitide is currently under evaluation in a pivotal, randomized Phase III study (Cilengitide in Combination With Temozolomide and Radiotherapy in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Phase III Randomized Clinical Trial [CENTRIC]) for newly diagnosed GBM. In addition, randomized controlled Phase II studies with cilengitide are ongoing for non-small-cell lung cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cilengitide is the first integrin inhibitor in clinical Phase III development for oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Reardon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, 047 Baker House, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3624, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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20
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Reardon DA, Perry JR, Brandes AA, Jalali R, Wick W. Advances in malignant glioma drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:739-53. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.584530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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21
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Xu M, Bower KA, Wang S, Frank JA, Chen G, Ding M, Wang S, Shi X, Ke Z, Luo J. Cyanidin-3-glucoside inhibits ethanol-induced invasion of breast cancer cells overexpressing ErbB2. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:285. [PMID: 21034468 PMCID: PMC2984473 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethanol is a tumor promoter. Both epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that ethanol may enhance the metastasis of breast cancer cells. We have previously demonstrated that ethanol increased the migration/invasion of breast cancer cells expressing high levels of ErbB2. Amplification of ErbB2 is found in 20-30% of breast cancer patients and is associated with poor prognosis. We sought to identify agents that can prevent or ameliorate ethanol-induced invasion of breast cancer cells. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), an anthocyanin present in many vegetables and fruits, is a potent natural antioxidant. Ethanol exposure causes the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study evaluated the effect of C3G on ethanol-induced breast cancer cell migration/invasion. Results C3G attenuated ethanol-induced migration/invasion of breast cancer cells expressing high levels of ErbB2 (BT474, MDA-MB231 and MCF7ErbB2) in a concentration dependent manner. C3G decreased ethanol-mediated cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as the amount of focal adhesions and the formation of lamellipodial protrusion. It inhibited ethanol-stimulated phosphorylation of ErbB2, cSrc, FAK and p130Cas, as well as interactions among these proteins. C3G abolished ethanol-mediated p130Cas/JNK interaction. Conclusions C3G blocks ethanol-induced activation of the ErbB2/cSrc/FAK pathway which is necessary for cell migration/invasion. C3G may be beneficial in preventing/reducing ethanol-induced breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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22
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Cabodi S, Tinnirello A, Bisaro B, Tornillo G, del Pilar Camacho-Leal M, Forni G, Cojoca R, Iezzi M, Amici A, Montani M, Eva A, Di Stefano P, Muthuswamy SK, Tarone G, Turco E, Defilippi P. p130Cas is an essential transducer element in ErbB2 transformation. FASEB J 2010; 24:3796-808. [PMID: 20505116 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-157347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ErbB2 oncogene is often overexpressed in breast tumors and associated with poor clinical outcome. p130Cas represents a nodal scaffold protein regulating cell survival, migration, and proliferation in normal and pathological cells. The functional role of p130Cas in ErbB2-dependent breast tumorigenesis was assessed by its silencing in breast cancer cells derived from mouse mammary tumors overexpressing ErbB2 (N202-1A cells), and by its reexpression in ErbB2-transformed p130Cas-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We demonstrate that p130Cas is necessary for ErbB2-dependent foci formation, anchorage-independent growth, and in vivo growth of orthotopic N202-1A tumors. Moreover, intranipple injection of p130Cas-stabilized siRNAs in the mammary gland of Balbc-NeuT mice decreases the growth of spontaneous tumors. In ErbB2-transformed cells, p130Cas is a crucial component of a functional molecular complex consisting of ErbB2, c-Src, and Fak. In human mammary cells, MCF10A.B2, the concomitant activation of ErbB2, and p130Cas overexpression sustain and strengthen signaling, leading to Rac1 activation and MMP9 secretion, thus providing invasive properties. Consistently, p130Cas drives N202-1A cell in vivo lung metastases colonization. These results demonstrate that p130Cas is an essential transducer in ErbB2 transformation and highlight its potential use as a novel therapeutic target in ErbB2 positive human breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cabodi
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
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23
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Abstract
During murine peri-implantation development, the egg cylinder forms from a solid cell mass by the apoptotic removal of inner cells that do not contact the basement membrane (BM) and the selective survival of the epiblast epithelium, which does. The signaling pathways that mediate this fundamental biological process are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that Rac1 ablation in embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) leads to massive apoptosis of epiblast cells in contact with the BM. Expression of wild-type Rac1 in the mutant EBs rescues the BM-contacting epiblast, while expression of a constitutively active Rac1 additionally blocks the apoptosis of inner cells and cavitation, indicating that the spatially regulated activation of Rac1 is required for epithelial cyst formation. We further show that Rac1 is activated through integrin-mediated recruitment of the Crk-DOCK180 complex and mediates BM-dependent epiblast survival through activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway. Our results reveal a signaling cascade triggered by cell-BM interactions essential for epithelial morphogenesis.
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Singh J, Aaronson SA, Mlodzik M. Drosophila Abelson kinase mediates cell invasion and proliferation through two distinct MAPK pathways. Oncogene 2010; 29:4033-45. [PMID: 20453880 PMCID: PMC2919309 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Abelson (Abl) family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases plays important role in cell morphogenesis, motility and proliferation. Although the function of Abl has been extensively studied in leukemia, its role in epithelial cell invasion remains obscure. Using the Drosophila wing epithelium as an in-vivo model system, we demonstrate that overexpression (activation) of Drosophila Abl (dAbl) causes loss of epithelial apical/basal cell polarity and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases, resulting in a cellular invasion and apoptosis. Our in vivo data indicate that dAbl acts downstream of the Src kinases, which are known regulators of cell adhesion and invasion. Downstream of dAbl, Rac GTPases activate two distinct MAPK pathways: JNK signaling (required for cell invasion and apoptosis) and ERK signaling (inducing cell proliferation). Activated Abl also increases the activity of Src members through a positive feedback loop leading to signal amplification. Thus targeting Src-Abl, using available dual inhibitors, could be of therapeutic importance in tumor cell metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Singh
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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25
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Tikhmyanova N, Little JL, Golemis EA. CAS proteins in normal and pathological cell growth control. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1025-48. [PMID: 19937461 PMCID: PMC2836406 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the CAS (Crk-associated substrate) family (BCAR1/p130Cas, NEDD9/HEF1/Cas-L, EFS/SIN and CASS4/HEPL) are integral players in normal and pathological cell biology. CAS proteins act as scaffolds to regulate protein complexes controlling migration and chemotaxis, apoptosis, cell cycle, and differentiation, and have more recently been linked to a role in progenitor cell function. Reflecting these complex functions, over-expression of CAS proteins has now been strongly linked to poor prognosis and increased metastasis in cancer, as well as resistance to first-line chemotherapeutics in multiple tumor types including breast and lung cancers, glioblastoma, and melanoma. Further, CAS proteins have also been linked to additional pathological conditions including inflammatory disorders, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as developmental defects. This review will explore the roles of the CAS proteins in normal and pathological states in the context of the many mechanistic insights into CAS protein function that have emerged in the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Tikhmyanova
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Drexel University Medical School, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA
| | - Joy L. Little
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
| | - Erica A. Golemis
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
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26
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Hrincius ER, Wixler V, Wolff T, Wagner R, Ludwig S, Ehrhardt C. CRK adaptor protein expression is required for efficient replication of avian influenza A viruses and controls JNK-mediated apoptotic responses. Cell Microbiol 2010; 12:831-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Makrilia N, Kollias A, Manolopoulos L, Syrigos K. Cell adhesion molecules: role and clinical significance in cancer. Cancer Invest 2009; 27:1023-37. [PMID: 19909018 DOI: 10.3109/07357900902769749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that alterations in the adhesion properties of neoplastic cells endow them with an invasive and migratory phenotype. Indeed, changes in the expression or function of cell adhesion molecules have been implicated in all steps of tumor progression, including detachment of tumor cells from the primary site, intravasation into the blood stream, extravasation into distant target organs, and formation of the secondary lesions. This review presents recent data regarding the role of cell adhesion molecules in tumor development and progress with concern to their clinical exploitation as potential biomarkers in neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nektaria Makrilia
- Oncology Unit, 3rd Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, Athens School of Medicine, Greece
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28
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Cardioprotective signaling by endothelin. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2009; 18:233-9. [PMID: 19232951 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endothelin axis promotes vasoconstriction, suggesting that antagonists of endothelin signaling might be useful in treatment of heart failure. However, promising results from animal trials have not been recapitulated in heart failure patients. Here we review the role of major signaling pathways in the heart that are involved in cell survival initiated by ET-1. These pathways include mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidyl inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate kinase (PI3K-AKT), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and calcineurin signaling. A better understanding of endothelin-mediated signaling in cardiac cell survival may allow a reevaluation of endothelin receptor antagonists (ETRAs) in the treatment of heart failure.
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Zouq NK, Keeble JA, Lindsay J, Valentijn AJ, Zhang L, Mills D, Turner CE, Streuli CH, Gilmore AP. FAK engages multiple pathways to maintain survival of fibroblasts and epithelia: differential roles for paxillin and p130Cas. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:357-67. [PMID: 19126677 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.030478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Different cell types interpret their distinct extracellular matrix (ECM) environments to bring about specific cell fate decisions, and can differentiate or undergo apoptosis depending on their local adhesive interactions. Apoptosis in response to an inappropriate ECM environment is termed ;anoikis', or homelessness. Several studies, utilising a variety of cell types, have indicated a common, crucial role for focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in suppressing anoikis. A wide range of different integrins can activate FAK, raising the question of how cell type specific effects are regulated. In this study, we have used a constitutively active form of FAK to examine the mechanism of FAK-mediated survival signalling in cell types from distinct embryonic lineages that show differing sensitivities to anoikis. We demonstrate that both fibroblasts and epithelial cells prevent anoikis through FAK activation. We show that FAK activates multiple downstream pathways in order to suppress anoikis. However FAK regulates survival through a more restricted set of pathways in the more anoikis-sensitive epithelial cells. Furthermore, we identify a novel role for paxillin in apoptosis suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia K Zouq
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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30
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Tazaki T, Miyazaki K, Hiyama E, Nakamoto T, Sakai R, Yamasaki N, Honda ZI, Noda M, Miyasaka N, Sueda T, Honda H. Functional analysis of Src homology 3-encoding exon (exon 2) of p130Cas in primary fibroblasts derived from exon 2-specific knockout mice. Genes Cells 2008; 13:145-57. [PMID: 18233957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2007.01156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
p130Cas (Cas, Crk-associated substrate) is an adaptor molecule composed of a Src homology 3 (SH3) domain, a substrate domain (SD) and a Src binding domain (SBD). The SH3 domain of Cas associates with focal adhesion kinase (FAK), but its role in cellular function has not fully been understood. To address this issue, we established and analyzed primary fibroblasts derived from mice expressing a truncated Cas lacking exon 2, which encodes the SH3 domain (Cas Deltaexon 2). In comparison to wild-type cells, Cas exon 2(Delta/Delta) cells showed reduced motility, which could be due to impaired tyrosine-phosphorylation of FAK and Cas, reduced FAK/Cas/Src/CrkII binding, and also impaired localization of Cas Deltaexon 2 to focal adhesions on fibronectin. In addition, to analyze downstream signaling pathways regulated by Cas exon 2, we performed microarray analyses. Interestingly, we found that a deficiency of Cas exon 2 up-regulated expression of CXC Chemokine Receptor-4 and CC Chemokine Receptor-5, which may be regulated by IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. These results indicate that the SH3-encoding exon of Cas participates in cell motility, tyrosine-phosphorylation of FAK and Cas, FAK/Cas/Src/CrkII complex formation, recruitment of Cas to focal adhesions and regulation of cell motility-associated gene expression in primary fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Tazaki
- Department of Developmental Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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31
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Schrecengost RS, Riggins RB, Thomas KS, Guerrero MS, Bouton AH. Breast cancer antiestrogen resistance-3 expression regulates breast cancer cell migration through promotion of p130Cas membrane localization and membrane ruffling. Cancer Res 2007; 67:6174-82. [PMID: 17616674 PMCID: PMC4109708 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Antiestrogens such as tamoxifen are widely used in the clinic to treat estrogen receptor-positive breast tumors. Resistance to tamoxifen can occur either de novo or develop over time in a large proportion of these tumors. Additionally, resistance is associated with enhanced motility and invasiveness in vitro. One molecule that has been implicated in tamoxifen resistance, breast cancer antiestrogen resistance-3 (BCAR3), has also been shown to regulate migration of fibroblasts. In this study, we investigated the role of BCAR3 in breast cancer cell migration and invasion. We found that BCAR3 was highly expressed in multiple breast cancer cell lines, where it associated with another protein, p130(Cas) (also known as breast cancer antiestrogen resistance-1; BCAR1), that plays a role in both tamoxifen resistance and cell motility. In cells with relatively low migratory potential, BCAR3 overexpression resulted in enhanced migration and colocalization with p130(Cas) at the cell membrane. Conversely, BCAR3 depletion from more aggressive breast cancer cell lines inhibited migration and invasion. This coincided with a relocalization of p130(Cas) away from the cell membrane and an attenuated response to epidermal growth factor stimulation that was characterized by a loss of membrane ruffles, decreased migration toward EGF, and disruption of p130(Cas)/Crk complexes. Based on these data, we propose that the spatial and temporal regulation of BCAR3/p130(Cas) interactions within the cell is important for controlling breast cancer cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy S. Schrecengost
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Rebecca B. Riggins
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Keena S. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Michael S. Guerrero
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Amy H. Bouton
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
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32
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Abstract
G proteins provide signal-coupling mechanisms to heptahelical cell surface receptors and are critically involved in the regulation of different mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) networks. The four classes of G proteins, defined by the G(s), G(i), G(q) and G(12) families, regulate ERK1/2, JNK, p38MAPK, ERK5 and ERK6 modules by different mechanisms. The alpha- as well as betagamma-subunits are involved in the regulation of these MAPK modules in a context-specific manner. While the alpha- and betagamma-subunits primarily regulate the MAPK pathways via their respective effector-mediated signaling pathways, recent studies have unraveled several novel signaling intermediates including receptor tyrosine kinases and small GTPases through which these G-protein subunits positively as well as negatively regulate specific MAPK modules. Multiple mechanisms together with specific scaffold proteins that can link G-protein-coupled receptors or G proteins to distinct MAPK modules contribute to the context-specific and spatio-temporal regulation of mitogen-activated protein signaling networks by G proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z G Goldsmith
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Singh MK, Cowell L, Seo S, O’Neill GM, Golemis EA. Molecular basis for HEF1/NEDD9/Cas-L action as a multifunctional co-ordinator of invasion, apoptosis and cell cycle. Cell Biochem Biophys 2007; 48:54-72. [PMID: 17703068 PMCID: PMC1976382 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-007-0036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of the scaffolding protein HEF1, also known as NEDD9 and Cas-L, has recently been identified as a pro-metastatic stimulus in a number of different solid tumors, and has also been strongly associated with pathogenesis of BCR-Abl-dependent tumors. As the evidence mounts for HEF1/NEDD9/Cas-L as a key player in metastatic cancer, it is timely to review the molecular regulation of HEF1/NEDD9/Cas-L. Most of the mortality associated with cancer arises from uncontrolled metastases, thus a better understanding of the properties of proteins specifically associated with promotion of this process may yield insights that improve cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we summarize the extensive literature regarding HEF1/NEDD9/Cas-L expression and function in signaling relevant to cell attachment, migration, invasion, cell cycle, apoptosis, and oncogenic signal transduction. The complex function of HEF1/NEDD9/Cas-L revealed by this analysis leads us to propose a model in which alleviation of cell cycle checkpoints and acquired resistance to apoptosis is permissive for a HEF1/NEDD9/Cas-L-promoted pro-metastatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Singh
- Division of Basic Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren Cowell
- Oncology Research Unit, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sachiko Seo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Geraldine M. O’Neill
- Oncology Research Unit, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Erica A. Golemis
- Division of Basic Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- corresponding author: Erica A. Golemis, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave. Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA, Phone: 215-728-2860, FAX: 215-728-3616,
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Boisvert M, Gendron S, Chetoui N, Aoudjit F. Alpha2 beta1 integrin signaling augments T cell receptor-dependent production of interferon-gamma in human T cells. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3732-40. [PMID: 17521731 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which beta1 integrins modulate T cell costimulation are still poorly defined. In this study, we examined the role of collagen-binding integrins alpha1 beta1 and alpha2 beta1 in the regulation of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). We demonstrated that ligation of alpha2 beta1 integrin with Collagen type I (Coll I) but not alpha1 beta1 integrin with Collagen IV (Coll IV) significantly augmented T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent expression and production of IFN-gamma by effector T cells. The effect of Coll I was not due to cell adhesion as soluble Coll I also augmented TCR-dependent production of IFN-gamma. Inhibition studies indicated that activation of ERK and JNK MAPKs and PI3K/AKT are necessary for both TCR- and TCR+alpha2 beta1 integrin-dependent IFN-gamma production and that Coll I increases TCR-dependent activation of ERK and JNK MAPKs, and AKT. In addition, our results showed that Coll IV is less potent than Coll I in augmenting TCR-dependent activation of JNK/MAPK, which may explain the differential effect of collagen matrices on TCR-dependent IFN-gamma production. Together, these results indicate that the costimulatory effect of Coll I on IFN-gamma expression is integrated at the levels of ERK and JNK MAPKs and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways and suggest JNK/MAPK as a major signaling pathway of Coll I costimulation. Thus, our study identifies alpha2 beta1 integrin as an important regulatory pathway of IFN-gamma expression and provides novel insights into the signaling mechanisms of integrin costimulation in T cells. As such, this study further supports the functional importance that Coll I interactions may have on the control of T cell-dependent Th1 inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Boisvert
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval 2705, Blvd. Laurier, local T1-49, Ste-Foy, Québec, G1V 4G2 Canada
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Vervoort VS, Roselli S, Oshima RG, Pasquale EB. Splice variants and expression patterns of SHEP1, BCAR3 and NSP1, a gene family involved in integrin and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Gene 2007; 391:161-70. [PMID: 17270363 PMCID: PMC1876674 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
SHEP1, BCAR3 and NSP1 are the three members of a family of cytoplasmic proteins involved in cell adhesion/migration and antiestrogen resistance. All three proteins contain an SH2 domain and an exchange factor-like domain that binds both Ras GTPases and the scaffolding protein Cas. SHEP1, BCAR3 and NSP1 mRNAs are widely expressed in tissues, and SHEP1 and BCAR3 have multiple splice variants that differ in their 5' untranslated regions and in some cases the beginning of their coding regions. Interestingly, our data suggest that SHEP1 is highly expressed in blood vessels in mouse breast cancer models. In contrast, BCAR3 and NSP1 are more highly expressed than SHEP1 in breast cancer cells. These expression patterns suggest differential roles for the three genes during breast cancer progression in either the vasculature or the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Séverine Roselli
- The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Robert G Oshima
- The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037
- Pathology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037
- Pathology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Correspondence: Elena B. Pasquale, The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla CA 92037, 858 646 3131 (telephone), 858 646 3199 (FAX),
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36
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Huang D, Khoe M, Befekadu M, Chung S, Takata Y, Ilic D, Bryer-Ash M. Focal adhesion kinase mediates cell survival via NF-kappaB and ERK signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C1339-52. [PMID: 17135301 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00144.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is important to cellular functions such as proliferation, migration, and survival of anchorage-dependent cells. We investigated the role of FAK in modulating normal cellular responses, specifically cell survival in response to inflammatory stimuli and serum withdrawal, using FAK-knockout (FAK(-/-)) embryonic fibroblasts. FAK(-/-) fibroblasts were more vulnerable to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis, as measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase positivity. FAK(-/-) fibroblasts also demonstrated increased procaspase-3 cleavage to p17 subunit, whereas this was undetectable in FAK(+/+) fibroblasts. Insulin receptor substrate-1 expression was completely abolished and NF-kappaB activity was reduced, with a concomitant decrease in abundance of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-x(L) in FAK(-/-) cells. Upon serum withdrawal, FAK(+/+) cells exhibited marked attenuation of basal ERK phosphorylation, while FAK(-/-) cells, in contrast, maintained high basal ERK phosphorylation. Moreover, inhibition of ERK phosphorylation potentiated serum withdrawal-induced caspase-3 activity. This was paralleled by increased insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 expression in FAK(-/-) cells, although both insulin- and IGF-1-mediated phosphorylation of Akt/PKB and GSK-3 were impaired. This suggests that IRS-2 protects against apoptosis upon serum withdrawal via the ERK signaling pathway. The specific role of FAK to protect cells from apoptosis is regulated by activation and phosphorylation of NF-kappaB and interaction between activated growth factor anti-apoptotic signaling pathways involving both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and MAPK/ERK1/2. We demonstrate that FAK is necessary for upregulation of the anti-apoptotic NF-kappaB response, as well as for normal expression of growth factor signaling proteins. Thus we propose a novel role for FAK in protection from cytokine-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danshan Huang
- West Los Angeles Veterans Administration Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Cox BD, Natarajan M, Stettner MR, Gladson CL. New concepts regarding focal adhesion kinase promotion of cell migration and proliferation. J Cell Biochem 2006; 99:35-52. [PMID: 16823799 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that plays a key role in the regulation of proliferation and migration of normal and tumor cells. FAK associates with integrin receptors and recruits other molecules to the site of this interaction thus forming a signaling complex that transmits signals from the extracellular matrix to the cell cytoskeleton. Crk-associated substrate (CAS) family members appear to play a pivotal role in FAK regulation of cell migration. Cellular Src bound to FAK phosphorylates CAS proteins leading to the recruitment of a Crk family adaptor molecule and activation of a small GTPase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) promoting membrane protrusion and cell migration. The relocalization of CAS and signaling through specific CAS family members appears to determine the outcome of this pathway. FAK also plays an important role in regulating cell cycle progression through transcriptional control of the cyclin D1 promoter by the Ets B and Kruppel-like factor 8 (KLF8) transcription factors. FAK regulation of cell cycle progression in tumor cells requires Erk activity, cyclin D1 transcription, and the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p27Kip1. The ability of FAK to integrate integrin and growth factor signals resulting in synergistic promotion of cell migration and proliferation, and its potential regulation by nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) and p53 and a ubiquitously expressed inhibitory protein, suggest that it is remarkable in its capacity to integrate multiple extracellular and intracellular stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden D Cox
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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Abstract
One of the functional roles of the corneal epithelial layer is to protect the cornea, lens and other underlying ocular structures from damages caused by environmental insults. It is important for corneal epithelial cells to maintain this function by undergoing continuous renewal through a dynamic process of wound healing. Previous studies in corneal epithelial cells have provided substantial evidence showing that environmental insults, such as ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and other biohazards, can induce stress-related cellular responses resulting in apoptosis and thus interrupt the dynamic process of wound healing. We found that UV irradiation-induced apoptotic effects in corneal epithelial cells are started by the hyperactivation of K+ channels in the cell membrane resulting in a fast loss of intracellular K+ ions. Recent studies provide further evidence indicating that these complex responses in corneal epithelial cells are resulted from the activation of stress-related signaling pathways mediated by K+ channel activity. The effect of UV irradiation on corneal epithelial cell fate shares common signaling mechanisms involving the activation of intracellular responses that are often activated by the stimulation of various cytokines. One piece of evidence for making this distinction is that at early times UV irradiation activates a Kv3.4 channel in corneal epithelial cells to elicit activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase cascades and p53 activation leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The hypothetic model is that UV-induced potassium channel hyperactivity as an early event initiates fast cell shrinkages due to the loss of intracellular potassium, resulting in the activation of scaffolding protein kinases and cytoskeleton reorganizations. This review article presents important control mechanisms that determine Kv channel activity-mediated cellular responses in corneal epithelial cells, involving activation of stress-induced signaling pathways, arrests of cell cycle progression and/or induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, CA 90502, USA.
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Natarajan M, Stewart JE, Golemis EA, Pugacheva EN, Alexandropoulos K, Cox BD, Wang W, Grammer JR, Gladson CL. HEF1 is a necessary and specific downstream effector of FAK that promotes the migration of glioblastoma cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:1721-32. [PMID: 16288224 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The highly invasive behavior of glioblastoma cells contributes to the morbidity and mortality associated with these tumors. The integrin-mediated adhesion and migration of glioblastoma cells on brain matrix proteins is enhanced by stimulation with growth factors, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). As focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a nonreceptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, has been shown to promote cell migration in various other cell types, we analysed its role in glioblastoma cell migration. Forced overexpression of FAK in serum-starved glioblastoma cells plated on recombinant (rec)-osteopontin resulted in a twofold enhancement of basal migration and a ninefold enhancement of PDGF-BB-stimulated migration. Both expression of mutant FAK(397F) and the downregulation of FAK with small interfering (si) RNA inhibited basal and PDGF-stimulated migration. FAK overexpression and PDGF stimulation was found to increase the phosphorylation of the Crk-associated substrate (CAS) family member human enhancer of filamentation 1 (HEF1), but not p130CAS or Src-interacting protein (Sin)/Efs, although the levels of expression of these proteins was similar. Moreover downregulation of HEF1 with siRNA, but not p130CAS, inhibited basal and PDGF-stimulated migration. The phosphorylated HEF1 colocalized with vinculin and was associated almost exclusively with 0.1% Triton X-100 insoluble material, consistent with its signaling at focal adhesions. FAK overexpression promoted invasion through normal brain homogenate and siHEF1 inhibited this invasion. Results presented here suggest that HEF1 acts as a necessary and specific downstream effector of FAK in the invasive behavior of glioblastoma cells and may be an effective target for treatment of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Natarajan
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0007, USA
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40
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Abstract
Rho family GTPases regulate a large variety of biological processes, including the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Like other members of the Ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins, Rho GTPases cycle between a GDP-bound (inactive) and a GTP-bound (active) state, and, when active, the GTPases relay extracellular signals to a large number of downstream effectors. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) promote the exchange of GDP for GTP on Rho GTPases, thereby activating them. Most Rho-GEFs mediate their effects through their signature domain known as the Dbl Homology-Pleckstrin Homology (DH-PH) module. Recently, we and others identified a family of evolutionarily conserved, DOCK180-related proteins that also display GEF activity toward Rho GTPases. The DOCK180-family of proteins lacks the canonical DH-PH module. Instead, they rely on a novel domain, termed DHR-2, DOCKER, or CZH2, to exchange GDP for GTP on Rho targets. In this chapter, the experimental approach that we used to uncover the exchange activity of the DHR-2 domain of DOCK180-related proteins will be described.
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41
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Brábek J, Constancio SS, Siesser PF, Shin NY, Pozzi A, Hanks SK. Crk-associated substrate tyrosine phosphorylation sites are critical for invasion and metastasis of SRC-transformed cells. Mol Cancer Res 2005; 3:307-15. [PMID: 15972849 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-05-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Crk-associated substrate (CAS, p130Cas) is a major tyrosine phosphorylated protein in cells transformed by v-crk and v-src oncogenes. We recently reported that reexpression of CAS in CAS-deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts transformed by oncogenic Src promoted an invasive phenotype associated with enhanced cell migration through Matrigel, organization of actin into large podosome ring and belt structures, activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2, and elevated tyrosine phosphorylation of the focal adhesion proteins FAK and paxillin. We have now extended these studies to examine the mechanism by which CAS achieves these changes and to evaluate the potential role for CAS in promoting in vivo tumor growth and metastasis. Whereas the presence or absence of CAS did not alter the primary growth of subcutaneous-injected Src-transformed mouse embryo fibroblasts, CAS expression was required to promote lung metastasis following removal of the primary tumor. The substrate domain YxxP tyrosines, the major sites of CAS phosphorylation by Src that mediate interactions with Crk, were found to be critical for promoting both invasive and metastatic properties of the cells. The ability of CAS to promote Matrigel invasion, formation of large podosome structures, and tyrosine phosphorylation of Src substrates, including FAK, paxillin, and cortactin, was also strictly dependent on the YxxP tyrosines. In contrast, matrix metalloproteinase-2 activation was most dependent on the CAS SH3 domain, whereas the substrate domain YxxP sites also contributed to this property. Thus multiple CAS-mediated signaling events are implicated in promoting invasive and metastatic properties of Src-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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42
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Abstract
The Rho family of GTPases is part of the Ras superfamily. The Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 members of the family are present in mammalian cells and have been the subject of attention of researchers due to their vast spectrum of functions. Rac 1, Cdc42, and RhoA are well-known for their role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in promoting the formation of lamellipodia, filopodia, and stress fibers, respectively. The Rho proteins also participate in the control of cell growth, motility, cell-cell adhesions, morphogenesis, cytoskeletal dynamics, and cellular trafficking. The mechanisms for eliciting these functions have become clearer during the last decade. Concordant with their roles in multiple processes of cellular control, the Rho proteins have been shown to be involved in tumor growth, progression, metastasis, and now angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia D Merajver
- Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risk Evaluation Program, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 7217 CCGC, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0948, USA.
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43
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Gangenahalli GU, Singh VK, Verma YK, Gupta P, Sharma RK, Chandra R, Gulati S, Luthra PM. Three-Dimensional Structure Prediction of the Interaction of CD34 with the SH3 Domain of Crk-L. Stem Cells Dev 2005; 14:470-7. [PMID: 16305332 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2005.14.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The monomeric 115-kDa surface protein CD34, which is present on many stem cell populations, has been useful to enumerate the quality and viability of cell suspensions for engraftment. Although these studies assure the validity of CD34 as a stem cell marker, the functional role of this molecule has not been defined. CD34 has been demonstrated to regulate adhesion, differentiation, and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells and other progenitors. The cytoplasmic domain of CD34 is known to be essential for its function. However, it is not clear how this domain's interactions with other molecules support the functional activity of CD34. Here we show that the cytoplasmic tail of CD34 is structurally similar to the carboxyl terminus of the gap junction protein Connexin 43 (Cx43). Because the activity of CD34 is mediated through its interaction with an SH3 domain of an intracellular protein, we attempted to define the SH3 binding region and amino acids involved in this interaction. We identified Glu325 to Ser334 as potential SH3 binding sites. Our results suggest that the interaction of the cytoplasmic tail of CD34 with the shallow proline-rich motif-binding groove of Crk-L is essential for the function of CD34 in stem cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurudutta U Gangenahalli
- Stem-Cell Gene Therapy Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Delhi-110054, India.
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Takino T, Nakada M, Miyamori H, Watanabe Y, Sato T, Gantulga D, Yoshioka K, Yamada KM, Sato H. JSAP1/JIP3 cooperates with focal adhesion kinase to regulate c-Jun N-terminal kinase and cell migration. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:37772-81. [PMID: 16141199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m505241200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase-associated protein 1 (JSAP1) (also termed JNK-interacting protein 3; JIP3) is a member of a family of scaffold factors for the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, and it also forms a complex with focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Here we demonstrate that JSAP1 serves as a cooperative scaffold for activation of JNK and regulation of cell migration in response to fibronectin (FN) stimulation. JSAP1 mediated an association between FAK and JNK, which was induced by either co-expression of Src or attachment of cells to FN. Complex formation of FAK with JSAP1 and p130 Crk-associated substrate (p130(Cas)) resulted in augmentation of FAK activity and phosphorylation of both JSAP1 and p130(Cas), which required p130(Cas) hyperphosphorylation and was abolished by inhibition of Src. JNK activation by FN was enhanced by JSAP1, which was suppressed by disrupting the FAK/p130(Cas) pathway by expression of a dominant-negative form of p130(Cas) or by inhibiting Src. We also documented the co-localization of JSAP1 with JNK and phosphorylated FAK at the leading edge and stimulation of cell migration by JSAP1 expression, which depended on its JNK binding domain and was suppressed by inhibition of JNK. The level of JSAP1 mRNA correlated with advanced malignancy in brain tumors, unlike other JIPs. We propose that the JSAP1.FAK complex functions cooperatively as a scaffold for the JNK signaling pathway and regulator of cell migration on FN, and we suggest that JSAP1 is also associated with malignancy in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Takino
- Department of Molecular Virology, Cancer Research Institute, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Japan
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45
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Chang LC, Huang CH, Cheng CH, Chen BH, Chen HC. Differential Effect of the Focal Adhesion Kinase Y397F Mutant on v-Src-Stimulated Cell Invasion and Tumor Growth. J Biomed Sci 2005; 12:571-85. [PMID: 16132110 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-005-7212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) rapidly undergoes autophosphorylation on its Tyr-397 which consequently serves as a binding site for the Src homology 2 domains of the Src family protein kinases and several other intracellular signaling molecules. In this study, we have attempted to examine the effect of the FAK Y397F mutant on v-Src-stimulated cell transformation by establishing an inducible expression of the Y397F mutant in v-Src-transformed FAK-null (FAK(-/-)) mouse embryo fibroblasts. We found that the FAK Y397F mutant had both positive and negative effects on v-Src-stimulated cell transformation; it promoted v-Src-stimulated invasion, but on the other hand it inhibited the v-Src-stimulated anchorage-independent cell growth in vitro and tumor formation in vivo . The positive effect of the Y397F mutant on v-Src-stimulated invasion was correlated with an increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2, both of which were inhibited by the specific phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin or a dominant negative mutant of AKT, suggesting a critical role for the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway in both events. However, the expression of the Y397F mutant rendered v-Src-transformed FAK(-/-) cells susceptible to anoikis, correlated with suppression on v-Src-stimulated activation of ERK and AKT. In addition, under anoikis stress, the induction of the Y397F mutant in v-Src-transformed FAK(-/-) cells selectively led to a decrease in the level of p130(Cas), but not other focal adhesion proteins such as talin, vinculin, and paxillin. These results suggest that FAK may increase the susceptibility of v-Src-transformed cells to anoikis by modulating the level of p130(Cas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
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46
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Côté JF, Motoyama AB, Bush JA, Vuori K. A novel and evolutionarily conserved PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-binding domain is necessary for DOCK180 signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2005; 7:797-807. [PMID: 16025104 PMCID: PMC1352170 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved DOCK180 protein has an indispensable role in cell migration by functioning as an exchange factor for Rac GTPase via its DOCK homology region (DHR)-2 domain. We report here that the conserved DHR-1 domain also has an important signalling role. A form of DOCK180 that lacks DHR-1 fails to promote cell migration, although it is capable of inducing Rac GTP-loading. The DHR-1 domain interacts with PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) in vitro and in vivo, and mediates the DOCK180 signalling complex localization at sites of PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) accumulation in the cell's leading edge. A form of DOCK180 in which the DHR-1 domain has been replaced by a canonical PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)-binding pleckstrin homology domain is fully functional at inducing cell elongation and migration, suggesting that the main function of DHR-1 is to bind PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3). These results demonstrate that DOCK180, via its DHR-1 and DHR-2 domains, couples PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) signalling to Rac GTP-loading, which is essential for directional cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Côté
- The Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Andrea B. Motoyama
- The Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jason A. Bush
- The Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- The Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Correspondence should be addressed to K. V.: Phone: (858) 646-3100, Fax: (858) 646-3199, e-mail:
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47
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Fournier HN, Dupé-Manet S, Bouvard D, Luton F, Degani S, Block MR, Retta SF, Albiges-Rizo C. Nuclear translocation of integrin cytoplasmic domain-associated protein 1 stimulates cellular proliferation. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:1859-71. [PMID: 15703214 PMCID: PMC1073667 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-08-0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin cytoplasmic domain-associated protein 1 (ICAP-1) has been shown to interact specifically with the beta1 integrin cytoplasmic domain and to control cell spreading on fibronectin. Interestingly, ICAP-1 also is observed in the nucleus, by immunocytochemical staining, and after biochemical cell fractionation, suggesting that it has additional roles that have yet to be determined. We show that the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling capability of ICAP-1 is dependent on a functional nuclear localization signal. In addition, overexpression of beta1 integrin strongly reduced this nuclear localization, suggesting that integrin activity could modulate ICAP-1 shuttling by sequestering it in the cytoplasm. Indeed, the nuclear localization of ICAP-1 is dependent on the stage of cell spreading on fibronectin, and we also show that ICAP-1 expression stimulates cellular proliferation in a fibronectin-dependent manner. This function is dependent on its nuclear localization. Moreover, ICAP-1 is able to activate the c-myc promoter in vitro. Together, these results demonstrate that ICAP-1 shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm in a beta1 integrin-dependent manner. It could act as a messenger that relays information from sites of integrin-dependent cell adhesion to the nucleus for controlling gene expression and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri-Noël Fournier
- Laboratoire d'Etude de la Différenciation et de l'Adhérence Cellulaires, Unité Mixte Recherche Université Joseph Fourier/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5538 Institut Albert Bonniot, Faculté de Médecine de Grenoble, La Tronche Cedex, France
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Fällman M, Gustavsson A. Cellular mechanisms of bacterial internalization counteracted by Yersinia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2005; 246:135-88. [PMID: 16164968 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(05)46004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Upon host-cell contact, human pathogenic Yersinia species inject Yop virulence effectors into the host through a Type III secretion-and-translocation system. These virulence effectors cause a block in phagocytosis (YopE, YopT, YpkA, and YopH) and suppression of inflammatory mediators (YopJ). The Yops that block phagocytosis either interfere with the host cell actin regulation of Rho GTPases (YopE, YopT, and YpkA) or specifically and rapidly inactivate host proteins involved in signaling from the receptor to actin (YopH). The block in uptake has been shown to be activated following binding to Fc, Complement, and beta1-integrin receptors in virtually any kind of host cell. Thus, the use of Yersinia as a model system to study Yersinia-host cell interactions provides a good tool to explore signaling pathways involved in phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fällman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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Chen HY, Shen CH, Tsai YT, Lin FC, Huang YP, Chen RH. Brk activates rac1 and promotes cell migration and invasion by phosphorylating paxillin. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:10558-72. [PMID: 15572663 PMCID: PMC533963 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.24.10558-10572.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Brk (for breast tumor kinase) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase containing SH3, SH2, and tyrosine kinase catalytic domains. Brk was originally identified from a human metastatic breast tumor, and its overexpression is frequently observed in breast cancer and several other cancer types. However, the molecular mechanism by which this kinase participates in tumorigenesis remains poorly characterized. In the present study, we not only identified paxillin as the binding partner and substrate of Brk but also discovered a novel signaling pathway by which Brk mediates epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced paxillin phosphorylation. We show that EGF stimulation activates the catalytic activity of Brk, which in turn phosphorylates paxillin at Y31 and Y118. These phosphorylation events promote the activation of small GTPase Rac1 via the function of CrkII. Through this pathway, Brk is capable of promoting cell motility and invasion and functions as a mediator of EGF-induced migration and invasion. In accordance with these functional roles, Brk translocates to membrane ruffles, where it colocalizes with paxillin during cell migration. Together, our findings identify novel signaling and biological roles of Brk and indicate the first potential link between Brk and metastatic malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chodniewicz D, Klemke RL. Regulation of integrin-mediated cellular responses through assembly of a CAS/Crk scaffold. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2004; 1692:63-76. [PMID: 15246680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The molecular coupling of CAS and Crk in response to integrin activation is an evolutionary conserved signaling module that controls cell proliferation, survival and migration. However, when deregulated, CAS/Crk signaling also contributes to cancer progression and developmental defects in humans. Here we highlight recent advances in our understanding of how CAS/Crk complexes assemble in cells to modulate the actin cytoskeleton, and the molecular mechanisms that regulate this process. We discuss in detail the spatiotemporal dynamics of CAS/Crk assembly and how this scaffold recruits specific effector proteins that couple integrin signaling networks to the migration machinery of cells. We also highlight the importance of CAS/Crk signaling in the dual regulation of cell migration and survival mechanisms that operate in invasive cells during development and pathological conditions associated with cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chodniewicz
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP231, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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