1
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Wesseler F, Riege D, Puthanveedu M, Halver J, Müller E, Bertrand J, Antonchick AP, Sievers S, Waldmann H, Schade D. Probing Embryonic Development Enables the Discovery of Unique Small-Molecule Bone Morphogenetic Protein Potentiators. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3978-3990. [PMID: 35108017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on the feasibility to harness embryonic development in vitro for the identification of small-molecule cytokine mimetics and signaling activators. Here, a phenotypic, target-agnostic, high-throughput assay is presented that probes bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling during mesodermal patterning of embryonic stem cells. The temporal discrimination of BMP- and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-driven stages of cardiomyogenesis underpins a selective, authentic orchestration of BMP cues that can be recapitulated for the discovery of BMP activator chemotypes. Proof of concept is shown from a chemical screen of 7000 compounds, provides a robust hit validation workflow, and afforded 2,3-disubstituted 4H-chromen-4-ones as potent BMP potentiators with osteogenic efficacy. Mechanistic studies suggest that Chromenone 1 enhances canonical BMP outputs at the expense of TGFβ-Smads in an unprecedented manner. Pharmacophoric features were defined, providing a set of novel chemical probes for various applications in (stem) cell biology, regenerative medicine, and basic research on the BMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Wesseler
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Compound Management and Screening Center, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel Riege
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mahesh Puthanveedu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jonas Halver
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Eva Müller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andrey P Antonchick
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Forensics, College of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Compound Management and Screening Center, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dennis Schade
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Partner Site Kiel, DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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2
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Watari H, Nakajima H, Atsuumi W, Nakamura T, Nanya T, Ise Y, Sakai R. A novel sponge-derived protein thrombocorticin is a new agonist for thrombopoietin receptor. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 221:82-88. [PMID: 30978513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We screened 868 marine extracts in search of hematopoietic molecules resulted in findings of several extracts that proliferated Ba/F3-HuMpl cells but not the cells expressed with other hematopoietic cytokine receptors, EPO and G-CSF. Separation of the most potent extract of a Micronesian sponge Corticium sp., guided by the cell proliferation assay using Ba/F3-HuMpl cells resulted in an isolation of thrombocorticin (ThC), a novel 14 kDa protein as an active principal. ThC displayed concentration-dependent proliferation of Ba/F3-HuMpl cells, and had a stronger activity than that of eltrombopag, a small molecule drug used to treat thrombocytopenia. ThC induced phosphorylation of STAT5, suggesting that it activates Jak/STAT pathway as in the case of TPO. These results together indicated that ThC is a specific agonist for c-Mpl, although the size and shape differs largely from TPO. Here we present isolation, characterization and biological activity of ThC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Watari
- Hokkaido University, Graduate School and Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | - Hiroya Nakajima
- Hokkaido University, Graduate School and Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | - Wataru Atsuumi
- Hokkaido University, Graduate School and Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | - Takanori Nakamura
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, Shiraoka-shi, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nanya
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, Shiraoka-shi, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | - Yuji Ise
- Centre for Marine & Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ryuichi Sakai
- Hokkaido University, Graduate School and Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan.
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3
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Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Erythropoietin and co.: intrinsic structure and functional disorder. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:56-72. [PMID: 27833947 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00657d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) is a heavily glycosylated protein, with its main function being related to erythropoiesis, where it controls red blood cell production via interaction with the Epo receptor (EpoR). It also plays a number of important roles in various hormonal, growth factor, and cytokine pathways. These roles are defined by Epo partners, such as the homodimeric (EpoR)2 receptor, the heterodimeric EpoR/βCR receptor and hypoxia inducing factor (HIF). Although the main structural features of both Epo and EpoR are conserved in vertebrates, the secretion sites of Epo in mammals are different from those in other vertebrates. Both biosynthetic and synthetic analogues of this protein are available on the market. Several side effects, such as pure red cells aplaisa, increase the rate of cancer-related death in patients treated with recombinant Epo. The multifunctionality of Epo and the ability of this protein to serve as a hormone, a cytokine, and a growth factor suggest the presence of functional disorder, which is a typical "structural" feature of moonlighting proteins. The goal of this article is to evaluate the roles of intrinsic disorder in the functions of Epo and its primary interactors, EpoR, βCR, and HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. and Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia and Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. and Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
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4
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Analysis of the Asymmetry of Activated EPO Receptor Enables Designing Small Molecule Agonists. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Vogel M, Dib J, Tretzel L, Piper T, Thomas A, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Analytics of nonpeptidic erythropoietin mimetic agents in sports drug testing employing high-resolution/high-accuracy liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6431-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Zhang H, Tong R, Bai L, Shi J, Ouyang L. Emerging targets and new small molecule therapies in Parkinson’s disease treatment. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1419-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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7
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Wu Y, Wang N, Lei Y, Hu T, You Q, Zhang X. Small-molecule inhibitors of HIF-PHD2: a valid strategy to renal anemia treatment in clinical therapy. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00240d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD) always suffer from anemia with severe impacts on their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Yonghua Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Tianhan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
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8
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Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a protein made by the kidneys in response to low red blood cell count that is secreted into the bloodstream and binds to a receptor on hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow inducing them to become new red blood cells. EPO made with recombinant DNA technology was brought to market in the 1980s to treat anemia caused by kidney disease and cancer chemotherapy. Because EPO infusion was able to replace blood transfusions in many cases, it rapidly became a multibillion dollar per year drug and as the first biologic created with recombinant technology it launched the biotech industry. For many years intense research was focused on creating a small molecule orally available EPO mimetic. The Robert Wood Johnson (RWJ) group seemed to definitively establish that only large peptides with a minimum of 60 residues could replace EPO, as anything less was not a full agonist. An intense study of the published work led me to hypothesize that the size of the mimetic is not the real issue, but the symmetry making and breaking of the EPO receptor induced by the ligand is the key to activating the stem cells. This analysis meant that residues in the binding site of the receptor deemed absolutely essential for ligand binding and activation from mutagenesis experiments, were probably not really that important. My fundamental hypotheses were: (a) the symmetric state of the homodimeric receptor is the most stable state and thus must be the off-state, (b) a highly localized binding site exists at a pivot point where the two halves of the receptor meet, (c) small molecules can be created that have high potency for this site that will be competitive with EPO and thus can displace the protein-protein interaction, (d) small symmetric molecules will stabilize the symmetric off-state of the receptor, and (e) a key asymmetry in the small molecule will stabilize a mirror image asymmetry in the receptor resulting in the stabilization of the on-state and proliferation of the stem cells into red blood cells. Researchers at Amgen published a co-crystal structure of EPO bound to the EPO receptor, which has a beautiful twofold symmetry-it was argued that this is the active state of the receptor. Activating the EPO receptor with EPO induces an almost instantaneous shutdown mechanism to sharply curtail any proliferative signal transduction, and thus, my hypotheses lead to the conclusion that the Amgen co-crystal is actually the state after receptor downregulation and thus an off-state. To put these hypotheses to the test, my computational method of Simulated Annealing of Chemical Potential was run using the co-crystal created at RWJ, which is the receptor trapped in a partial agonist state. The simulations predicted a previously unknown high affinity binding site at the pivot point where the two halves of the dimeric receptor meet, and detailed analysis of the fragment patterns led to the prediction of a molecule less than 300 MW that is basically twofold symmetric with a chiral center on one side and not the other. Thus, to the degree that computer simulations can be taken seriously, these results support my hypotheses on small molecule receptor activation. When this small molecule was synthesized and tested it indeed induced human hematopoietic stems cells to become red blood cells. When the predicted chiral center of this molecule was removed eliminating its one asymmetric feature, the resulting molecule was an antagonist-it could potently displace hot EPO but could no longer induce stem cell proliferation and differentiation. These results provided strong support for my theories on how to create potent small molecule EPO agonists and were used to launch the new company Locus Pharmaceuticals. These molecules, however, required significant chemical changes in order to make them stable in other in vitro assays and to be in vivo active, but these alterations had to be done in a way that maintained the symmetry-asymmetry considerations that led to the creation of an in vitro active molecule. The combination of changing functional groups to enable good pharmacokinetics, while not changing the key intrinsic symmetry properties were never seriously pursued at Locus and the program died. Investigations into how red blood cells are created have occupied many prominent researchers for the entire twentieth century. In the second half of the century EPO was discovered and by the end of the century it became a blockbuster commercial product that launched the biotech revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Guarnieri
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA,
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9
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Manosalva P, Manohar M, von Reuss SH, Chen S, Koch A, Kaplan F, Choe A, Micikas RJ, Wang X, Kogel KH, Sternberg PW, Williamson VM, Schroeder FC, Klessig DF. Conserved nematode signalling molecules elicit plant defenses and pathogen resistance. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7795. [PMID: 26203561 PMCID: PMC4525156 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-defense responses are triggered by perception of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), for example, flagellin or peptidoglycan. However, it remained unknown whether plants can detect conserved molecular patterns derived from plant-parasitic animals, including nematodes. Here we show that several genera of plant-parasitic nematodes produce small molecules called ascarosides, an evolutionarily conserved family of nematode pheromones. Picomolar to micromolar concentrations of ascr#18, the major ascaroside in plant-parasitic nematodes, induce hallmark defense responses including the expression of genes associated with MAMP-triggered immunity, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, as well as salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-mediated defense signalling pathways. Ascr#18 perception increases resistance in Arabidopsis, tomato, potato and barley to viral, bacterial, oomycete, fungal and nematode infections. These results indicate that plants recognize ascarosides as a conserved molecular signature of nematodes. Using small-molecule signals such as ascarosides to activate plant immune responses has potential utility to improve economic and environmental sustainability of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Manosalva
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Murli Manohar
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - Shiyan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Aline Koch
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Fatma Kaplan
- Kaplan Schiller Research, LLC, Gainesville, Florida 32604, USA
| | - Andrea Choe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Biology Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Robert J. Micikas
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, US Department of Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Paul W. Sternberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Biology Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Valerie M. Williamson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Frank C. Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Daniel F. Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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10
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Manosalva P, Manohar M, von Reuss SH, Chen S, Koch A, Kaplan F, Choe A, Micikas RJ, Wang X, Kogel KH, Sternberg PW, Williamson VM, Schroeder FC, Klessig DF. Conserved nematode signalling molecules elicit plant defenses and pathogen resistance. Nat Commun 2015. [PMID: 26203561 DOI: 10.1038/ncomss8795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-defense responses are triggered by perception of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), for example, flagellin or peptidoglycan. However, it remained unknown whether plants can detect conserved molecular patterns derived from plant-parasitic animals, including nematodes. Here we show that several genera of plant-parasitic nematodes produce small molecules called ascarosides, an evolutionarily conserved family of nematode pheromones. Picomolar to micromolar concentrations of ascr#18, the major ascaroside in plant-parasitic nematodes, induce hallmark defense responses including the expression of genes associated with MAMP-triggered immunity, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, as well as salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-mediated defense signalling pathways. Ascr#18 perception increases resistance in Arabidopsis, tomato, potato and barley to viral, bacterial, oomycete, fungal and nematode infections. These results indicate that plants recognize ascarosides as a conserved molecular signature of nematodes. Using small-molecule signals such as ascarosides to activate plant immune responses has potential utility to improve economic and environmental sustainability of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Manosalva
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Murli Manohar
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - Shiyan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Aline Koch
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Fatma Kaplan
- Kaplan Schiller Research, LLC, Gainesville, Florida 32604, USA
| | - Andrea Choe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Biology Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Robert J Micikas
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, US Department of Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Paul W Sternberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Biology Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Valerie M Williamson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Frank C Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Daniel F Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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11
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Oh JG, Chin YW, Kim SJ, Choi JM, Kim SK, Kang HE, Heo TH. Biphasic Effects of Ingenol 3,20-Dibenzoate on the Erythropoietin Receptor: Synergism at Low Doses and Antagonism at High Doses. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:392-400. [PMID: 26048958 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.097436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate (IDB) is known as a selective novel protein kinase C (PKC) agonist, its biologic actions and underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this study, we identified IDB as a proliferative agent for an erythropoietin (EPO)-dependent cell line, UT-7/EPO, through the screening of a natural compound library. To clarify the underlying mechanism of IDB's EPO-like activities, we thoroughly analyzed the mutual relation between EPO and IDB in terms of in vitro and in vivo activities, signaling molecules, and a cellular receptor. IDB substantially induced the proliferation of UT-7/EPO cells, but not as much as EPO. IDB also lessened the anemia induced by 5-fluorouracil in an in vivo mouse model. Interestingly, IDB showed a synergistic effect on EPO at low concentration, but an antagonistic effect at higher concentration. Physical interaction and activation of PKCs by IDB- and EPO-competitive binding of IDB to EPO receptor (EPOR) explain these synergistic and antagonistic activities, respectively. Importantly, we addressed IDB's mechanism of action by demonstrating the direct binding of IDB to PKCs, and by identifying EPOR as a novel molecular target of IDB. Based on these dual targeting properties, IDB holds promise as a new small molecule modulator of EPO-related pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Gyo Oh
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea (J.-G.O., H.E.K., T.-H.H.); College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.C.); Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (S.-J.K.); and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.M.C., S.K.K.)
| | - Young-Won Chin
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea (J.-G.O., H.E.K., T.-H.H.); College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.C.); Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (S.-J.K.); and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.M.C., S.K.K.)
| | - Sung-Jo Kim
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea (J.-G.O., H.E.K., T.-H.H.); College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.C.); Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (S.-J.K.); and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.M.C., S.K.K.)
| | - Jong Min Choi
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea (J.-G.O., H.E.K., T.-H.H.); College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.C.); Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (S.-J.K.); and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.M.C., S.K.K.)
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea (J.-G.O., H.E.K., T.-H.H.); College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.C.); Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (S.-J.K.); and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.M.C., S.K.K.)
| | - Hee Eun Kang
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea (J.-G.O., H.E.K., T.-H.H.); College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.C.); Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (S.-J.K.); and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.M.C., S.K.K.)
| | - Tae-Hwe Heo
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea (J.-G.O., H.E.K., T.-H.H.); College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.C.); Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (S.-J.K.); and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.M.C., S.K.K.)
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12
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Miller JL, Church TJ, Leonoudakis D, Lariosa-Willingham K, Frigon NL, Tettenborn CS, Spencer JR, Punnonen J. Discovery and Characterization of Nonpeptidyl Agonists of the Tissue-Protective Erythropoietin Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:357-67. [PMID: 26018904 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.098400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor are expressed in a wide variety of tissues, including the central nervous system. Local expression of both EPO and its receptor is upregulated upon injury or stress and plays a role in tissue homeostasis and cytoprotection. High-dose systemic administration or local injection of recombinant human EPO has demonstrated encouraging results in several models of tissue protection and organ injury, while poor tissue availability of the protein limits its efficacy. Here, we describe the discovery and characterization of the nonpeptidyl compound STS-E412 (2-[2-(4-chlorophenoxy)ethoxy]-5,7-dimethyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine), which selectively activates the tissue-protective EPO receptor, comprising an EPO receptor subunit (EPOR) and the common β-chain (CD131). STS-E412 triggered EPO receptor phosphorylation in human neuronal cells. STS-E412 also increased phosphorylation of EPOR, CD131, and the EPO-associated signaling molecules JAK2 and AKT in HEK293 transfectants expressing EPOR and CD131. At low nanomolar concentrations, STS-E412 provided EPO-like cytoprotective effects in primary neuronal cells and renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. The receptor selectivity of STS-E412 was confirmed by a lack of phosphorylation of the EPOR/EPOR homodimer, lack of activity in off-target selectivity screening, and lack of functional effects in erythroleukemia cell line TF-1 and CD34(+) progenitor cells. Permeability through artificial membranes and Caco-2 cell monolayers in vitro and penetrance across the blood-brain barrier in vivo suggest potential for central nervous system availability of the compound. To our knowledge, STS-E412 is the first nonpeptidyl, selective activator of the tissue-protective EPOR/CD131 receptor. Further evaluation of the potential of STS-E412 in central nervous system diseases and organ protection is warranted.
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Atanasova M, Whitty A. Understanding cytokine and growth factor receptor activation mechanisms. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 47:502-30. [PMID: 23046381 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2012.729561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the detailed mechanism of action of cytokine and growth factor receptors - and particularly our quantitative understanding of the link between structure, mechanism and function - lags significantly behind our knowledge of comparable functional protein classes such as enzymes, G protein-coupled receptors, and ion channels. In particular, it remains controversial whether such receptors are activated by a mechanism of ligand-induced oligomerization, versus a mechanism in which the ligand binds to a pre-associated receptor dimer or oligomer that becomes activated through subsequent conformational rearrangement. A major limitation to progress has been the relative paucity of methods for performing quantitative mechanistic experiments on unmodified receptors expressed at endogenous levels on live cells. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge on the activation mechanisms of cytokine and growth factor receptors, critically evaluate the evidence for and against the different proposed mechanisms, and highlight other key questions that remain unanswered. New approaches and techniques have led to rapid recent progress in this area, and the field is poised for major advances in the coming years which promise to revolutionize our understanding of this large and biologically and medically important class of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Atanasova
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Pankratova S, Gu B, Kiryushko D, Korshunova I, Køhler LB, Rathje M, Bock E, Berezin V. A new agonist of the erythropoietin receptor, Epobis, induces neurite outgrowth and promotes neuronal survival. J Neurochem 2012; 121:915-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is arguably the most successful therapeutic application of recombinant DNA technology till date. It was isolated in 1977 and the gene decoded in 1985. Since then, it has found varied applications, especially in stimulating erythropoiesis in anemia due to chronic conditions like renal failure, myelodysplasia, infections like HIV, in prematurity, and in reducing peri-operative blood transfusions. The discovery of erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) and its presence in non-erythroid cells has led to several areas of research. Various types of rhEPO are commercially available today with different dosage schedules and modes of delivery. Their efficacy in stimulating erythropoiesis is dose dependent and differs according to the patient's disease and nutritional status. EPO should be used carefully according to guidelines as unsolicited use can result in serious adverse effects. Because of its capacity to improve oxygenation, it has been abused by athletes participating in endurance sports and detecting this has proved to be a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Joseph John
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Haemato-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Vineeth Jaison
- Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Kunal Jain
- Department of Medical Oncology Unit, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Naveen Kakkar
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Haemato-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Jubbin J. Jacob
- Department of Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India
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16
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Kostjukova MN, Tupitsyn NN. Functional properties of extracellular domains of transducer receptor gp130. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:394-406. [PMID: 21585315 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791104002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine receptor molecules have been shown to have extracellular domains of complex structure and a multi-step activation system. Glycoprotein gp130 is a typical transducer of cytokine signal; it functions by forming multicomponent receptor complexes and transferring signals of tens of cytokines from the IL-6 family. Structural organization and basic functioning principles of gp130 are well known, as well as related signal pathways, which function during normal differentiation and are involved in pathogenesis of many tumors. The role of gp130 in IL-6-dependent tumors is best studied. In this review, based on extensive accumulated data, we examine the functional significance of certain parts of gp130 extracellular domains. Potentials of a recently developed method for estimation of receptor activation at the level of epitope structure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Kostjukova
- Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Eglen R, Reisine T. Drug discovery and the human kinome: Recent trends. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:144-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Abe M, Suzuki KI, Sakata C, Sugasawa K, Hirayama F, Koga Y, Kawasaki T, Naganuma S, Itoh H. Pharmacological profile of AS1670542, a novel orally-active human thrombopoietin receptor agonist. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 650:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Lim AC, Ketchem RR, Borges L, Carabeo T, Carter J, Hoover JE, Hu Z, Wittekind M, Zhou H, Mehlin C. A diversity of antibody epitopes can induce signaling through the erythropoietin receptor. Biochemistry 2010; 49:3797-804. [PMID: 20337434 DOI: 10.1021/bi1001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of red cell production through agonism of the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) has historically been accomplished through administration of erythropoietin (EPO), the native ligand. The short half-life of EPO has led to the development of a variety of other agonists, including antibodies. It is of considerable interest to understand how these agents might activate the EpoR and whether or not it is important to bind in a manner similar to the native ligand. The binding epitopes of a panel of eight agonistic, single-chain antibody (scFv-Fc) constructs were determined through scanning alanine mutagenesis as well as more limited arginine mutagenesis of the receptor. It was found that while some of these constructs bound to receptor epitopes shared by the ligand, others bound in completely unique ways. The use of a panel of agonists and scanning mutagenesis can define the critical binding regions for signaling; in the case of the EpoR, these regions were remarkably broad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ching Lim
- Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West AW2/3152, Seattle, Washington 98119-3105, USA
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Epo delivery by genetically engineered C2C12 myoblasts immobilized in microcapsules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 670:54-67. [PMID: 20384218 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5786-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ver the last half century, the use of erythropoietin (Epo) in the management of malignancies has been extensively studied. Originally viewed as the renal hormone responsible for red blood cell production, many recent in vivo and clinical approaches demonstrate that various tissues locally produce Epo in response to physical or metabolic stress. Thus, not only its circulating erythrocyte mass regulator activity but also the recently discovered nonhematological actions are being thoroughly investigated in order to fulfill the specific Epo delivery requirements for each therapeutic approach.
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22
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Grosdidier S, Totrov M, Fernández-Recio J. Computer applications for prediction of protein-protein interactions and rational drug design. Adv Appl Bioinform Chem 2009; 2:101-23. [PMID: 21918619 PMCID: PMC3169948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, protein-protein interactions are becoming the object of increasing attention in many different fields, such as structural biology, molecular biology, systems biology, and drug discovery. From a structural biology perspective, it would be desirable to integrate current efforts into the structural proteomics programs. Given that experimental determination of many protein-protein complex structures is highly challenging, and in the context of current high-performance computational capabilities, different computer tools are being developed to help in this task. Among them, computational docking aims to predict the structure of a protein-protein complex starting from the atomic coordinates of its individual components, and in recent years, a growing number of docking approaches are being reported with increased predictive capabilities. The improvement of speed and accuracy of these docking methods, together with the modeling of the interaction networks that regulate the most critical processes in a living organism, will be essential for computational proteomics. The ultimate goal is the rational design of drugs capable of specifically inhibiting or modifying protein-protein interactions of therapeutic significance. While rational design of protein-protein interaction inhibitors is at its very early stage, the first results are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Grosdidier
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Juan Fernández-Recio
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain,Correspondence: Juan Fernandez-Recio, Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, C/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain, Tel +34 934137729, Fax +34 934137721, Email
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Rieu P. Érythropoïétine : du récepteur aux agents stimulateurs de l’érythropoïèse. Nephrol Ther 2009; 5:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/s1769-7255(09)75173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Macdougall IC, Ashenden M. Current and upcoming erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, iron products, and other novel anemia medications. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2009; 16:117-30. [PMID: 19233071 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Treatment for anemia has come a long way in the last 20 years since the first recombinant human erythropoietins were licensed for the management of anemia in chronic kidney disease. The first-generation epoetins were succeeded by the development and production of a longer-acting erythropoietin (EPO) analog, darbepoetin alpha, which allowed less frequent dosing, usually once weekly or once every 2 weeks. More recently, another EPO-related molecule has been manufactured called Continuous Erythropoietin Receptor Activator with an even longer half-life, and although for patent reasons this is not available in the United States, it is licensed and is already being used in Europe. Other molecules are in development or are becoming licensed in Europe, including biosimilar epoetin products/follow-on biologics, and elsewhere in the world there are cheaper-production "copy" epoetins. Indeed, it is estimated that up to 80 such products may be sold in countries with less stringent regulatory control of pharmaceutical products. Two different biosimilar epoetins have already been licensed in Europe, one under 2 different brand names and one under 3 different brand names, and others may follow. Hematide is a synthetic peptide-based EPO receptor agonist that, interestingly, has no structural homology with EPO, and yet is still able to activate the EPO receptor and stimulate erythropoiesis. This agent is currently in phase III clinical trials. Research continues for orally active antianemic therapies, and several strategies are being investigated, although none is imminently available. Two new intravenous iron preparations have recently been developed, one in the United States (Ferumoxytol; AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA) and one recently licensed in Europe (ferric carboxymaltose [Ferinject; Vifor Pharma, Zurich, Switzerland]). In conclusion, the development of effective therapies for the treatment of anemia has been a highly active field, both scientifically and economically, over the last two decades.
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25
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Érythropoïétine : du récepteur aux agents stimulateurs de l’érythropoïèse. Nephrol Ther 2008; 4 Spec No 2:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/s1769-7255(08)74252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Molecular features crucial to the activity of pyrimidine benzamide-based thrombopoietin receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3000-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Taylor P, Blackburn E, Sheng YG, Harding S, Hsin KY, Kan D, Shave S, Walkinshaw MD. Ligand discovery and virtual screening using the program LIDAEUS. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153 Suppl 1:S55-67. [PMID: 18037921 PMCID: PMC2268042 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses advances in docking and scoring approaches with examples from the high-throughput virtual screening program LIDAEUS. We describe the discovery of small molecule inhibitors for the immunophilin CypA, the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK2 and the cyclapolin series of potent Polo-like kinase inhibitors. These results are discussed in the context of advances in massively parallel computing and in the development of annotated databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Taylor
- The Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E Blackburn
- The Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Y G Sheng
- The Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S Harding
- The Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - K-Y Hsin
- The Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D Kan
- The Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S Shave
- The Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M D Walkinshaw
- The Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, UK
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28
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Foley RN. Erythropoietin: physiology and molecular mechanisms. Heart Fail Rev 2008; 13:405-14. [PMID: 18236154 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-008-9083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin, the primary regulator of erythropoiesis, is produced by the kidney and levels vary inversely with oxygen availability. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a major transcriptional regulator of several hypoxia-sensitive genes, including erythropoietin, is functionally deactivated by oxygen in a reaction catalyzed by prolyl hydroxylase. Erythropoietin acts by binding to a specific trans-membrane dimeric receptor which has been found in erythroid and non-erythroid cell types. The interaction between erythropoietin and its receptor ultimately leads to conformational change and phosphorylation of the receptor and expression of genes coding for proteins that are anti-apoptotic. Development of erythropoietin stimulating agents is an area of active research. To date, research has focused on activating the erythropoietin receptor, prevention of HIF-1 inactivation, and gene therapy. Even with biologically effective therapies, defining appropriate hemoglobin targets remains challenging. For example, despite decades of clinical trials, target hemoglobin levels in chronic kidney disease remain uncertain, as hemoglobin targets above 13 g/dl have been associated with both benefit (quality of life) and harm (cardiovascular events).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Foley
- Chronic Disease Research Group, 914 South 8th Street, Suite D-253, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA.
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29
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Macdougall IC. Novel Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents: A New Era in Anemia Management. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 3:200-7. [DOI: 10.2215/cjn.03840907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Sugaya N, Ikeda K, Tashiro T, Takeda S, Otomo J, Ishida Y, Shiratori A, Toyoda A, Noguchi H, Takeda T, Kuhara S, Sakaki Y, Iwayanagi T. An integrative in silico approach for discovering candidates for drug-targetable protein-protein interactions in interactome data. BMC Pharmacol 2007; 7:10. [PMID: 17705877 PMCID: PMC2045083 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-7-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are challenging but attractive targets for small chemical drugs. Whole PPIs, called the 'interactome', have been emerged in several organisms, including human, based on the recent development of high-throughput screening (HTS) technologies. Individual PPIs have been targeted by small drug-like chemicals (SDCs), however, interactome data have not been fully utilized for exploring drug targets due to the lack of comprehensive methodology for utilizing these data. Here we propose an integrative in silico approach for discovering candidates for drug-targetable PPIs in interactome data. RESULTS Our novel in silico screening system comprises three independent assessment procedures: i) detection of protein domains responsible for PPIs, ii) finding SDC-binding pockets on protein surfaces, and iii) evaluating similarities in the assignment of Gene Ontology (GO) terms between specific partner proteins. We discovered six candidates for drug-targetable PPIs by applying our in silico approach to original human PPI data composed of 770 binary interactions produced by our HTS yeast two-hybrid (HTS-Y2H) assays. Among them, we further examined two candidates, RXRA/NRIP1 and CDK2/CDKN1A, with respect to their biological roles, PPI network around each candidate, and tertiary structures of the interacting domains. CONCLUSION An integrative in silico approach for discovering candidates for drug-targetable PPIs was applied to original human PPIs data. The system excludes false positive interactions and selects reliable PPIs as drug targets. Its effectiveness was demonstrated by the discovery of the six promising candidate target PPIs. Inhibition or stabilization of the two interactions may have potential therapeutic effects against human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Sugaya
- PharmaDesign, Inc., 2-19-8 Hatchobori, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0032, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Ikeda
- PharmaDesign, Inc., 2-19-8 Hatchobori, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0032, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tashiro
- PharmaDesign, Inc., 2-19-8 Hatchobori, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0032, Japan
| | - Shizu Takeda
- Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., 1-280 Higashi-koigakubo, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo, 185-8601, Japan
| | - Jun Otomo
- Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., 1-280 Higashi-koigakubo, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo, 185-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ishida
- Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., 1-280 Higashi-koigakubo, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo, 185-8601, Japan
| | - Akiko Shiratori
- Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., 1-280 Higashi-koigakubo, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo, 185-8601, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Genomic Sciences Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hideki Noguchi
- Genomic Sciences Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Takeda
- Genomic Sciences Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoru Kuhara
- Graduate School of Genetic Resources Technology, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakaki
- Genomic Sciences Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takao Iwayanagi
- Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., 1-6-1 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8220, Japan
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Segura J, Pascual JA, Gutiérrez-Gallego R. Procedures for monitoring recombinant erythropoietin and analogues in doping control. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1521-9. [PMID: 17516052 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present report summarizes the main analytical strategies developed to identify the presence of recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) administered as a doping agent. Indirect evidence is based on the analysis of blood parameters (haemoglobin, haematocrit, reticulocytes, macrocytes, etc.) and serum markers (concentration of EPO and serum transferrin receptors, etc.). The problem of intertechnique comparison for reliable results evaluation is emphasized, especially for serum markers. Charge differences between isoforms of recombinant EPO and native urinary EPO are the grounds for the isoelectric focusing-double blotting-chemiluminescence detection method presently approved for doping control. Works addressing its advantages and limitations are presented and commented on. The chemical bases of the differential detection are highlighted and some future approaches for detection are also presented. The appearance and detectability of EPO analogues and mimetics susceptible for abuse are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Segura
- Pharmacology Research Unit, Municipal Institute for Medical Research, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Block P, Weskamp N, Wolf A, Klebe G. Strategies to search and design stabilizers of protein-protein interactions: A feasibility study. Proteins 2007; 68:170-86. [PMID: 17393392 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since protein-protein interactions play a pivotal role in the communication on the molecular level in virtually every biological system and process, the search and design for modulators of such interactions is of utmost importance. In recent years many inhibitors for specific protein-protein interactions have been developed, however, in only a few cases, small and druglike molecules are able to interfere in the complex formation of proteins. On the other hand, there are several small molecules known to modulate protein-protein interactions by means of stabilizing an already assembled complex. To achieve this goal, a ligand is binding to a pocket, which is located rim-exposed at the interface of the interacting proteins, for example as the phytotoxin Fusicoccin, which stabilizes the interaction of plant H+-ATPase and 14-3-3 protein by nearly a factor of 100. To suggest alternative leads, we performed a virtual screening campaign to discover new molecules putatively stabilizing this complex. Furthermore, we screen a dataset of 198 transient recognition protein-protein complexes for cavities, which are located rim-exposed at their interfaces. We provide evidence for high similarity between such rim-exposed cavities and usual ligands accommodating active sites of enzymes. This analysis suggests that rim-exposed cavities at protein-protein interfaces are druggable binding sites. Therefore, the principle of stabilizing protein-protein interactions seems to be a promising alternative to the approach of the competitive inhibition of such interactions by small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Block
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35052 Marburg, Germany
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Abstract
In the light of the enthusiasm regarding the use of recombinant human erythropoietin (Epo) and its analogues for treatment of the anaemias of chronic renal failure and malignancies it is worth remembering that today's success has been based on a century of laborious research. The concept of the humoral regulation of haematopoiesis was first formulated in 1906. The term 'erythropoietin' for the erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone was introduced in 1948. Native human Epo was isolated in 1977 and its gene cloned in 1985. During the last 15 yr, major progress has been made in identifying the molecules controlling Epo gene expression, primarily the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF) that are regulated by specific O2 and oxoglutarate requiring Fe2+-containing dioxygenases. With respect to the action of Epo, its dimeric receptor (Epo-R) has been characterised and shown to signal through protein kinases, anti-apoptotic proteins and transcription factors. The demonstration of Epo-R in non-haematopoietic tissues indicates that Epo is a pleiotropic viability and growth factor. The neuroprotective and cardioprotective potentials of Epo are reviewed with a focus on clinical research. In addition, studies utilising the Epo derivatives with prolonged half-life, peptidic and non-peptidic Epo mimetics, orally active drugs stimulating endogenous Epo production and Epo gene transfer are reviewed.
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Abstract
Red cell production in chronic kidney disease is usually too low to maintain a normal haemoglobin, and thus anaemia develops in a large proportion of patients. The ability to stimulate erythropoiesis in the bone marrow by the use of therapeutic agents has only been possible in the last 20 years, initially with recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin), and later darbepoetin alfa. Many new agents are, however, in clinical development, and these include CERA, Hematide, and HIF stabilisers, in addition to the imminent launch of biosimilar epoetins. The main issue with biosimilars is the unknown risk of immunogenicity. CERA is a large molecule, approximately twice the size of epoetin, which was created by integrating a single polymer chain into the erythropoietin molecule. CERA has a much prolonged half-life, and Phase II and III clinical trials have investigated administration of CERA every 3 or 4 weeks. Hematide is derived from original research on the erythropoietin-mimetic peptides, and is in Phase II of its clinical trial programme. Again, this compound is being investigated as a once-monthly administration. The HIF stabilizers are orally-active inhibitors of the enzyme that degrades hypoxia-inducible factor (prolyl hydroxylase), and this leads to upregulation of erythropoietin gene expression. Other strategies for stimulating erythropoiesis, briefly described in this review, are at an earlier stage of development. This is an exciting and rapidly developing area of scientific and translational research.
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35
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Dömling A, Beck B, Baumbach W, Larbig G. Towards erythropoietin mimicking small molecules. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:379-84. [PMID: 17084083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules potentially mimicking the hormone erythropoietin have been discovered by screening of a library of rationally designed multicomponent reaction molecules in a functional cell-based assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dömling
- ABC-Pharma, Franckensteinstr.9a, 81243 München, Germany. asd30+@pitt.edu
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36
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Yin H, Hamilton AD. Strategies for targeting protein-protein interactions with synthetic agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:4130-63. [PMID: 15954154 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of small-molecule modulators of protein-protein interactions is a formidable goal, albeit one that possesses significant potential for the discovery of novel therapeutics. Despite the daunting challenges, a variety of examples exists for the inhibition of two large protein partners with low-molecular-weight ligands. This review discusses the strategies for targeting protein-protein interactions and the state of the art in the rational design of molecules that mimic the structures and functions of their natural targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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37
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Abstract
As with many other therapeutic areas in modern-day medicine, scientific advances in drug development (using such techniques as recombinant DNA technology, site-directed mutagenesis, pegylation of molecules, peptide library screening, and gene transfer) have resulted in the development of potential new agents and strategies for stimulating erythropoiesis. These advances are of possible benefit in treating anaemia due to various causes, including chronic renal failure. Several new treatments will soon become clinically available, while others are at present at an early stage of development but are nevertheless of scientific interest. We review these new therapeutic strategies, and discuss at what stage some of the newer products are in relation to their clinical development programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain C Macdougall
- Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK.
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38
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Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Konstantinopoulos PA, Papailiou J, Kandarakis SA, Andreopoulos A, Sykiotis GP. Erythropoietin abuse and erythropoietin gene doping: detection strategies in the genomic era. Sports Med 2006; 35:831-40. [PMID: 16180943 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200535100-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) increases the maximum oxygen consumption capacity, and is therefore abused as a doping method in endurance sports. The detection of erythropoietin (EPO) abuse is based on direct pharmacological and indirect haematological approaches, both of which have several limitations. In addition, current detection methods cannot cope with the emerging doping strategies of EPO mimicry, analogues and gene doping, and thus novel detection strategies are urgently needed. Direct detection methods for EPO misuse can be either pharmacological approaches that identify exogenous substances based on their physicochemical properties, or molecular methods that recognise EPO transgenes or gene transfer vectors. Since direct detection with molecular methods requires invasive procedures, it is not appropriate for routine screening of large numbers of athletes. In contrast, novel indirect methods based on haematological and/or molecular profiling could be better suited as screening tools, and athletes who are suspect of doping would then be submitted to direct pharmacological and molecular tests. This article reviews the current state of the EPO doping field, discusses available detection methods and their shortcomings, outlines emerging pharmaceutical and genetic technologies in EPO misuse, and proposes potential directions for the development of novel detection strategies.
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a major regulator of postnatal growth and metabolism. There are extensive clinical applications for GH or its antagonists, including treatments for dwarfism, cancer and metabolic wasting. Owing to this, there is considerable interest in the mechanisms of GH receptor (GHR) activation. It is conventionally thought that GH induces dimerization of two GHR monomers, which initiates intracellular signaling cascades. However, recent studies have provided evidence for a ligand-induced conformational change within constitutively dimerized GHRs being responsible for activating signaling pathways. This review will relate the new model of GHR activation to the activation of related cytokine receptors and discuss the implication of this new model for the design of small GH mimetics and antagonists for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Pelekanos
- a University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Building 80, Services Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Michael J Waters
- b University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Building 80, Services Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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40
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Bennett CL, Cournoyer D, Carson KR, Rossert J, Luminari S, Evens AM, Locatelli F, Belknap SM, McKoy JM, Lyons EA, Kim B, Sharma R, Costello S, Toffelmire EB, Wells GA, Messner HA, Yarnold PR, Trifilio SM, Raisch DW, Kuzel TM, Nissenson A, Lim LC, Tallman MS, Casadevall N. Long-term outcome of individuals with pure red cell aplasia and antierythropoietin antibodies in patients treated with recombinant epoetin: a follow-up report from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) Project. Blood 2005; 106:3343-7. [PMID: 16099877 PMCID: PMC1895064 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-02-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction in 1988, recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin) has been standard treatment for patients with anemia due to chronic kidney disease. From 1998 to 2004, nearly 200 epoetin-treated persons with chronic kidney disease developed antibodies to epoetin, resulting in pure red cell aplasia (PRCA). The majority of these patients received Eprex, an epoetin alfa product marketed exclusively outside the United States. Herein, we report on the long-term outcome of these individuals. For 170 chronic kidney disease patients who developed epoetin-associated PRCA and had 3 months or more follow-up information available, case reports from the Food and Drug Administration and epoetin manufacturers were reviewed for information on clinical characteristics of the patients, immunosuppressive treatments, epoetin responsiveness, and hematologic recovery. Overall, 64% of the PRCA patients received immunosuppressive therapy, including 19 who also underwent a renal transplantation. Thirty-seven percent experienced a hematologic recovery, with higher hematologic recovery rates among PRCA patients who received immunosuppressive therapy (57% vs 2%, P < .001). Among 34 patients who received epoetin after the onset of PRCA, 56% regained epoetin responsiveness. The highest rates of epoetin responsiveness were observed among persons whose antierythropoietin antibodies were undetectable when epoetin was administered (89%). Among chronic kidney disease patients with epoetin-associated PRCA, epoetin discontinuation and immunosuppressive therapy or renal transplantation is necessary for hematologic recovery. Reinitiation of epoetin therapy among individuals could be considered if antierythropoietin antibodies are undetectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Bennett
- MidWest Center for Health Services Research and Policy Studies, VA Chicago Healthcare System, Chicago, IL, USA.
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41
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Yin H, Hamilton AD. Strategien zur Modulation von Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkungen mit synthetischen Substanzen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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42
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Erickson-Miller CL, DeLorme E, Tian SS, Hopson CB, Stark K, Giampa L, Valoret EI, Duffy KJ, Luengo JL, Rosen J, Miller SG, Dillon SB, Lamb P. Discovery and characterization of a selective, nonpeptidyl thrombopoietin receptor agonist. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:85-93. [PMID: 15661401 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peptide and other small molecule agonists have been described for several cytokines and growth factors. Hydrazone compounds described here as thrombopoietin receptor agonists were identified as activating STAT proteins in a Tpo responsive cell line. METHODS STAT activation and analysis of signal transduction pathways in cell lines and normal human platelets was elucidated by Western blot and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Proliferation assays in cell types responsive to other cytokines determined specificity for Tpo receptor. Flow cytometry quantified differentiation of CD34(+) cells into CD41(+) megakaryocytes and platelet production in vitro. RESULTS Activation of STAT5, mitogen-activated protein kinase, p38, and early response genes by SB 394725 was similar to that induced by Tpo. SB 394725 induced a reporter gene response under a STAT activation promoter as well as the megakaryocyte-specific gpIIb promoter. The compound induced proliferation of Tpo responsive lines but demonstrated no activity in cell lines responding to other cytokines, i.e., erythropoietin, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, interleukin-3, interferon-gamma. The response of normal human Tpo receptors was elucidated by measuring growth and differentiation of human bone marrow in vitro. Activation of endogenous Tpo receptors by SB 394725 was demonstrated in human and chimp platelets, but not in platelets of other species including mouse, dog, rabbit, or cynomolgus monkey. CONCLUSIONS SB 394725, a small molecule with a molecular weight of 452 Da, is capable of activating Tpo-specific signal transduction, proliferation, and differentiation responses similar to the responses and functions of the protein growth factor, Tpo.
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Kawahara M, Ishii S, Tsumoto K, Kumagai I, Ueda H, Nagamune T. Reversal of antigen-dependent signaling by two mutations in antibody/receptor chimera: implication of inverse agonism in cytokine receptor superfamily. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:539-48. [PMID: 15242820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the receptor activation mechanism is essential for the rational design of pharmacologically active ligand molecules. However, the activation mechanism of most cytokine receptors remains still unclear, and while agonism and antagonism have been described for ligand-mimetic peptides, there has been no report of inverse agonism that has been characterized for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). To explore the activation mechanism of cytokine receptors, here we tried to investigate how agonism and antagonism could be altered by randomizing antibody variable region of an antibody/cytokine receptor chimera recognizing hen egg lysozyme (HEL) as an agonist. Based on our previous finding that the co-expression of V(H)-gp130 and V(L)-erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) chimeras transduced strict and efficient HEL-dependent cell growth signal, a V(H)-gp130 library encoding four randomized CDR2 residues was retrovirally infected to IL-3-dependent Ba/F3 cells already transfected with V(L)-EpoR. The selection without IL-3 resulted in a clonal expansion of the transduced cells, and interestingly some of which showed HEL dose-dependent growth suppression. Our results clearly indicate that agonism and antagonism of the antibody/cytokine receptor chimera can be readily switched by a subtle modification of the ligand binding domain as well as that of GPCRs, also implying the existence of inverse agonism in cytokine receptor superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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44
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Pagliaro L, Felding J, Audouze K, Nielsen SJ, Terry RB, Krog-Jensen C, Butcher S. Emerging classes of protein–protein interaction inhibitors and new tools for their development. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2004; 8:442-9. [PMID: 15288255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions play a key role in the signal transduction pathways that regulate cellular function. Three years ago, few descriptions of small molecule protein-protein interaction inhibitors (SMPPIIs) existed in the literature. Today, the number of examples of both the biology and chemistry of such interaction inhibitors is growing rapidly. This growth occurs at the convergence of medicinal chemistry, signaling biology and novel assay technology for profiling emerging compound classes and modes of action. Protein translocation assays provide a unique new tool for identifying, profiling, and optimizing SMPPIIs. This review summarizes recent work in the field, and outlines future developments we can anticipate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Len Pagliaro
- BioImage A/S, Moerkhoej Bygade 28, 2860, Soeborg, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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45
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Abstract
The glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (EPO) is an essential viability and growth factor for the erythrocytic progenitors. EPO is mainly produced in the kidneys. EPO gene expression is induced by hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF). The principal representative of the HIF-family (HIF-1, -2 and -3) is HIF-1, which is composed of an O2-labile alpha-subunit and a constant nuclear beta-subunit. In normoxia, the alpha-subunit of HIF is inactivated following prolyl- and asparaginyl-hydroxylation by means of alpha-oxoglutarate and Fe(2+)-dependent HIF specific dioxygenases. While HIF-1 and HIF-2 activate the EPO gene, HIF-3, GATA-2 and NFkappaB are likely inhibitors of EPO gene transcription. EPO signalling involves tyrosine phosphorylation of the homodimeric EPO receptor and subsequent activation of intracellular antiapoptotic proteins, kinases and transcription factors. Lack of EPO leads to anemia. Treatment with recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) is efficient and safe in improving the management of the anemia associated with chronic renal failure. RHuEPO analogues with prolonged survival in circulation have been developed. Whether the recent demonstration of EPO receptors in various non-hemopoietic tissues, including tumor cells, is welcome or ominous still needs to be clarified. Evidence suggests that rHuEPO may be a useful neuroprotective agent.
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46
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Abstract
Anemia is a common condition in patients with cancer. Patients who develop severe anemia are frequently treated with red blood cell transfusions. However, the benefits are transient and associated with a number of risks (such as infection and immunosuppression). An alternative treatment option, recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) was introduced into the clinical setting more than a decade ago. Today, rHuEPO is increasingly being used to treat anemic patients with cancer. However, despite the well-documented clinical benefits of rHuEPO therapy, it has not been universally adopted as a routine treatment in the oncology setting and there remains an unmet need for an effective and convenient anemia treatment for cancer patients. Longer-acting versions of rHuEPO would avoid the need for frequent injections, increase biological activity and, potentially, the clinical efficacy of rHuEPO. One agent, darbepoetin alfa, is now available for the treatment of anemia in patients with cancer who are receiving chemotherapy, another agent, pegylated-epoetin beta, is in phase II trials, and additional compounds are in early stages of preclinical and clinical development. This review focuses on the available clinical experience with such agents and discusses how dose- and schedule-finding studies are optimizing their clinical use to maximize patient benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Osterborg
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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47
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Weber FE, Schmökel H, Oelgeschläger M, Nickel J, Maly FE, Hortschansky P, Grätz KW. Deletion mutants of BMP folding variants act as BMP antagonists and are efficient inhibitors for heterotopic ossification. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18:2142-51. [PMID: 14672349 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.12.2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Heterotopic ossification is a frequent complication in patients who have suffered head and neck traumas or have undergone total hip replacement. In this report, stable folding variants of the natural occurring osteoinductive BMPs were shown to act as inhibitors for heterotopic ossification. The most effective BMP folding variant construct performed even better than the natural occurring BMP antagonist Noggin because it also inhibited calcium deposition of pre-osteoblastic cells. INTRODUCTION Signal transduction through receptor and ligand binding depends on the proper folding of all partners, especially when it involves the formation of a heterotetramer. In the case, the receptor binding of the ligand can be uncoupled from signal transduction, and folding variants of a ligand can be developed into antagonists of the natural bioactivity of the ligand. Here we present a deletion mutant of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) folding variant capable of inhibiting the bone-inducing action of natural occurring BMPs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Deletion mutants and site-directed mutants of BMP folding variants were generated and tested for their ability to reduce alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization in a pre-osteoblastic cell line. In vivo activity of the optimized folding variant was determined in a heterotopic ossification model in rodents and in two Xenopus laevis model systems. Biosensor interaction analysis was used to determine the affinity of the optimized BMP folding variant to the extracellular domain of BMP receptors. RESULTS In vitro and in vivo tests in rodents revealed that the structural elements of the wrist epitope combined with finger 2 and a positive charge proximal to the tip of this finger are sufficient to induce osteoinhibition with deletion mutants and folding variants of mature BMP-4. The inhibitor designed to suppress heterotopic ossification showed BMP antagonist activity in embryos and animal caps of X. laevis. Binding studies of the inhibitor to ectodomains of type I and type II BMP receptors revealed a concentration-dependent binding, especially to the high-affinity BMP receptor. CONCLUSIONS Deletion mutants of BMP folding variants are a new form of BMP antagonists and act through competition with osteoinductive BMP for BMP receptor binding. The excellent in vivo performance of the optimized folding variant is because of its ability to block signaling of endogenous BMPs deposited in the extracellular matrix even more effectively than the natural occurring BMP antagonist Noggin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz E Weber
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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48
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Gaudard A, Varlet-Marie E, Bressolle F, Audran M. Drugs for increasing oxygen and their potential use in doping: a review. Sports Med 2003; 33:187-212. [PMID: 12656640 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200333030-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Blood oxygenation is a fundamental factor in optimising muscular activity. Enhancement of oxygen delivery to tissues is associated with a substantial improvement in athletic performance, particularly in endurance sports. Progress in medical research has led to the identification of new chemicals for the treatment of severe anaemia. Effective and promising molecules have been created and sometimes used for doping purposes. The aim of this review is to present methods, and drugs, known to be (or that might be) used by athletes to increase oxygen transport in an attempt to improve endurance capacity. These methods and drugs include: (i) blood transfusion; (ii) endogenous stimulation of red blood cell production at altitude, or using hypoxic rooms, erythropoietins (EPOs), EPO gene therapy or EPO mimetics; (iii) allosteric effectors of haemoglobin; and (iv) blood substitutes such as modified haemoglobin solutions and perfluorochemicals. Often, new chemicals are used before safety tests have been completed and athletes are taking great health risks. Such new chemicals have also created the need for new instrumental strategies in doping control laboratories, but not all of these chemicals are detectable. Further progress in analytical research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Gaudard
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
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49
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Bartfai T, Behrens MM, Gaidarova S, Pemberton J, Shivanyuk A, Rebek J. A low molecular weight mimic of the Toll/IL-1 receptor/resistance domain inhibits IL-1 receptor-mediated responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:7971-6. [PMID: 12799462 PMCID: PMC164697 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0932746100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI) are key components of the innate immune system activated by microbial infections and inflammation. The signaling cascade from agonist-occupied TLRs and IL-1Rs involves recruitment of the small cytosolic adapter protein MyD88 that binds to IL-1RI via homotypic interactions mediated by Toll/IL-1R/resistance (TIR) domains. Dominant negative forms and null mutations of MyD88 have recently been shown to preclude bacterial product or IL-1-mediated activation of NF-kappaB pathways, demonstrating that MyD88 is an essential component of the Toll receptor signaling. Here, we report the synthesis and pharmacological effects of a low molecular weight MyD88 mimic, hydrocinnamoyl-l-valyl pyrrolidine (compound 4a), modeled on a tripeptide sequence of the BB-loop [(F/Y)-(V/L/I)-(P/G)] of the TIR domain. Results are presented showing that compound 4a interferes with the interactions between mouse MyD88 and IL-1RI at the TIR domains. Compound 4a inhibited IL-1beta-induced phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 in EL4 thymoma cells and in freshly isolated murine lymphocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo, compound 4a produced a significant attenuation of the IL-1beta-induced fever response (200 mg/kg, i.p.). Inhibition of the TIR domain-mediated MyD88/IL1-RI interaction by a low molecular weight, cell-penetrating TIR domain mimic suggests an intracellular site for antiinflammatory drug action.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- Blotting, Western
- Densitometry
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Genes, Dominant
- Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Models, Chemical
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Precipitin Tests
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Pyrrolidines/chemical synthesis
- Pyrrolidines/chemistry
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/chemistry
- Signal Transduction
- Spleen/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Valine/analogs & derivatives
- Valine/chemical synthesis
- Valine/pharmacology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Bartfai
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Center, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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50
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Abstract
There is growing evidence that reduced neurotrophic support is a significant factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this review we discuss the structure and functions of neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor, and the role of these proteins and their tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptors in the aetiology and therapy of such diseases. Neurotrophins regulate development and the maintenance of the vertebrate nervous system. In the mature nervous system they affect neuronal survival and also influence synaptic function and plasticity. The neurotrophins are able to bind to two different receptors: all bind to a common receptor p75NTR, and each also binds to one of a family of Trk receptors. By dimerization of the Trk receptors, and subsequent transphosphorylation of the intracellular kinase domain, signalling pathways are activated. We discuss here the structure and function of the neurotrophins and how they have been, or may be, used therapeutically in AD, PD, Huntington's diseases, ALS and peripheral neuropathy. Neurotrophins are central to many aspects of nervous system function. However they have not truly fulfilled their therapeutic potential in clinical trials because of the difficulties of protein delivery and pharmacokinetics in the nervous system. With the recent elucidation of the structure of the neurotrophins bound to their receptors it will now be possible, using a combination of in silico technology and novel screening techniques, to develop small molecule mimetics with much improved pharmacotherapeutic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dawbarn
- University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK.
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